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  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
61 Citations
9,226 Views
12 Pages

Estimating Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Occurrence in the Bhutan Himalayas

  • Abhirup Dikshit,
  • Raju Sarkar,
  • Biswajeet Pradhan,
  • Saroj Acharya and
  • Kelzang Dorji

5 August 2019

Consistently over the years, particularly during monsoon seasons, landslides and related geohazards in Bhutan are causing enormous damage to human lives, property, and road networks. The determination of thresholds for rainfall triggered landslides i...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall Thresholds and Other Approaches for Landslide Prediction and Early Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
65 Citations
8,335 Views
17 Pages

12 February 2020

A rainfall threshold for landslide occurrence at a national scale in China has rarely been developed in the early warning system for landslides. Based on 771 landslide events that occurred in China during 1998–2017, four groups of rainfall thre...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall Thresholds and Other Approaches for Landslide Prediction and Early Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,190 Views
17 Pages

Towards Establishing Empirical Rainfall Thresholds for Shallow Landslides in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China

  • Rilang Deng,
  • Huifen Liu,
  • Xianchang Zheng,
  • Qinghua Zhang,
  • Wei Liu and
  • Lingwei Chen

1 December 2022

Empirical rainfall thresholds for predicting rainfall-triggered shallow landslides are proposed for Guangzhou city, which is prone to widespread geological hazards during the annual flood season due to the subtropical monsoon climate and frequent tro...

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,576 Views
25 Pages

Explainable Machine Learning for Mapping Rainfall-Induced Landslide Thresholds in Italy

  • Xiangyu Shao,
  • Wenjun Yan,
  • Chaoying Yan,
  • Wen Zhao,
  • Yixuan Wang,
  • Xia Shi,
  • Hongchang Dong,
  • Tianjiang Li,
  • Junpo Yu and
  • Jiming Jin
  • + 2 authors

16 July 2025

Reliable rainfall thresholds are critical for effective early warning and mitigating the risks of rainfall-induced landslides. Traditional statistical models have limitations in multi-variable modeling, while machine learning models face interpretabi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,763 Views
25 Pages

Rain-induced shallow landslides persistently disrupt Nepal’s mountain roads, frequently leading to fatalities, transport disruptions, and economic losses. This study develops physically validated, site-specific rainfall thresholds for the lands...

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,560 Views
18 Pages

3 July 2024

We developed a rainfall threshold model with the objective of limiting the effects of uncertainties typically associated with them, such as a lack of robust landslide database, the selection of the contributing rain gauge, seasonal variations in rain...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslide Research: State of the Art and Innovations)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,203 Views
15 Pages

Derivation of Landslide Rainfall Thresholds by Geostatistical Methods in Southwest China

  • Zhongyuan Xu,
  • Zhilin Xiao,
  • Xiaoyan Zhao,
  • Zhigang Ma,
  • Qun Zhang,
  • Pu Zeng and
  • Xiaoqiong Zhang

12 May 2024

Deriving rainfall thresholds is one of the most convenient and effective empirical methods for formulating landslide warnings. The previous rainfall threshold models only considered the threshold values for areas with landslide data. This study focus...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring, Early Warning and Mitigation Measures of Mountain Hazards and Environmental Degradation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,113 Views
24 Pages

21 April 2025

After a series of rainfall-related slope incidents that threatened immediately protected entities, the Taipei City government initiated a slope deformation monitoring and investigation program for potential landslides in its administrative districts...

(This article belongs to the Section Water Erosion and Sediment Transport)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
7,308 Views
15 Pages

Determination of Empirical Rainfall Thresholds for Shallow Landslides in Slovenia Using an Automatic Tool

  • Galena Jordanova,
  • Stefano Luigi Gariano,
  • Massimo Melillo,
  • Silvia Peruccacci,
  • Maria Teresa Brunetti and
  • Mateja Jemec Auflič

19 May 2020

Rainfall-triggered shallow landslides represent a major threat to people and infrastructure worldwide. Predicting the possibility of a landslide occurrence accurately means understanding the trigger mechanisms adequately. Rainfall is the main cause o...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall Thresholds and Other Approaches for Landslide Prediction and Early Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
85 Citations
14,555 Views
16 Pages

Rainfall Thresholds for Prediction of Landslides in Idukki, India: An Empirical Approach

  • Minu Treesa Abraham,
  • Deekshith Pothuraju and
  • Neelima Satyam

11 October 2019

Idukki is a South Indian district in the state of Kerala, which is highly susceptible to landslides. This hilly area which is a hub of a wide variety of flora and fauna, has been suffering from slope stability issues due to heavy rainfall. A well-est...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall Thresholds and Other Approaches for Landslide Prediction and Early Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,388 Views
24 Pages

20 February 2024

The southern Apuan Alps (Italy) are prone to rainfall-induced landslides. A first attempt to calculate rainfall thresholds was made in 2006 using non-statistical and repeatable methods for the 1975–2002 period. This research aims to update, val...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prediction and Prevention of Risks Related to Hydro-Geotechnical Hazards)
  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
8,415 Views
23 Pages

3 November 2015

Issuing warning information to the public when rainfall exceeds given thresholds is a simple and widely-used method to minimize flood risk; however, this method lacks sophistication when compared with hydrodynamic simulation. In this study, an advanc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
280 Views
18 Pages

Calculating Combined Hazard Thresholds for Rainfall-Induced Hazards Based on Copula Functions

  • Jingfang You,
  • Shuhao Zhong,
  • Dingji Zeng,
  • Tuo Zeng,
  • Jiaye Su,
  • Shengbin Yang and
  • Ming Zhong

1 September 2026

Against the background of global climate change and rapid urbanization, the frequency of extreme hydrological events has increased markedly, and hydrological and geological hazards induced by extreme heavy rainfall have occurred frequently. Consideri...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flooding Prevention Strategies for Flood-Prone Cities Under Climate Change)
  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
5,849 Views
21 Pages

Using Field-Based Monitoring to Enhance the Performance of Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Warning

  • Minu Treesa Abraham,
  • Neelima Satyam,
  • Maria Alexandra Bulzinetti,
  • Biswajeet Pradhan,
  • Binh Thai Pham and
  • Samuele Segoni

9 December 2020

Landslides are natural disasters which can create major setbacks to the socioeconomic of a region. Destructive landslides may happen in a quick time, resulting in severe loss of lives and properties. Landslide Early Warning Systems (LEWS) can reduce...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslides Modeling and Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,239 Views
20 Pages

Research on the Method of Determining Rainfall Thresholds for Waterlogging Risk in Subway Stations

  • Xinxin Xu,
  • Zhuolun Li,
  • Mengge Wang,
  • Haozheng Wang and
  • Yongwei Gong

3 June 2024

With the frequency of extreme rainfall increasing, the risk of waterlogging is significantly exacerbated in subway systems. It is imperative to first identify the rainfall threshold for waterlogging risk for subway stations in order to develop effect...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Flooding Control and Sponge City Construction)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
7,069 Views
16 Pages

Identification of Rainfall Thresholds Likely to Trigger Flood Damages across a Mediterranean Region, Based on Insurance Data and Rainfall Observations

  • Katerina Papagiannaki,
  • Vassiliki Kotroni,
  • Kostas Lagouvardos,
  • Antonis Bezes,
  • Vasileios Vafeiadis,
  • Ioanna Messini,
  • Efstathios Kroustallis and
  • Ioannis Totos

21 March 2022

Flood-producing rainfall amounts have a significant cumulative economic impact. Despite the advance in flood risk mitigation measures, the cost of rehabilitation and compensation of citizens by the state and insurance companies is increasing worldwid...

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
737 Views
23 Pages

Contrasting Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Initiation: A Multi-Temporal Analysis of the 2014 and 2018 Disasters in Hiroshima, Japan

  • Kumari Kanchana Mallika Achchillage,
  • Tsuyoshi Wakatsuki,
  • Chiaki T. Oguchi and
  • Osada Masahiko

Rainfall-induced landslides are a major geohazard in Japan, yet the contrasting triggering mechanisms of short-duration convective storms and prolonged frontal rainfall remain poorly quantified. This study examines rainfall conditions associated with...

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)
  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
7,556 Views
17 Pages

26 November 2020

Extreme rainfall is the main influencing factor of urban waterlogging. Different types of rainfall often have different characteristics of waterlogging. In order to establish a more accurate urban flood control system, it is necessary to classify wat...

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,912 Views
16 Pages

10 February 2022

The Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability (TRIGRS) model has been widely used to define rainfall thresholds for triggering shallow landslides. In this study, the rainfall intensity(I)-duration(D) thresholds for multi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslides Modeling and Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,976 Views
13 Pages

Critical Rainfall Thresholds as a Tool for Urban Flood Identification in Attica Region, Greece

  • Christina Georganta,
  • Elissavet Feloni,
  • Panagiotis Nastos and
  • Evangelos Baltas

27 April 2022

Rainfall intensity–duration thresholds are commonly used to assess flood potential in both urban and rural environments. Derivation of these thresholds is one of the approaches commonly used for the development of flash flood warning systems th...

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,443 Views
17 Pages

2 June 2026

Rainfall contributes to slope instability when infiltrating water reduces matric suction and elevates pore water pressure beyond critical thresholds. Empirical rainfall intensity–duration (I-D) thresholds define the minimum rainfall conditions...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslide and Slope Stability Risk Assessment: Study of Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslide)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,565 Views
13 Pages

Drawing upon a comprehensive global database of landslides and utilizing high-resolution IMERG satellite precipitation data, this study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of landslide occurrences across the member states of the Associat...

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
367 Views
21 Pages

13 September 2026

Climate-driven extreme rainfall is increasing landslide risk, whereas conventional regional rainfall thresholds inadequately represent spatial variations in slope preconditioning across complex mountainous terrain. This study develops a dynamic early...

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Algorithms in Risk Assessment and Evaluation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,812 Views
16 Pages

Impact of Earthquake on Rainfall Thresholds for Sustainable Geo-Hazard Warnings: A Case Study of Luding Earthquake

  • Qun Zhang,
  • Junfeng Li,
  • Shengjie Jin,
  • Yanhui Liu,
  • Shikang Liu,
  • Zhuo Wang,
  • Lei Zhang and
  • Zeyi Song

9 September 2025

This study explores the impact of the 2022 Mw 6.8 Luding Earthquake on various geo-hazards and their corresponding rainfall thresholds. Focusing on the seismic intensity VI zone in Sichuan Province, China, we analyzed 1979 geo-hazard records and hour...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Research on Sustainable Prevention and Management of Geological Disasters in Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,009 Views
28 Pages

13 March 2026

Landslides, often triggered by intense or prolonged rainfall, pose significant risks to communities and infrastructure. Identifying accurate rainfall thresholds is crucial for predicting landslide events and developing effective early warning systems...

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,894 Views
27 Pages

Using Tabu Search Adjusted with Urban Sewer Flood Simulation to Improve Pluvial Flood Warning via Rainfall Thresholds

  • Hao-Yu Liao,
  • Tsung-Yi Pan,
  • Hsiang-Kuan Chang,
  • Chi-Tai Hsieh,
  • Jihn-Sung Lai,
  • Yih-Chi Tan and
  • Ming-Daw Su

18 February 2019

Pluvial floods are the most frequent natural hazard impacting urban cities because of extreme rainfall intensity within short duration. Owing to the complex interaction between rainfall, drainage systems and overland flow, pluvial flood warning poses...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Hydrologic Analysis in Disaster Prevention)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,368 Views
17 Pages

Karst yellow soil is one of the most important cultivated soils in southwest China. At present, only a few studies have dealt with rainfall erosivity and erosive rainfall thresholds in the karst yellow soil region. This paper utilizes statistical met...

(This article belongs to the Section Ecosystem, Environment and Climate Change in Agriculture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
70 Citations
8,586 Views
9 Pages

Landslides are one of the most devastating and commonly recurring natural hazards in the Indian Himalayas. They contribute to infrastructure damage, land loss and human casualties. Most of the landslides are primarily rainfall-induced and the relatio...

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)
  • Article
  • Open Access
55 Citations
12,143 Views
18 Pages

1 April 2020

Recurring landslides in the Western Ghats have become an important concern for authorities, considering the recent disasters that occurred during the 2018 and 2019 monsoons. Wayanad is one of the highly affected districts in Kerala State (India), whe...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall Thresholds and Other Approaches for Landslide Prediction and Early Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
55 Citations
10,492 Views
15 Pages

Landslides in the Mountain Region of Rio de Janeiro: A Proposal for the Semi-Automated Definition of Multiple Rainfall Thresholds

  • Ascanio Rosi,
  • Vanessa Canavesi,
  • Samuele Segoni,
  • Tulius Dias Nery,
  • Filippo Catani and
  • Nicola Casagli

In 2011 Brazil experienced the worst disaster in the country’s history. There were 918 deaths and thousands made homeless in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro State due to several landslides triggered by heavy rainfalls. This area consta...

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)
  • Article
  • Open Access
339 Views
23 Pages

12 October 2026

Debris flows pose a significant hazard in mountainous and coastal arid regions, yet their rapid post-event assessment remains challenging. In March 2023, the Yaku event generated extreme rainfall across Peru’s Pacific watershed, triggering a hy...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Numerical Modeling and Experimental Methods in Coastal Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,839 Views
27 Pages

13 September 2024

Several cities are facing an increasing flood risk due to the coupled effect of climate change and urbanization. Non-structural protection strategies, such as Early Warning Systems (EWSs), have demonstrated significant potential in mitigating hydraul...

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
5,308 Views
16 Pages

Estimation of Threshold Rainfall in Ungauged Areas Using Machine Learning

  • Kyung-Su Chu,
  • Cheong-Hyeon Oh,
  • Jung-Ryel Choi and
  • Byung-Sik Kim

10 March 2022

In recent years, Korea has seen abnormal changes in precipitation and temperature driven by climate change. These changes highlight the increased risks of climate disasters and rainfall damage. Even with weather forecasts providing quantitative rainf...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
8,260 Views
29 Pages

17 December 2020

The effects of climate change on landslide activity may have important environmental, socio-economic, and political consequences. In the last decades, several short-term extreme rainfall events affected Mediterranean regions, resulted in damaging geo...

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
8,488 Views
17 Pages

Revised Rainfall Threshold in the Indonesian Landslide Early Warning System

  • Ragil Andika Yuniawan,
  • Ahmad Rifa’i,
  • Fikri Faris,
  • Andy Subiyantoro,
  • Ratna Satyaningsih,
  • Alidina Nurul Hidayah,
  • Rokhmat Hidayat,
  • Akhyar Mushthofa,
  • Banata Wachid Ridwan and
  • Samuel J. Sutanto
  • + 5 authors

Landslides are one of the most disastrous natural hazards that frequently occur in Indonesia. In 2017, Balai Sabo developed an Indonesia Landslide Early Warning System (ILEWS) by utilizing a single rainfall threshold for an entire nation, leading to...

(This article belongs to the Collection Early Career Scientists’ (ECS) Contributions to Geosciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,125 Views
22 Pages

Towards a Transferable Antecedent Rainfall—Susceptibility Threshold Approach for Landsliding

  • Elise Monsieurs,
  • Olivier Dewitte,
  • Arthur Depicker and
  • Alain Demoulin

23 October 2019

Determining rainfall thresholds for landsliding is crucial in landslide hazard evaluation and early warning system development, yet challenging in data-scarce regions. Using freely available satellite rainfall data in a reproducible automated procedu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall Thresholds and Other Approaches for Landslide Prediction and Early Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,034 Views
19 Pages

Constructing Rainfall Threshold for Debris Flows of a Defined Hazardous Magnitude

  • Yajun Li,
  • Mengyu Wang,
  • Fukang Ma,
  • Jun Zhang,
  • Guowei Li,
  • Xingmin Meng,
  • Guan Chen,
  • Dongxia Yue,
  • Fuyun Guo and
  • Yan Zhao

3 April 2024

Debris flow can cause damage only when its discharge exceeds the drainage capacity of the prevention engineering. At present, most rainfall thresholds for debris flows mainly focus on the initiation of debris flow and do not adequately consider the m...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Natural Hazards)
  • Article
  • Open Access
970 Views
17 Pages

13 February 2026

The initiation of debris flows in mountainous areas is dynamically influenced by multiple factors, including rainfall intensity, duration, and antecedent rainfall conditions. Traditional static threshold methods struggle to adapt to these dynamic env...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Analysis, Monitoring and Assessment of Debris Flow)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,874 Views
26 Pages

Understanding Changing Trends in Extreme Rainfall in Saudi Arabia: Trend Detection and Automated EVT-Based Threshold Estimation

  • Said Munir,
  • Turki M. A. Habeebullah,
  • Arjan O. Zamreeq,
  • Muhannad M. A. Alfehaid,
  • Muhammad Ismail,
  • Alaa A. Khalil,
  • Abdalla A. Baligh,
  • M. Nazrul Islam,
  • Samirah Jamaladdin and
  • Ayman S. Ghulam

16 November 2025

The increasing occurrence of extreme rainfall events often leads to flash floods, infrastructure damage, loss of human life, and significant economic impacts. There is a pressing need for data-driven assessments and the application of robust analytic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,791 Views
22 Pages

6 August 2023

This study explored the applicability of TRMM, TRMM nonlinear downscaling, and ANUSPLIN (ANU) interpolation of three different types of precipitation data to define regional-scale rainfall-triggered landslide thresholds. The spatial resolution of TRM...

(This article belongs to the Topic Earth Observation Systems in Geology Mass Identification, Investigation and Inventory Mapping)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,320 Views
14 Pages

A Correlation–Scale–Threshold Method for Spatial Variability of Rainfall

  • Bellie Sivakumar,
  • Fitsum M. Woldemeskel,
  • Rajendran Vignesh and
  • Vinayakam Jothiprakash

23 January 2019

Rainfall data at fine spatial resolutions are often required for various studies in hydrology and water resources. However, such data are not widely available, as their collection is normally expensive and time-consuming. A common practice to obtain...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,798 Views
17 Pages

Threshold of Slope Instability Induced by Rainfall and Lateral Flow

  • Hung-En Chen,
  • Tung-Lin Tsai and
  • Jinn-Chuang Yang

20 September 2017

In this study, a two-dimensional numerical landslide model was developed to investigate the effects of the amount of rainfall and lateral flow on induced slope failures. The Richard’s equation was used to evaluate pore water pressure distribution in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
235 Views
23 Pages

A Pilot Machine-Learning Framework for Cumulative Antecedent Rainfall Threshold in Landslide Assessment Along Jalan Simpang Pulai–Blue Valley, Malaysia

  • Rabeah Adawiyah Hashim,
  • Faizah Che Ros,
  • Shahrum Shah Abdullah,
  • Aniza Ibrahim,
  • Mohd Shaifuddin Abdul Razak,
  • Nursalbiah Hamidun,
  • Fazilah Hatta@Antah and
  • Mohamad Niizar Abdurahman

8 October 2026

Rainfall-induced landslides along Malaysian highway cut slopes are commonly evaluated using empirical thresholds, with limited consideration of cumulative antecedent rainfall. This study evaluates a machine-learning rainfall threshold for five docume...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,781 Views
17 Pages

25 September 2023

Recently, Korea has been affected by various disasters caused by climate change and the resulting changes in weather, which have been taking an increasing toll on the country. A review of weather phenomena and their socioeconomic impact identified we...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Hydrology and Sustainable Drainage System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,393 Views
12 Pages

13 December 2022

On 25 April 2015, an M7.8 large earthquake happened in Nepal, and 4312 landslides were triggered during or after the earthquake. The 2015 earthquake happened years ago, but the risk of rainfall-induced landslides is still high. Rainfall-induced shall...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall-Induced Geological Disasters)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,640 Views
26 Pages

27 July 2023

Bartin City is located in the Western Black Sea Region of Türkiye, where rainfall-induced landslides are more frequently observed. Although it is known that many landslides are induced by rainfall, there is limited knowledge regarding how rainfa...

(This article belongs to the Topic Landslide Prediction, Monitoring and Early Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
289 Views
29 Pages

3 October 2026

Rainfall-induced landslides exhibit marked spatio-temporal heterogeneity and multi-factor coupling. Existing susceptibility methods struggle to balance predictive accuracy with interpretability in nonlinear settings. This study addresses this gap by...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multimodal Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence for Natural Disasters Monitoring, Early Warning, and Risk Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,671 Views
21 Pages

27 March 2023

The proper assessment of design rainfalls with long return periods is very important because they are inputs for many flood studies. In this paper, estimations are performed on daily design rainfall totals from 16 meteorological stations located in t...

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
7,652 Views
13 Pages

Rainfall Threshold Estimation and Landslide Forecasting for Kalimpong, India Using SIGMA Model

  • Minu Treesa Abraham,
  • Neelima Satyam,
  • Sai Kushal,
  • Ascanio Rosi,
  • Biswajeet Pradhan and
  • Samuele Segoni

22 April 2020

Rainfall-induced landslides are among the most devastating natural disasters in hilly terrains and the reduction of the related risk has become paramount for public authorities. Between the several possible approaches, one of the most used is the dev...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall Thresholds and Other Approaches for Landslide Prediction and Early Warning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
374 Views
22 Pages

20 August 2026

Initial soil moisture (ISM) represents the soil moisture condition before a rainfall event and is an important factor associated with rainfall and runoff responses in forested catchments. However, it remains unclear whether this nonlinearity can be c...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Managing Forest Hydrology)

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