Urban Science

25 pages, 3672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Selection of Urban Construction Projects: A Multi-Stage Model with Iterative Supercriterion Reduction

by Oksana Mulesa

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050146 - 27 Apr 2025

A high level of urbanization, the growing role of cities, and the increasing urban population have led to a rise in the relevance of the problem of selecting investment projects in urban construction. Along with the usual factors considered in such a selection, [...] Read more.

A high level of urbanization, the growing role of cities, and the increasing urban population have led to a rise in the relevance of the problem of selecting investment projects in urban construction. Along with the usual factors considered in such a selection, regional peculiarities of conducting economic activity in the field of urban construction are gaining particular importance. The necessity of taking them into account requires an improvement in decision-making methods. This study develops a multi-stage adaptive method for multi-criteria project selection in urban construction. The method integrates regulatory requirements, the customer’s vision, and retrospective data on previously implemented projects in the region. It comprises the following sequential stages: the elimination of projects that do not meet the requirements; the construction of integral criteria (weighting functions) using logarithmic transformation; and an iterative reduction in the set of criteria. An experimental verification of the developed method demonstrated its application and revealed its potential for practical use. The proposed method can be effectively employed in urban planning systems and the smart management of urban spaces. Full article

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16 pages, 1828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Policy Insights from a Single-Operator Model for Municipal Solid Waste Management

by Giacomo Di Foggia, Ugo Arrigo and Massimo Beccarello

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050145 - 27 Apr 2025

Abstract

Driven by the path of ecological transition, municipal solid waste management is now more than ever at the center of debates on the most efficient delivery methods. Although competition policy advocates subdivision into lots to facilitate medium-sized enterprise participation, in some cases—notably when [...] Read more.

Driven by the path of ecological transition, municipal solid waste management is now more than ever at the center of debates on the most efficient delivery methods. Although competition policy advocates subdivision into lots to facilitate medium-sized enterprise participation, in some cases—notably when substantial investments are required to achieve circular economy and sustainable development goals—a single-operator model may prove more efficient. Using a mixed research approach that integrates empirical evidence and market analysis, this study examines the relevance of cost curves, transaction costs, and market structure in determining the optimal service delivery model. The findings indicate that for large cities, consolidating MSW management services under a single contract yields significant cost advantages due to economies of scale and scope and is better suited to supporting the investments necessary for circular economy objectives. Practical implications for local policymakers highlight the need to assess utility sector policies carefully. Decisions at the local level should account for the interplay between the economic environment and the role of industrialization and economies of scale in fostering sustainable development. We suggest policymakers design policies that balance market efficiency with equitable access to services while also considering the scale of service provision, as it influences sustainability and economic resilience. Full article

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19 pages, 2617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Pathways to Internationalization: The Role of Erasmus+ in European HEIs

by Eleni Georgoudaki, Spyridon Stavropoulos and Dimitris Skuras

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050144 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study examines the geographic distribution of Erasmus+ incoming student mobility across European Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) from 2014 to 2020, highlighting significant regional disparities. It addresses the crucial questions of how regional and institutional factors influence student attractiveness and the emerging hotspots [...] Read more.

This study examines the geographic distribution of Erasmus+ incoming student mobility across European Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) from 2014 to 2020, highlighting significant regional disparities. It addresses the crucial questions of how regional and institutional factors influence student attractiveness and the emerging hotspots of mobility, which are vital for understanding the dynamics of educational internationalisation and regional development. The primary goal of this work is to identify the regional and institutional determinants of Erasmus student mobility and to propose strategies for enhancing the attractiveness of less favoured regions. Employing hotspot analysis and a two-level random intercept model, this research analyses spatial patterns and the influences of regional characteristics and institutional variables on Erasmus mobility rates. The findings reveal that while Spain, Germany, and the UK are leading recipients of Erasmus students, significant mobility hotspots exist primarily in Spain, Portugal, and southern France, with unexpected clusters emerging in Ireland and Sweden, indicating evolving dynamics in student mobility patterns. The conclusions underscore the importance of targeted regional policies to enhance HEI attractiveness and promote balanced internationalisation across Europe, particularly in underserved areas. These findings call for strategic interventions that align with broader regional economic goals, ensuring that the benefits of the Erasmus+ programme are distributed more equitably. Ultimately, this work contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical insights into the factors shaping Erasmus+ mobility, informing policymakers and educational institutions about the potential for fostering regional development through enhanced internationalisation. Full article

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15 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Governance of Smart Regions in Peripheral Areas: Exploring the Case of a Tourism-Dependent Region

by Hugo Pinto, Bernardo Valente and Jennifer Elston

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050143 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

This article examines the dynamics of governance, stakeholder collaboration, and resource allocation in developing smart regions within peripheral territories. Using the Algarve (Portugal) as a case study—a region characterized by its peripheral status and reliance on tourism—this research explores efforts to integrate technological [...] Read more.

This article examines the dynamics of governance, stakeholder collaboration, and resource allocation in developing smart regions within peripheral territories. Using the Algarve (Portugal) as a case study—a region characterized by its peripheral status and reliance on tourism—this research explores efforts to integrate technological innovations and promote economic diversification. Data were collected from document research, stakeholder surveys, and interviews, indicating challenges including fragmented governance structures, resource constraints, and limited citizen engagement in innovation ecosystems. Drawing on comparative insights from other peripheral and more advanced smart region initiatives, this study highlights the critical role of public-private partnerships, active citizen participation, and context-specific governance strategies in achieving sustainable growth. While best practices provide valuable experiences, this study emphasizes the need for tailored solutions suited to each regional socioeconomic context. Full article

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23 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Awareness and Urban Food Choices: Exploring Motivations for Short Food Chain Engagement

by Elena Kokthi, Fatmir Guri and Zenepe Dafku

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050142 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between climate change awareness (CCA) and consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for urban short food chains (USFC), focusing on the mediating role of biospheric, egoistic, and altruistic environmental concerns. A structured questionnaire was conducted with 230 respondents in [...] Read more.

This study explores the relationship between climate change awareness (CCA) and consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for urban short food chains (USFC), focusing on the mediating role of biospheric, egoistic, and altruistic environmental concerns. A structured questionnaire was conducted with 230 respondents in Tirana, Albania, and the results were analysed using the PROCESS macro in SPSS 25.0. The findings reveal that CCA increases all three environmental concerns; however, only the altruistic concern significantly mediates USFC participation, particularly by limiting food waste (effect size = 0.502, p = 0.002). In contrast, egoistic concern negatively affects WTP, highlighting a value–action gap in sustainable behaviour. Reducing ultra-processed food consumption emerges as a key driver of engagement, linking personal and environmental health to local food choices. Gender moderates these relationships; despite showing high ecological concern, women express lower WTP due to household and budgetary considerations. Supporting the model, the survey data show that 88% of respondents are willing to pay a premium, typically 10–20% more, for food products from their preferred origin, and 88% are also willing to participate in the Tirana USFC initiative. The highest WTP (30%) is reported among highly educated women with children aged three to five. These findings highlight the need for targeted urban food policies that account for sustainability’s psychological and demographic dimensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Agenda)

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13 pages, 194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Access to Third Places: Key Determinants of Physical and Social Well-Being in Older Adults

by Chia-Yuan Yu

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050141 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to examine how access to and engagement with third places influence leisure-time physical activity and social capital among older adults. This study analyzed data from an online survey of 638 older adults aged 65 and above residing in Orlando, Florida, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine how access to and engagement with third places influence leisure-time physical activity and social capital among older adults. This study analyzed data from an online survey of 638 older adults aged 65 and above residing in Orlando, Florida, recruited through community collaborations, social media campaigns, and public outreach. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression was used to examine the relationships between third-place accessibility, perceived built environments, and the dependent variables of leisure-time physical activity and social capital. A greater distance to the nearest third place was negatively associated with leisure-time physical activity, but not with social capital. The availability of third places within walking distance and the ease of walking access to third places positively influenced both outcomes. Engagement with third places was a significant factor for both leisure-time physical activity and social capital. Additionally, the availability and condition of sidewalks were significantly linked to leisure-time physical activity but showed no relationship with social capital. This study underscores the importance of third places in promoting leisure-time physical activity and social capital among older adults. The findings inform the design of age-friendly environments that support active lifestyles and foster social engagement. Full article

20 pages, 3298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Citizen Participation in Citizen-Centered Smart Cities: Insights from Two European Case Studies

by Idoia Landa Oregi, Silvia Urra-Uriarte, Itsaso Gonzalez Ochoantesana, Maite Anaya Rodríguez and Patricia Molina-Costa

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050140 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Citizen participation plays a critical role in the transformation towards citizen-centered smart cities, ensuring resilience, inclusivity, and responsiveness to community needs. Smart cities, while often associated with technological infrastructures and digital tools, also adopt a human-cepntered perspective that emphasizes the social and participatory [...] Read more.

Citizen participation plays a critical role in the transformation towards citizen-centered smart cities, ensuring resilience, inclusivity, and responsiveness to community needs. Smart cities, while often associated with technological infrastructures and digital tools, also adopt a human-cepntered perspective that emphasizes the social and participatory dimensions of smart urban development. Engaging residents in these initiatives not only facilitates the acquisition of valuable insights but also strengthens the foundation for equitable urban development. However, the participatory process often encounters significant barriers that hinder its effectiveness, posing challenges to the creation of truly inclusive and citizen-centered smart cities. This paper analyzes the participatory processes and outcomes of two case studies, URBANAGE and drOp, both of which follow a Human-Centered Design approach and have implemented targeted actions to address participation challenges. This article explains the methodologies and processes followed in these projects and identifies key lessons learnt from their experiences and examining the impact of participatory processes on project outcomes. Lastly, it proposes practical guidelines to enhance the effectiveness of citizen involvement in future smart city initiatives. Despite their focus on different citizen groups and objectives, both case studies faced similar obstacles in fostering meaningful participation and awareness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Agenda)

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34 pages, 7545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Objective and Subjective Thermal Comfort Assessments in Urban Park Design: A Case Study of Monteria, Colombia

by Jhoselin Rosso-Alvarez, Juan Jiménez-Caldera, Gabriel Campo-Daza, Richard Hernández-Sabié and Andrés Caballero-Calvo

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050139 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urban parks play a key role in mitigating heat stress and improving outdoor thermal comfort, especially in tropical and subtropical cities. This study evaluates thermal comfort in Nuevo Bosque Park (Montería, Colombia) through a multiperspective approach that combines perception surveys (n = 99), [...] Read more.

Urban parks play a key role in mitigating heat stress and improving outdoor thermal comfort, especially in tropical and subtropical cities. This study evaluates thermal comfort in Nuevo Bosque Park (Montería, Colombia) through a multiperspective approach that combines perception surveys (n = 99), in situ microclimatic measurements, and spatial mapping. Surface temperatures ranged from 32.0 °C in the morning to 51.7 °C at midday in sun-exposed areas, while vegetated zones remained up to 10 °C cooler. Heat Index (HI) and Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) values confirmed severe thermal stress, with HI reaching 32 °C and THI peaking at 55.0 °C in some zones. Subjective responses showed that 69.69% of users reported thermal discomfort, especially in areas with impermeable surfaces and little shade. In contrast, 90.91% of respondents stated that tree cover improved their thermal experience. The results indicate a strong correlation between vegetation density, surface type, and users’ perceived comfort. Additionally, urban furniture location and natural ventilation emerged as key factors influencing thermal sensation. The integration of objective and subjective data has enabled the identification of microclimatic risk zones and informed evidence-based recommendations for climate-adaptive park design. This study offers practical insights for sustainable urban planning in tropical climates, demonstrating the importance of thermal comfort assessments that consider both human perception and environmental conditions to enhance the resilience and usability of public spaces. Full article

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19 pages, 11442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing PM_2.5 Air Pollution Prediction Performance by Optimizing the Echo State Network (ESN) Deep Learning Model Using New Metaheuristic Algorithms

by Iman Zandi, Ali Jafari and Aynaz Lotfata

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050138 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Air pollution presents significant risks to both human health and the environment. This study uses air pollution and meteorological data to develop an effective deep learning model for hourly PM_2.5 concentration predictions in Tehran, Iran. This study evaluates efficient metaheuristic algorithms for [...] Read more.

Air pollution presents significant risks to both human health and the environment. This study uses air pollution and meteorological data to develop an effective deep learning model for hourly PM_2.5 concentration predictions in Tehran, Iran. This study evaluates efficient metaheuristic algorithms for optimizing deep learning model hyperparameters to improve the accuracy of PM_2.5 concentration predictions. The optimal feature set was selected using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and the Boruta-XGBoost methods, which indicated the elimination of NO, NO₂, and NO_x. Boruta-XGBoost highlighted PM₁₀ as the most important feature. Wavelet transform was then applied to extract 40 features to enhance prediction accuracy. Hyperparameters and weights matrices of the Echo State Network (ESN) model were determined using metaheuristic algorithms, with the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) demonstrating superior performance. The evaluation of different criteria revealed that the ESN-SSA model outperformed other hybrids and the original ESN, LSTM, and GRU models. Full article

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20 pages, 17673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Infrastructure for Climate Change Mitigation: Assessment of Carbon Sequestration and Storage in the Urban Forests of Budapest, Hungary

by Éva Király, Gábor Illés and Attila Borovics

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050137 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

The effects of climate change are particularly pronounced in cities, where urban green infrastructure—such as trees, parks, and green spaces—plays a vital role in both climate adaptation and mitigation. This study assesses the carbon sequestration potential of urban forests in Budapest, the capital [...] Read more.

The effects of climate change are particularly pronounced in cities, where urban green infrastructure—such as trees, parks, and green spaces—plays a vital role in both climate adaptation and mitigation. This study assesses the carbon sequestration potential of urban forests in Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, which lies at the intersection of the Great Hungarian Plain and the Buda Hills, and is traversed by the Danube River. The city is characterized by a temperate climate with hot summers and cold winters, and a diverse range of soil types, including shallow Leptosols and Cambisols in the limestone and dolomite hills of Buda, well-developed Luvisols and Regosols in the valleys, Fluvisols and Arenosols in the flood-affected areas of Pest, and Technosols found on both sides of the city. The assessment utilizes data from the National Forestry Database and the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service High Resolution Layer Tree Cover Density. The results show that Budapest’s urban forests and trees contribute an estimated annual carbon offset of −41,338 tCO₂, approximately 1% of the city’s total emissions. The urban forests on the Buda and Pest sides of the city exhibit notable differences in carbon sequestration and storage, age class structure, tree species composition, and naturalness. On the Buda side, older semi-natural forests dominated by native species primarily act as in situ carbon reservoirs, with limited additional sequestration capacity due to their older age, slower growth, and longer rotation periods. In contrast, the Pest-side forests, which are primarily extensively managed introduced forests and tree plantations, contain a higher proportion of non-native species such as black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and hybrid poplars (Populus × euramericana). Despite harsher climatic conditions, Pest-side forests perform better in carbon sink capacity compared to those on the Buda side, as they are younger, with lower carbon stocks but higher sequestration rates. Our findings provide valuable insights for the development of climate-resilient urban forestry and planning strategies, emphasizing the importance of enhancing the long-term carbon sequestration potential of urban forests. Full article

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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 5289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Tourism Assessment in Urban Green Spaces: The Case of Khung BangKachao, Thailand

by Sukhuman Klamsaengsai, Onanong Cheablam, Angsikarn Sasithornwetchakul, Watcharee Churugsa and Yeamduan Narangajavana Kaosiri

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050136 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sustainable tourism planning is essential for understanding an area’s potential for sustainable development. However, the tourism sector struggles with adopting sustainable practices due to limited research on practical implementation, particularly in Thailand. Khung BangKachao, a vital green space near Bangkok, provide recreation for [...] Read more.

Sustainable tourism planning is essential for understanding an area’s potential for sustainable development. However, the tourism sector struggles with adopting sustainable practices due to limited research on practical implementation, particularly in Thailand. Khung BangKachao, a vital green space near Bangkok, provide recreation for urban residents, but faces threats from urbanization, environmental degradation, and loss of traditional lifestyles. This study applied all four criteria and 41 indicators from the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC), a rare and rigorous approach in sustainability research that offers a model for other regions. A qualitative method was used, with content analysis based on 33 in-depth interviews and observations. Results show Category A is effective due to seasonal tourism management and legal adherence, though monitoring is weak. Category B demonstrates positive economic and social impacts. Categories C and D reveal gaps in tourism standards and environmental reporting. Tourism planning in Khung BangKachao should prioritize monitoring, community involvement, and structured management to support long-term sustainability. Full article

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20 pages, 3368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Public Events as a Tool for Economic Recovery in an Urban Environment

by David Dyason, Wenyue Ruan, Tim Baird and Peter Fieger

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040135 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of events in the New Zealand city of Christchurch’s Central Business District (CBD) on pedestrian movements over the period from 2018 to 2020. Christchurch represents an ideal example of how contemporary urban design and marketing techniques can be [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of events in the New Zealand city of Christchurch’s Central Business District (CBD) on pedestrian movements over the period from 2018 to 2020. Christchurch represents an ideal example of how contemporary urban design and marketing techniques can be combined to attract people to places that have been negatively affected by a natural disaster. Events played an integral part of the regeneration efforts to attract pedestrians and support economic recovery. Through analysing hourly pedestrian movements in the rebuilt and revitalised parts of the city, results show that public events contribute positively to pedestrian volumes; however, the result is not statistically significant. Common cause, rather than entertainment events, draw larger pedestrian volumes, reflecting a stronger preference for events that contribute to social coherence after the disruptive event. Pedestrian visitations during the summer months, holidays, and from Thursday to Saturday have a positive effect on pedestrian volume and even non-event days draw pedestrians to the CBD, a likely result from the regeneration narrative and personal experience associated with the renewed CBD. This research shows how the importance of temporal effects challenges the role of events as a stand-alone tool designed to drive economic recovery within a revitalised urban environment. Full article

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22 pages, 2455 KiB

Open AccessHypothesis

Working Paper Identification of Sustainable Growth Regions Through Innovation on NUTS-3

by Felix Weinel and Marcelo Cajias

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040134 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the role of innovation in shaping economic growth across the heterogeneous landscape of the European Union (EU). Through a detailed analysis at the NUTS-3 level, it identifies regions characterized by sustained and above-average growth, thereby providing new insights into the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the role of innovation in shaping economic growth across the heterogeneous landscape of the European Union (EU). Through a detailed analysis at the NUTS-3 level, it identifies regions characterized by sustained and above-average growth, thereby providing new insights into the mechanisms through which innovation contributes to regional economic resilience and long-term prosperity. Our methodology employs panel data from the EU27 Member States and the United Kingdom (UK), spanning the period from 2002 to 2022, allowing a more comprehensive understanding of the determinants of regional growth, including Gross Value Added (GVA) across various industries, the unemployment rate, and inflation. Furthermore, the role of innovation as a pivotal force driving economic progress is underscored. The analysis reveals significant differentiation within the cluster, supporting the assumption that innovation plays a crucial role in driving robust and, most notably, sustainable economic growth in a region. The findings further highlight that regions with an industry structure closely resembling the sample average are significantly influenced by innovation. From this, it can be deduced that innovation is a key driver of sustainable growth, especially in regions with the necessary infrastructure, skilled labour, and industry diversification to effectively harness innovative activities. Full article

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39 pages, 12240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socio-Spatial Adaptation and Resilient Urban Systems: Refugee-Driven Transformation in Zaatari Syrian Refugee Camp, Jordan

by Majd Al-Homoud and Ola Samarah

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040133 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Zaatari Camp in Jordan exemplifies how Syrian refugees transform a planned grid settlement into an organic urban environment through socio-spatial adaptation, reflecting their cultural identity and territorial practices. This study investigates the camp’s morphological evolution, analyzing how refugees reconfigure public and private [...] Read more.

The Zaatari Camp in Jordan exemplifies how Syrian refugees transform a planned grid settlement into an organic urban environment through socio-spatial adaptation, reflecting their cultural identity and territorial practices. This study investigates the camp’s morphological evolution, analyzing how refugees reconfigure public and private spaces to prioritize privacy, security, and community cohesion. Using qualitative methods—including archival maps, photographs, and field observations—the research reveals how formal public areas are repurposed into private shelter extensions, creating zones of influence that mirror traditional Arab-Islamic urban patterns. Key elements such as mosques, markets, and hierarchical street networks emerge as cultural anchors, shaped by refugees’ prior urban experiences. However, this organic growth introduces challenges, such as blocked streets and undefined spaces, which hinder safety and service delivery, underscoring tensions between informal urbanization and structured planning. The findings advocate urban resilience and participatory planning frameworks that integrate socio-cultural values, emphasizing defensible boundaries, interdependence, and adaptable design. Refugees’ territorial behaviors—such as creating diagonal streets and expanding shelters—highlight their agency in reshaping urban systems, challenging conventional top-down approaches. This research focuses on land-use dynamics, sustainable cities, and adaptive urban systems in crisis contexts. By bridging gaps between displacement studies and urban theory, the study offers insights into fostering social inclusion and equitable infrastructure in transient settlements. Future research directions, including comparative analyses of refugee camps and cognitive mapping, aim to deepen understanding of socio-spatial resilience. Ultimately, this work contributes to global dialogues on informal urbanization and culturally responsive design, advocating for policies that align with the Sustainable Development Goals to rebuild cohesive, resilient urban environments in displacement settings. Full article

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36 pages, 5494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building the Smart City of Tomorrow: A Bibliometric Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in Urbanization

by Erik Karger, Aristide Rothweiler, Tim Brée and Frederik Ahlemann

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040132 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urbanization is a global trend that continues to grow, leading to an increasing number of people to live in cities. This rapid expansion creates challenges such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and the need to ensure high living standards for all residents. To [...] Read more.

Urbanization is a global trend that continues to grow, leading to an increasing number of people to live in cities. This rapid expansion creates challenges such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and the need to ensure high living standards for all residents. To address these challenges, many cities adopt digital technologies to become smarter, more efficient, and more sustainable. Among these technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) has gained significant attention in recent years due to its transformative potential. In the context of smart cities, AI offers innovative solutions across various domains, including mobility, waste management, and energy optimization. Due to its multidisciplinary nature and rapid advancements, research on AI in smart cities has grown significantly. A comprehensive approach is needed to understand its role in urban transformation and identify key research gaps. This paper aims to synthesize existing knowledge on AI in smart cities, providing valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners. We define the scope of AI-related research by analyzing scientific literature and offer three main contributions. First, we provide a holistic overview of the field by conducting a bibliometric analysis to map the status and structure of existing knowledge. Second, we identify major research themes through co-citation clustering. Third, we outline a future research agenda by analyzing the most recent and influential journal articles. Our findings have both theoretical and practical implications for a wide range of disciplines, including computer science, energy, transportation, and security. Furthermore, our results can facilitate collaboration by identifying leading researchers and institutions, highlight critical research gaps, and foster discussions on the benefits and challenges of AI-driven smart city solutions. Full article

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20 pages, 4306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Pro-Environmental Behaviors and Health-Oriented Mindsets in Urban Slum Upgrading Projects: A Case Study of Surakarta City, Indonesia

by Solli Murtyas, Kusumaningdyah Nurul Handayani, Kojiro Sho and Aya Hagishima

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040131 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanization has led to significant demographic shifts and environmental challenges worldwide, with a growing portion of the urban population living in slums. This study investigates the impact of an urban slum upgrading program on pro-environmental behaviors and health-oriented mindsets among residents in [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization has led to significant demographic shifts and environmental challenges worldwide, with a growing portion of the urban population living in slums. This study investigates the impact of an urban slum upgrading program on pro-environmental behaviors and health-oriented mindsets among residents in Surakarta City, Indonesia. Specifically, it aims to reveal how pro-environmental behaviors, house satisfaction, health-oriented behaviors, and sustainability beliefs manifest within this unique socio-cultural setting. A representative survey was conducted among 327 residents of newly renovated urban slum housing. Additionally, cluster analysis with the Silhouette method was performed to identify distinct demographic and social ‘personalities’ characterized by pro-environmental and health-oriented mindsets within the heterogeneous population across three observed districts. The findings show that while strong beliefs in sustainability are common, there is a gap in translating these beliefs into action, as evidenced by low engagement with recycling and waste-burning avoidance. Furthermore, four clusters with unique profiles emerged: (1) residents dissatisfied with housing but proactive in sustainability (23.3%); (2) health-focused residents satisfied with housing but less engaged in sustainability (5.8%); (3) residents content with housing but low on health awareness and moderate in sustainability beliefs (46.8%); and (4) residents with strong sustainability beliefs but minimal pro-environmental actions (24.1%). This study offers valuable insights for policymakers to guide urban slum upgrading programs with targeted interventions addressing the unique characteristics among the residents. These findings are vital for creating a sustainable urban environment and preventing upgraded areas from reverting to slum conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Urban Sustainability and Well-Being in Developing Regions Facing Climate Change Impacts and Economic Constraints)

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20 pages, 6782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validating Pedestrian Infrastructure Data: How Well Do Street-View Imagery Audits Compare to Government Field Data?

by Sajad Askari, Devon Snyder, Chu Li, Michael Saugstad, Jon E. Froehlich and Yochai Eisenberg

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040130 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Data on pedestrian infrastructure is essential for improving the mobility environment and for planning efficiency. Although governmental agencies are responsible for capturing data on pedestrian infrastructure mostly by field audits, most have not completed such audits. In recent years, virtual auditing based on [...] Read more.

Data on pedestrian infrastructure is essential for improving the mobility environment and for planning efficiency. Although governmental agencies are responsible for capturing data on pedestrian infrastructure mostly by field audits, most have not completed such audits. In recent years, virtual auditing based on street view imagery (SVI), specifically through geo-crowdsourcing platforms, offers a more inclusive approach to pedestrian movement planning, but concerns about the quality and reliability of opensource geospatial data pose barriers to use by governments. Limited research has compared opensource data in relation to traditional government approaches. In this study, we compare pedestrian infrastructure data from an opensource virtual sidewalk audit platform (Project Sidewalk) with government data. We focus on neighborhoods with diverse walkability and income levels in the city of Seattle, Washington and in DuPage County, Illinois. Our analysis shows that Project Sidewalk data can be a reliable alternative to government data for most pedestrian infrastructure features. The agreement for different features ranges from 75% for pedestrian signals to complete agreement (100%) for missing sidewalks. However, variations in measuring the severity of barriers challenges dataset comparisons. Full article

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23 pages, 9245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Busy Urban Soundscape Underwater: Acoustic Indicators vs. Hydrophone Data

by Kamil Monastyrski, Grzegorz Chrobak, Rengin Aslanoğlu, Jacob Wilkerson and Jan K. Kazak

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040129 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urban noise pollution extends into aquatic environments, influencing underwater ecosystems. This study examines the effectiveness of acoustic indicators in characterizing urban underwater soundscapes using hydrophone recordings. Three indices, the Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI), [...] Read more.

Urban noise pollution extends into aquatic environments, influencing underwater ecosystems. This study examines the effectiveness of acoustic indicators in characterizing urban underwater soundscapes using hydrophone recordings. Three indices, the Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI), were analyzed to assess their ability to distinguish anthropogenic and natural acoustic sources. The results indicate that the ACI tracks urban noise fluctuations, particularly from vehicles and trams, while the ADI primarily reflects transient environmental interferences. The NDSI, while designed to differentiate biophony from anthropogenic noise, proves unreliable in urban underwater settings, often misclassifying noise sources. These findings highlight the limitations of traditional acoustic indices in urban aquatic environments and emphasize the need for refined methods to improve hydrophone data interpretation. Thus, this study aims to understand the acoustic indicators’ interactions with underwater urban noise, which is crucial for enhancing environmental monitoring and noise mitigation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Urban Acoustic Environments)

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17 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Perceptions of Urban Green Spaces: Effects on Physical and Mental Health

by Regina Veckalne, Asomkhodja Saidkhodjaev and Tatjana Tambovceva

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040128 - 17 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urban green spaces are essential for promoting public health by encouraging physical activity, reducing stress, and enhancing overall well-being. However, the perception and utilization of these spaces vary based on socio-demographic factors and urban planning characteristics. This study investigates public perception of urban [...] Read more.

Urban green spaces are essential for promoting public health by encouraging physical activity, reducing stress, and enhancing overall well-being. However, the perception and utilization of these spaces vary based on socio-demographic factors and urban planning characteristics. This study investigates public perception of urban green spaces and their perceived health benefits, emphasizing their psychological, physical, and social impacts. The study involved 240 respondents who assessed the availability and quality of green spaces as well as the social and psychological aspects of their use. The survey was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that environmental awareness (β = 0.404, p < 0.001) and social interaction (β = 0.391, p < 0.001) are significant predictors of the frequency of visiting green spaces, while their availability and quality do not have a significant impact. These findings highlight the critical role of environmental education and community awareness initiatives in maximizing the health benefits derived from urban green spaces. Frequency of use is positively associated with both mental (β = 0.272, p = 0.002) and physical health (β = 0.409, p < 0.001). Surprisingly, social interaction demonstrates a negative impact on mental health (β = −0.166, p = 0.002), which requires further study. The obtained results highlight the need for an integrated approach to studying the relationship between the urban environment and population health. Full article

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