Environmental Sciences Proceedings

Editorial

3 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The 5th EWaS International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”

by Maurizio Giugni, Vasilis Kanakoudis, Francesco De Paola and Evangelos Keramaris

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021039 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 852

Abstract

The United Nations defines Water Security as “the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving [...] Read more.

The United Nations defines Water Security as “the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

1 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Maurizio Giugni, Vasilis Kanakoudis, Francesco De Paola and Evangelos Keramaris

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021095 - 26 Jun 2023

Viewed by 765

Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Environmental Sciences Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Other

5 pages, 1090 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Rainfall Nowcasting Exploiting Machine-Learning Techniques: A Case Study in Southern Italy

by Dina Pirone, Luigi Cimorelli, Giuseppe Del Giudice and Domenico Pianese

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021049 - 27 Oct 2022

Viewed by 978

Abstract

During emergency situations, short-term rainfall forecasting is crucial for human life-saving and economic damage mitigation. However, due to the high interconnection among the meteorological variables, the rainfall evolution mechanism is challenging to predict. Since machine-learning techniques do not require any previous physical assumption, [...] Read more.

During emergency situations, short-term rainfall forecasting is crucial for human life-saving and economic damage mitigation. However, due to the high interconnection among the meteorological variables, the rainfall evolution mechanism is challenging to predict. Since machine-learning techniques do not require any previous physical assumption, this study suggests a rainfall nowcasting model based on Artificial Neural Networks. The proposed model provides punctual rainfall predictions at three different lead times: 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h. The analysis is based on 10 years of records from meteorological stations over the Campania region, southern Italy. Several feed-forward neural network models were trained with 350 spatial rainfall events, with 10 min time step. The approach produced consistent predictions and learned the relationship describing space-time rainfall evolution. Characterized by high update frequency and short computational time, the procedure is suitable for real-time early warning systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research

9 pages, 676 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Hydraulic Performance of Green Roofs in Urban Environments: A Brief State-of-the-Art Analysis of Select Literature

by Erica Orsi, Gaetano Crispino and Corrado Gisonni

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021001 - 11 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1404

Abstract

In recent years, green roofs have been used as a control measure for urban stormwater management, as they retain, detain and slowly release rainwater. Green roofs present many economic, social and environmental benefits. After a general overview of the main features of green [...] Read more.

In recent years, green roofs have been used as a control measure for urban stormwater management, as they retain, detain and slowly release rainwater. Green roofs present many economic, social and environmental benefits. After a general overview of the main features of green roofs, the paper focuses on the main outcomes highlighted by selected literature studies on the hydraulic performance of green roofs. The hydraulic efficiency has been specifically assessed through the definition of two parameters of great interest to design the tailwater drainage system: the peak reduction and the volume reduction indexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming Model for the Optimal Valve Placement within Water Distribution Networks

by Maria Cristina Morani, Armando Carravetta and Oreste Fecarotta

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021002 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1180

Abstract

Water leakages represent a crucial aspect in the management of water distribution networks (WDNs). The pressure control, by means of pressure reducing valves, is an economical and viable strategy to contain water leakages and it has been deeply investigated in literature for many [...] Read more.

Water leakages represent a crucial aspect in the management of water distribution networks (WDNs). The pressure control, by means of pressure reducing valves, is an economical and viable strategy to contain water leakages and it has been deeply investigated in literature for many years. However, in the presence of high excess pressure and high discharges, thus high energy potential, it may be more convenient to install an energy production device (e.g., a turbine, a pump as turbine) in order not to dissipate the excess pressure, but rather to convert it into energy by means of an electrical generator. Nevertheless, whenever the pressure containment could ensure large water savings but small energy production, the installation of a pressure reducing valve may be more convenient due to the lower purchase and maintenance costs. In literature, many studies have dealt with the optimal location of such valves within WDNs in order to maximize leakage reduction. In this study, the optimization of both the number and location of pressure reducing valves is performed, with the aim of maximizing water savings and minimizing investment cost. Instead of employing external software to compute flow through links and pressure at nodes, the hydraulic resolution of the case study network is coupled with optimization procedure in one single mathematical model. Due to the strong non-linearities modelling of the hydraulic network, as well as the presence of both continuous and integer optimization variables, the resulting mathematical problem is mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP). A global optimization solver is employed to solve the problem and the achieved results are presented with reference to a literature case study network. According to the results, the proposed optimization ensures an improvement in leakage reduction of 21%, compared to other studies on the same network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1812 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The PAT Energy Booster, a New Device for the Energy Recovery and Hydraulic Control in Water Supply Systems: Preliminary Experimental Tests

by Oreste Fecarotta, Armando Carravetta and Maria Cristina Morani

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021003 - 12 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1058

Abstract

The energy efficiency of water supply systems is usually very low. They are affected by a high rate of water leakage with a significant loss in terms of the energy that is embedded in the lost water flow. Furthermore, the strategy to reduce [...] Read more.

The energy efficiency of water supply systems is usually very low. They are affected by a high rate of water leakage with a significant loss in terms of the energy that is embedded in the lost water flow. Furthermore, the strategy to reduce the water loss frequently involves pressure reduction with a further decrease in energy efficiency. Several solutions have been proposed in the literature to reduce the pressure in the water distribution networks and recover the hydraulic energy, such as special turbines or pumps as turbines (PATs). Despite the positive aspects related to the use of such devices, the high installation costs, together with the limited hydraulic control capacity and the small power availability, limited the diffusion of such devices among the water utilities. A new device is proposed herein, which consists of two submersible PATs inserted into a booster cylinder. The high control capacity, together with the small production and installation costs, makes this technology very promising. The device has been installed in the Hydro Energy Lab of the CeSMA of the University of Naples and the first experimental results on its behavior are presented herein. A slight difference arises between the performance booster curves and the bare curves provided by the manufacturer due to measurement errors as well as to the presence of head loss within the system. Nevertheless, the energy efficiency of the plant results will be preserved, making this design a promising solution to overcome most of the limitations of the present technologies when low energy is available and large discharge variation occurs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 6716 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of a Simple Baffle Plate on the Efficiency of a Hydrokinetic Turbine

by Rodolfo Espina-Valdés, Victor M. Fernández-Álvarez, Ahmed Gharib-Yosry, Aitor Fernández-Jiménez and Eduardo Álvarez-Álvarez

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021004 - 17 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1036

Abstract

The research presented analyzes the influence exerted on the efficiency of a vertical axis cross-flow hydrokinetic microturbine by modifying the geometry of the channel by means of a deflector located upstream of the turbine. To this end, a series of laboratory tests were [...] Read more.

The research presented analyzes the influence exerted on the efficiency of a vertical axis cross-flow hydrokinetic microturbine by modifying the geometry of the channel by means of a deflector located upstream of the turbine. To this end, a series of laboratory tests were carried out in the water tunnel at the University of Oviedo, including the measurement of electrical power and the rotational speeds of the turbine. Additionally, the results obtained were used to adjust a computational fluid dynamics model that allows studying the pressure and velocity fields of the water, where to delve into the analysis of the different types of forces applied to the faces of the blades. The results clearly indicate that the baffle increases the turbine power output up to 250% more than without including any device in the water flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparing Different Modelling Strategies for the Estimation of Climate Change Effects on Urban Pluvial Flooding

by Roberta Padulano, Pierfranco Costabile, Guido Rianna, Carmelina Costanzo, Paola Mercogliano and Giuseppe Del Giudice

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021005 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1150

Abstract

In this paper, two different strategies are presented that allow for the assessment of the effects of climate change on urban pluvial flooding, in order to understand potentialities and limitations, advantages and drawbacks. The two strategies are hereby defined as “top-down” and “bottom-up”, [...] Read more.

In this paper, two different strategies are presented that allow for the assessment of the effects of climate change on urban pluvial flooding, in order to understand potentialities and limitations, advantages and drawbacks. The two strategies are hereby defined as “top-down” and “bottom-up”, according to the relative position of climate change modelling with respect to flood modelling (upstream for top-down, downstream for bottom-up). To provide a practical example, the two strategies are applied to a case study located in Naples, Italy. However, they can be successfully extended for the assessment of any potential impact of climate change in any location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 1357 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Hydrodynamics of a Bordered Collar as a Countermeasure against Pier Scouring

by Domenico Ferraro, Andrea Fenocchi and Roberto Gaudio

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021006 - 17 Oct 2022

Viewed by 760

Abstract

Countermeasures against local scour at bridge piers and abutments can be grouped into two categories: (1) flow-altering and (2) bed-armouring countermeasures. In this work, long-term laboratory-scale experiments of clear-water scour at bridge piers with different configurations were performed in order to investigate the [...] Read more.

Countermeasures against local scour at bridge piers and abutments can be grouped into two categories: (1) flow-altering and (2) bed-armouring countermeasures. In this work, long-term laboratory-scale experiments of clear-water scour at bridge piers with different configurations were performed in order to investigate the effects of an unprotected cylindrical pier, of a cylindrical pier with a classic collar countermeasure and of a cylindrical pier with a modified collar countermeasure. Tests were performed in a flume with movable sediment bed, and the scoured bathymetries at the equilibrium stage were acquired and used in numerical simulations of small-scale hydrodynamics at the piers. The modified collar countermeasure resulted in a significant reduction of the scour hole dimensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 3355 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Preliminary Analysis for Water Demand Time Series

by Manuela Moretti, Diana Fiorillo, Roberto Guercio, Maurizio Giugni, Francesco De Paola and Gianluca Sorgenti degli Uberti

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021007 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1144

Abstract

Water demand scenarios are defined assuming that the samples are complete. On the other hand, consumption measurements are often affected by a considerable number of missing data. This paper explores the problem of missing data and proposes an example of a data pre-processing [...] Read more.

Water demand scenarios are defined assuming that the samples are complete. On the other hand, consumption measurements are often affected by a considerable number of missing data. This paper explores the problem of missing data and proposes an example of a data pre-processing technique. Afterwards, a deconstruction of the time series, without being influenced by the presence of gaps, is presented. For this purpose, the fast Fourier transform for nonuniform sampling is developed. This analysis allows us to generate ergodic and stationary samples, useful for pursuing the generation of water demand scenarios. An application is provided on a water consumption time series recorded in a suburban area of Naples, Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing the Environmental Impact of Combined Sewer Overflows through a Parametric Study

by Alessandro Farina, Armando Di Nardo, Rudy Gargano and Roberto Greco

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021008 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1303

Abstract

Design and management of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been, so far, mainly based only on complying a fixed dilution rate of wastewater in stormwater during rain events. This poses serious environmental issues, since the definition of the acceptable dilution does not consider [...] Read more.

Design and management of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been, so far, mainly based only on complying a fixed dilution rate of wastewater in stormwater during rain events. This poses serious environmental issues, since the definition of the acceptable dilution does not consider the characteristics of the upstream urban catchment, nor the climatic features, nor those of the receiving water body. Overflows are usually designed for activation when the mixed discharge reaches about five-times the mean wastewater discharge (though it may vary, depending on country regulations), the latter being the mean dry weather wastewater discharge. Accordingly, recent regulations started enforcing limits also on the frequency of overflows. Overflow activation frequency and discharged volumes of pollutants may depend on the upstream catchment features as well as on the precipitation regime. The great variability in these factors could make the impact on the receiving water body of similarly designed overflows quite different. In this study, the behavior of a CSO placed at the outlet of urban catchments with the same size but different characteristics was simulated with SWMM. The considered hydrological parameters were catchment imperviousness, width and slope, Manning coefficient and depression storage. Served population characteristics affecting the combined sewer hydraulic regime were studied by changing the population density and the mean wastewater discharge per capita. After defining realistic ranges for each parameter, the time series of discharged overflows were calculated for all the combinations of the variable catchment parameters, corresponding to 20-year-long precipitation series from a single rain gauge. The obtained results, although preliminary, indicate that CSOs’ impact on the receiving water body strongly depends on the characteristics of the upstream urban catchment. Therefore, such characteristics should be considered in CSO design and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 2174 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Integration of a Probabilistic and a Geomorphic Method for the Optimization of Flood Detention Basins Design

by Cinzia Albertini, Domenico Miglino, Gianluca Bove, Melania De Falco, Francesco De Paola, Alessandro Maria Dinuzzi, Andrea Petroselli, Francesco Pugliese, Caterina Samela, Antonio Santo, Giuseppe Speranza, Andrea Gioia and Salvatore Manfreda

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021009 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1344

Abstract

The design of hydraulic structures needs to account for a trade-off between implementation costs and flood damages, as well as for the impacts on basins hydrological responses over a wide spectrum of events. In this work, a new methodology for dimensioning an in-line [...] Read more.

The design of hydraulic structures needs to account for a trade-off between implementation costs and flood damages, as well as for the impacts on basins hydrological responses over a wide spectrum of events. In this work, a new methodology for dimensioning an in-line detention dam that integrates geomorphic, probabilistic and economic modeling is proposed. It is formulated as an economic optimization problem aimed at minimizing the sum of the construction cost and the cost of the residual flood risk on residential buildings. The optimization procedure was applied to a hypothetical in-line detention dam located upstream of the urban area of Castellammare di Stabia (Naples, Italy). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 1272 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Non-Revenue Water in Water Supply Systems of Serbia and Montenegro

by Dejan Dimkić, Marko Babalj, Darko Kovač and Mira Papović

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021010 - 19 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1529

Abstract

Non-revenue water (NRW) can be expressed using different parameters (indices) in certain water supply systems (WSSs). The most used are percentages (as a share of NRW in system input water) and the infrastructure leakage index (ILI) based on the IWA methodology. The technical [...] Read more.

Non-revenue water (NRW) can be expressed using different parameters (indices) in certain water supply systems (WSSs). The most used are percentages (as a share of NRW in system input water) and the infrastructure leakage index (ILI) based on the IWA methodology. The technical indicator of real losses (TIRLs) is also an index used for the estimation of certain WSS efficiency. Both real and apparent losses are significant in many WSSs in the Balkan region. Thirty-seven WSSs in Serbia and Montenegro, which differ in many aspects, were analyzed. After presenting the methodology and discussing the results, a conclusion is drawn, as well as general guidelines regarding the approach for the reduction of NRW for this region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of a Wind Farm on the Avifauna of a Mediterranean Mountainous Environment

by Michail Xanthakis, Nikos Katsimanis and Nikos Antonopoulos

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021011 - 19 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1278

Abstract

Possible avian mortality rates due to the presence of a wind farm on Kefalonia Island, Greece, were studied and no bird deaths were recorded. The most commonly occurring species were Buteo buteo and Falco tinnunculus. These species generally have low ecological sensitivity. [...] Read more.

Possible avian mortality rates due to the presence of a wind farm on Kefalonia Island, Greece, were studied and no bird deaths were recorded. The most commonly occurring species were Buteo buteo and Falco tinnunculus. These species generally have low ecological sensitivity. During the approach of individuals (predators or other large species) close to the turbine area, either no reaction or a slight change in direction by the birds was observed. Similarly, the most frequent type of interaction was flight between pairs of turbines, while less frequent was flight parallel to or above the turbines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

9 pages, 2241 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Environmental Management of Dredging Activities: Monitoring System and an Empirical Approach to Estimating Values of Background and Limit Turbidity

by Diana De Padova, Annunziata Attolico, Nicola Ungaro and Michele Mossa

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021012 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1385

Abstract

The land use, climate change, hydrology, geology and topography determine sediment supply and transport in water resources. However, due to human-made activities, the presence of contaminants, such as heavy metals, nutrients, pesticides and other organic micro-pollutants, threatens the good ecological status of marine [...] Read more.

The land use, climate change, hydrology, geology and topography determine sediment supply and transport in water resources. However, due to human-made activities, the presence of contaminants, such as heavy metals, nutrients, pesticides and other organic micro-pollutants, threatens the good ecological status of marine systems. In areas with a long record of sedimentation, sediment cores reflect the history of the pollution in each basin. Dredging activities ensure the navigability of harbors and the removal of contaminated sediments. However, an environmental strategy is necessary to achieve the best environmental management practice during a dredging activity. In particular, monitoring the turbidity data produced from the excavation, transport, and placement of dredged sediment is one of the most important management practices to avoid unacceptable ecological impacts. This study presents the environmental management of the dredging activities in the harbor of Bari (Southern Italy, Adriatic Sea), showing the monitoring system and an empirical approach to estimating the values of background and limit turbidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2970 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Wellhead Protection Areas Vulnerability and the Use of Pesticides: The Treviso Province Case Study

by Leonardo Costa and Paolo Salandin

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021013 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 983

Abstract

Recent studies have experimentally analyzed the leaching at local scale of some of the most diffused pesticides used in agriculture. To evaluate the vulnerability of wells supplying drinking water to PPPs used within wellhead protection areas (WHPAs), a map of vulnerability has been [...] Read more.

Recent studies have experimentally analyzed the leaching at local scale of some of the most diffused pesticides used in agriculture. To evaluate the vulnerability of wells supplying drinking water to PPPs used within wellhead protection areas (WHPAs), a map of vulnerability has been developed starting from the PPPs sales data in the Treviso province. The PPPs spatial distribution, obtained from the sellers’ locations and the extension of the cultivation areas was superimposed with the extension of the WHPAs, led to a vulnerability map, giving a clear picture of the wells that require PPPs-specific actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2135 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Significance of Hydromorphological and Sediment Analysis in River Basin Water Quality Management

by Gorana Ćosić-Flajsig, Barbara Karleuša, Ivan Vučković and Matjaž Glavan

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021014 - 19 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1172

Abstract

The hydromorphology and sediment management, as part of the integrated water management and achieving environmental objectives of the river basin in accordance with the WFD, are presented in the case study of the transboundary rural River Basin Sutla. Sutla is the border river [...] Read more.

The hydromorphology and sediment management, as part of the integrated water management and achieving environmental objectives of the river basin in accordance with the WFD, are presented in the case study of the transboundary rural River Basin Sutla. Sutla is the border river between the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia, with a catchment area of 590.6 km². The proposed sediment management methodology is based on the surface water bodies’ assessment of water quality status, from the surveillance monitoring, and the impact assessment of the point and diffuse pollution sources in the river basin by the mathematical model SWAT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 3421 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Water Consumption during COVID-19 Pandemic: Trend Analyses in Puglia (Southern Italy)

by Audrey Maria Noemi Martellotta, Gabriella Balacco, Alessandro Manni, Marcello Miraglia and Alberto Ferruccio Piccinni

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021015 - 19 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1020

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected water consumption due to the Italian government’s stay-at-home orders to reduce virus spread. Thanks to a complete dataset (hourly water demand for 2019, 2020, and 2021) related to five Apulian towns, there were observed different trends in water [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected water consumption due to the Italian government’s stay-at-home orders to reduce virus spread. Thanks to a complete dataset (hourly water demand for 2019, 2020, and 2021) related to five Apulian towns, there were observed different trends in water consumption during the pandemic period compared with the pre-pandemic one, having previously excluded other possible influencing factors. There is a marked reduction in areas characterised by a high number of collective activities, less evident where the economy is mainly based on agriculture or summer tourism, highlighting that the water consumption by collective activities is significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 2877 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Vegetation Density on Sediment Transport in Lateral Cavities

by Luiz Eduardo Domingos de Oliveira, Felipe Rezende da Costa, Carlo Gualtieri and Johannes Gérson Janzen

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021016 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1165

Abstract

In rivers and canals, lateral cavities are regions of low velocities and recirculation, which have ecological importance, such as sediment retention. The presence of vegetation in cavities has the potential to modify the flow and alter the retention of sediments inside the cavity. [...] Read more.

In rivers and canals, lateral cavities are regions of low velocities and recirculation, which have ecological importance, such as sediment retention. The presence of vegetation in cavities has the potential to modify the flow and alter the retention of sediments inside the cavity. In this study, the impact of vegetation on hydrodynamics and sediment transport was investigated with a numerical model. The vegetation density was distributed from 0 to 10.65% in four cases. Sediment transport was investigated through the Rouse number, Hjulström, and Shields diagrams. The increase in vegetation density did not change the predominant sediment transport type. Furthermore, the increase in vegetation favoured the deposition of sediments in the lateral cavity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1778 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Stress-Testing Alternative Water Quality Sensor Designs under Cyber-Physical Attack Scenarios

by Dionysios Nikolopoulos, Georgios Moraitis, George Karavokiros, Dimitrios Bouziotas and Christos Makropoulos

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021017 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1061

Abstract

Water systems are rapidly transforming into cyber-physical systems. Despite the benefits of remote control and monitoring, autonomous operation and connectivity, there is an expanded threat surface, which includes cyber-physical attacks. This study demonstrates a stress-testing methodology that focuses on assessing the performance of [...] Read more.

Water systems are rapidly transforming into cyber-physical systems. Despite the benefits of remote control and monitoring, autonomous operation and connectivity, there is an expanded threat surface, which includes cyber-physical attacks. This study demonstrates a stress-testing methodology that focuses on assessing the performance of a contamination warning system, designed with alternative water quality (WQ) sensor placement strategies against cyber-physical attacks. The physical part of the attacks consists of backflow injection attacks with a contaminant, while the cyber part comprises cyber-attacks to the contamination warning system. The WQ sensor designs are generated with the Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment and Sensor Placement Optimization Tool (TEVA-SPOT), based on optimizing various metrics. The coupled WDN and CPS operation, the deliberate contamination events, and the cyber-physical attacks, are simulated with the water system cyber-physical stress-testing platform RISKNOUGHT. Multidimensional resilience profile graphs are utilized to analyze performance, demonstrated in a benchmark case study. This type of assessment can be useful in risk assessment studies for water utilities as well as in WQ sensor placement optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing Cyber-Physical Threats under Water Demand Uncertainty

by Georgios Moraitis, Ioannis Tsoukalas, Panagiotis Kossieris, Dionysios Nikolopoulos, George Karavokiros, Dimitrios Kalogeras and Christos Makropoulos

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021018 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1078

Abstract

This study presents an approach for the assessment of cyber-physical threats to water distribution networks under the prism of the uncertainty which stems from the variability and stochastic nature of nodal water demands. The proposed framework investigates a single threat scenario under a [...] Read more.

This study presents an approach for the assessment of cyber-physical threats to water distribution networks under the prism of the uncertainty which stems from the variability and stochastic nature of nodal water demands. The proposed framework investigates a single threat scenario under a spectrum of synthetic, yet realistic, system states which are driven by an ensemble of stochastically generated nodal demands. This Monte Carlo-type experiment enables the probabilistic inference about model outputs, and hence the derivation of probabilistic estimates over consequences. The approach is showcased for a cyber-physical attack scenario against the monitoring and control system of a benchmark network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 2127 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring Entropy and Resilience as Surrogate Indices of Water Network Robustness in PDA Approach

by Giovanni Francesco Santonastaso, Armando Di Nardo and Roberto Greco

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021019 - 19 Oct 2022

Viewed by 861

Abstract

Entropy and resilience metrics are proposed as indices to measure the robustness of water distribution networks (WDN) regarding pipe failures and permanent district metering areas (DMAs). Whereas pipe failures represent a temporary disruption of some pipes of WDN (i.e., pipe restoration or replacement), [...] Read more.

Entropy and resilience metrics are proposed as indices to measure the robustness of water distribution networks (WDN) regarding pipe failures and permanent district metering areas (DMAs). Whereas pipe failures represent a temporary disruption of some pipes of WDN (i.e., pipe restoration or replacement), the creation of DMAs involves a permanent alteration closing multiple pipes simultaneously. Although entropy and resilience provide different information about network behavior, they are often used for the same purpose: cost-based multi-objective optimal network design techniques. However, the two metrics were compared with other commonly used hydraulic performance indicators to determine which of them could be better used as surrogate indices for water network robustness. For this purpose, the effects on entropy and resilience due to two different scenarios (pipe failures and permanent DMAs) were evaluated for a medium-sized water distribution network in southern Italy. The hydraulic simulations and water network partitioning were performed with a pressure-driven approach using SWANP 4.0 software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Spread of Contaminants in Urban Drainage Networks Based on a Topological Analysis

by Antonietta Simone, Alessandra Cesaro, Giuseppe Del Giudice, Cristiana Di Cristo, Giovanni Esposito and Oreste Fecarotta

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021020 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1060

Abstract

The present work proposes a methodology to model the diffusion of pollutants along urban drainage networks (UDNs) based on a topological analysis. The strategy is based on both the complex network theory and backtracking algorithms. The goals are to highlight the role of [...] Read more.

The present work proposes a methodology to model the diffusion of pollutants along urban drainage networks (UDNs) based on a topological analysis. The strategy is based on both the complex network theory and backtracking algorithms. The goals are to highlight the role of topology in the diffusion of pollutants and to simplify the computational effort compared with other methodologies without the need to solve optimization problems and to resort to hydraulic simulations. In particular, a new index called the node contamination index I_C is proposed to evaluate the effect that the contaminant spill in each node has on the entire system. The strategy is presented as a support tool for both technicians and water utilities who must face the management of increasingly complex and unpredictable systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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4 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic (OSA) Process for Excess Sludge Reduction and Valorization: A Pilot Plant Experiment

by Santo Fabio Corsino, Alida Cosenza, Federica De Marines, Daniele Di Trapani, Alice Sorrenti, Francesco Traina, Michele Torregrossa and Gaspare Viviani

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021021 - 19 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1057

Abstract

In this study, the effects of different operating conditions on excess sludge minimization in an oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process were evaluated. The experiment involved two systems operating in parallel, one implementing the OSA process and a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system as control, both [...] Read more.

In this study, the effects of different operating conditions on excess sludge minimization in an oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process were evaluated. The experiment involved two systems operating in parallel, one implementing the OSA process and a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system as control, both configured according to a pre-denitrification scheme. Five periods (P1–P5) were studied, during which the OSA was operated under different layouts, which differed from the returned sludge to the anoxic (A) or aerobic (B) mainstream reactors and the hydraulic retention time in the anaerobic reactor of the OSA system (8–12 h). The excess sludge production in the OSA plant was lower in all the investigated configurations, indicating that successful sludge minimization was achieved. Specifically, the sludge production was lowered by approximately 12% (P1), 29% (P2), 40% (P3), 26% (P4) and 41% (P5). Scheme A enabled the establishment of the uncoupling metabolism and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) destructuration. In contrast, scheme B enabled the establishment of the maintenance metabolism in addition to the uncoupling metabolisms, whereas cell lysis and EPS destruction were minimized. This allowed for obtaining higher sludge reduction yield (26–40%) without compromising the effluent quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2786 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Flooding Risk from Global Warming in Alpine Basins: An Estimate along a Stream Network

by Irene Monforte, Giulia Evangelista and Pierluigi Claps

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021022 - 19 Oct 2022

Viewed by 868

Abstract

To provide quantitative elements to the expected rate of change of flood quantiles in Alpine basins due to global warming, a systematical assessment of a river network is undertaken in this paper through the implementation of a geomorphoclimatic approach. The model, called “ [...] Read more.

To provide quantitative elements to the expected rate of change of flood quantiles in Alpine basins due to global warming, a systematical assessment of a river network is undertaken in this paper through the implementation of a geomorphoclimatic approach. The model, called “FloodAlp” produces the flood frequency curve of mountainous catchments based on the stochastic interaction of precipitation and temperature. In view of a widespread application, FloodAlp was revamped here and applied to all the sections of the river network of the Chisone basin (Northwest Italy) identified through a 50 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM). We show that, based on the decrease in snow-affected contributing areas, flood frequency can increase up to 8 times compared to the current frequency, with amplifications depending on the local elevation characteristics of sub-basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Evaluation of the Free Surface of a Dam Break Wave in the Presence of an Obstacle

by Andrea Del Gaudio, Francesco De Paola, Cristiana Di Cristo, Giovanni La Forgia, Angelo Leopardi and Andrea Vacca

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021023 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 992

Abstract

Tsunamis, impulse waves, and dam break waves have a high impact on nearby areas. Scaled experiments allow us to deeply understand the hydrodynamic features of these unsteady flows and, equally, to validate numerical models. The study shows the experimental set-up and the preliminary [...] Read more.

Tsunamis, impulse waves, and dam break waves have a high impact on nearby areas. Scaled experiments allow us to deeply understand the hydrodynamic features of these unsteady flows and, equally, to validate numerical models. The study shows the experimental set-up and the preliminary results of the tests performed at the Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory of the University of Naples “Federico II”. We set up a 3 m long Perspex tank in order to generate dam break waves by a pneumatic gate removal. Two high-speed CCD (charge-coupled device) cameras were used to characterize the wavefront celerity and the free surface profile. Five pressure transducers were installed on a vertical wall, located at the end of the channel, in order to sample the force extent of the surge. The results of the numerical simulations realized through the depth-integrated model were compared with experimental data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Drone-Based Ecohydraulic Signatures of Fully-Vegetated Ditches: Real-Scale Experimental Analysis

by Giuseppe Francesco Cesare Lama, Mariano Crimaldi and Giovanni Battista Chirico

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021024 - 20 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1274

Abstract

The prediction of the ecohydraulic and ecohydrological structures of vegetated flows is extremely important; particularly because of the well-known Climate Change and Global Warming implications. This study aims at monitoring the real-scale Ecohydrodynamics of vegetated ditches hardly covered by riparian stands, through the [...] Read more.

The prediction of the ecohydraulic and ecohydrological structures of vegetated flows is extremely important; particularly because of the well-known Climate Change and Global Warming implications. This study aims at monitoring the real-scale Ecohydrodynamics of vegetated ditches hardly covered by riparian stands, through the analysis of their reflectance signature. A monitoring system composed of a cruising drone and a thermographic camera was employed in the present experimental study. Once the main average and turbulence traits were measured directly in the field, the correlation between the riparian plant’s Leaf Area Index (LAI) and their thermal properties was studied to assess the impact of drone-based thermometry methods and techniques on the predictions of the main real-scale flow trends of vegetated waterways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 3707 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Innovative Approach for Selection of Pump as Turbine in Water Distribution Network

by Gustavo Marini, Marco Maio, Francesco Di Menna, Francesco Pugliese, Francesco De Paola and Nicola Fontana

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021025 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1174

Abstract

While pressure reducing valves (PRVs) have been widely used in water distribution networks (WDNs) to reduce water leakage, research in recent years has focused on the use of turbines instead of PRVs as the means for enabling both pressure reduction and energy production. [...] Read more.

While pressure reducing valves (PRVs) have been widely used in water distribution networks (WDNs) to reduce water leakage, research in recent years has focused on the use of turbines instead of PRVs as the means for enabling both pressure reduction and energy production. However, in WDNs daily continuous variability of flow discharge and upstream head make PAT selection a challenging issue. The present paper describes an innovative approach for optimal PAT selection in systems with hydraulic and/or electrical regulation. The methodology was also applied to a district of the Benevento, Italy, WDN, showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The findings showed the optimal pumps lie in the vicinity of the maximum of the produced energy. Furthermore, considering weekday pattern instead of long-period pattern gives reliable results only if the PAT system operated with hydraulic regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 3534 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Comparison between Hydrokinetic Turbines: Darrieus vs. Gorlov

by Rodolfo Espina-Valdés, Ahmed Gharib-Yosry, Roberta Ferraiuolo, Aitor Fernández-Jiménez and Victor Manuel Fernández-Pacheco

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021026 - 20 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2518

Abstract

In this research, the influence of blade geometry on the power stage characterization of cross-flow hydrokinetic turbines and vertical axis under conditions of low current velocity (<1 m/s) has been studied. To carry out the characterization of the power stage, two turbines have [...] Read more.

In this research, the influence of blade geometry on the power stage characterization of cross-flow hydrokinetic turbines and vertical axis under conditions of low current velocity (<1 m/s) has been studied. To carry out the characterization of the power stage, two turbines have been used. The first has three straight blades and corresponds to a SC-Darrieus-type rotor, while the second has three corresponding helical blades with a Gorlov-type rotor. The experimental study has been performed by using a hydrodynamic tunnel and a high precision torque meter with an electric brake, which allows one to obtain the necessary mechanical parameters (torque, rotation speed) for the characterization of the power stage. Analyzing the data obtained from the results of the experimental study, it is determined that, for the same water speed, the Gorlov rotor obtains greater mechanical power than the Darrieus type. In all cases, power coefficient values greater than 1 have been obtained, thus verifying the influence of the blocking phenomenon on the performance of the turbines when they are in confined flow conditions. In turn, the TSR values obtained indicate that these turbines will work mainly by lift since they are higher than unity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 853 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Role of Micro-Hydropower Energy Recovery in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus

by Aonghus McNabola, Aida Mérida García and Juan Antonio Rodríguez Díaz

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021027 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

The potential for the generation of pico- and micro-hydropower through hydraulic energy recovery has been demonstrated across many sectors of the water-energy-food nexus, often termed hidden hydropower. The potential to recover energy from hidden hydropower in water supply, crop production, food processing, and [...] Read more.

The potential for the generation of pico- and micro-hydropower through hydraulic energy recovery has been demonstrated across many sectors of the water-energy-food nexus, often termed hidden hydropower. The potential to recover energy from hidden hydropower in water supply, crop production, food processing, and energy production has been demonstrated via numerous in-depth case studies, regional assessments, and physical experiments. This paper presents a holistic overview of the potential role and impacts of micro-hydropower energy recovery on the water-energy-food nexus in the context of climate change. The paper comprises a review and synthesis of the available literature. The paper outlines the potential impacts of hidden hydropower on cost of water supply, energy and food production, considering also the potential impacts on crop yield and food supply. Policy and technological barriers to the exploitation of hidden hydropower resources within the nexus are outlined and recommendations to overcome these are provided. The results of this investigation highlight the potential of micro-hydropower energy recovery in water systems to reduce energy consumption by 0.005–3.7% across various sectors and regions, with consequent impacts in the operating and consumer costs of food, water and energy, as well as on the CO₂ emissions of these activities. This hidden hydropower has the potential to ease the pressures of the water-energy-food nexus and is an important element of the route towards sustainability within the nexus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 2415 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Long-Term Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Trends over Italy

by Paola Mazzoglio, Daniele Ganora and Pierluigi Claps

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021028 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1685

Abstract

In this work, we investigate the spatial and temporal trend of short-duration (1 to 24 h) annual maximum rainfall depths, derived from the Improved Italian—Rainfall Extreme Dataset (I²-RED). The investigation is conducted using time series of at least 30 years of [...] Read more.

In this work, we investigate the spatial and temporal trend of short-duration (1 to 24 h) annual maximum rainfall depths, derived from the Improved Italian—Rainfall Extreme Dataset (I²-RED). The investigation is conducted using time series of at least 30 years of data both at the national and regional level using the record-breaking analysis, the Mann-Kendall test, the Regional Kendall test and the Sen’s slope estimator. The results confirm that rainfall extremes of different durations are not increasing uniformly over Italy and that separate tendencies emerge in different sectors, even at close distances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 3327 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Methodological Approach to Assess Nature-Based Solutions’ Effectiveness in Flood Hazard Reduction: The Case Study of Gudbrandsdalen Valley

by Carlo Gerundo, Giuseppe Speranza, Antonio Pignalosa, Francesco Pugliese and Francesco De Paola

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021029 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 955

Abstract

This work reports the results of a study on the effects of an earth levee in flow depth and velocity reduction found by mapping the flood hazard for the baseline and Nature-Based Solution scenarios for one of the case studies of the H2020 [...] Read more.

This work reports the results of a study on the effects of an earth levee in flow depth and velocity reduction found by mapping the flood hazard for the baseline and Nature-Based Solution scenarios for one of the case studies of the H2020 Phusicos Project, namely, the Jorekstad site, in the town of Lillehammer (Norway). To achieve this target, the study employed various modelling procedures. These included climate, GIS, hydrological and hydraulic modelling structured in an integrated workflow. By running the FLO-2D model, the flooded areas were computed, and maximum flow depth and velocity were assessed by varying the return period with reference to different settings of the antecedent moisture conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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5 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Excel-Based Tool for Automatic Calibration of Urban Drainage System Models

by Anatoli Vassiljev, Ivar Annus, Nils Kändler, Murel Truu, Katrin Kaur and Kristjan Suits

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021030 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1101

Abstract

Climate change and aging infrastructure are the main stressors for existing urban drainage systems (UDS), causing more frequent overloading. The locations of flooded areas and system behavior under different scenarios can be analyzed using calibrated SWMM5 models. This study presents the implementation of [...] Read more.

Climate change and aging infrastructure are the main stressors for existing urban drainage systems (UDS), causing more frequent overloading. The locations of flooded areas and system behavior under different scenarios can be analyzed using calibrated SWMM5 models. This study presents the implementation of an automatic calibration module designed for SWMM5. This module can be utilized for different types of drainage systems, including those that contain only impervious subareas, a mix of impervious and pervious subareas, as well systems that include natural ditches or channels. The latter are the most complex because, in this case, it is necessary to include the inflow of groundwater to the model. A dynamic link library (DLL) created by the authors enables automatic calibration of 21 parameters in SWMM5 in previously defined limits. The module enables calibrating up to five parameters simultaneously. This study presents different strategies for calibration, describes their limitations and possible solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 2474 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dynamic Response of Water Meters Used for Potable Water

by Luisfilippo Lanza

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021031 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1210

Abstract

Water meters are widely used instruments in water distribution networks and are mainly used for billing applications. In service, conditions rarely meet the stationary or mean stationary regime. In most cases, the operating conditions are characterized by a marked dynamic behavior, with a [...] Read more.

Water meters are widely used instruments in water distribution networks and are mainly used for billing applications. In service, conditions rarely meet the stationary or mean stationary regime. In most cases, the operating conditions are characterized by a marked dynamic behavior, with a significant flow rate variation over time. In this article, the functioning of water meters under stationary and dynamic conditions is examined in more detail, highlighting the main differences between mechanical meters and meters with a different measuring principle, such as ultrasonic or electromagnetic. Some criteria and test methods for classifying the dynamic responses of water meters are also proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 5049 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Hydrogeological Modelling and Water Safety Plans: Basic Knowledge for the Protection of the Resource

by Stefano Buggiarin, Michele Rodighiero, Paolo Ronco, Andrea Sottani and Luca Vettorello

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021032 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1196

Abstract

Recent regulatory developments (DM 14.06.2017) have introduced the concept of Water Safety Plans (WSP) into the Italian legislative framework, a new, challenging paradigm of risk assessment, prevention, and control covering the entire drinking water supply chain. When applied to the water abstraction step, [...] Read more.

Recent regulatory developments (DM 14.06.2017) have introduced the concept of Water Safety Plans (WSP) into the Italian legislative framework, a new, challenging paradigm of risk assessment, prevention, and control covering the entire drinking water supply chain. When applied to the water abstraction step, it requires complex data collection and processing, field survey, monitoring, and research in order to develop a robust and scientifically sound hydrogeological conceptual model, being the core of groundwater flow models and vulnerability assessments. A successful experience in identifying and characterizing the wellhead protection areas, as well as the vulnerability pattern, has been achieved for the wide and complex hydrogeological system belonging to the Vicenza water production area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Energy Efficiency Enhancement in Pressurized Irrigation Networks through Optimal Location of Pumps-as-Turbines: A Case Study in Spain

by Maria Cristina Morani, Miguel Crespo Chacón, Jorge García Morillo, Aonghus McNabola and Oreste Fecarotta

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021033 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1013

Abstract

One of the hardest challenges in irrigation systems is to reduce the use of water resources. The goal “more crop per drop“ has fostered the improvement of hydraulic infrastructure by replacing old open channel networks with pressurized systems (e.g., drip and sprinkler irrigation). [...] Read more.

One of the hardest challenges in irrigation systems is to reduce the use of water resources. The goal “more crop per drop“ has fostered the improvement of hydraulic infrastructure by replacing old open channel networks with pressurized systems (e.g., drip and sprinkler irrigation). This has resulted in reduced water losses, as well as the possibility for farmers to benefit from on-demand water. On the other hand, this improvement in water efficiency has controversially resulted in a large increase in energy consumption, since pressurized systems demand large flows with high pressures. The high energy requirements, along with the investment and operational costs, may compromise the viability of such irrigation systems. Several strategies to save both water and energy resources have, therefore, been proposed in the recent literature. Among these, the exploitation of excess pressure to produce energy by means of energy production devices (EPDs) has been proven to be a very effective strategy. Pumps-as-turbines (PATs) are, by far, preferred over traditional EPDs, such as pico- or micro-turbines, being very cost-effective solutions. In this study, the optimal location of PATs within an irrigation system is investigated with reference to a whole irrigation season. A case study network, the Zújar Canal irrigation district, is considered, for which accurate records of hourly water demands are available due to a diffuse telemetry system over the irrigation area. The aim of the optimization is to search for the best number and location of PATs within the irrigation network in order to maximize the energy production and minimize the investment costs. The hydraulic resolution of the network is coupled with the optimal location problem in one single mathematical model and the optimization procedure is performed via the use of a global optimization solver. The promising results in terms of the hydropower potential prove the effectiveness of the PAT installation within the case study network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2156 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of an SPH-DEM Coupled Model for Elastic Fluid–Structure Interaction

by Salvatore Capasso, Bonaventura Tagliafierro and Giacomo Viccione

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021034 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1499

Abstract

In this work, we present the application of an alternative numerical model for fluid dynamic analyses of structural systems within the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) framework of DualSPHysics coupled to the Project Chrono library. The Discrete Elements Method-based (DEM) structure model relies on [...] Read more.

In this work, we present the application of an alternative numerical model for fluid dynamic analyses of structural systems within the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) framework of DualSPHysics coupled to the Project Chrono library. The Discrete Elements Method-based (DEM) structure model relies on the Euler–Bernoulli theory and utilizes lumped elasticity and rigid body dynamics to reproduce the flexural behavior of two-dimensional beams. The structure and fluid domain are both discretized with SPH particles: the fluid dynamics obey a Weakly Compressible SPH (WCSPH) formulation, whereas the structure particles are assembled into DEM rigid elements, moving according to physically-based, properly developed rotational dynamics. The presented model is of interest for studying complex soil–, solid–, fluid–structure interactions, involving a system that includes all the aforementioned phases in a unitary context—very useful for studying engineered structures under the threat of hazardous natural events. Test cases are presented to validate the SPH-DEM coupled model in both accuracy and stability, starting from an equilibrium test, to the dynamic response, and ending with fluid–structure interaction simulations. This work proves that the developed theory can be used within a Lagrangian framework, using the features provided by a DEM solver, overtaking the intrinsic limitations, and hence applying the results of static theory to complex dynamic problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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5 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Opportunistic Rainfall Monitoring from Single Pictures Using Artificial Intelligence

by Nicla Maria Notarangelo, Kohin Hirano, Raffaele Albano and Aurelia Sole

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021035 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1220

Abstract

Urban flood risk mitigation requires fine-scale near-real-time precipitation observations that are challenging to obtain from traditional monitoring networks. Novel data and computational techniques offer a valuable potential source of information. This study explores an unprecedented, device-independent, artificial intelligence-based system for opportunistic rainfall monitoring [...] Read more.

Urban flood risk mitigation requires fine-scale near-real-time precipitation observations that are challenging to obtain from traditional monitoring networks. Novel data and computational techniques offer a valuable potential source of information. This study explores an unprecedented, device-independent, artificial intelligence-based system for opportunistic rainfall monitoring through deep learning models that detect rainfall presence and estimate quasi-instantaneous intensity from single pictures. Preliminary results demonstrate the models’ ability to detect a significant meteorological state corroborating the potential of non-dedicated sensors for hydrometeorological monitoring in urban areas and data-scarce regions. Future research will involve further experiments and crowdsourcing, to improve accuracy and promote public resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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5 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using a Deep Neural Network Model: The Case Study of Southern Italy

by Filippo Balestra, Michele Del Vecchio, Dina Pirone, Maria Antonia Pedone, Danilo Spina, Salvatore Manfreda, Giovanni Menduni and Daniele Fabrizio Bignami

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021036 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1774

Abstract

This study suggests a rapid methodology to delineate areas prone to flood using machine learning techniques. Based on available historically flooded areas, the model employs and combines globally collectible and reproducible conditioning factors to analyze flood susceptibility. The flood inventory map includes historically [...] Read more.

This study suggests a rapid methodology to delineate areas prone to flood using machine learning techniques. Based on available historically flooded areas, the model employs and combines globally collectible and reproducible conditioning factors to analyze flood susceptibility. The flood inventory map includes historically flooded areas from 1920 that occurred over the study area—Southern Italy. The impact of each factor is examined using correlation attribute evaluation and information gain ratio, while the performances of the model are evaluated by using area under receiving operating characteristics. Findings demonstrate that machine learning models can help in quick flood-prone areas analysis, especially in areas where flood hazard maps are not available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1860 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulation Framework for Pipe Failure Detection and Replacement Scheduling Optimization

by Panagiotis Dimas, Dionysios Nikolopoulos and Christos Makropoulos

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021037 - 23 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1182

Abstract

Identification of water network pipes susceptible to failure is a demanding task, which requires a coherent and extensive dataset that contains both their physical characteristics (i.e., pipe inner diameter, construction material, length, etc.) and a snapshot of their current state, including their age [...] Read more.

Identification of water network pipes susceptible to failure is a demanding task, which requires a coherent and extensive dataset that contains both their physical characteristics (i.e., pipe inner diameter, construction material, length, etc.) and a snapshot of their current state, including their age and failure history. As water networks are critical for human prosperity, the need to adequately forecast failure is immediate. A huge number of Machine Learning (ML) and AI models have been applied; furthermore, only a few of them have been coupled with algorithms that translate the failure probability into asset management decision support strategies. The latter should include pipe rehabilitation planning and/or replacement scheduling under monetary/time unit constraints. Additionally, the assessment of each decision is seldomly performed by developing performance indices stemming from simulation. Hence, in this work, the outline of a framework able to incorporate pipe failure detection techniques utilizing statistical, ML and AI models with pipe replacement scheduling optimization and assessment of state-of-the-art resilience indices via simulation scenarios is presented. The framework is demonstrated in a real-world-based case study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1173 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Implementation of an IoT Device for Measuring Discharges in Sanitation Networks

by José Pérez-Padillo, Mariana Ikegawa, Jorge Pérez Lucena, Pilar Montesinos and Jorge García Morillo

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021038 - 23 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 870

Abstract

The monitoring of the discharge points of sewage networks is a complex task mainly due to dispersion and the difficulty of accessing this type of infrastructures. The aim of this work is to develop a device for monitoring discharges in the spillways of [...] Read more.

The monitoring of the discharge points of sewage networks is a complex task mainly due to dispersion and the difficulty of accessing this type of infrastructures. The aim of this work is to develop a device for monitoring discharges in the spillways of sewage networks. The proposed device represents a step forward in the digitization process of these networks, avoiding a high initial investment and ensuring sufficient robustness. The benefit for managers is twofold: it allows for monitoring discharge events and determining the maximum capacity of the network without spillage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Framework as a Tool for Improved River Basin Natural Water Retention Capacity and Environmental Hazard Resilience

by Branislava B. Matić and Barbara Karleuša

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021040 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 3043

Abstract

Contemporary water and environmental governance must address the diverse common objectives that have merged to target economic development, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Climate and land use changes, coupled with natural environmental hazards, generate immense and complex issues and challenges around the globe. [...] Read more.

Contemporary water and environmental governance must address the diverse common objectives that have merged to target economic development, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Climate and land use changes, coupled with natural environmental hazards, generate immense and complex issues and challenges around the globe. Multilateral environmental agreements, the EU Water Framework and other directives, national policies and international conventions relevant to water and environmental governance indicate an ecosystem approach. With respect to disaster risk reduction, all the Sendai Framework priorities include ecosystems. The natural water retention capacity (hydrological ecosystem services) of river basins benefits from water/environmental governance and the disaster risk reduction perspective of selected environmental hazards is elaborated upon; the presented results underline the measures that improve river basin management and increase resilience to natural environmental hazards at selected river basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Insight into the Emergency Preparedness and Coping Capacity of Italian Water Utilities

by Alessandro Pagano, Ivan Portoghese, Raffaele Giordano, Umberto Fratino, Emanuele Romano, Nicolas Guyennon, Anna Bruna Petrangeli, Emanuela Campione, Valeria Cristi, Valeria Palmieri and Andrea Duro

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021041 - 24 Oct 2022

Viewed by 983

Abstract

The present work provides an insight into the emergency preparedness and coping capacity of Italian water utilities, based on the results of two ongoing research projects. Specific attention is given to the role that Water Safety Plans (WSPs) may have in this framework. [...] Read more.

The present work provides an insight into the emergency preparedness and coping capacity of Italian water utilities, based on the results of two ongoing research projects. Specific attention is given to the role that Water Safety Plans (WSPs) may have in this framework. The results of an online survey completed with a wide sample of Italian water utilities have been integrated with the evidence from targeted in-depth interviews, with the aim of: (i) characterizing the state of implementation of WSPs in Italy; (ii) identifying the main challenges, barriers and opportunities; (iii) describing the key issues related to the interactions among different institutions. A critical summary of the main evidence was structured in the form of a SWOT analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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5 pages, 892 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimal Deployment of the Water Quality Sensors in Urban Drainage Systems

by Mariacrocetta Sambito, Stefania Piazza and Gabriele Freni

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021042 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1105

Abstract

In the water sector, the problem of pollution-source identification was mainly investigated regarding pressurized distribution networks, with respect to sewers. Even if the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and equivalent law-making bodies in many countries introduce the principle that the polluter pays, it is [...] Read more.

In the water sector, the problem of pollution-source identification was mainly investigated regarding pressurized distribution networks, with respect to sewers. Even if the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and equivalent law-making bodies in many countries introduce the principle that the polluter pays, it is asking the water manager to detect the most pollutant discharges in sewers. In previous studies, a probabilistic approach to positioning water quality sensors in urban drainage networks shows the progressive increase in identification probability obtained through the Bayesian approach. Following previous literature, the present work aims to improve it by inserting new information beyond network topology. The methodology is applied to the real test case represented by the sub-catchment of the sewer system Palermo (Italy). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1437 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Direct Simulation of Micro-Component Water Consumption for the Evaluation of Potential Water Reuse in Households

by Tonino Liserra, Alessandra Bonoli and Vittorio Di Federico

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021043 - 25 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1092

Abstract

A study on water/energy balances at the household scale is performed using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to estimate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and impacts resulting from multiple scenarios incorporating various options for: (i) component sizing, (ii) energy usage, and (iii) water reuse. Sustainability [...] Read more.

A study on water/energy balances at the household scale is performed using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to estimate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and impacts resulting from multiple scenarios incorporating various options for: (i) component sizing, (ii) energy usage, and (iii) water reuse. Sustainability indicators are evaluated to select feasible options, while reducing whole life cycle GHG emissions. Water reuse schemes using rainwater are strongly dependent on rainfall availability and require significant tank volumes. Schemes using only gray water are more compact but more energy for treatment is needed before usage. Schemes obtained by combining both options perform better in terms of reliability and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modelling Approach for NBSs Suitability Assessment in an Agricultural Area under Changing Climate Conditions: Case Studies in the Massaciuccoli Catchment (Central Italy)

by Antonio Pignalosa, Nicola Silvestri, Francesco Pugliese, Carlo Gerundo, Nicola Del Seppia, Massimo Lucchesi and Francesco De Paola

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021044 - 25 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1106

Abstract

Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are considered worldwide as a suitable approach for mitigating the impact of industrial agriculture on sediments and nutrient losses. However, their actual effectiveness is still questioned. In cases where site measurements of NBS performance are scarce, models can provide useful [...] Read more.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are considered worldwide as a suitable approach for mitigating the impact of industrial agriculture on sediments and nutrient losses. However, their actual effectiveness is still questioned. In cases where site measurements of NBS performance are scarce, models can provide useful insights if accurately set. This study analyzed the effects of vegetated buffer strips (VBSs) and winter cover crops (WCCs) planted in some herbaceous cropping systems within the Massaciuccoli reclamation area (Vecchiano, Central Italy). Analyses stem from modelling water and soil dynamics by applying SWAT+ at field scale on high resolution close-range photogrammetric digital terrain model (DTM), real crop rotations, and a detailed calendar of the main agronomic interventions. The NBS implementation was modelled in two experimental areas, showing contrasting soil properties. Comparing results from the modelling of different scenarios highlighted that NBS mitigative effect is influenced by soil properties and local topographic irregularities, which could induce concentrated flows. Long term climate changes can induce relevant different effects by varying the nature of soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 1778 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Backflow Dynamics of Newtonian Fluids in an Elastic Fracture with Slip Walls

by Farhad Zeighami, Alessandro Lenci, Sandro Longo and Vittorio Di Federico

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021045 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 981

Abstract

This study investigates the backflow of a Newtonian fluid in a two-dimensional flat-walled fracture with Navier slip boundary conditions. The fracture has a uniform aperture and two rigid pre-strained plates as walls; their elastic deformations are described by the Winkler model. Under the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the backflow of a Newtonian fluid in a two-dimensional flat-walled fracture with Navier slip boundary conditions. The fracture has a uniform aperture and two rigid pre-strained plates as walls; their elastic deformations are described by the Winkler model. Under the lubrication assumption, the governing nonlinear ordinary differential equation and the time-dependent velocity profile are derived; in turn, this yields the time and space evolution of the pressure distribution inside the fracture, numerically. In addition, the condition when the external pressure becomes zero, is discussed, and a parametric study is performed to highlight the influence of the slip length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 6850 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

DEMETRA-DSS: New Technologies for the Protection of Water from Nitrate Pollution of Agricultural Origin

by Angelantonio Calabrese, Massimo Blonda, Laura Mandrelli, Erika Loi, Emanuele Barca, Giuseppe Pappagallo, Vito Buono, Michele Toriello and Erminio Efisio Riezzo

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021046 - 25 Oct 2022

Viewed by 978

Abstract

Commission Directive 91/676/EC introduced water protection from nitrates from agricultural sources. The Puglia Region approved its ‘Nitrate Action Plan’ (NAP) in 2013, establishing nitrate-vulnerable zones (NVZs), with restrictions on agronomic management and administrative obligations based on territorial studies. However, those aims require appropriate [...] Read more.

Commission Directive 91/676/EC introduced water protection from nitrates from agricultural sources. The Puglia Region approved its ‘Nitrate Action Plan’ (NAP) in 2013, establishing nitrate-vulnerable zones (NVZs), with restrictions on agronomic management and administrative obligations based on territorial studies. However, those aims require appropriate feedback through monitoring activities to identify the real sources of nitrate contamination. The DEMETRA-DSS project arises from a synergy between ICT companies, research institutes and agricultural organizations. The project aims at supporting local institutions in territorial monitoring and management of contamination sources and introduces innovations capable of mitigating the agronomic impact on the territory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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5 pages, 807 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Adrion Project MUHA–Multi-Hazard Framework for Water Related Risks Management: Linking Water Utilities and Civil Protection Mechanisms through Water Safety Plans

by Emanuele Romano, Primoz Banovec, Ivana Boljat, Emanuela Campione, Barbara Čenčur Curk, Dejan Dimkic, Andrea Duro, Vasilis Kanakoudis, Darko Kovac, Jasmina Lukač Reberski, Branislava Matic, Anastasia Papadopoulou, Argiris Papakonstantinou, Stavroula Tsitsifli, Brigita Vavpetič and Andrea Sbrilli

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021047 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1109

Abstract

In the EU Drinking Water Directive (EU DWD) 2020/2184, the approach of the “water safety plan”, as suggested by the WHO, has been individuated as the correct tool for water utilities to ensure safe, drinkable water. The ADRIATIC-IONIAN Interreg project, MUHA—Multi-Hazard Framework for [...] Read more.

In the EU Drinking Water Directive (EU DWD) 2020/2184, the approach of the “water safety plan”, as suggested by the WHO, has been individuated as the correct tool for water utilities to ensure safe, drinkable water. The ADRIATIC-IONIAN Interreg project, MUHA—Multi-Hazard Framework for water related risks management, has become the necessity to effectively link different aspects of the water related risks management in an improved response system, integrating the functions of analysis, forecasting, and incident command systems. This paper aims to describe the rationale of the MUHA project and present some of the main outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Chemical Composition of Selected Brands of Bottled Water Commercilaized in Tripoli, Libya

by Bashir Brika, Germán Eduardo Dévora-Isiordia and Enaam Alturki

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021048 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4068

Abstract

Bottled water is one of the sources of drinking water in many developed and developing countries, including Libya. One of the greatest concerns is the health effects of low mineral content or lack of essential minerals in bottled water. The aim of this [...] Read more.

Bottled water is one of the sources of drinking water in many developed and developing countries, including Libya. One of the greatest concerns is the health effects of low mineral content or lack of essential minerals in bottled water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical quality of selected brands of bottled water in Tripoli. Water quality parameters such as physical (color, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS)), chemical (pH, total hardness (T.H), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), magnesium (Mg₂⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), sulphate (SO₄²⁻), and nitrite (NO₂⁻), were determined using standard procedures. The results showed a widespread in the characteristics of investigated bottled waters, yet the majority met the various national and international bottled water standards for physic-chemical parameters except for pH (5 brands (<6.5)). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2023 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Intelligent Mechanisms for Irrigation Optimization via Treated Wastewater Management in Precision Agriculture—The AUGEIAS Example

by Konstantina Banti, Ioanna Karampelia, Evangelos Tsipis, Thomas Dimakis, Nikolaos Papadimitriou, Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos, Thomas Kyriakidis, Thomai Karamitsou, Christos Karapiperis, Sokratis Lappos, Evangelia Bagkavou, Theodoros Adamidis, Ioanna Gkanatsa and Malamati Louta

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021050 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1187

Abstract

Access to clean water is vital to human health, communities’ development, and economic prosperity. Nowadays, more than 10% of the global population lacks access to clean water. This has created the so-called “water crisis” and set, as a key goal for communities, the [...] Read more.

Access to clean water is vital to human health, communities’ development, and economic prosperity. Nowadays, more than 10% of the global population lacks access to clean water. This has created the so-called “water crisis” and set, as a key goal for communities, the protection and optimization of water usage. In this direction, technological concepts, like internet-of-things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) assisted recommendation, which enables real-time monitoring and efficient exploitation of water resources, have been identified as fundamental pillars of the solution. This inspired the design, development, and testing of several breakthrough concepts in this domain; however, to the best of our knowledge, none of them lies in real-time intelligent exploitation of mixing clean and recycled water for crops irrigation. Motivated by this, in this paper, we present a holistic next-generation IoT approach, namely AUGEIAS, for optimal clean and treated wastewater usage in precision agriculture. In more detail, we present AUGEIAS architecture and explain its features and functionalities. Moreover, the AUGEIAS intelligent mechanisms that allow accurate crops water demand and weather prediction, as well as optimization, are documented. Finally, the front end of AUGEIAS platform is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1808 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Biowaste Valorization for Emerging Pollutant Abatement in Aqueous Phase

by Ana Lago, Bruna Silva and Teresa Tavares

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021051 - 27 Oct 2022

Viewed by 886

Abstract

The use of raw chemical- or thermal-modified pine bark (10 g/L) as a biosorbent to remove fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX), carbamazepine (CRB) and atrazine (ATZ) from water at 5 mg/L each was explored in this work. The adsorption efficiency onto raw pine was as [...] Read more.

The use of raw chemical- or thermal-modified pine bark (10 g/L) as a biosorbent to remove fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX), carbamazepine (CRB) and atrazine (ATZ) from water at 5 mg/L each was explored in this work. The adsorption efficiency onto raw pine was as follows: FLX > ATZ > CRB. Pine oxidized with HNO₃ revealed to be the best modified biosorbent in terms of overall sorbate entrapment capacity (1.95 mg/g). The performance of raw pine (as the most sustainable biosorbent) was assessed in a prepilot air-lift-type reactor as a rehabilitation system to treat contaminated water for upscale purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2145 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Removal of Trimethoprim and 5-Fluorouracil by UV/Persulfate and UV/VUV Persulfate Methods

by Luca Farkas, Adrienn Szirmai, Anett Covic and Tünde Alapi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021052 - 28 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1081

Abstract

The UV, UV/VUV photolysis and their combination with persulfate (S₂O₈²⁻) were studied for the elimination of trimethoprim and 5-fluorouracil. Methods were examined in terms of transformation and mineralization rate and the matrix effect. The relative contribution of the [...] Read more.

The UV, UV/VUV photolysis and their combination with persulfate (S₂O₈²⁻) were studied for the elimination of trimethoprim and 5-fluorouracil. Methods were examined in terms of transformation and mineralization rate and the matrix effect. The relative contribution of the direct UV photolysis and radical-based reactions (^•OH, SO₄^•⁻) were also investigated. Without S₂O₈²⁻, the efficiency of UV/VUV photolysis highly exceeds that of UV photolysis due to the ^•OH formation, while in the presence of S₂O₈²⁻, the dominant reaction partner is SO₄^•⁻. However, SO₄^•⁻-based methods proved to be efficient for both transformation and mineralization; they are sensitive for the matrix components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 7111 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identification and Evaluation of New Surface Water Reserves as Part of Urban and Water Resources Planning in Guarda Municipality, Portugal

by Alfeu Sá-Marques, Helena-Maria Simão, José-Paulo de Almeida and Nuno-Eduardo Simões

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021053 - 28 Oct 2022

Viewed by 962

Abstract

With climate change, dry periods are more frequent, and intense short rainfall events are increasing in Mediterranean areas. It is essential to have better and more accurate territorial planning that does not expose the population to risks. The feasibility of small dams’ construction [...] Read more.

With climate change, dry periods are more frequent, and intense short rainfall events are increasing in Mediterranean areas. It is essential to have better and more accurate territorial planning that does not expose the population to risks. The feasibility of small dams’ construction was studied in the municipality of Guarda to improve and include the information in the respective Master Plan. This paper presents the methodologies implemented and results obtained in the identification of sites for the possible construction of hydraulic structures of less than 15 m height to retain and store water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1892 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Domestic Water Consumption by Smart Water Network Data Filtering

by Stefania Evangelista, Mariantonia Nardi, Roberta Padulano, Cristiana Di Cristo and Giuseppe Del Giudice

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021054 - 28 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1052

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent containment policies have changed people’s habits, with numerous implications in all fields. The restrictions also had consequences on drinking water consumption. This work analyzes this influence in the Soccavo district of Naples (Campania), in Italy, during the [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent containment policies have changed people’s habits, with numerous implications in all fields. The restrictions also had consequences on drinking water consumption. This work analyzes this influence in the Soccavo district of Naples (Campania), in Italy, during the two periods of the strongest restrictions: the national lockdown (11 March–3 May) and the autumn red zone (16 November–6 December) in 2020. Thanks to a smart water grid acquisition system, the analysis of a large amount of data measured in the years 2019 (considered the average reference year) and 2020 was carried out. Data of the same meters in the two consecutive years were preliminarily filtered by identification and elimination of anomalies and outliers, as well as of anomalous annual patterns, through clustering and classification. The comparison was performed for the two years considering the daily and weekly average hourly patterns; the average daily patterns of midweek days, Saturdays, and Sundays, respectively; and the total daily volumes. The results showed a general increase in residential water consumption and a modification in usage patterns as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic containment measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Porous Shallow-Water Equations Model with Disambiguation of Multiple Solutions

by Giada Varra, Renata Della Morte, Rudy Gargano and Luca Cozzolino

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021055 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1186

Abstract

Porous shallow-water equations (PSWE) are a mathematical model for urban flooding simulation that has gained popularity because of its modest computational burden. Under certain initial conditions, PSWE may admit multiple exact solutions. This implies that (i) a criterion is required to identify the [...] Read more.

Porous shallow-water equations (PSWE) are a mathematical model for urban flooding simulation that has gained popularity because of its modest computational burden. Under certain initial conditions, PSWE may admit multiple exact solutions. This implies that (i) a criterion is required to identify the unique physically relevant solution among the alternatives, and that (ii) the corresponding numerical models should incorporate this criterion. In the present paper, a procedure for the disambiguation of PSWE multiple exact solutions is proposed and a 1-d PSWE numerical scheme from the literature is modified to embed the disambiguation ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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4 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Valuation of Water Alternative Use: Food or Energy Production

by Miroslav Kuburić, Milan Trifković, Žarko Nestorović and Goran Pejičić

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021056 - 28 Oct 2022

Viewed by 795

Abstract

Water is a multi-purpose resource, and almost all of these purposes are of essential importance for our contemporary society. The most important water use nowadays is in food and energy production, and these two uses are essential for the development of civilization. The [...] Read more.

Water is a multi-purpose resource, and almost all of these purposes are of essential importance for our contemporary society. The most important water use nowadays is in food and energy production, and these two uses are essential for the development of civilization. The products of the food and energy industries are valued on the market. In the case of sufficiency of both food and energy supplies, it is possible to evaluate alternative uses of water by a combination of the economic models utilized in the food and energy industries. This paper aims to investigate the alternative use of water in plant and energy production by modeling the relation between them. The additional investigation is based on including a consideration of land as consolidated and non-consolidated area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 2997 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Internet of Things for Smart Management of Water Networks

by Pasquale Aiello, Maurizio Giugni and Giovanni Perillo

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021057 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1461

Abstract

According to the Sustainable Development Goals included in the 2030 Agenda signed by 193 UN member countries, one of the expected targets is the improvement of Water Management through sustainable and efficient practices. Italy holds the record among the European Union countries for [...] Read more.

According to the Sustainable Development Goals included in the 2030 Agenda signed by 193 UN member countries, one of the expected targets is the improvement of Water Management through sustainable and efficient practices. Italy holds the record among the European Union countries for the highest withdrawal of water for drinking use per capita: in 2020, 9 billion cubic meters of water were supplied to users, corresponding to 152.4 m³ per inhabitant per year, with a progressive worsening in the efficiency of the distribution systems. The modernization of poor infrastructure is, therefore, the main driver for reversing this negative trend in the Integrated Water Service. In the case of water, “Smart” consists of making water supply and distribution intelligent with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies so as to allow reciprocal connection and communication with other parts of the plant and city. Smart water systems use sensors activated by the IoT to collect data in real time and generate the so-called “Digital twin”, which is the digital twin of the physical infrastructures present in the area and allows a modern and optimized management. This allows optimization of water structures by detecting leaks in the network and by the users, flow rates, pressures or control of the distribution of water on the network and allows operators to make more informed decisions regarding the management of water resources, also with regard to qualitative parameters. The processes currently underway at many water managers of districting and modeling of water networks cannot ignore ever greater sensorization of the assets and ever more refined processing of the data generated by them. These structures, connected and integrated by means of native IoT communication networks, public and standard, will allow significant water savings, reducing losses due to malfunctions and breakdowns. Furthermore, they will allow savings on the bill for the private citizen and a reduction in waste, an absolutely fundamental issue in a world that is becoming more and more populated and which, up to now, has treated natural resources as if they were infinite and guaranteed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2246 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past a Cylinder Placed Downstream of a Step

by Milad Abdollahpour, Paola Gualtieri and Carlo Gualtieri

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021058 - 28 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1608

Abstract

This study investigates the effect on the flow structure in a backward-facing step (BFSF) due to a cylinder placed downstream of the step. Numerical simulations were carried out using OpenFOAM with several turbulence models (standard k-ɛ, RNG k-ɛ, standard k-ω, and SST k-ω). [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effect on the flow structure in a backward-facing step (BFSF) due to a cylinder placed downstream of the step. Numerical simulations were carried out using OpenFOAM with several turbulence models (standard k-ɛ, RNG k-ɛ, standard k-ω, and SST k-ω). The recirculating flow, the skin friction coefficient (C_f), and the pressure coefficient (C_p) of the bottom wall were comparatively analysed. The added cylinder modified the structure of flow and increased the skin friction coefficient (C_f) in the recirculation zone. Additionally, the pressure coefficient of the bottom wall increased immediately downstream of the cylinder and farther downstream of the reattachment point remained stable in the flow recovery process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 1978 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Threat Prioritization and Causality Relations for Sustainable Water Management under the Circular Economy Principles: Case Study in Laspias River, Greece Using eDPSIR and DEMATEL

by Dionissis Latinopoulos, Thomas Bakas, Ifigenia Kagalou and Mike Spiliotis

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021059 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1533

Abstract

The Circular Economy set a frame to govern sustainable growth. Laspias river basin (Thrace) is characterized by various land and water uses and pressures posed directly and/or indirectly on the riverine system which acts as a burdened receptor. The aim is to prioritize [...] Read more.

The Circular Economy set a frame to govern sustainable growth. Laspias river basin (Thrace) is characterized by various land and water uses and pressures posed directly and/or indirectly on the riverine system which acts as a burdened receptor. The aim is to prioritize threats in the basin and to further recognize the causality relationships in main elements affecting water management parameters that fall upon circular economy using enhanced DPSIR, Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) techniques. To assess the status quo, circular economy principles were adopted using a sustainable water management perspective embedded in DPSIR to link the causes and effects components. The key criteria based on the cause-factors were mined simplifying the multicriteria analysis of the effects. Findings highlight the multiplicity of pressures and origin of the impacts. This method proved as a valuable tool to track threats prior to stakeholder mapping for participatory management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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12 pages, 10010 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Study of the Effects of Heating or Cooling on the Water Surface in an Open Channel

by Alexandros Leousidis, George Pechlivanidis, Evangelos Keramaris and Yiannis Savvidis

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021060 - 30 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2050

Abstract

In the present study, the effects of heating or cooling of the water surface in an open channel were investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed in a horizontal open channel, which was filled with water, to study the temperature and density fields of [...] Read more.

In the present study, the effects of heating or cooling of the water surface in an open channel were investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed in a horizontal open channel, which was filled with water, to study the temperature and density fields of water, when a part of the surface receives or loses energy (heating or cooling). Initially, the effect of the water surface heating was investigated. The intensity of the thermal radiation was adjusted with the help of a dimmer and the produced velocities were measured in a two-dimensional field with the help of a camera and a dye (rhodamine). This method determined the range of flow velocities at different times in selected areas. This field will be time-varying until thermal equilibrium is reached and the flow becomes steady. The effect of the water surface cooling was then investigated in a similar way. The flow field in this case remains variable until the refrigerant load (ice columns) is finished. A waterproof digital pin thermometer was used to measure the temperature field and water density was measured by a densimeter. The results showed that the flow velocities developed by heating are much lower than those developed by cooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Pressure Reducing Valve Setting Performance in a Variable Demand Water Distribution Network

by Giacomo Ferrarese, Nicola Fontana, Samuele Gioffreda, Stefano Malavasi and Gustavo Marini

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021061 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1557

Abstract

Pressure reducing valves (PRV) are widely used to enhance the performance of water distribution networks. Recently, PRVs have tended towards more sophisticated devices to realize complex control strategies. The present work compares network performances achieved with different PRV control methodologies considering variable demand [...] Read more.

Pressure reducing valves (PRV) are widely used to enhance the performance of water distribution networks. Recently, PRVs have tended towards more sophisticated devices to realize complex control strategies. The present work compares network performances achieved with different PRV control methodologies considering variable demand conditions. A widely analyzed water distribution network is modeled using EPANET and used to simulate the PRV operation. The results show the effectiveness of the different control strategies, highlighting the amount of saved water, the pressure deficit occurring in critical nodes, and the power dissipated by the valve that can be potentially recovered using pumps as turbines or other emerging energy recovery technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 3368 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Experimental Performance Characterization of a Three-Blade Horizontal-Axis Hydrokinetic Water Turbine in a Low-Velocity Channel

by Roberta Ferraiuolo, Ahmed Gharib-Yosry, Aitor Fernández-Jiménez, Rodolfo Espina-Valdés, Eduardo Álvarez-Álvarez, Giuseppe Del Giudice and Maurizio Giugni

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021062 - 1 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1297

Abstract

The present work describes the design process of a 3D-printed prototype of a three-blade horizontal-axis hydrokinetic water turbine (HAHWT). The employed blade profile is an EPPLER818, which was previously studied through the Q-Blade software according to the velocity range presumed (v < 1 [...] Read more.

The present work describes the design process of a 3D-printed prototype of a three-blade horizontal-axis hydrokinetic water turbine (HAHWT). The employed blade profile is an EPPLER818, which was previously studied through the Q-Blade software according to the velocity range presumed (v < 1 m/s) in the experiments. The prototype performance was studied in a recirculating water channel at the Polytechnic Engineering School of Mieres (Oviedo University), with a gate of variable height at the channel end, which allows for performing different hydrodynamic scenarios upon varying the considered flow rate. The results show that the extracted power increases due to the equally increased blockage ratio, which represents the ratio between the turbine area and the channel area. However, an excessive increase in the blockage ratio corresponds to a power reduction effect due to the reduction in the effective area and the generation of a two-phase air-water condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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5 pages, 3614 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Monitoring Water Turbidity Using Remote Sensing Techniques

by Domenico Miglino, Seifeddine Jomaa, Michael Rode, Francesco Isgro and Salvatore Manfreda

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021063 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2142

Abstract

In the present work, the use of optical cameras for turbidity measurements is tested on the Bode River in Germany, which is one of the best-instrumented catchments in Central Germany with a long-term time series on water quantity and quality. Four trap cameras [...] Read more.

In the present work, the use of optical cameras for turbidity measurements is tested on the Bode River in Germany, which is one of the best-instrumented catchments in Central Germany with a long-term time series on water quantity and quality. Four trap cameras have been installed on monitored cross-sections with the aim to explore the potential of RGB indices for the description of water turbidity. A description of the experimental setup and some preliminary results are introduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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6 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Boussinesq Modelling of Shallow Water Phenomena

by Sara Tuozzo, Angela Di Leo, Mariano Buccino and Mario Calabrese

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021064 - 2 Nov 2022

Viewed by 975

Abstract

The phenomenon of wave breaking dominates the hydrodynamics of the surf zone. Therefore, numerical modelling of shallow water phenomena requires a proper reproduction of the wave breaking mechanism. In this study, we analyze the ability of two open-source Boussinesq-type models, Celeris and FUNWAVE-TVD [...] Read more.

The phenomenon of wave breaking dominates the hydrodynamics of the surf zone. Therefore, numerical modelling of shallow water phenomena requires a proper reproduction of the wave breaking mechanism. In this study, we analyze the ability of two open-source Boussinesq-type models, Celeris and FUNWAVE-TVD (Total Variation Diminishing version), to correctly reproduce wave breaking. The main aim is to obtain aware tools for numerical modelling of surf zone hydrodynamics. The results are compared with physical model tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical modelling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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6 pages, 1611 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Stationary/Non-Stationary Modelling for Extreme Value Distribution: Analysis of Rainfall Annual Maxima in Italy in a Climate Change Context

by Davide Luciano De Luca, Benedetta Moccia, Fabio Russo and Francesco Napolitano

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021065 - 2 Nov 2022

Viewed by 971

Abstract

In this paper, EXTRASTAR software (EXTRemes Abacus for STAtistical Regionalization) is illustrated, which provides a general framework for extreme value analysis, specifically for Annual Maxima (AM) time series. The proposed methodology represents a useful and quick approach to carry out onsite and regional [...] Read more.

In this paper, EXTRASTAR software (EXTRemes Abacus for STAtistical Regionalization) is illustrated, which provides a general framework for extreme value analysis, specifically for Annual Maxima (AM) time series. The proposed methodology represents a useful and quick approach to carry out onsite and regional statistical investigations of extreme events, which is also suitable for climate change scenarios. EXTRASTAR was tested with the AM time series at daily resolutions for the entire Italian rain gauge network by implementing EV1 (Extreme Value Type I), GEV (Generalized Extreme Value) and TCEV (Two-Components Extreme Value) probability distributions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

On the Potential of a Smart Control Valve System for Irrigation Water Network Management

by Giacomo Ferrarese, Alessandro Pagano, Umberto Fratino and Stefano Malavasi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021066 - 2 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1055

Abstract

Guaranteeing the sustainability of irrigation under the increasing pressures related to resource scarcity and climate change is a major global challenge, specifically in water-scarce areas. The present work proposes a methodological approach and a technological solution to improve operation and management of a [...] Read more.

Guaranteeing the sustainability of irrigation under the increasing pressures related to resource scarcity and climate change is a major global challenge, specifically in water-scarce areas. The present work proposes a methodological approach and a technological solution to improve operation and management of a critical on-demand pressurized irrigation system. The potential of using an innovative off-grid valve, the green valve, for the real-time monitoring and adaptive control is proven through numerical simulations. Particular emphasis is given to the energy balance feasibility of the system during a typical irrigation season. Reference is made to a real network located in southern Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 11755 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Data-Driven Approaches for Quantitative and Qualitative Control of Urban Drainage Systems (Preliminary Results)

by Annalaura Gabriele, Fabio Di Nunno, Francesco Granata and Rudy Gargano

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021067 - 2 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1359

Abstract

The uncontrolled urbanization of soil leads to two main effects: the increase in flood discharges due to changes in permeability capacity and the negative impact in terms of quality on water bodies. These effects can be mitigated by common engineering practices, such as [...] Read more.

The uncontrolled urbanization of soil leads to two main effects: the increase in flood discharges due to changes in permeability capacity and the negative impact in terms of quality on water bodies. These effects can be mitigated by common engineering practices, such as Low Impact Development (LID, which generally involves stormwater treatment devices on a smaller scale rather than centralized solutions); Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDSs, a range of technologies and techniques used to drain stormwater in a more sustainable manner than conventional solutions); Best Management Practices (BMPs, suggested solutions are more focalized on pollution prevention in urban systems), and more. Among the proposed solutions, detention/retention systems and stormwater ponds can also perform excellent functions with regard to hydraulic hazards and both quantitative and qualitative control of sewer discharge, thanks to stormwater volume accumulation together with the presence of vegetation, when the basin is conceived as a natural-looking lake environment. The use of data-driven approaches could represent an effective approach for the prediction of the characteristics of the sewage tributaries, for the generation of synthetic time series of quantitative/qualitative data of sewer flows or for Real-Time Control (RTC) to reduce overflow at the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). This work shows the preliminary results obtained by applying NARX neural networks in order to estimate quality indices (the turbidity in this study) in sewer systems. The available data are discharge, temperature, gage height, specific conductivity, and precipitation, whose use as parameters for the recurrent neural network leads to values of R = 0.77–0.80 in the various combinations tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Privatization and Remunicipalization of Water Supply: A Global Research

by Aikaterini Koumpli and Vasilis Kanakoudis

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021068 - 2 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2658

Abstract

The present study delves into the global issue of privatization and the remunicipalization of water services/suppliers with special reference to the case of Greece. Through the analysis of several successful and unsuccessful management practices of water services that have been implemented around the [...] Read more.

The present study delves into the global issue of privatization and the remunicipalization of water services/suppliers with special reference to the case of Greece. Through the analysis of several successful and unsuccessful management practices of water services that have been implemented around the world, the article concludes with the proposed water supply model for Greece, and specifically for municipal water supply and sewerage companies (MWSSCs), through the application of the appropriate form of public–private partnerships (PPPs). The final proposal takes into account the weaknesses of the existing water supply systems in Greece, the social impact of recent privatization efforts, the current legal and institutional framework, and the economic special characteristics of our country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 1247 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel Approach for a Suitable Water Quality Sensor Placement in Water Distribution Systems

by Carlo Giudicianni, Manuel Herrera, Armando Di Nardo, Enrico Creaco and Roberto Greco

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021069 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1214

Abstract

Water distribution systems (WDSs) are considered inherently vulnerable to intentional and accidental contamination. The installation of a water quality sensor system (WQSS) represents a valid strategy for securing WDSs against contamination. This paper proposes a novel topological-based methodological approach for defining a suitable [...] Read more.

Water distribution systems (WDSs) are considered inherently vulnerable to intentional and accidental contamination. The installation of a water quality sensor system (WQSS) represents a valid strategy for securing WDSs against contamination. This paper proposes a novel topological-based methodological approach for defining a suitable WQSS, by also addressing both the computational intractability of the problem as the size of the WDS increases and the assumption that sensors are wrongly modelled and positioned on WDS nodes, rather than along system pipes. The method is tested on the WDS of Parete (Italy) and the results demonstrate the significant detection efficiency of the defined WQSS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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4 pages, 788 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Towards a Digital Twin Model for the Management of the Laives Aqueduct

by Andrea Menapace, Ariele Zanfei, Alberto De Luca, David Di Pauli and Maurizio Righetti

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021070 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1236

Abstract

The digitalisation of water supply systems is essential to support crucial activities, ranging from the hydraulic modelling and calibration of distribution systems to the optimal planning of renewal measures. Digital Twins is the current challenge that aims to join accurate hydraulic models with [...] Read more.

The digitalisation of water supply systems is essential to support crucial activities, ranging from the hydraulic modelling and calibration of distribution systems to the optimal planning of renewal measures. Digital Twins is the current challenge that aims to join accurate hydraulic models with Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools that employ a faithful digital copy of the original system and smart infrastructures. Thus, the aqueduct Digital Twin model is intended to be the core of future integrated water management systems to support efficient and sustainable management. In this paper, a process of implementing a digital model for a mountain aqueduct with its associated applications is proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 3086 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Field Study Analysis of Temporal Temperature Methods to Estimate Hyporheic Fluxes within a Natural River Confluence Using VFLUX2

by Ivo Martone, Carlo Gualtieri and Theodore A. Endreny

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021071 - 3 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1023

Abstract

The hydrodynamics of a river confluence generate significant vertical, lateral, and stream-wise gradients in the context of velocity, thereby forming a highly complex three-dimensional flow structure, including the development of large-scale turbulence structures. The above features affect the ecologically important underlying hyporheic zone, [...] Read more.

The hydrodynamics of a river confluence generate significant vertical, lateral, and stream-wise gradients in the context of velocity, thereby forming a highly complex three-dimensional flow structure, including the development of large-scale turbulence structures. The above features affect the ecologically important underlying hyporheic zone, where surface and subsurface waters interact, and hence affect biological activity and result in highly varied habitats for organisms as well as the whole river environment. The influence of challenging conditions for in situ monitoring of hyporheic exchange—such as non-sinusoidal temperature signals, uncertainty in thermal parameters, and unsteady flows—have led to the development of hyporheic exchange detection methods that are based on the phase and amplitude changes in transient thermal signals. The use of heat as a tracer can require complex steps, including the isolation of the diurnal component of the temperature signal from other signals as well as stochastic variation. The focus of this study was to investigate a field campaign carried out between the Ninemile Creek and its tributary confluence, located in Marcellus, NY. Temperature data of the shallowest saturated sediment layers were measured from April to May 2019. Flux estimations were calculated using VFLUX 2, a MatLab based code, which performed data filtering and DHR (Dynamic Harmonic Regression). The patterns and rates of vertical flux exchange were then analyzed, and sampling of the temporal thermal profiles was performed. Furthermore, multiple analytical solutions of the one-dimensional heat transport model were analyzed and discussed in order to obtain the confluence hydrodynamic effect as well as the variations in the vertical flux estimation. This was achieved by utilizing different sensor pairs and porous medium characteristics, such as thermal diffusivity and conductivity. The predicted flow field shows that confluence topography—which includes the turbulent kinetic energy downstream of the junction, shear layer formations, bed stratigraphy and water table gradients—affects the magnitude and patterns of hyporheic exchange. The results of this study could help to advance the calibration of one-dimensional heat transport models in order to better understand the key hydrological, hydraulic, and ecological issues associated with river confluence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 2203 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Revisiting the Management of Water–Energy Systems under the Umbrella of Resilience Optimization

by Andreas Efstratiadis and Georgia-Konstantina Sakki

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021072 - 3 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1071

Abstract

The optimal management of sociotechnical systems across the water–energy nexus is a critical issue for the overall goal of sustainable development. However, the new challenges induced by global crises and sudden changes require a paradigm shift in order to ensure tolerance against such [...] Read more.

The optimal management of sociotechnical systems across the water–energy nexus is a critical issue for the overall goal of sustainable development. However, the new challenges induced by global crises and sudden changes require a paradigm shift in order to ensure tolerance against such kinds of disturbance that are beyond their “normal” operational standards. This may be achieved by incorporating the concept of resilience within the procedure for extracting optimal management policies and assessing their performance by means of well-designed stress tests. The proposed approach is investigated by using as proof of concept the complex and highly extended water resource system of Athens, Greece. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1575 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulation of M2 Profiles in a Channel with Rigid Emergent Vegetation

by Antonino D’Ippolito and Francesco Calomino

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021073 - 3 Nov 2022

Viewed by 802

Abstract

The paper presents the results relying on 12 experimental M2 water profiles observed in a flume with emergent stems in a square arrangement. The authors used a recently proposed approach to determine the drag coefficients in the flow direction. Since these showed a [...] Read more.

The paper presents the results relying on 12 experimental M2 water profiles observed in a flume with emergent stems in a square arrangement. The authors used a recently proposed approach to determine the drag coefficients in the flow direction. Since these showed a behavior difficult to interpret, the authors first computed for each profile the best value of the Manning coefficient for the profile simulation and then the drag coefficients. With the help of a classical dimensional analysis, a regression equation was found to predict the drag coefficients, and these were used to simulate the observed profiles with good results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identifying Water Governance Priorities and Gaps in Transboundary Basins through SWOT: The Case Study of Mesta/Nestos River Basin

by Maria Karasani, Latinopoulos Dionissis, Schmeier Susanne and Kagalou Ifigenia

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021074 - 3 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1355

Abstract

In the majority of transboundary river basins, difficulties lay on common policy planning, and such is the case of Mesta/Nestos shared between Bulgaria and Greece, where both qualitative and quantitative issues could threaten the water safety. Conceptual models organize the available information, respond [...] Read more.

In the majority of transboundary river basins, difficulties lay on common policy planning, and such is the case of Mesta/Nestos shared between Bulgaria and Greece, where both qualitative and quantitative issues could threaten the water safety. Conceptual models organize the available information, respond to policy questions, assisting policy makers in a simple yet practical way. The aim of this research is the application of the SWOT conceptual model to identify the major possible threats (gaps) to water security in the Mesta/Nestos transboundary river basin and assist in future steps prioritization regarding water policy arrangements. The results highlight the need for stronger bilateral cooperation, for common PoMs development, activities’ coordination to support the WFD implementation, and improving transboundary interactions in the basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 1020 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sustainable Exploitation of Biogas Plant Digestate for the Production of High-Quality Products Using Selective Electrodialysis

by Vera Proskynitopoulou, Souzana Lorentzou, Rokiah Yaman, Ben Herbert, Francisco Javier Rubio Rincon, Konstantinos Plakas, Panagiotis Kougias, Anastasios Zouboulis and Kyriakos Panopoulos

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021075 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

The reuse of nutrient-rich waste in order to create green fertilizers in a sustainable and efficient way is a new strategy for the transition to a circular economy. Digestate is produced as a by-product from anaerobic digestion plants in large amounts creating a [...] Read more.

The reuse of nutrient-rich waste in order to create green fertilizers in a sustainable and efficient way is a new strategy for the transition to a circular economy. Digestate is produced as a by-product from anaerobic digestion plants in large amounts creating a major management issue both for storage, utilization or disposal. The current work focuses on the development of an innovative, small-scale technology for the processing of digestate from anaerobic digestion plants that use food, animal, agricultural and sludge waste. The technology targets the recovery of fibres and nutrients for the production of high-performance bio-fertiliser products and clean water from digestate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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4 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Treatment and Reuse in Agriculture of Contaminated Water Using Supercritical Fluids

by Pavel Kiselev and Ciro Iacovelli

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021076 - 4 Nov 2022

Viewed by 910

Abstract

Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) is an ever-expanding approach that can be applied both for extracting components of high commercial value from natural matrices or removal of undesirable or toxic components from many types of matrices. When it comes to the removal of contaminants [...] Read more.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) is an ever-expanding approach that can be applied both for extracting components of high commercial value from natural matrices or removal of undesirable or toxic components from many types of matrices. When it comes to the removal of contaminants from natural matrices, a great deal of research has been limited to the solid residues, where both supercritical water (SCW) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) are valid choices for extracting medium. This review, instead, focuses on the treatment of liquid matrices by SCCO2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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4 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sewage Sludge-Derived Biochar for Micropollutant Removal: A Brief Overview with Emphasis on European Water Policy

by Christoph Gatz, Vincenzo Belgiorno, Tiziano Zarra, Gregory V. Korshin and Vincenzo Naddeo

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021077 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1494

Abstract

This work provides a brief overview of the application of Sewage Sludge-Derived Biochar (SSBC) for the removal of micropollutants from aqueous solutions and wastewater. A particular emphasis is placed on the adsorption efficiency of SSBC regarding the Priority Substances defined under the scope [...] Read more.

This work provides a brief overview of the application of Sewage Sludge-Derived Biochar (SSBC) for the removal of micropollutants from aqueous solutions and wastewater. A particular emphasis is placed on the adsorption efficiency of SSBC regarding the Priority Substances defined under the scope of the EU Water Framework Directive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

8 pages, 12136 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Negative Diffusivity of Shorelines via the Littoral Drift Rose Concept

by Margherita Carmen Ciccaglione, Mario Calabrese and Mariano Buccino

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021078 - 8 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1115

Abstract

Conventionally, long-term coastline evolution is usually described using the diffusion equation. Particularly, the diffusion coefficient, ε, is a function of the wave angle: this implies that the diffusivity can assume negative values when wave angles are >45°. The negative-diffusivity concept is often unfamiliar [...] Read more.

Conventionally, long-term coastline evolution is usually described using the diffusion equation. Particularly, the diffusion coefficient, ε, is a function of the wave angle: this implies that the diffusivity can assume negative values when wave angles are >45°. The negative-diffusivity concept is often unfamiliar to engineers; therefore, the main purpose of this study is to further investigate its possible implications on shoreline evolution. Practically, negative diffusivity leads to the instability of the coast: any existing perturbation indefinitely grows, and periodic fluctuations of the coast (sand waves) are detected. This research will document the presence of unstable behaviors in some areas of the Adriatic coast, corroborated by the concept of Littoral Drift Rose (LDR). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Vulnerability and Exposure of Mediterranean Coastal Cities to Climate Change-Related Phenomena

by Carmen Guida, Carmela Gargiulo, Rocco Papa and Gerardo Carpentieri

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021079 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1621

Abstract

The extreme events that the planet is experiencing are indisputable proof of climate change. Effective strategies are required to reduce the exposure and vulnerability of cities to such risks. This work aims to contribute to the cultural and technical debate on the governance [...] Read more.

The extreme events that the planet is experiencing are indisputable proof of climate change. Effective strategies are required to reduce the exposure and vulnerability of cities to such risks. This work aims to contribute to the cultural and technical debate on the governance of urban transformations for limiting the impacts related to global warming, focusing on the cities of the Mediterranean Sea. The research shows how social and economic characteristics influence the response of cities to climate change-related hazards. This consideration reinforces the idea of seeking integrated solutions to improve the resilience of coastal urban areas within the entire basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Generalizing the Design of PAT Hydropower Plants in Water Networks

by Djordje Mitrovic, Prysor Williams and Aonghus McNabola

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021080 - 11 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1199

Abstract

Coupling pressure management strategies with energy generation in water distribution networks could provide an opportunity to reduce energy dependency. Recent laboratory prototypes attested the capability of Pump-As-Turbines (PATs) to manage pressure and generate energy in these settings. When selecting an optimal pump/PAT unit [...] Read more.

Coupling pressure management strategies with energy generation in water distribution networks could provide an opportunity to reduce energy dependency. Recent laboratory prototypes attested the capability of Pump-As-Turbines (PATs) to manage pressure and generate energy in these settings. When selecting an optimal pump/PAT unit from the market to maximize energy recovery at a Pressure Reduction Valve (PRV) site, the first step usually represents the definition of its optimal design point in turbine mode, i.e., its best efficiency point (BEP) for a selected rotational speed. There are many very different strategies on how to define the optimal design point of PATs, and by far the simplest is to define it as the average operating condition (AOC) at an investigated site. However, the literature does not provide the answer if such a definition is valid. More importantly, of whether it is valid for a general case, meaning regardless of the site’s size, level of variations of operating conditions and other site-specific characteristics. To address this research question, a large database of high-resolution recordings from 38 PRVs was compiled. The optimal design point for each PRV was assessed using an upgraded version of a methodology from the literature employing the Nelder–Mead Simplex Direct Search algorithm and hydraulic control strategy. The upgrade includes the addition of a new design variable representing the maximal operating flow of the PAT. The optimization of this variable also results in the optimization of the size of the generator. The results suggest that the selection of the optimal PAT from the market using the AOC could lead to the selection of the same models as when using the true theoretical optimal design point in the case of 77.14% of the investigated sites. Furthermore, the PAT models selected using the AOCs of the investigated sites were at least the second optimal for 99.14% of sites. Consequently, it was concluded that, for practical purposes (i.e., when a PAT database is not available and the optimal model is found from pump selection charts), it is appropriate to use the AOCs of the investigated site for the selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1294 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Smart Water Consumption Metering Benefits—A Case Study in Brasília/DF, Brazil

by Diogo Costa and Alexandre Soares

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021081 - 17 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1622

Abstract

Smart water consumption metering can provide data at a much more specific spatial and temporal resolution. In this context, smart meters provide essential information for developing customer consumption models, which can be used to modify behavior, favor water savings, and bring other benefits. [...] Read more.

Smart water consumption metering can provide data at a much more specific spatial and temporal resolution. In this context, smart meters provide essential information for developing customer consumption models, which can be used to modify behavior, favor water savings, and bring other benefits. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the benefits of the smart metering system implemented in the pilot project for the individualization of water consumption in a residential block in the city of Brasília/DF, Brazil. To assess the benefits, two scenarios were considered: the first contemplated only the implementation of the system, whereas the second contemplated the possible impact of establishing a detailed temporary water balancing system and a leak alarm system for the consumer units. The results revealed that the adoption of these two features resulted in a financial return that was 8.5 times higher than average. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulations of Tesla Valve Micromixer for Water Purification with Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles

by Christos Liosis, George Sofiadis, Evangelos Karvelas, Theodoros Karakasidis and Ioannis Sarris

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021082 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1346

Abstract

Heavy metals can contaminate water through both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals are toxic, not biodegradable, and possess the ability to accumulate in organisms. Effective mixing between contaminated water and nanoparticles is of great importance in various purification [...] Read more.

Heavy metals can contaminate water through both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals are toxic, not biodegradable, and possess the ability to accumulate in organisms. Effective mixing between contaminated water and nanoparticles is of great importance in various purification applications of microfluidics, especially when heavy metals are involved. In these terms, a series of simulations were performed to succeed in an effective mixing of iron oxide nanoparticles in the duct. The selected geometry for the simulations was the Tesla valve which was used as a micromixer. In the present work, a stream loaded with nanoparticles and a stream with contaminated water are numerically studied for various inlet velocity ratios of the two streams. Better mixing is achieved, compared with relative works, under V_p/V_c = 10, for an inlet rate of the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles per second equal to 1000. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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6 pages, 2015 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Machine Learning Classification Models Applied to Water Service Connection Leakage Data: Contributions on Understanding Factors Involved in Failure and Insights for Infrastructure Management

by Cristiano Gouveia and Alexandre Soares

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021083 - 9 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1044

Abstract

Understanding the importance of factors intervening in the breakdown of water distribution networks and their service connections can help in the decision-making process of where to invest resources in infrastructure rehabilitation or water loss control. The present contribution seeks to present some results [...] Read more.

Understanding the importance of factors intervening in the breakdown of water distribution networks and their service connections can help in the decision-making process of where to invest resources in infrastructure rehabilitation or water loss control. The present contribution seeks to present some results on the application of machine learning models in service connection databases as a tool to help understand the importance of the factors that act in the deterioration of the infrastructure. The results found indicated that such tools can collaborate with the exploration and understanding of the breakdown process in the service connections in water systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 1509 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Hydraulic Behavior Assessment of Type A and Type B Piano Key Weirs from Experimental and Numerical Results

by Guadalupe Torre-Gómez, Sebastien Erpicum, Francesco Pugliese and Maurizio Giugni

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021084 - 17 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1075

Abstract

Since their development, as a result of an improvement of labyrinth weirs, Piano Key Weirs (PKWs) have been implemented as (a) a flood safety structure for gravity dams, allowing to also increase their storage volume, and (b) in river systems to increase the [...] Read more.

Since their development, as a result of an improvement of labyrinth weirs, Piano Key Weirs (PKWs) have been implemented as (a) a flood safety structure for gravity dams, allowing to also increase their storage volume, and (b) in river systems to increase the water level for hydropower or navigation purposes. The rectangular folded crest, consistent with apexes inclined by turns in the upstream and in the downstream direction, turns the PKW a device with a high discharge capacity, especially useful during wet extreme events. Nevertheless, several modifications have been implemented in the PKW geometry, capable to improve and, in some cases, worsen their efficiency. Herein, an experimental and numerical assessment, using the ANSYS Fluent Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, of the discharge coefficient is presented for two PKW configurations, evaluating the specific discharge over the upstream, downstream, and lateral crests, the velocity in the inlet and outlet keys, and the water surface profile, as well. The investigated configurations are a symmetric type A, designed following the recommended optimal values, and a type B model, with the same geometric features as type A. Results showed that for the specific geometries, the type B is more efficient for lower head; however, once the filling of the outlet key occurs, the type B efficiency is reduced, leading to type A becoming more efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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6 pages, 958 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of a Hybrid Grease Trap for Reduced Energy Consumption and Improved Fog Retention in Hot Wastewater

by Ajeet Pratap Singh and Aonghus McNabola

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021085 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1958

Abstract

The present research focuses on heat recovery from hot kitchen wastewater to fulfil the dual objective of reducing energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, while simultaneously improving the fat, oil and grease (FOG) removal efficiency of the grease trap (GT). A GT was [...] Read more.

The present research focuses on heat recovery from hot kitchen wastewater to fulfil the dual objective of reducing energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, while simultaneously improving the fat, oil and grease (FOG) removal efficiency of the grease trap (GT). A GT was retrofitted with a novel heat exchanger design (termed as a hybrid GT device) to enhance wastewater thermal recovery and FOG removal capabilities. Hot wastewater containing FOG was assessed in a full-scale experimental GT. The governing parameters of temperature, mass flow rate and FOG content were monitored. Results indicate that the hybrid GT improves FOG removal performance by lowering the temperature of GT hot wastewater by approximately 25%. The hybrid GT enables improvement in energy efficiency and cost savings for commercial kitchens/wastewater generators, lowering the carbon footprint and cost of food preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance and Operational Transformation for Effective Water Network Management

by Huan Yin, Andrea Rossi, Guillaume Rondot, Diego Tobar, Joshua Cantone and Thomas Van Becelaere

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021086 - 18 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1293

Abstract

In the management of drinking water networks, operational costs generally play second fiddle to capital investment costs, because their optimization strategies are often distinct. However, under the pressure of an aged network infrastructure with limited available budgets, a solution that targets the optimization [...] Read more.

In the management of drinking water networks, operational costs generally play second fiddle to capital investment costs, because their optimization strategies are often distinct. However, under the pressure of an aged network infrastructure with limited available budgets, a solution that targets the optimization of capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) is desirable for reducing water losses and achieving lower non-revenue water (NRW). As part of a strategy to minimize pipe bursts and physical losses, Suez and Optimatics, a Suez software company, have partnered to develop an integrated approach. The result is a framework that allows Suez operators to identify strategies for pipe renewal and pressure management that minimize OPEX and CAPEX and exploit positive interactions between them, without degrading water network performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Coupling Computational Fluid Dynamics and Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Urban Water Management and Treatment

by Haochen Li, David Spelman and John Sansalone

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021087 - 29 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2095

Abstract

Water treatment systems have been implemented by urbanizing societies for millennia to facilitate water management goals. Common models of surface overflow rate (SOR), plug flow reactor (PFR), and continuously stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) were developed through conceptual, empirical, and analytical tools; implemented based on [...] Read more.

Water treatment systems have been implemented by urbanizing societies for millennia to facilitate water management goals. Common models of surface overflow rate (SOR), plug flow reactor (PFR), and continuously stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) were developed through conceptual, empirical, and analytical tools; implemented based on idealized hydrodynamics and geometrics. More recently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and artificial intelligence (AI), from evolutionary optimization to machine learning (ML) methods, have been introduced. AI methods can be effectively coupled with CFD simulations to optimize water treatment. In this study, CFD coupled with physical models and selected ML and optimization tools, including DeepXtorm, are examined with respect to design, treatment analysis, and retrofits, providing significant economic and treatment benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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9 pages, 4122 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Measuring Atmospheric CO₂ for Accelerating the Low-Carbon Transition in Cities: Origins.earth, from Paris to Italy

by Karina Cucchi, Jinghui Lian, Andrea Rossi, Laurent Millair, Hervé Utard, Mario Adamo and David Duccini

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021088 - 29 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1222

Abstract

Despite their key role in the low-carbon transition, cities depend on methods with pressing data availability and quality issues for carbon monitoring. Origins.earth and partners have leveraged cutting-edge data and scientific knowledge to deploy an operational digital solution delivering high-quality climate data in [...] Read more.

Despite their key role in the low-carbon transition, cities depend on methods with pressing data availability and quality issues for carbon monitoring. Origins.earth and partners have leveraged cutting-edge data and scientific knowledge to deploy an operational digital solution delivering high-quality climate data in under a month. The solution relies on networks of innovative CO₂ monitoring stations, big data, and expert knowledge, and delivers historical and current emissions and associated indicators. We demonstrate the robustness of the technology and its applicability for informing policy decisions in Paris and explore its expansion into other mature markets, with a particular focus on Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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6 pages, 1816 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Pau Case Study: From a Wastewater Treatment Plant to a Biofactory

by Damien Lebonnois, Eric Judenne, Loïc Perroy, Hugues Vanden Bossche and Guillem Grau

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021089 - 2 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1780

Abstract

A wastewater treatment facility in Pau, France, will soon be modified to become a so-called “Biofactory” able to produce different resources or energy through a series of state-of-the art and innovative technologies. SUEZ will lead the consortium responsible for the design and construction [...] Read more.

A wastewater treatment facility in Pau, France, will soon be modified to become a so-called “Biofactory” able to produce different resources or energy through a series of state-of-the art and innovative technologies. SUEZ will lead the consortium responsible for the design and construction of the biofactory, with commissioning planned for the beginning of 2023, and they will then operate the plant after its completion. First, the sludge treatment line will include classic and mature anaerobic digestion producing biogas, which will then be purified to biomethane before grid injection. Two innovative technologies will then be used to optimize both sludge volume reduction and energy management: (1) a hydrothermal carbonization reactor will allow for sludge volume reduction with minimal energy consumption and for additional biogas production thanks to filtrate methanisation; (2) a catalytic methanation reactor will convert the CO₂ coming from the biogas purification to CH4, thanks to hydrogen coming from an electrolysis plant fed with renewable electricity produced on site; this methanation process will also supply heat for the digestion process. Additional resources will also be produced by the biofactory, with the recovery of nitrogen through the production of ammonium sulphate to be used as fertilizer. The expected performance of the Pau plant, in terms of energy, resource preservation, avoided and CO₂ emissions, is a tangible indicator of the multiple benefits given by this biofactory approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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6 pages, 738 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Theoretical Probability Distribution of Peak Outflows of Small Detention Dams

by Salvatore Manfreda, Domenico Miglino and Cinzia Albertini

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021090 - 6 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1206

Abstract

The functional relationship between detention dam inflows and outflows was derived in a closed form in a recent work, which led to a theoretically derived probability distribution (TDD) of the peak outflows from in-line detention dams. This TDD is tested using the generalized [...] Read more.

The functional relationship between detention dam inflows and outflows was derived in a closed form in a recent work, which led to a theoretically derived probability distribution (TDD) of the peak outflows from in-line detention dams. This TDD is tested using the generalized extreme value (GEV) as a reference distribution for floods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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6 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characteristics and Results of Water Supply and Sanitation Projects

by Inês Machete and Rui Marques

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021091 - 7 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1283

Abstract

To ensure universal access to sustainable, reliable, and affordable water supply and sanitation (WSS) services, the right types of financing need to be attracted. This study analyzed the characteristics and results of 62 completed World Bank WSS projects to understand their performance and [...] Read more.

To ensure universal access to sustainable, reliable, and affordable water supply and sanitation (WSS) services, the right types of financing need to be attracted. This study analyzed the characteristics and results of 62 completed World Bank WSS projects to understand their performance and main results. The data analysis of the projects allowed to draw parallels between the projects’ results and bank performance, and key aspects of the projects (such as the type of project, initial risk assessments, final risk assessments, commitments and disbursements, and more). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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5 pages, 1394 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Intrinsic Resilience in Levant Water-Based Infrastructures

by Adriana de Miranda

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021092 - 9 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1243

Abstract

This paper surveys the historical indigenous water-harvesting and water-supply systems in the Levant, focusing on Syrian lands, where they are numerous and well-preserved. It also deals with the important hydraulic works recently carried out to exploit the area in terms of agriculture to [...] Read more.

This paper surveys the historical indigenous water-harvesting and water-supply systems in the Levant, focusing on Syrian lands, where they are numerous and well-preserved. It also deals with the important hydraulic works recently carried out to exploit the area in terms of agriculture to preserve, supply and collect water. Furthermore, the paper’s scope is to evaluate the feasibility of rehabilitating ancient hydraulic structures, either by maintaining the old systems or by implementing new projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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7 pages, 3868 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous (NARX) Neural Network Models for Storm Tide Forecasting in the Venice Lagoon

by Fabio Di Nunno, Francesco Granata, Rudy Gargano and Giovanni De Marinis

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021093 - 15 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1341

Abstract

Venice and its lagoon represent an extraordinary architectural, artistic and cultural heritage. However, due to the combination of astronomical and meteorological causes, as well as by the conformation of the sea basin, the city and its lagoon are frequently affected by high tides [...] Read more.

Venice and its lagoon represent an extraordinary architectural, artistic and cultural heritage. However, due to the combination of astronomical and meteorological causes, as well as by the conformation of the sea basin, the city and its lagoon are frequently affected by high tides that have caused significant damage over the centuries. Therefore, a proper prediction of the tide level, especially storm surges, is an essential task for the protection of Venice and its lagoon. The aim of this study is to provide a prediction of storm tide events based on nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) neural network models. Therefore, the developed model could act as a reliable tool for the MOSE system management, which will protect Venice from high waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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8 pages, 2462 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

How to Obtain Better Performance from an SST by Exploiting the Sludge Blanket Momentum Preservation

by Lucio Pezza and Beatrice Majone

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021094 - 8 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1157

Abstract

In static conditions, the only mechanism available for sludge/water separation is sludge sedimentation by gravity. In dynamic conditions an additional mechanism is available: sludge momentum preservation. In order to achieve a better understanding of the operation of a secondary sedimentation tank (SST), the [...] Read more.

In static conditions, the only mechanism available for sludge/water separation is sludge sedimentation by gravity. In dynamic conditions an additional mechanism is available: sludge momentum preservation. In order to achieve a better understanding of the operation of a secondary sedimentation tank (SST), the authors analyzed the behavior of the sludge blanket (taking note of the concentration in vertical and horizontal directions) and how it relates to the hydrodynamic fields within the SST. These findings have been interpreted based on hydrodynamic principles: momentum preservation, in case of any energy loss; motion of fluids from an area with higher potential energy to an area with lower potential energy; and the ratio between inertia and gravity forces. The results indicated that the sludge blanket momentum is a parameter of great importance for understanding the behavior of an SST. According to these principles, a longitudinal flow rectangular clarifier has been converted into a transverse flow clarifier, obtaining considerable improvement in operating performance. Moreover, it should be noted that there are already design strategies based on the optimization of water/sludge different momentum as a mechanism to improve the performances of a secondary clarifier. Peripheral feeding in the circular decanter; perforated baffles installed on a rectangular decanter; and the distance to be maintained between the bottom wall of a rectangular SST and the clarified water collection channel are all design strategies explained on the basis of the different sludge/water momentum rather than solid flux theory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)

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