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Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings

Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings - formerly Environmental Sciences Proceedings - is an open access journal dedicated to publish findings revealed from academic conferences, workshops and similar events in all areas of environmental and earth sciences. Published items are approved by the conference committee, and original research content is peer reviewed.

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 3042-5743

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Vol. 34

ECAS-7

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Vol. 33

IConGEET 2024

Table of Contents

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Vol. 32

ECWS-8

Table of Contents

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Vol. 31

IECF 2024

Table of Contents

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Vol. 30

Stand Alone Papers 2024

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Latest Articles

11 pages, 2553 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of an Integrated Low-Cost Pyranometer System for Application in Household Installations

by Theodore Chinis, Spyridon Mitropoulos, Pavlos Chalkiadakis and Ioannis Christakis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 34(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025034005 - 21 Aug 2025

The climatic conditions of a region are a constant object of study, especially now that climate change is clearly affecting quality of life and the way we live. The study of the climatic conditions of a region is conducted through meteorological data. Meteorological [...] Read more.

The climatic conditions of a region are a constant object of study, especially now that climate change is clearly affecting quality of life and the way we live. The study of the climatic conditions of a region is conducted through meteorological data. Meteorological installations include a set of sensors to monitor the meteorological and climatic conditions of an area. Meteorological data parameters include measurements of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and direction, as well as tools such as an oratometer and a pyranometer, etc. Specifically, the pyranometer is a high-cost instrument, which has the ability to measure the intensity of the sunshine on the surface of the earth, expressing the measurement in Watt/m². Pyranometers have many applications. They can be used to monitor solar energy in a given area, in automated systems such as photovoltaic system management, or in automatic building shading systems. In this research, both the implementation and the evaluation of an integrated low-cost pyranometer system is presented. The proposed pyranometer device consists of affordable modules, both microprocessor and sensor. In addition, a central server, as the information system, was created for data collection and visualization. The data from the measuring system is transmitted via a wireless network (Wi-Fi) over the Internet to an information system (central server), which includes a database for collecting and storing the measurements, and visualization software. The end user can retrieve the information through a web page. The results are encouraging, as they show a satisfactory degree of determination of the measurements of the proposed low-cost device in relation to the reference measurements. Finally, a correction function is presented, aiming at more reliable measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electronic Conference on Atmospheric Sciences (ECAS-7))

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7 pages, 2820 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Significance of Summertime Heat Low over the Northern Part of the Indian Subcontinent in the Changing Climate

by Prashant Singh

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 34(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025034004 - 8 Aug 2025

The Indian heat low, a strong atmospheric circulation pattern marked by low pressure and high temperatures, significantly influences weather patterns over Pakistan and northern India. Understanding how terrestrial heating patterns changes over time is crucial for understanding climate change. Such changes can profoundly [...] Read more.

The Indian heat low, a strong atmospheric circulation pattern marked by low pressure and high temperatures, significantly influences weather patterns over Pakistan and northern India. Understanding how terrestrial heating patterns changes over time is crucial for understanding climate change. Such changes can profoundly affect large-scale systems such as the heat low and monsoon. The evolving characteristics of the heat low area over the Indian subcontinent from 1940 to 2020 are investigated using a decadal analysis of reanalysis data (ERA5). The results indicate an eastward shift in the heat low over the historical period. Furthermore, ensembles of CMIP5 Global Climate Models (GCMs) under RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios project a continued eastward shift in this heat low pattern between 2050 and 2100. The eastward shift in the heat low pattern significantly influences the monsoon circulation system, potentially leading to substantial changes in rainfall distribution across the Indian subcontinent, as projected under RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios—with some differences between them. The results from the GCMs support the idea of an eastward shift in rainfall, indicating the potential for altered precipitation distribution in the future. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the possible drying of the western Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan and western India, because of the altering heat low trend. These findings highlight the necessity of considering changing atmospheric circulation patterns in climate change assessments and the need for a better understanding of the associated implications for regional climate dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electronic Conference on Atmospheric Sciences (ECAS-7))

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10 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Nitrogen Oxide Concentration Levels and Meteorological Variables on Ozone (O₃) Formation in the Petrochemical Industry Area in the Monterrey Metropolitan, Mexico

by Jailene Marlen Jaramillo-Perez, Bárbara A. Macías-Hernández, Edgar Tello-Leal and René Ventura-Houle

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 34(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025034003 - 8 Aug 2025

The petrochemical industry emits large amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx). It is the second source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which, through photochemical reactions, can form tropospheric ozone (O₃) and, together with geographic and meteorological conditions, influence the spatial and temporal [...] Read more.

The petrochemical industry emits large amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx). It is the second source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which, through photochemical reactions, can form tropospheric ozone (O₃) and, together with geographic and meteorological conditions, influence the spatial and temporal behavior of pollution. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of air pollutants NOx, NO₂, and NO, as well as meteorological factors on O₃ concentration levels in the city of Cadereyta, Nuevo Leon, which is characterized by its petrochemical industry as part of the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico. The data were analyzed using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient, identifying a weak-to-moderate negative association between NOx and NO₂ with O₃ in the spring season and a null relationship in the summer. However, the autumn and winter seasons observed a moderate to strong negative relationship. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression analysis determined the influence of air pollutants NOx, NO₂, and NO, as well as meteorological factors on O₃ concentration levels. In this sense, when the concentration levels of NOx and NO₂ decrease, the concentration of O₃ will increase proportionally according to the season of the year. The prediction model obtains a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.60 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) value of 0.0096 ppm. In the prediction model, all variables presented a significant effect on the interpretation of the dependent variable. The independent variables that provided the most significant variation in the concentration levels of O₃ were NOx and NO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electronic Conference on Atmospheric Sciences (ECAS-7))

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7 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exposure to PM_2.5 While Walking in the City Center

by Anna Mainka, Witold Nocoń, Aleksandra Malinowska, Julia Pfajfer, Edyta Komisarczyk and Pawel Wargocki

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 34(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025034002 - 6 Aug 2025

This study investigates personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) during walking commutes in Gliwice, Poland—a city characterized by elevated levels of air pollution. Data from a low-cost air quality sensor were compared with a municipal monitoring station and the Silesian [...] Read more.

This study investigates personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) during walking commutes in Gliwice, Poland—a city characterized by elevated levels of air pollution. Data from a low-cost air quality sensor were compared with a municipal monitoring station and the Silesian University of Technology laboratory. PM_2.5 concentrations recorded by the low-cost sensor (7.3 µg/m³) were lower than those reported by the stationary monitoring sites. The findings suggest that low-cost sensors may offer valuable insights into short-term peaks in PM_2.5 exposure to serve as a practical tool for increasing public awareness of personal exposure risks to protect respiratory health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electronic Conference on Atmospheric Sciences (ECAS-7))

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9 pages, 1436 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Insights into Air Quality Index (AQI) Variability with Explainable Machine Learning Techniques

by Claudio Andenna and Roberta Valentina Gagliardi

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 34(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025034001 - 5 Aug 2025

In this study, a combined approach joining the machine learning model Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) with Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) is adopted to simulate the temporal pattern of the air quality index (AQI) and subsequently explore the key factors affecting AQI variability. Based [...] Read more.

In this study, a combined approach joining the machine learning model Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) with Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) is adopted to simulate the temporal pattern of the air quality index (AQI) and subsequently explore the key factors affecting AQI variability. Based on the analysis of air pollutants and meteorological data acquired from two air quality monitoring stations in Rome (Italy), over the 2018–2022 period, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodological approach in elucidating the role of the main factors driving AQI evolution, and their interaction effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electronic Conference on Atmospheric Sciences (ECAS-7))

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9 pages, 1591 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing Dam Site Suitability Using an Integrated AHP and GIS Approach: A Case Study of the Purna Catchment in the Upper Tapi Basin, India

by Shravani Yadav, Usman Mohseni, Mohit Dashrath Vasave, Advait Sanjay Thakur, Uday Ravindra Tadvi and Rohit Subhash Pawar

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032021 - 9 Jun 2025

Cited by 1

In the present study, dam site suitability mapping was carried out for the Purna sub-basin of the upper Tapi basin. Constructing dams in strategically chosen locations is a crucial water management approach to alleviate flood risks and water scarcity. Selecting appropriate dam sites [...] Read more.

In the present study, dam site suitability mapping was carried out for the Purna sub-basin of the upper Tapi basin. Constructing dams in strategically chosen locations is a crucial water management approach to alleviate flood risks and water scarcity. Selecting appropriate dam sites requires considering criteria such as precipitation, elevation, soil properties, slope, geomorphology, geology, lithology, stream order, distance from a road, and fault tectonics. To address this complex problem, integrating Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques with Geographic Information System (GIS) has become increasingly prevalent. Among these techniques, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is particularly effective for addressing water-related challenges. In this study, we developed a Dam Site Suitability Model (DSSM) by evaluating nine thematic layers: precipitation, stream order, geomorphology, geology, soil, elevation, slope, land use and land cover (LULC), and major fault tectonics. The AHP technique was employed to assign weights to these thematic layers, which were then used in an overlay analysis to create a suitability map with five classes ranging from high to low suitability. This study revealed that approximately 14% of the Purna sub-basin falls into the very high suitability category, while 27.2% is classified as highly suitable. This cost-effective approach not only simplifies the traditional method of dam site selection but also enhances decision-making accuracy. This methodology can be universally applied to identify potential dam sites, aiding flood mitigation and addressing water scarcity exacerbated by global and regional climate change. The DSSM, leveraging GIS and the AHP, can significantly improve dam management and promote sustainable, environmentally responsible water resource management practices worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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9 pages, 5437 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of Machine Learning Techniques to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration at Yauri Meteorological Station, Peru

by Efrain Lujano, Rene Lujano, Juan Carlos Huamani and Apolinario Lujano

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032020 - 4 Jun 2025

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is crucial for agriculture and is traditionally estimated using the Penman–Monteith (PM) method, which relies on multiple climatic variables. This study assessed machine learning (ML) techniques to estimate ETo at the Yauri meteorological station in Peru. Two ML models—K-nearest neighbors [...] Read more.

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is crucial for agriculture and is traditionally estimated using the Penman–Monteith (PM) method, which relies on multiple climatic variables. This study assessed machine learning (ML) techniques to estimate ETo at the Yauri meteorological station in Peru. Two ML models—K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and artificial neural networks (ANN)—were tested and compared against both the PM and the Hargreaves–Samani (HS) methods. Their accuracy was measured using metrics such as mean absolute error (MAE), anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), and spectral angle (SA). The results indicate that ML techniques can effectively estimate ETo, providing robust alternatives in areas with limited meteorological data, thus enhancing water resource management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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56 pages, 489 KiB

Open AccessConference Report

Abstracts of the 4th International Electronic Conference on Forests (IECF 2024), 23–25 September 2024

by Giorgos Mallinis

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031020 - 3 Jun 2025

The 4th International Electronic Conference on Forests—Science, Society and Innovation Nexus in Forestry: Pathways to Global Sustainability (IECF 2024) was organized by MDPI and MDPI Forests. The conference took place online from 23–25 September 2024. This conference report is an abstract collection [...] Read more.

The 4th International Electronic Conference on Forests—Science, Society and Innovation Nexus in Forestry: Pathways to Global Sustainability (IECF 2024) was organized by MDPI and MDPI Forests. The conference took place online from 23–25 September 2024. This conference report is an abstract collection from six different sessions of IECF 2024. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Forests)

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13 pages, 3074 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Surface Area Dynamics of Manta and Beleu Lakes

by Ana Jeleapov

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032019 - 3 Jun 2025

This study evaluated the surface area and volume dynamics of the largest and most important natural lakes in the Republic of Moldova: Manta and Beleu. Lakes and surrounding areas represent the main natural ecosystem of the country, are a shelter to thousands of [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the surface area and volume dynamics of the largest and most important natural lakes in the Republic of Moldova: Manta and Beleu. Lakes and surrounding areas represent the main natural ecosystem of the country, are a shelter to thousands of animals and plant species, and are included in the protected areas network. The lakes are situated in the Lower Prut floodplain, with the main water sources being the Prut River through channels, as well as groundwater, surface runoff and precipitation. Regulations of the Prut River flow, climate change, and the increasing frequency of droughts and floods have a certain impact on lake extension and volume dynamics. The main methods used to evaluate surface area variation are the analysis of satellite images (Landsats, from 1975 to 2024) and the application of the NDWI index. As a result, it was identified that the extent of Beleu Lake varied from 0 to 19 km², and that of Manta Lake from 5 to 27 km². The actual average surface area is 7–11 km² for Beleu and 15–19 km² for Manta. The last catastrophic drought in 2022 decreased the surface area of Beleu by up to 3.7 km² and that of Manta by up to 5 km², while the most recent floods in 2020 extended the area of Beleu by up to 12 km² and that of Manta by up to 27.3 km². The volumes of Beleu vary from 0 to 40 mil.m³, with an average of 6.5–9 mil.m³, and of Manta from 4.5 mil.m³ to 55 mil.m³, with an average of 15–22 mil.m³. The shoreline lengths corresponding to the average water surface areas are 14–20 km for Beleu and 35–40 km for Manta. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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3 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface of the 6th International Conference on Green Environmental Engineering and Technology 2024 (IConGEET2024)

by Norazian Mohamed Noor

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 33(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025033011 - 13 May 2025

The International Conference on Green Environmental Engineering and Technology (IConGEET) is an annual event organized by the Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), a sub-research group under the Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, and co-organized by the National [...] Read more.

The International Conference on Green Environmental Engineering and Technology (IConGEET) is an annual event organized by the Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), a sub-research group under the Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, and co-organized by the National Institute for Research and Development in Environmental Protection (INCDPM), Bucharest, Romania [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 6th International Conference on Green Environmental Engineering and Technology (IConGEET 2024))

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2 pages, 146 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Norazian Mohamed Noor

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 33(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025033010 - 13 May 2025

In submitting conference proceedings to Environment Sciences Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 6th International Conference on Green Environmental Engineering and Technology (IConGEET 2024))

10 pages, 4514 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of the Lower Danube Sediment Regime and Morphology for the Identification of Habitats for Critically Endangered Sturgeon

by Isabela Sadîca, Georgeta Tudor, Elena Holban, Miruna Arsene, Maria Carachiciu, George Cucu and Sorin Stegărescu

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 33(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025033009 - 12 May 2025

The investigation of sediment morphology and sediment regime is crucial for the initial stages of the hydromorphodynamic modeling of the Lower Danube basin. This helps in identifying significant habitats and potential obstacles that may disrupt the migration patterns of anadromous sturgeon species in [...] Read more.

The investigation of sediment morphology and sediment regime is crucial for the initial stages of the hydromorphodynamic modeling of the Lower Danube basin. This helps in identifying significant habitats and potential obstacles that may disrupt the migration patterns of anadromous sturgeon species in the Lower Danube. This investigation involved the analysis of 10 samples, which were collected in equal quantities from specific places where hydrotechnical activities were conducted, specifically the Bala and Caleia branches. The sediment samples were analyzed to determine their morphological and structural characteristics through granulometric assessments. Additionally, three significant parameters, namely, the standard deviation, symmetry index (skewness index), and flattening index (kurtosis index), were used for further characterization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 6th International Conference on Green Environmental Engineering and Technology (IConGEET 2024))

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7 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Performance of g-C₃N₄/ZnO Nanocomposites for the Efficient Degradation of Dyes Under Sunlight

by Suneel, Mohd Arsh Khan, Neda Tabassum, Abdul Rahman Khan, Zainab Feroz and Qazi Inamur Rahman

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032018 - 7 May 2025

In recent years, carbon-derived nanomaterials have been efficiently utilized for wastewater treatment. Herein, we report a facile route to synthesize g-C₃N₄/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) by utilizing thermal condensation methods and demonstrateits photocatalytic performance against Rhodamine-B (RhB) and Reactive blue-171 (Rb171) [...] Read more.

In recent years, carbon-derived nanomaterials have been efficiently utilized for wastewater treatment. Herein, we report a facile route to synthesize g-C₃N₄/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) by utilizing thermal condensation methods and demonstrateits photocatalytic performance against Rhodamine-B (RhB) and Reactive blue-171 (Rb171) under open air sunlight. The crystalline nature of synthesized NCs was examined by utilizing X-ray diffraction; however, their purity was evaluated through Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), which conveyed that the synthesized NCs exhibited excellent crystallinity and purity. Moreover, the g-C₃N₄/ZnO NCs displayed efficient photocatalytic activity of 82.60 and 74.46% for RhB and Rb171, respectively, in 125 min of sunlight exposure. The degradation of the dyes followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics with apparent rate constants of 0.01531 and 0.01012 min⁻¹ for RhB and Rb171, respectively, and their half-life was found to be 45.27 and 68.49 min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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9 pages, 2763 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Sediment Supply Assessment in a Touristic Zone: A Case Study of West Cyprus

by Stamatia Papasarafianou, Giada Varra, Luca Cozzolino and Ourania Tzoraki

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032016 - 23 Apr 2025

Sediment transport plays a crucial role in shaping coastal and riverine environments, influencing both natural and human activities. This study assesses sediment supply from the entire basin of a touristic zone of Cyprus, where coastal erosion and sediment deposition impact infrastructure, tourism, and [...] Read more.

Sediment transport plays a crucial role in shaping coastal and riverine environments, influencing both natural and human activities. This study assesses sediment supply from the entire basin of a touristic zone of Cyprus, where coastal erosion and sediment deposition impact infrastructure, tourism, and environmental sustainability. Human activities, such as dam construction, further disrupt the sediment balance. This study focuses on Coral Bay and Potima Gulf, a popular tourist destination along an ~11 km shoreline in western Cyprus, fed by four small rivers draining a total area of 66.5 km². The sustainability of the Coral Bay–Potima system is threatened by the Mavrokolympos stream dam, which traps upstream sediments. Using the USLE method, mean sediment yield at the basin outlet is estimated at 888 t km⁻² yr⁻¹. These findings underscore the link between watershed processes and sustainable coastal management, emphasizing the need for integrated sediment transport assessments in touristic coastal zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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7 pages, 4672 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Evaluation of the ERA5, MERRA-2, and PERSIANN-CDR Gridded Products in the Tambo Basin

by Cristhian Apaza-Vilca, Maria Liz Mamani-Yupanqui and Efrain Lujano

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032017 - 22 Apr 2025

Gridded meteorological data help to address the scarcity of data in sparse hydrometeorological networks, but their validation is crucial. This study evaluated the performance of ERA5, MERRA-2, and PERSIANN-CDR gridded products in the Tambo basin, comparing their data with meteorological stations and basin-wide [...] Read more.

Gridded meteorological data help to address the scarcity of data in sparse hydrometeorological networks, but their validation is crucial. This study evaluated the performance of ERA5, MERRA-2, and PERSIANN-CDR gridded products in the Tambo basin, comparing their data with meteorological stations and basin-wide averages using the Pearson correlation coefficient (CC), percent bias (PBIAS), and root mean square error (RMSE). PERSIANN-CDR showed the best performance (CC: 0.84–0.94, PBIAS: 6.90–83.10%, RMSE: 21.97–38.78 mm/month). MERRA-2 underestimated precipitation, while ERA5, despite its high correlation (CC: 0.83–0.94), overestimated it. PERSIANN-CDR is the recommended product for the region, providing a better representation of precipitation for hydrological studies and water resource management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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7 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing the Vulnerability of Water Resources to Drought by Applying the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index to the Lake Karla Basin

by Stylianos Voudouris, Athanasios Loukas, Pantelis Sidiropoulos and Lampros Vasiliades

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032015 - 17 Apr 2025

Drought as an extreme weather phenomenon has recently become more frequent with significant impacts on water resources, such as reduced infiltration and surface runoff. To assess the vulnerability of water resources to drought, the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index (SDVI) was applied to the [...] Read more.

Drought as an extreme weather phenomenon has recently become more frequent with significant impacts on water resources, such as reduced infiltration and surface runoff. To assess the vulnerability of water resources to drought, the Standardized Drought Vulnerability Index (SDVI) was applied to the hydrological basin of Lake Karla in Thessaly, Central Greece. The Lake Karla basin has a semi-arid climate and is an agricultural basin in which water-demanding crops are cultivated. The SDVI is a composite index that integrates all types of droughts and, with its holistic approach, can be used as a monitoring tool to provide knowledge for the delineation of vulnerable areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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10 pages, 1782 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Vulnerability of Coastal Heritage in the Context of Climate Adaptation: A Review

by Aliki Gkaifyllia, Thomas Hasiotis and Ourania Tzoraki

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032014 - 8 Apr 2025

Mediterranean coastal heritage sites face escalating threats from climate change, including sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and extreme weather events. These risks endanger both the physical preservation of archeological sites and thei socio-economic significance/contribution. This review evaluates advanced tools such as Geographic Information Systems [...] Read more.

Mediterranean coastal heritage sites face escalating threats from climate change, including sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and extreme weather events. These risks endanger both the physical preservation of archeological sites and thei socio-economic significance/contribution. This review evaluates advanced tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GISs), remote sensing, and flood modeling for assessing vulnerabilities and supporting adaptive conservation strategies. Significant research disparities among Mediterranean regions are identified, underscoring the need for equitable and collaborative frameworks. The findings emphasize the integration of innovative technologies with sustainable practices to safeguard cultural heritage, ensuring resilience against climate-induced risks and contributing to long-term conservation goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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14 pages, 7545 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Water Quality Classification in Terms of WQI Using Machine Learning Algorithms in Keenjhar Lake, Pakistan

by Muhammad Imran, Danrong Zhang, Muhammad Zaman, Shazia Parveen and Nur E Jannat Mishu

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032013 - 7 Apr 2025

Water quality management is critical for sustainable resource utilization, public health protection, and environmental conservation. This study employs machine learning techniques to enhance the water quality classification (WQC) for Keenjhar Lake, Karachi, Pakistan, using a comprehensive dataset spanning from 1993 to 2022. Three [...] Read more.

Water quality management is critical for sustainable resource utilization, public health protection, and environmental conservation. This study employs machine learning techniques to enhance the water quality classification (WQC) for Keenjhar Lake, Karachi, Pakistan, using a comprehensive dataset spanning from 1993 to 2022. Three machine learning models, the Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) algorithms, were evaluated for their performance on a dataset comprising 360 monthly instances and 6 key water quality parameters: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, BOD5, nitrate, fecal coliform, and total coliform. The models were assessed using statistical metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, Pearson’s correlation, and F1-score. Among the models, the SVM algorithm demonstrated superior performance, achieving a classification accuracy of 99.50% for WQC. This study highlights the integration of machine learning in water quality analysis as a novel approach for precise classification, offering insights into improved decision-making for water resource management and treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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14 pages, 4772 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Preserving Tradition, Protecting the Environment: The Potential of Water Cadastre Systems to Mitigate the Effects of Batik Production on Groundwater and Subsidence in Pekalongan

by Alfita Puspa Handayani, Heri Andreas and Dhota Pradipta

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 33(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025033008 - 27 Mar 2025

Batik, a traditional Indonesian textile art, significantly contributes to Pekalongan’s economy but has severe environmental impacts. The production process depletes groundwater and causes land subsidence. This study evaluates the potential of a water cadastre system to address these issues while preserving cultural heritage. [...] Read more.

Batik, a traditional Indonesian textile art, significantly contributes to Pekalongan’s economy but has severe environmental impacts. The production process depletes groundwater and causes land subsidence. This study evaluates the potential of a water cadastre system to address these issues while preserving cultural heritage. By analysing batik production data, groundwater extraction, and subsidence trends via satellite imagery and field surveys, the research reveals a marked decline in groundwater levels and increased subsidence. The findings underscore the need for integrated water management to protect Pekalongan’s environment and cultural legacy, with a water cadastre system offering a possible solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 6th International Conference on Green Environmental Engineering and Technology (IConGEET 2024))

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6 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Techno-Economic Performance Assessment of Malt Dust Derived Biochar Application for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: A Water Reuse Strategy

by Pelin Soyertaş Yapıcıoğlu and Mehmet İrfan Yeşilnacar

Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 32(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025032012 - 19 Mar 2025

Wastewater is a sustainable water supply which uses reclamation and reuse processes to protect freshwater resources. Biochar application is considered an efficient and low-cost wastewater reclamation and reuse technique in recent years. From this perspective, this paper mainly aimed to obtain reclaimed water [...] Read more.

Wastewater is a sustainable water supply which uses reclamation and reuse processes to protect freshwater resources. Biochar application is considered an efficient and low-cost wastewater reclamation and reuse technique in recent years. From this perspective, this paper mainly aimed to obtain reclaimed water using biochar application, with an aim of contributing to a circular economy. The major aim of this study was to assess the quality and reuse potential of treated water through the biochar adsorption process. The assessment was based on the EU (741/2020) wastewater reuse legislation. Turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD₅), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and E. coli analyses were performed to determine the effluent quality. In the end of the biochar adsorption process, a Class B reclaimed water quality according to EU legislation was obtained. This study validated that malt-dust-derived biochar is an efficient and low-cost adsorbent and can achieve a high quality of reclaimed water. An average reduction of 31.3% in operational costs was reported compared to an activated sludge system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences)

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