Identifying Water Governance Priorities and Gaps in Transboundary Basins through SWOT: The Case Study of Mesta/Nestos River Basin †
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
2
Water Law and Diplomacy Faculty, IHE Delft-Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7 Delft Campus, 2601 Delft, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the International Conference EWaS5, Naples, Italy, 12–15 July 2022.
Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021074
Published: 3 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS5 International Conference: “Water Security and Safety Management: Emerging Threats or New Challenges? Moving from Therapy and Restoration to Prognosis and Prevention”)
Abstract
:In the majority of transboundary river basins, difficulties lay on common policy planning, and such is the case of Mesta/Nestos shared between Bulgaria and Greece, where both qualitative and quantitative issues could threaten the water safety. Conceptual models organize the available information, respond to policy questions, assisting policy makers in a simple yet practical way. The aim of this research is the application of the SWOT conceptual model to identify the major possible threats (gaps) to water security in the Mesta/Nestos transboundary river basin and assist in future steps prioritization regarding water policy arrangements. The results highlight the need for stronger bilateral cooperation, for common PoMs development, activities’ coordination to support the WFD implementation, and improving transboundary interactions in the basin.
1. Introduction
Water governance became a concerning global challenge as freshwater resources are under increasing stress due to human population and economic growth and other drivers [1]. The complexity of these challenges is even higher than more than 310 transboundary basins of the world [2], which inhibit approximately 40% of the global population [3]. This concerns, in particular, competitive uses of water and the involvement of different stakeholders with diverging interests over water resources, especially in times of the climate crisis, which requires, but also renders more complex, the need for sustainable and systematic water resource management [4] and the assessment of water governance problems and the identification of effective solutions [5], confirming the statement that “water crises are primarily governance crises” [4,5,6]. Water governance, moreover, is strongly linked to water safety, sustainable development, regional stability, and peace [7], reinforcing its importance.
The international river basins in Europe are regulated by the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The WFD adopts a governance and a river basin approach [8]. In cases where an international river basin is shared among member states, coordination needs to be ensured with the aim of producing a single international river basin management plan, thus sharing the responsibilities. If the basin extends beyond EU territories, the directive encourages member states to establish cooperation with non-member states and, thus, also manage the water resource at the basin level [4,6,9]. Although the WFD sets ambitious goals for transboundary cooperation in Europe, some implementation challenges persist. These are related to the shared responsibilities among water authorities, the administrative structure, the adoption of a common river basin management plan (RBMP), and stakeholder involvement at transboundary level [10,11,12].
Greece shares five such basins with three neighboring non-EU member states with differences in the progress of their accession processes. The basin management in all countries are governed by water resources availability and land uses/cover, while in Mediterranean Greece it is characterized mostly by water abstraction used for irrigation, having a reverse seasonal pattern to the water availability.
The WFD Implementation Report found that the stronger the governance of the river basin and the more developed the RBMP, the better the results in terms of achieving WFD objectives. Nonetheless, the Commission’s Implementation Report also found that there is still some room for improvement, for example on ensuring a harmonized approach for status assessment or the coordination of Programs of Measures (PoMs). In this context, there lies a gap in science to policy interaction [13] which could be bridged with conceptual models. Such models summarize and codify relevant information on the river basin in a hierarchical way. Given that the “official procedure” in reaching a common management plan is characterized by high complexity, a standardized methodology that could overcome subjectivity, group, and decode all available information in favor of communication, would be an asset. Conceptual models organize the available information, respond to policy questions, follow a logical framework, assisting policy makers in a simple yet practical way. A key condition for improved science–policy interaction, with a particular emphasis on improving water governance in transboundary basins, recognizing that science is a significant input into water resource decision-making processes [13]. A SWOT model could produce valuable outputs, giving insights into the current status of a research field, diagnosing the future critical points, which could be the possible inputs for policy and managerial implications [14,15]. Our research asks “what could be improved” in the Mesta/Nestos transboundary river basin, shared between Bulgaria and Greece during WFD era. We aim to identify and analyze the major water governance aspects in the basin, and to further track possible threats (gaps) to water security that could be of assistance for the prioritization of future steps. We focus on the WFD era (since 2000), as the timing is crucial since we are traversing the preparation of the third cycle of the RBMPs. To assess water policy arrangements a SWOT (Strength-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) model was applied.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
The transboundary river basin of Mesta/Nestos—the Bulgarian part is known as Mesta River while the Greek part as Nestos River—is located in southeastern Europe and is shared between Bulgaria and Greece (Figure 1). It is situated at the southwestern corner of Bulgaria and at the region of Macedonia and Thrace in Greece. Both countries are socially, economically, and environmentally connected to the water resources of the Mesta/Nestos River. Forestry, agriculture, industry, and the developing winter tourism are the main economic sectors in the region of Mesta River catchment, which are significantly connected to the water of the river Mesta. On the Greek part of the basin, the main uses of water resources from the river are the agricultural and the energy sector. In both parts, the natural environment, the biodiversity and the ecosystem services have great importance, since they occupy areas which are governed by special international environmental protection law [16,17,18,19,20]. As a result, ensuring the sustainability of the water resource in the Mesta/Nestos transboundary river basin is an urgent need.
2.2. Cooperative Status between the Two States
The Mesta River belongs to the national West Aegean River Basin District (RBD) (BG 4000) and the Nestos River to the national RBD of Thrace (EL12). The Mesta/Nestos River Basin is an international basin with a bilateral agreement since 1995, put in force for a pre-defined duration of 35 years [21]. The formal bilateral agreement between the States gives Greece the right to 29% of the total volume of water that is generated in the Bulgarian territories before entering Greece. According to the agreement, both parties have to exchange information concerning the water status and any development plans that would affect the natural flow of the river. A joint declaration was signed on 27th July 2010 for cooperation on the implementation of European Union water legislation and the water resources management issues in the transboundary basins between the Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change and the Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. A Joint Expert Working Group was established. The Joint Working Group meetings took place in Drama (2011), in Sofia (2011), in Thessaloniki (2013), in Athens (2014), in Athens (2015), in Sandanski (2016), in Kavala (2017). It is important to note that there is a difference in the magnitude of this legal pact for each country. According to the WFD Implementation Report of Bulgaria (2019), the Mesta/Nestos River basin is designated as Category 3, that is, as an international river basin with an agreement in place. In the Greek Implementation Report (2018), the river basin belongs to Category 2, meaning the area falls under an international agreement and permanent co-operation body in place.
2.3. SWOT Conceptual Model
The SWOT conceptual model (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats analysis) can be a key tool used for identifying, categorizing, and comparing all the internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) factors related to a decision and strategic planning [15]. In this study, the SWOT model is applied as the logical frame for a better understanding of the major water governance aspects in the Mesta/Nestos transboundary river basin, by identifying the key priorities for increasing the water governance effectiveness and unpacking the gap in governance of the water resources in a transboundary setting. Strengths and opportunities govern priorities, while weaknesses and threats give an overview of the gap for water security in the basin.
Input data follow the WFD implementation, with the intention to find out the water governance factors that influence the implementation of the Directive 2000/60/EC in the basin, hoping that the results could be useful in multi-level water management, decision making and in the development of the third cycle RBMPs.
The implication of the SWOT model relies on the information analysis derived from a scoping review of official EU (European Union) and specifically WFD-related documents (Table 1). The information included in the official (institutional) documents from the two states, was grouped in three categories and then processed in a SWOT (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) model. Our analysis in three categories is followed by the main components of the WFD:
- Environmental goals set by WFD, achieving “good” ecological status for the identified water bodies at the basin level. (Art. 4, WFD).
- National/Regional legal/institutional (Legislation scheme), encouraging the use of existing governance structures or set up new to coordinate actions in river basin districts and appointing a Competent Authority for each of the RBDs (River Basin District) to produce the RBMPs and to co-ordinate the implementation of the WFD within it [22], including the international river basin (transboundary cooperation). (Art.3, WFD).
- Public consultation, requiring public participation that different stakeholders should participate in the process of developing management plans. (Art. 14, WFD).
3. Results
After the inclusion of the available documents published on water management in Mesta/Nestos for both countries, a comparative Table (Table 1) was created to showcase the “effort” made during all the time since the WFD entered into force. Table 1 summarizes the type, the source and the date of the reviewed official documents, whose basic information is organized in the SWOT model (Table 2). Most documents come from the Bulgarian side but deal with reporting to the EU Commission and other organizations (OECD, UNECE, OSCE) on the steps made towards WFD implementation. There are fewer documents from the Greek side that they focus more on reporting on legally required actions. Augmented frequency of reports is observed from the Bulgarian side during the last years.
4. Discussion
This research aims to identify the main priorities and gaps in water governance, focusing on the WFD implementation in the transboundary river basin of Mesta/Nestos by analyzing all the relevant official documents and organizing the extracted information in a SWOT conceptual model. The lack of a common EU language in RBMPs hampers a comparative analysis. One of the WFD implementation challenge is the communication of the Directive objectives in a language that is meaningful to most stakeholders [23]. Firstly, we used a SWOT model to understand basin governance and, secondly, we showed that the use of SWOT model could be an effective approach to understanding and improving water governance. The SWOT model components are analyzed in pairs, as they are linked: strengths and opportunities which produce the priorities; weaknesses and threats which state the gap in water governance in the basin.
The results (Table 2) highlight the main insights of the water governance current status and the priorities that are likely to increase the chances for effective WFD implementation in the basin, as described in the SWOT model through strengths and opportunities. Regarding the current circumstances in the basin, the major strength is the harmonization of both national policies to EU water policy (WFD, EU Floods Directive, CIS, GD pillars), which includes the requirement for water (environmental) protection (“good” ecological status), clear administrative structures, and shared responsibilities among the relevant authorities along with public participation. Furthermore, the results point out a significant set of opportunities that could enhance WFD implementation in the basin. First, common knowledge and a better understanding of the grey infrastructure and the application of NBS (nature-based solutions), enhanced with the updated data (references condition, pollution points) could lead to better water management, resulting possibly in improved water quality and quantity for both sides. From an institutional point of view, the identification of common key priorities, the mobilizing of financial resources, recognizing the current weaknesses, and the establishment of bilateral conflict resolution mechanisms are seen as a great opportunity for sustainable solutions, providing the basis for win–win common PoMs. An enhanced participatory management can improve the socio-economic regional conditions, strengthen the cooperation and stability in the study area. The stakeholder’s awareness, the possible inter-sectorial synergies and the quantifiable feedback from the consultation process are among the basic opportunities (Table 2).
However, the findings further indicate a gap in an operational point of view, concerning water governance. We see that the combination of the weaknesses and threats describe the current and emerging challenges inhibiting WFD implementation. The lack of common international coordination PoMs activities, the poor PoMs implementation at national level and the absence of a common scientific database could lead to basin fragmentation and lack of river continuity with impacts on water conservation. This increases the risk of the “good” ecological status for all water bodies not being achieved by 2027. The centralized administrative structure in both countries and the overlapping responsibilities among water authorities, driven by the top–down water policy, constrain the compliance with the legislation scheme in the basin. Additionally, the delay on the RBMPs adoption, the different timeline of RBMPs (Bulgaria submitted its RBMP to the EC before Greece) for both states led to the lack of a common RBMP for the basin, which is a requirement from the WFD for the international river basins (Article 13, WFD) [9].
According to the WFD Implementation Reports, no bilateral public consultation took place, as a result no common vision for the future water resource uses was reported. The persistence of local characteristics (social, economic, cultural, law, politics, ecosystems approach) [24] and the poor level of stakeholder’s participation constitute, if not addressed cooperatively could lead to a possible conflict of interest over the water resource uses. Trying to reply to the research main question “what could be improved”, the current status reflected by the strengths and weaknesses of SWOT analysis, reveals the sum of the problems not confronted properly up to now. A main issue that could be highlighted is the lack of a parallel path resulting in no common strategy planning, monitoring, need prioritization, and mitigation measures. As for each country separately the level of compliance with WFD requirements is not optimal. Though future steps could be characterized by success, if possible, conflicts were confronted ex-ante (threats from SWOT analysis) and opportunities were fully exploited.
In conclusion, SWOT summarized and illustrated in a simple form all the available information concerning the critical points of the water governance in Mesta/Nestos River basin. In our research, it revealed the priorities and gaps in water governance, which are affecting the WFD implementation. As the third cycle of the RBMPs (2021–2027) is now in the preparatory and drafting phase, the outputs of our research could be an entry point to an improved science-policy interaction, responding to policy questions, following a logical framework, assisting policy makers in a simple yet practical way. More specific, in the Mesta/Nestos River basin, besides the partial compliance with the WFD from both sides and the opportunities that arises from it, yet there are gaps need to be addressed. There is a need for a stronger bilateral cooperation with enhanced public consultation and for the development of common PoMs with coordination activities in order to improve transboundary interactions.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.K.; methodology, M.K., L.D. and K.I.; formal analysis, M.K.; investigation, M.K.; data curation, M.K.; writing—original draft preparation, M.K. and L.D.; writing—review and editing, M.K., L.D., K.I. and S.S.; visualization, M.K.; supervision, K.I. and S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments
The assistance for the study area maps development provided by Ioan-nidou Parthena, DUTH was greatly appreciated.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Transboundary river basin Mesta/Nestos.
Table 1.
List of reviewed official documents.
| Type of Document | Source | Date |
|---|---|---|
| EU Commission Working Document-Report to EP (European Parliament) and the Council on the Implementation of the WFD (2000/60/EC) RBMPs | WISE-Water Information System for Europe (Bulgaria) | 11.2021 |
| River Basin Management Plan (RBMP), 2016–2021-South-West Aegean River Basin District (Blagoevgrad). West Aegean Sea River Basin Directorate. WEST AEGEAN BASIN: Mesta River-International Cooperation | Republic of Bulgaria-Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEV) (Bulgaria) | 2016–2021 |
| EU Commission Working Document-Report to EP and the Council on the Implementation of the WFD (2000/60/EC) and Floods Directive (2007/60/EC)-2nd RBMPs | WISE-Water Information System for Europe (Bulgaria) | 02.2019 |
| OECD-Report on compliance with the EU Directives on Drinking Water, Urban Wastewater Treatment and Floods, and to a lesser extent the Water Framework Directive. | Google Scholar (Bulgaria) | 11.2018 |
| UNECE-Environmental Performance Review-Bulgaria-3rd Review | Google Scholar (Bulgaria) | 01.2017 |
| Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Secretariat (OSCE)-Water Management Policy in Bulgaria. Implementation of the Water Framework Directive. Cross-boundary cooperation-MOEV-Government of Republic of Bulgaria | Google Scholar (Bulgaria) | 05.2007 |
| Summary of preparatory study—The Study of the integrated water management in Republic of Bulgaria-Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEV), Government of Republic of Bulgaria | Google Scholar (Bulgaria) | 03.2006 |
| EU Commission Working Document-Report to EP and the Council on the Implementation of the WFD (2000/60/EC) and Floods Directive (2007/60/EC)-RBMPs | WISE-Water Information System for Europe (Greece) | 07.2018 |
| River Basin Management Plan, River Basin District of Thrace (EL12), 1st Review | Hellenic Ministry of Environment and EGY * (Greece) | 12.2017 |
| EU Commission Working Document-Report to EP and the Council on the Implementation of the WFD (2000/60/EC) and Floods Directive (2007/60/EC)-RBMPs | WISE-Water Information System for Europe (Greece) | 03.2015 |
| River Basin Management Plan, River Basin District of Thrace (GR12) | Hellenic Ministry of Environment and Energy—EGY * (Greece) | 07.2013 |
* Document in greek, EGY is the greek name for Water special secretariat.
Table 2.
SWOT model-Water Governance in Mesta/Nesto Transboundary River Basin.
| Strengths | Weaknesses | Opportunities | Threats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental goals set by WFD | Full national monitoring program strategy development | Common PoM’s (Programs of Measures) prioritization absence | Updated pressures status (point, no-point pollution sources) | River Basin Fragmentation, river discontinuity |
| Complete monitoring routine | Lack of common scientific database | Updated reference conditions | Good ecological status failure by 2027 | |
| Intercalibration process for common WFD implementation | Poor implementation Of PoMs | Common knowledge for specific grey infrastructure (dams, barriers) | ||
| Commitment to Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) | Common understanding for applying Nature-based solutions (NBS) | |||
| Establishment of reference condition | ||||
| National/Regional legal/institutional (Legislation scheme) | Harmonization of both national policies to EU water policy | Centralized decision making, but regional implementation | Conflict resolution mechanisms regulated by official bilateral conventions | Conflict over the resource uses |
| Set up of relevant governance structures | Complicated, overlapping responsibilities among water authorities | Key priorities identification | Constraints in compliance with the legislation | |
| Shared responsibilities among authorities | Agreements never executed | Mapping of current weaknesses | Absence of common vision | |
| Follow the pillars of Green Deal (GD) | Lack of legal binding, enforcement, inspection | Win–win PoMs | No common RBMP | |
| Administrative complexity (sectorial levels) | Mobilizing financial tools (national, EU, CAP funds) | Absence of bilateral agreement | ||
| Lack of financial resources (Greece) | ||||
| RBMP adoption delay | ||||
| Public Consultation | Active stakeholder participation need | Economic development activities’ pressure | Awareness of the stakeholders | Resource use conflict |
| Low stakeholder’s participation (Greece) | Quantifiable feedback from consultation process | Persistence of local particularities | ||
| No bilateral public consultation | Wider regional cooperation and stability incentive | Absence of common vision | ||
| Synergies among the key sectors (nexus) |
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Karasani, M.; Dionissis, L.; Susanne, S.; Ifigenia, K. Identifying Water Governance Priorities and Gaps in Transboundary Basins through SWOT: The Case Study of Mesta/Nestos River Basin. Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 21, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021074
AMA Style
Karasani M, Dionissis L, Susanne S, Ifigenia K. Identifying Water Governance Priorities and Gaps in Transboundary Basins through SWOT: The Case Study of Mesta/Nestos River Basin. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2022; 21(1):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021074
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarasani, Maria, Latinopoulos Dionissis, Schmeier Susanne, and Kagalou Ifigenia. 2022. "Identifying Water Governance Priorities and Gaps in Transboundary Basins through SWOT: The Case Study of Mesta/Nestos River Basin" Environmental Sciences Proceedings 21, no. 1: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022021074
