Background/objectives: Preterm labor is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous research has indicated that an inflammatory response or microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity is a pathological condition linked to pr...
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory cytokines play a pivotal role in triggering abnormal osteoclastogenesis leading to articular destruction. Recent studies have demonstrated enhanced levels of interleukin-9 (IL-9) in the serum and synovial fl...
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a pleiotropic cytokine and was primarily studied in the context of T helper 2 (TH2)-associated immuno-pathological conditions such as asthma and parasitic infections. There was a paradigm shift in the biology of IL-9 after the...
Background and Aims: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous disorder associated with poor prognosis. For the majority of patients, only limited therapeutic options are available. Thus, there is great interest to develop novel treatment strate...
Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by malignant B lymphocyte accumulation and progressive immune dysfunction. The immune checkpoint molecule TIM-3 and its ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) contribute to T cell exhaustion, impairi...
Background: This study aimed to evaluate alterations in the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) within gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) extracted from the intrabony periodontal defect site before and after min...
Interleukin 24 is a member of the IL-10 family with crucial roles in antitumor, wound healing responses, host defense, immune regulation, and inflammation. Interleukin 24 is produced by both immune and nonimmune cells. Its canonical pathway relies on...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with a complex aetiopathogenesis, whose development is influenced by many factors. The prevalence of IBD is increasing worldwide, in both industrialized and developi...
Background/Objectives: Interleukin-6 is a key proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathophysiology of Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). This study aimed to evaluate interleukin-6 levels and the interleukin-6 rs1800795 variant in pediatric FMF p...
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory disease that belongs to the spondyloarthritis family. IL-5 and IL-9 belong to the group of Th2 cytokines of anti-inflammatory nature. Polymorphisms in their coding genes have been so far associated with...
Among plant polyphenols, lemon peels extract (LPE) from the residues of the industrial processing of lemon (Citrus limon) shows anti-proliferative properties in cancer cells and anticholinesterase activity. In this study, we analyze the anti-cancer p...
Understanding the evolution of interleukins and interleukin receptors is essential to control the function of CD4+ T cells in various pathologies. Numerous aspects of CD4+ T cells’ presence are controlled by interleukins including differentiation, pr...
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of multiple autoantibodies, resulting in tissue and organ damage. Recent studies have revealed that interleukin-23 (IL-23) and interleukin-27...
The recently identified cytokines—interleukin (IL)-35 and interleukin (IL)-37—have been described for their anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating actions in numerous inflammatory diseases, auto-immune disorders, malignancies, infectious diseases an...
Mast cells play a critical role in inflammatory diseases and tumor growth. The versatility of mast cells is reflected in their ability to secrete a wide range of biologically active cytokines, including interleukins, chemokines, lipid mediators, prot...
Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer diagnosis in women worldwide. Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a critical but not determinative condition for CC development, as several co-factors modulate the p...
Background and Objectives: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine family consisting of six members and five specific receptors. IL-17A was the first member to be identified in 1993. Since then, several studies have elucidated that IL-17 has predominant...
The use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) inhibits the replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and thus may affect the functioning of the immune system, e.g., induce changes in the expression of certain cytokines. The aim was to...
Background: Excess cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality has been observed in patients with COVID-19. Both interleukin-32 (IL-32) and interleukin-34 (IL-34) have been hypothesized to contribute to CV involvement in COVID-19. Methods: This prosp...
Angiogenesis is a vital biological process, and neovascularization is essential for the development, wound repair, and perfusion of ischemic tissue. Neovascularization and inflammation are independent biological processes that are linked in response...
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with immune dysfunction and increased susceptibility to infections. Oral health may influence systemic inflammation and disease progression. This study aimed to evaluate the salivary levels of interleu...
Interleukin (IL)-9 is a soluble factor secreted by immune cells into the microenvironment. Originally identified as a mediator of allergic responses, IL-9 has been detected in recent years in several tumor niches. In solid tumors, it mainly promotes...
4 March 2020
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with direct or indirect effects on obesity and asthma. More data are required to understand the effect of ghrelin on the control and pathogenesis of these diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate ghrelin levels in...
Interleukins, a diverse family of cytokines produced by various cells, play crucial roles in immune responses, immunoregulation, and a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. In the context of megakaryopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and pla...
Terrein is a fungal metabolite and has been known to exert anti-melanogenesis, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial activities. However, its role in endotoxemia has never been investigated until now. In the present study, we examined the effect of terrein...
Interleukin 31 belongs to the IL-6 superfamily, and it is an itch mediator already studied in several diseases, comprising atopic dermatitis, allergic pathologies, and onco-hematological conditions. This research aims to assess the role of this cytok...
Inflammation is a hallmark of cancer and contributes to tumour initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Among inflammatory mediators, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are central cytokines linking innate immune re...
The cytokines interleukin 13 and 4 share a common heterodimeric receptor and are important modulators of peripheral allergic reactions. Produced primarily by T-helper type 2 lymphocytes, they are typically considered as anti-inflammatory cytokines be...
Helminths infect a quarter of the human population and are controlled in the frame of a canonical type-2 immune response. Interleukin-9 is a cytokine with pleiotropic functions during type-2 immunity that can be produced by many different cells. Accu...
Adiponectin is one of the most important molecules in the body’s compensatory response to the development of insulin resistance. By trying to maintain insulin sensitivity, increase insulin secretion and prevent inflammation, adiponectin tries t...
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide. Triple-negative cancers have the worst prognosis, due to the low effectiveness of current therapies. In recent years, research has been conducted on the relationship between inflamm...
Host genetic variation has been recognized as a key predictor of diverse clinical sequelae among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients. Insights into the link between the Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and Int...
Background: Preclinical studies on liposomal interleukin (IL) therapy demonstrate considerable promise in cancer treatment. This review explores the achievements, challenges, and future potential of liposomal IL encapsulation, focusing on preclinical...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with chronic inflammation, bone erosion, and joint deformation. Synovial tissue in RA patients is full of proinflammatory cytokines and infiltrated immune cells, such as T help (Th) 9, Th17, macropha...
Background: Despite distinct etiologies, type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) share chronic inflammation as a core feature. Interleukins, key immune mediators, play important yet still not fully understood roles in the development and comp...
Bone metastases, a common and debilitating consequence of advanced cancers, involve a complex interplay between malignant cells and the bone microenvironment. Central to this interaction are interleukins (ILs), a group of cytokines with critical role...
The aim of our study was to assess changes in the levels of IL-8 and MMP-9 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected from the periodontal pocket before and after regenerative surgery with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and collagen membr...
Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease initiated by dysbiotic biofilms and driven by a dysregulated host immune response. Central to its pathogenesis is a complex network of cytokines, particularly interleukins, with both pro...
Interleukins are a family of 40 bioactive peptides that act through cell surface receptors to induce a variety of intracellular responses. While interleukins are most commonly associated with destructive, pro-inflammatory signaling in cells, some als...
The role of ferroptosis and iron metabolism dysregulation in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases is increasingly recognized. Conditions such as hypertension, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, heart fa...
An inexpensive, easy to prepare, and label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based biosensor has been developed for the selective detection of human interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (CXCL8, IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα)&m...
The interleukin-1 gene cluster encodes cytokines, which modulate mesangial cell proliferation and matrix expansion, both constituting central factors in the development and progression of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). A candidate-gene study wa...
Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke both as a long-term causal factor and through the inflammatory cascade in acute stroke. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a potent pro-inflammatory molecule, while interleukin-1 recept...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological agent of a wide spectrum of diseases, from benign lesions to neoplasms. In most cases, in the first few years after infection, viral clearance occurs; however, in some cases, the infection remains persist...
Salmonella infection remains one of the major public health problems in the world, with increasing resistance to antibiotics. The resolution is to explore the pathogenesis of the infection and search for alternative therapy other than antibiotics. Im...
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) affects the key parameters of oncogenesis, which increases the cell resistance to apoptosis, the proliferation of cancer cells, angiogenesis, invasion, malignancy, and the ability of tumor cells to respond to anticancer therapy....
The present study investigated the effects of activated microglia-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 on neurodegeneration in prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2)-treated rat cortex. pKr-2 was unilaterally injected into the Sprague–Dawley rat cereb...
There is a need for definite diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at its earliest stages of development in order to introduce early and effective treatment. Here we assessed whether serum interleukin-15 (IL-15) can serve as a new biomarker of RA de...
Background/Objectives: Two of the microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the most common cause of non-traumatic blindness, and diabetic kidney disease (DKD); the latter generally requires renal re...
This research investigated the serum levels of three interleukins (IL8, IL17A, and IL33) and the possible relationships between them in healthy people and colon cancer patients at different stages. This study involved 82 participants, 42 of whom had...
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