The first human influenza virus was isolated more than 85 years ago, and several vaccine candidates were developed and tested soon after. Yet, controlling infections mediated by this respiratory pathogen continues to present a formidable challenge. D...
Background: Pharmacy technicians are legally allowed to administer immunizations in specific U.S. states, provided they meet certain criteria, including the completion of an accredited immunization training course. Immunizing pharmacy technicians wer...
We report herein the development of a polyclonal antibody against ochratoxin A (OTA) using a specially designed synthetic OTA derivative as the immunizing hapten. This OTA derivative contains a tetrapeptide linker (glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-lysine, GGGK),...
Vaccine hesitancy is a common issue for children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in China. The objective of this paper is to assess the immunization statuses of children with ITP, analyze the possible relationship between immunization and thromboc...
2 August 2024
Mucosal immunity and trained innate immunity of the gut play a pivotal role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and defending against microbial pathogens. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying mucosal immunity and the concep...
Understanding the immune system is of great importance for the development of drugs and the design of medical implants. Traditionally, two-dimensional static cultures have been used to investigate the immune system in vitro, while animal models have...
The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) indicate that fetal tissues and organs in critical and sensitive periods of development are susceptible to structural and functional changes due to the adverse environment in utero. Maternal imm...
Introduction: Sepsis remains a major contributor to critical care mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite advances in understanding its complex immunopathology, the compartmentalized nature of immune responses across different organs has yet to be...
Costs and benefits of the immune response have attracted considerable attention in the last years among evolutionary biologists. Given the cost of parasitism, natural selection should favor individuals with the most effective immune defenses. Neverth...
Immune checkpoint receptors with co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals are important modulators for the immune system. However, unrestricted co-stimulation and/or inadequate co-inhibition may cause breakdown of self-tolerance, leading to autoimmun...
Both SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines induce robust immune responses. Current data suggested that high neutralizing antibody titers with sustained Th1 responses might correlate with protection against viral transmission and disease development and...
Natural autoantibodies (nAAbs) recognize self-antigens and are an important component of the immune system, having evolved from invertebrates to vertebrates, and are viewed as stable byproducts of immune function and essential players in health and d...
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic fusariotoxin, being classified as a phytoestrogen, or as a mycoestrogen. ZEA and its metabolites are able to bind to estrogen receptors, 17β-estradiol specific receptors, leading to reproductive disorders which incl...
Trained immunity confers protection against subsequent unrelated infections through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Unlike adaptive immunity, trained innate immunity provides broad, non-specific protection against diverse heterologous pathoge...
Alcoholics suffer from immune dysfunction that can impede vaccine efficacy. If ethanol (EtOH)-induced immune impairment is in part a result of direct exposure of immune cells to EtOH, then reduced levels of exposure could result in less immune dysfu...
Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis, provides inconsistent protection against pulmonary tuberculosis, reflecting an incomplete understanding of how vaccine-induced immunity is...
In the last decade, a major dogma in the field of immunology has been called into question by the identification of a cell autonomous innate immune memory. This innate immune memory (also named trained immunity) was found to be mostly carried by inna...
Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital processes such as cell-mediated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. The main cellular constitu...
The eye is provided with immune protection against pathogens in a manner that greatly reduces the threat of inflammation-induced vision loss. Immune-mediated inflammation and allograft rejection are greatly reduced in the eye, a phenomenon called &ls...
Neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, exemplifies one of the most formidable paradigms of tumor immune evasion (TIME) in pediatric oncology. Despite significant advances in multimodal therapy and the clinical inte...
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are major contributors to inflammation and autoimmunity, playing a key role in the development of thrombotic disorders. NETs, composed of DNA, histones, and numerous other proteins serve as scaffolds for thrombus...
Cellular and humoral immunity exhibit dynamic adaptation to the mutating SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is noteworthy that immune responses differ significantly, influenced by whether a patient has received vaccination or whether there is co-occurrence of natu...
Immune dysfunction has long been reported by medical professionals regarding astronauts suffering from opportunistic infections both during their time in space and a short period afterwards once back on Earth. Various species of prokaryotes onboard t...
The development, differentiation, and function of immune cells are precisely regulated by transcription factors. The E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factor family is involved in various physiological and pathological processes by regu...
Plant immune genes are traditionally classified as resistance genes, susceptibility genes, or positive/negative regulators of defense. However, this framework does not fully explain a subset of immune-associated genes that display paradoxical disease...
Tumor–immune system interactions are very complicated, being highly nonlinear and not well understood. A large number of tumors can potentially weaken the immune system through various mechanisms such as secreting cytokines that suppress the im...
Neuraminidase (NA) is a major surface glycoprotein of influenza viruses that mediates the release of progeny virions from infected cells. Although both hemagglutinin (HA) and NA are targets of protective immune responses, current seasonal influenza v...
Immune fitness (i.e., adequate functioning of the immune system) is essential to maintain health, prevent and resolve disease, and improve quality of life. This article provides an overview of how to assess immune fitness. It discusses how a single-i...
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is ubiquitously prevalent. HCMV infection is typically asymptomatic and controlled by the immune system in healthy individuals, yet HCMV can be severely pathogenic for the fetus during pregnancy and in immunocompromised p...
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal piglets, imposing enormous economic losses on the global swine industry. Because PEDV primarily infects intestin...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death globally, with the majority of cases detected at advanced stages when curative options are limited. Current systemic therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, demonstrate limi...
Purpose: To investigate the immune biomarker in Leiomyosarcoma (LMS), which is rare and recognized as an immune cold cancer showing a poor response rate (<10%) to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, durable response and clinical benefit...
Background/Objective: Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious intracellular pathogen that causes severe pulmonary tularemia following aerosol exposure, yet no licensed vaccine exists. Because infection initiates at the respiratory mucosa, under...
This paper proposes a novel defense mechanism inspired by the bioimmune response to effectively eliminate botnets that repeatedly infect IoT networks and describes the development of an Immune-Based Botnet Defense System (iBDS), incorporating this me...
System of organism defense is an important complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, genetic, and other components, which regulate homeostasis of host. Experimental and clinical data show that immune system functions are significant, but also a co...
Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that...
The characteristics of innate immunity have recently been investigated in depth in several research articles, and original findings suggest that innate immunity also has a memory capacity, which has been named “trained immunity”. This notion has revo...
Five years into the COVID-19 pandemic, the availability of effective vaccines has substantially reduced new cases, hospitalizations, and mortality. However, the waning of immunity has been a topic of particular interest in relation to disease control...
To elucidate the role of immune cell infiltration as a prognostic signature in solid tumors, we analyzed immune-function-related genes from four publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data sets and twenty bulk tumor RNA-Seq data sets from The Cancer...
In addition to inducing pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses, vaccines can train the innate immune system, thereby providing broader host protection. This concept of trained immunity (TRIM) is well-established in benchtop laboratory science. T...
Atherosclerotic carotid plaques are shaped by years of interaction between systemic risk factors, hematopoietic conditioning, vascular injury, and local immune responses, yet conventional assessment captures only a limited snapshot of this biological...
Astroviruses are one of the leading causes of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide and are clinically importantly pathogens in the elderly and immunocompromised populations. Although the use of cell culture systems and small animal models have enhance...
Tendon disorders represent a very common pathology in today’s population, and tendinopathies that account 30% of tendon-related injuries, affect yearly millions of people which in turn cause huge socioeconomic and health repercussions worldwide...
Immunotherapy, an antitumor therapy designed to activate antitumor immune responses to eliminate tumor cells, has been deeply studied and widely applied in recent years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are capable of preventing the immune respons...
Immunotherapies are promising approaches for treating hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) refractory to conventional therapies. However, a recent clinical trial of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) revealed that anti-tumor responses to ICIs are not sa...
The association between immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and immune gene networks in squamous lung cancer (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) was studied. Immune gene networks were constructed using RNA-seq data from the gene expression omnibus...
Immune system recognize and fight back foreign microorganisms and inner modifications that lead to deficient cell and tissue functions. During a dog’s life, the immune system needs to adapt to different physiological conditions, assuring survei...
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T ce...
For achieving herd immunity, the proportion of individuals who are immunized, and the proportion of susceptible individuals are normally regarded as the key factors. Here, it is discussed that the immunity is not a yes/no decision in all cases, but a...
CD300 family members are immunoglobulin superfamily receptors that regulate immune cell function through either activating or inhibitory signals. Among them, CD300a is a prototypical inhibitory receptor, highly expressed in both myeloid and lymphoid...
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