Journal Description
Sci
Sci
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all research fields published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Multidisciplinary)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 36.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 6.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Latest Articles
Optimal D-STATCOM Operation in Power Distribution Systems to Minimize Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions: A Master–Slave Methodology Based on Metaheuristic Techniques
Sci 2025, 7(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030098 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2025
Abstract
In this paper, we address the problem of intelligent operation of Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs) in power distribution systems to reduce energy losses and CO2 emissions while improving system operating conditions. In addition, we consider the entire set of constraints inherent
[...] Read more.
In this paper, we address the problem of intelligent operation of Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs) in power distribution systems to reduce energy losses and CO2 emissions while improving system operating conditions. In addition, we consider the entire set of constraints inherent in the operation of such networks in an environment with D-STATCOMs. To solve such a problem, we used three master–slave methodologies based on sequential programming methods. In the proposed methodologies, the master stage solves the problem of intelligent D-STATCOM operation using the continuous versions of the Monte Carlo (MC) method, the population-based genetic algorithm (PGA), and the Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). The slave stage, for its part, evaluates the solutions proposed by the algorithms to determine their impact on the objective functions and constraints representing the problem. This is accomplished by running an Hourly Power Flow (HPF) based on the method of successive approximations. As test scenarios, we employed the 33- and 69-node radial test systems, considering data on power demand and CO2 emissions reported for the city of Medellín in Colombia (as documented in the literature). Furthermore, a test system was adapted in this work to the demand characteristics of a feeder located in the city of Talca in Chile. This adaptation involved adjusting the conductors and voltage limits to include a test system with variations in power demand due to seasonal changes throughout the year (spring, winter, autumn, and summer). Demand curves were obtained by analyzing data reported by the local network operator, i.e., Compañía General de Electricidad. To assess the robustness and performance of the proposed optimization approach, each scenario was simulated 100 times. The evaluation metrics included average solution quality, standard deviation, and repeatability. Across all scenarios, the PGA consistently outperformed the other methods tested. Specifically, in the 33-node system, the PGA achieved a 24.646% reduction in energy losses and a 0.9109% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to the base case. In the 69-node system, reductions reached 26.0823% in energy losses and 0.9784% in CO2 emissions compared to the base case. Notably, in the case of the Talca feeder—particularly during summer, the most demanding season—the PGA yielded the most significant improvements, reducing energy losses by 33.4902% and CO2 emissions by 1.2805%. Additionally, an uncertainty analysis was conducted to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed optimization methodology under realistic operating variability. A total of 100 randomized demand profiles for both active and reactive power were evaluated. The results demonstrated the scalability and consistent performance of the proposed strategy, confirming its effectiveness under diverse and practical operating conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computer Sciences, Mathematics and AI)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessReview
Analysis of the Concept of Obstetric Violence: A Combination of Scoping Review and Rodgers Conceptual Analysis Methodologies
by
Ana Cristina Canhoto Ferrão, Margarida Sim-Sim, Vanda Sofia Rocha de Almeida, Paula Cristina Vaqueirinho Bilro and Maria Otília Brites Zangão
Sci 2025, 7(3), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030097 - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
(1) Background: Intrapartum obstetric violence has become increasingly visible and is portrayed as a cross-cutting and complex phenomenon. Despite numerous international debates and extensive reports in the literature, there is limited consensus on its definition, emphasizing the need to clarify the concept. The
[...] Read more.
(1) Background: Intrapartum obstetric violence has become increasingly visible and is portrayed as a cross-cutting and complex phenomenon. Despite numerous international debates and extensive reports in the literature, there is limited consensus on its definition, emphasizing the need to clarify the concept. The aim of this article is to analyze the concept of obstetric violence in the care of women in labor in health institutions; (2) Methods: Search and selection of studies using the scoping review methodology, based on the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and Rodgers’ conceptual review method for data extraction and analysis; (3) Results: A sample of 49 studies provided a comprehensive understanding of the concept, revealing in its conceptualization attributes of physical, verbal, psychological, sexual, institutional and structural violence. Identification of antecedents of gender inequality and failure of relational, technical and structural standards at the level of health institutions and their professionals, as the main triggers of obstetric violence. Reporting of consequences with a negative impact on maternal and child health; (4) Conclusions: Conceptual analysis with important contributions to the paradigm shift in the work of health professionals. Multiple dimensions, cultural differences and variations in the concept should continue to be examined to improve its research and application.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Stimulus Optimization for Softness Perception on a Friction-Variable Tactile Texture Display
by
Ami Chihara, Shogo Okamoto and Ai Kurita
Sci 2025, 7(3), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030096 - 2 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Surface texture displays are touch panels that provide tactile feedback. Presenting softness sensations on such rigid surfaces remains a challenge, and effective methods are not yet established. This study explores how low-frequency frictional modulation during finger sliding can evoke the perception of softness.
[...] Read more.
Surface texture displays are touch panels that provide tactile feedback. Presenting softness sensations on such rigid surfaces remains a challenge, and effective methods are not yet established. This study explores how low-frequency frictional modulation during finger sliding can evoke the perception of softness. We examined multimodal optimization—whether the optimal tactile parameters vary depending on the type of visually presented fabric. Videos of draping cloth were shown beneath the panel, while spatial wavelength of frictional modulation and finger sliding speed were optimized using response surface methodology. The optimal spatial wavelength did not significantly differ across fabric types: towel (16.8 mm), cotton (16.5 mm), leather (17.1 mm), and suede (15.4 mm), with an overall range of 15–18 mm. In contrast, the optimal sliding speed significantly varied by fabric: towel (144 mm/s), cotton (118 mm/s), leather (167 mm/s), and suede (96 mm/s). These results suggest that frictional variation with a fixed spatial wavelength may serve as a general strategy for presenting softness. The findings contribute to advancing tactile rendering techniques for hard touch surfaces.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Compensation Strategy for the Negative Impacts of Infrastructure Facilities on Land Use
by
Elena Bykowa and Vera Voronetskaya
Sci 2025, 7(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030095 - 2 Jul 2025
Abstract
Infrastructure facility development and modernization highly contribute to national economic growth, but at the same time, such development also causes local negative impacts on the use of specific land plots, creating losses for their right holders. In Russia, some prerequisites have already been
[...] Read more.
Infrastructure facility development and modernization highly contribute to national economic growth, but at the same time, such development also causes local negative impacts on the use of specific land plots, creating losses for their right holders. In Russia, some prerequisites have already been laid down on the issue of compensation for the losses associated with restrictions on the rights and prohibitions of economic activity within zones with special territory use conditions (ZSTUCs). However, the impacts of such facilities lead to environmental pollution and land use disadvantages, such as irregular parcels. The aim of this work is to substantiate a set of approaches to compensating for the cumulative negative impact of infrastructure facilities. The factors causing the negative impacts of infrastructure facilities are grouped into three areas: rights restrictions, territorial deficiencies and environmental pollution. This work uses the SWOT analysis method with the possibility of element-by-element analysis, as a result of which the approaches to the compensation for negative impacts under different external and internal conditions are determined. As a result of this study, a justification for a set of approaches to compensating for the negative impacts of infrastructure facilities on land use was executed, and a new algorithm to compensate the right holders of the land, industry sector or state for such negative impacts was developed. The following approaches to compensating for negative impacts were identified: loss assessment; the establishment of environmental payments; cadastral value adjustment; compensation for industry sector losses; and the use of state regulation tools. The first two approaches were identified as the main ones. The proposed algorithm can be realized only with the help of the abovementioned methodological approaches, which form a basis for further research.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers—Multidisciplinary Sciences 2025)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Comprehensive Pharmacological Management of Wilson’s Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Strategies, and Emerging Therapeutic Innovations
by
Ralf Weiskirchen
Sci 2025, 7(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030094 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Wilson’s disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism characterized by excessive copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other tissues. This paper provides an overview of the primary pharmacological agents used in its treatment, including penicillamine, trientine, tetrathiomolybdate, and zinc.
[...] Read more.
Wilson’s disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism characterized by excessive copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other tissues. This paper provides an overview of the primary pharmacological agents used in its treatment, including penicillamine, trientine, tetrathiomolybdate, and zinc. Their mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and side-effect profiles are examined, emphasizing how each agent helps reduce copper overload. Additionally, brief information is given on novel therapies such as gene therapy and artificial intelligence applications. Furthermore, information about the structural and chemical properties of these compounds is provided, highlighting the molecular features that enable them to chelate copper or reduce its intestinal absorption. By integrating pathophysiological insights with chemical and mechanistic perspectives, this paper offers a comprehensive review of existing treatment strategies for Wilson’s disease and stresses the importance of careful, patient-specific management to optimize long-term outcomes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue One Health)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Energy Landscape of Conformationally Constrained Peptides in Vacuum and in the Presence of an Explicit Solvent Using the MOLS Technique
by
Balaji Nagarajan and Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
Sci 2025, 7(3), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030093 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This research represents the first application of the MOLS method to characterize the conformational energy landscape of an antimicrobial peptide within a solvent environment, providing a novel approach to understanding peptide behavior in solution. This method’s exhaustive nature ensures that all minimum-energy conformations
[...] Read more.
This research represents the first application of the MOLS method to characterize the conformational energy landscape of an antimicrobial peptide within a solvent environment, providing a novel approach to understanding peptide behavior in solution. This method’s exhaustive nature ensures that all minimum-energy conformations for a given amino acid sequence are sampled. In this work, we employed a combination of MOLS and VMD software to generate structural models of a cyclic peptide, both solvated and non-solvated, and then utilized the CHARMM force field to conduct energy calculations throughout the sampling process. In the presence of a solvent, this method predicted a structure close to the experimental crystal structure. A significant reduction was observed in gamma turn motifs in the presence of water. The solvent molecules also favored different hydrogen bonding patterns in the peptide by orchestrating an intermolecular interaction with the peptide atoms. This intermolecular interaction involves an ARG side chain and further stabilizes the backbone. It is evident that solvent interactions are key in designing antimicrobial peptides. This study will help in designing and understanding peptides for use as therapeutic agents like antibacterial or antimicrobial peptides. Each conformer obtained from the MOLS method would be one of the best starting points for molecular dynamic simulation to further explore the landscape.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
A Review on Innovative Strategies Towards Sustainable Drug Waste Management Through Algae-Based Systems
by
Salvatore Avilia, Elio Pozzuoli, Manuela Iovinella, Claudia Ciniglia and Stefania Papa
Sci 2025, 7(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030092 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Drug removal from urban wastewater (UW) is a topic of growing interest. The new European Directive addresses this problem by introducing quaternary treatment by 2045, as part of the “Zero Pollution” plan from a One Health perspective. In this context, the role of
[...] Read more.
Drug removal from urban wastewater (UW) is a topic of growing interest. The new European Directive addresses this problem by introducing quaternary treatment by 2045, as part of the “Zero Pollution” plan from a One Health perspective. In this context, the role of microalgae remains very promising in achieving clean and safe effluents, although its cost–benefit ratio needs to be carefully evaluated. The purpose of this review is to disclose the latest approaches to drug removal and energy recovery from UWs adopting different algae (Chlorella spp., Galdieria spp., and Scenedesmus spp.), to provide a detailed background for further research towards the development of new effective strategies on UW remediation while producing clean energy. We examined the most recent studies, considering most drugs found in wastewater, their management, as well as strategies used to recover energy while being mindful of a circular economy. There is growing interest in algae-based systems. The latest findings on algae–bacteria consortia show that it could be a better alternative to suspended biomass and represent a way to manage drug waste. This finding suggests that large-scale experiments should be conducted to confirm the potential benefits of such waste treatments.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Performance Measurements
by
Naya Nagy, Sarah Alnemer, Lama Mohammed Alshuhail, Haifa Alobiad, Tala Almulla, Fatima Ahmed Alrumaihi, Najd Ghadra and Marius Nagy
Sci 2025, 7(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030091 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Key exchange mechanisms are foundational to secure communication, yet traditional methods face challenges from quantum computing. The Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism (ML-KEM) is a post-quantum cryptographic key exchange protocol with unknown successful quantum vulnerabilities. This study evaluates the ML-KEM using experimental benchmarks. We implement
[...] Read more.
Key exchange mechanisms are foundational to secure communication, yet traditional methods face challenges from quantum computing. The Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism (ML-KEM) is a post-quantum cryptographic key exchange protocol with unknown successful quantum vulnerabilities. This study evaluates the ML-KEM using experimental benchmarks. We implement the ML-KEM in Python for clarity and in C++ for performance, demonstrating the latter’s substantial performance improvements. The C++ implementation achieves microsecond-level execution times for key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation. Python, while slower, provides a user-friendly introduction to the ML-KEM’s operation. Moreover, our Python benchmark confirmed that the ML-KEM consistently outperformed RSA in execution speed across all tested parameters. Beyond benchmarking, the ML-KEM is shown to handle the computational hardness of the Module Learning With Errors (MLWE) problem, ensuring resilience against quantum attacks, classical attacks, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based attacks, since the ML-KEM has no pattern that could be detected. To evaluate its practical feasibility on constrained devices, we also tested the C++ implementation on a Raspberry Pi 4B, representing IoT use cases. Additionally, we attempted to run integration and benchmark tests for the ML-KEM on microcontrollers such as the ESP32 DevKit, ESP32 Super Mini, ESP8266, and Raspberry Pi Pico, but these trials were unsuccessful due to memory constraints. The results showed that while the ML-KEM can operate effectively in such environments, only devices with sufficient resources and runtimes can support its computational demands. While resource-intensive, the ML-KEM offers scalable security across diverse domains such as IoT, cloud environments, and financial systems, making it a key solution for future cryptographic standards.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computer Sciences, Mathematics and AI)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Current Progress on Passiflora caerulea L. In Vitro Culturing
by
Pervin Halkoglu-Hristova, Alexandra Garmidolova, Teodora Yaneva and Vasil Georgiev
Sci 2025, 7(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030090 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Passiflora caerulea L., commonly known as the blue passionflower, is traditionally grown as an ornamental plant, but has a diverse chemical composition resulting in a wide range of biological activities that determine its pharmacological properties and use in medicine. Traditional propagation methods, including
[...] Read more.
Passiflora caerulea L., commonly known as the blue passionflower, is traditionally grown as an ornamental plant, but has a diverse chemical composition resulting in a wide range of biological activities that determine its pharmacological properties and use in medicine. Traditional propagation methods, including seed germination and vegetative cuttings, are often inefficient due to low germination rates, susceptibility to pathogens, and slow growth. In particular, P. caerulea presents significant challenges in germination due to its slow development. In this context, in vitro cultivation is used to enable rapid, large-scale plant production while maintaining genetic fidelity. The study of Passiflora tissue cultures began in 1966 and has since attracted increasing attention from researchers around the world. However, despite growing interest, studies specifically focused on the in vitro propagation of P. caerulea remain limited. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on the main techniques used for in vitro culturing and propagation of P. caerulea, including organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and callogenesis. Particular attention is paid to the key factors that influence the initiation, growth, and regeneration of cultures, including the type of explant, the composition of the media, and the environmental conditions. Advances in the in vitro cultivation of P. caerulea have greatly improved the understanding and propagation of this species. Although in vitro cultivation offers several advantages, it is crucial to conduct thorough research on the selection of explants, their age, and the appropriate culture media to ensure optimal growth and development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
Core Symptoms of Eating Disorders and Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review
by
Aitana Ávila, Noemí SanMiguel and Miguel A. Serrano
Sci 2025, 7(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030089 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
(1) Eating disorders (EDs), characterized by symptoms such as restrictive eating, binge eating, compensatory behaviors, and emotional dysregulation, are associated with autonomic nervous system dysregulation, which may contribute to cardiovascular complications. This review systematically examines the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and
[...] Read more.
(1) Eating disorders (EDs), characterized by symptoms such as restrictive eating, binge eating, compensatory behaviors, and emotional dysregulation, are associated with autonomic nervous system dysregulation, which may contribute to cardiovascular complications. This review systematically examines the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and core ED symptoms to identify specific autonomic patterns linked to behaviors like fasting, binge eating, and emotional dysregulation. (2) A total of 16 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were narratively synthesized following PRISMA guidelines. All studies were selected from the Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. (3) Findings indicate that individuals with anorexia nervosa exhibit blunted sympathetic reactivity and reduced parasympathetic flexibility, particularly during stress or physical activity, with HRV measures normalizing after weight restoration. In contrast, binge eating and loss-of-control eating are associated with lower resting HRV, which correlates with the severity of eating behaviors. Reactive HRV also varies with food cues and emotional states, showing complex autonomic responses in individuals with EDs. Emotional dysregulation, consistently marked by reduced high-frequency HRV, is a key feature across these disorders. (4) These results suggest that HRV patterns may serve as physiological markers of ED symptomatology, offering insights for targeted interventions aimed at improving both emotional regulation and cardiovascular health in affected individuals.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Discovery of Targetable Epitopes in Tomato Chlorosis Virus Through Comparative Genomics and Structural Modeling
by
Bae Young Choi and Jaewook Kim
Sci 2025, 7(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030088 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a highly infectious plant virus that poses a significant threat to the Solanaceae family worldwide. Despite its widespread impact, effective control remains challenging due to its vector-borne transmission by whiteflies. To facilitate early detection and potential therapeutic intervention,
[...] Read more.
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a highly infectious plant virus that poses a significant threat to the Solanaceae family worldwide. Despite its widespread impact, effective control remains challenging due to its vector-borne transmission by whiteflies. To facilitate early detection and potential therapeutic intervention, this study aimed to identify diagnostic epitopes through a comprehensive bioinformatics approach combining comparative genomics and artificial intelligence-based structural modeling. We analyzed forty-four complete ToCV genomes to identify highly conserved regions and uncovered an orphan clade, indicating evolutionary divergence. Subcellular localization and transmembrane domain predictions revealed viral proteins with extracellularly exposed peptide regions. Structural modeling using AlphaFold3 further validated the stability and accessibility of these domains. By integrating these findings with epitope prediction algorithms, this study identified four highly promising epitope candidates, which are suitable for the development of antibody-based diagnostic kits and antiviral therapeutics targeting ToCV. These epitopes provide a strong foundation for the development of antibody-based diagnostic kits or antiviral therapeutics targeting ToCV.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Rapid Classification of Cow, Goat, and Sheep Milk Using ATR-FTIR and Multivariate Analysis
by
Lamprini Dimitriou, Michalis Koureas, Christos Pappas, Athanasios Manouras, Dimitrios Kantas and Eleni Malissiova
Sci 2025, 7(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030087 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Sheep and goat milk authenticity is of great importance, especially for countries like Greece, where these products are connected to the country’s rural economy and cultural heritage. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total
[...] Read more.
Sheep and goat milk authenticity is of great importance, especially for countries like Greece, where these products are connected to the country’s rural economy and cultural heritage. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometric techniques for the classification of cow, sheep, and goat milk and consequently support fraud identification. A total of 178 cow, sheep and goat milk samples were collected from livestock farms in Thessaly, Greece. Sheep and goat milk samples were confirmed as authentic by applying a validated Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while all samples were analyzed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in both raw and freeze-dried form. Freeze-dried samples exhibited clearer spectral characteristics, particularly enhancing the signals from triglycerides, proteins, and carbohydrates. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) delivered robust discrimination. By using the spectral range between 600 and 1800 cm−1, 100% correct classification of all milk types was achieved. These findings highlight the potential of FTIR spectroscopy as a fast, non-destructive, and cost-effective tool for milk identification and species differentiation. This method is particularly suitable for industrial and regulatory applications, offering high efficiency.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Spacetime Metric for the 4 + 1 Formalism
by
Martin Land
Sci 2025, 7(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030086 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
In his foundational work on classical and quantum electrodynamics, Stueckelberg introduced an external evolution parameter, , in order to overcome difficulties associated with the problem of time in relativity. Stueckelberg particle trajectories are described by the evolution of spacetime events under the
[...] Read more.
In his foundational work on classical and quantum electrodynamics, Stueckelberg introduced an external evolution parameter, , in order to overcome difficulties associated with the problem of time in relativity. Stueckelberg particle trajectories are described by the evolution of spacetime events under the monotonic advance of , the basis for the Feynman–Stueckelberg interpretation of particle–antiparticle interactions. An event is a solution to -parameterized equations of motion, which, under simple conditions, including the elimination of pair processes, can be reparameterized by the proper time of motion. The formalism in general relativity (GR) extends this framework to provide field equations for a -dependent local metric induced by these Stueckelberg trajectories, leading to -parameterized geodesic equations in an evolving spacetime. As in standard GR, the linearized theory for weak fields leads to a wave equation for the local metric induced by a given matter source. While previous attempts to solve the wave equation have produced a metric with the expected features, the resulting geodesic equations for a test particle lead to unreasonable trajectories. In this paper, we discuss the difficulties associated with the wave equation and set up the more general ADM-like evolution equations, providing an initial value problem for the metric induced by a given source. As in the familiar formalism, the metric can be found as a perturbation to an exact solution for the metric induced by a known source. Here, we propose a metric, ansatz, with certain expected properties; obtain the source that induces this metric; and use them as the initial conditions in an initial value problem for a general metric posed as a perturbation to the ansatz. We show that the ansatz metric, its associated source, and the geodesic equations for a test particle behave as required for such a model, recovering Newtonian gravitation in the nonrelativistic limit. We then pose the initial value problem to obtain more general solutions as perturbations of the ansatz.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Sustainability Assessment of Cement Types via Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods
by
Oluwafemi Ezekiel Ige, Katleho Moloi and Musasa Kabeya
Sci 2025, 7(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030085 - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Cement production significantly contributes to global warming, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and environmental pollution. Identifying sustainable alternatives is critical but requires balancing multiple, often conflicting, factors. The objective of this study is to determine the most preferred cement alternative produced in South Africa
[...] Read more.
Cement production significantly contributes to global warming, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and environmental pollution. Identifying sustainable alternatives is critical but requires balancing multiple, often conflicting, factors. The objective of this study is to determine the most preferred cement alternative produced in South Africa using an integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework. The LCA quantified the environmental impacts of seven different cement-type alternatives across 18 midpoint impact categories. The LCA results showed that slag cement-based CEM III/A achieved a 50% reduction in global warming potential (GWP) compared to traditional CEM I (0.57 vs. 0.99 kg CO2 eq. This study also used the entropy-weighted, COPRAS and ARAS methodologies to evaluate and rank cement types based on their environmental impacts and weighted sustainability criteria and the results showed that fly ash-based CEM II/B-V demonstrated the highest overall sustainability, with utility scores of 100.00 (COPRAS) and 0.7257 (ARAS) in MCDM ranking. These results highlight that fly ash-based cement offers substantial environmental benefits over traditional CEM I, particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and resource consumption. The integrated LCA–MCDM method enables robust prioritization by linking quantitative environmental impacts with objective ranking criteria. Although this analysis focuses on South African cement formulations, the methodology and findings are applicable to other regions with similar production profiles and SCM availability. The framework offers a practical tool for policymakers and industry to support environmentally responsible decision-making in cement production.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Simultaneous Analysis of Early Components P1 and N1 and Phase and Non-Phase Alpha Activities Associated with Word Recall
by
Manuel Vazquez-Marrufo, Remedios Navarro-Martos, Natividad Narbona-Gonzalez and Ruben Martin-Clemente
Sci 2025, 7(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020084 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
The study of non-phase modulation of different frequencies in the human electroencephalography (EEG) is revealing new mechanisms involved in information processing. In particular, it has been described that the alpha band, through a desynchronization of its non-phase component, could represent a mechanism for
[...] Read more.
The study of non-phase modulation of different frequencies in the human electroencephalography (EEG) is revealing new mechanisms involved in information processing. In particular, it has been described that the alpha band, through a desynchronization of its non-phase component, could represent a mechanism for sensory gain in visual stimulus processing. One key question to address is whether this activity can be modulated (increased) by the recall of a previously memorized stimulus. The objective of this study is to answer this question by recording EEG activity with 58 electrodes and applying time-frequency analysis techniques (Temporal Spectral Evolution and the Hilbert Transform) in a sample of 27 human participants during a word recall task. The results of the study showed an increase in alpha phase modulation for recalled words compared to not recalled words, which included modulation of the P1 component. Additionally, alpha non-phase modulation also increased for recalled words, suggesting that the enhanced P1 component response could, in fact, be an indirect result of the attenuation of background neural noise, as proposed by the sensory gain hypothesis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Long-Term Quality of Life After Surgical Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Role of Sublobar Resection
by
Ana María Gómez-Martínez, Alba Santo Tomás, Joaquín Calatayud, Pedro de la Calle, Elena Fernández, Carlos Alfredo Fraile, Florentino Hernando, Jose Ramón Jarabo and Luis Alfonso Arráez-Aybar
Sci 2025, 7(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020083 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Surgical resection is the most effective therapy for patients with early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Impact on quality of life (QoL) includes a period until return to work, perioperative complications and development of physical sequelae. Lobectomy is the standard procedure. However,
[...] Read more.
Introduction: Surgical resection is the most effective therapy for patients with early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Impact on quality of life (QoL) includes a period until return to work, perioperative complications and development of physical sequelae. Lobectomy is the standard procedure. However, sublobar resections have shown similar oncological outcomes preserving healthy parenchyma. We analyze if sublobar resection is associated wiht less deterioration of QoL. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing surgical resection for NSCLC between 2017 and 2019. Cases were classified according to type of resection (sublobar vs lobectomies, bilobectomies and pneumonectomies). A survey with questions related to outcomes and QoL and occupational issues was performed. Results: A total of 169 answered the survey and were followed for 36 months. Segmentectomy was performed in 69 patients (40.9%). Lobectomy was the main type of resection (56.2%). Fatigue during walking was less common in patients undergoing sublobar resections (55.1% vs 72.7%; p = 0.02). No other differences were detected in temrs of QoL between both groups. Changes in familiar relationship after surgery were higher in patients under 70 years old. Most patients had not resume their work activities at the time of consultation. Conclusion: Feeling of fatigue while walking was lower in patients undergoing sublobar resections. Changes in familiar relationship were higher in younger patients. QoL was similar in both groups.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers—Multidisciplinary Sciences 2024)
Open AccessArticle
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis into the Comparison of Resistance Characteristics Between DARPA Suboff and Modified U209 Types of Submarines
by
Ahmad Nasirudin, Sutiyo, Ardi Nugroho Yulianto, Eko Julianto, I Ketut Aria Pria Utama and Martin Renilson
Sci 2025, 7(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020082 - 6 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Submarines are required to have good performance, which is influenced by their type of hull, hull conditions, and operational conditions. This study compares the resistance between a Modified-U209 (U209) submarine and the DARPA Suboff. The former is an older hull geometry with both
[...] Read more.
Submarines are required to have good performance, which is influenced by their type of hull, hull conditions, and operational conditions. This study compares the resistance between a Modified-U209 (U209) submarine and the DARPA Suboff. The former is an older hull geometry with both surface and submerged operation considered, whereas the latter represents a modern nuclear-powered submarine designed for submerged operations only. The two geometries were scaled to give the same usable volume, and all results were non-dimensionalized using this to ensure consistency. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was utilized to predict resistance by employing the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The results show that the total resistance coefficient for the U209 bare hull is approximately 6% higher than the Suboff bare hull. When a casing was added to the U209 geometry the increase in total resistance coefficient was approximately 8%. The addition of the sail resulted in an increase in total resistance coefficient ranging from approximately 4% (Suboff sail added to U209) to approximately 14% (U209 sail added to U209). An existing empirical prediction technique was used to predict the resistance, with the total resistance coefficient predicted being consistently about 5% lower than the values obtained using CFD.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Cryofibrinogenemia in PRECOVID-19 and COVID-19 Periods: Single University Study in Northern Spain
by
María del Amparo Sánchez López, Carmen Lasa-Teja, Mónica Renuncio-García, Cristina Abraira-Meriel, Saray Simón-Coloret, Inmaculada Bertomeu-Genis, Adrián Martín-Gutiérrez, Carmen Secada-Gómez, Carmen González-Vela, Juan Irure-Ventura, Marcos López-Hoyos, Marcos A. González-López and Ricardo Blanco
Sci 2025, 7(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020081 - 6 Jun 2025
Abstract
Cryofibrinogenemia (CF) may be secondary to COVID-19. To establish this relationship, in PRECOVID-19 and COVID-19 periods we assess: (a) frequency and clinical features in patients with CF; (b) study of CF syndrome. We study all cryofibrinogen tests performed in a single university hospital
[...] Read more.
Cryofibrinogenemia (CF) may be secondary to COVID-19. To establish this relationship, in PRECOVID-19 and COVID-19 periods we assess: (a) frequency and clinical features in patients with CF; (b) study of CF syndrome. We study all cryofibrinogen tests performed in a single university hospital in Northern Spain, comparing two periods: PRECOVID-19 (July 2017–February 2020) and COVID-19 (March 2020–October 2022). CF syndrome was established with two positive cryofibrinogen tests plus compatible cutaneous manifestations and/or thrombotic events (TE). CF was found in 129/279 patients. In the COVID-19 period, they had more positive tests (50.2% vs. 28%; p = 0.0047), younger age (33 vs. 55 years, p = 0.054) and fewer cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (39.1% vs. 78.6%, p = 0.005). Cutaneous manifestations were the most frequent in both periods (81.4%), particularly purpuric macules (29.5%). Skin ulcers showed statistically significant differences, being more frequent in the PRECOVID-19 era (35.7% vs. 7.8%, p = 0.008). Thrombotic CV events were also observed (13.2%), particularly venous thromboembolisms (12.2%). Severe complications were more frequent in the PRECOVID-19 era, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (35.7% vs. 19.1%; p = 0.169). CF was secondary in 68/129 cases, mainly to SARS-CoV-2 (n = 45). CF syndrome was found in 27.9% of patients. After one year, most patients were clinically stable or in remission. Mild dermatological lesions were the most frequent manifestations, and most patients recovered.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Design and Implementation of a Comparative Study of Fractional-Order Fuzzy Logic and Conventional PI Controller for Optimizing Stand-Alone DFIG Performance in Wind Energy Systems
by
Fella Boucetta, Mohamed Toufik Benchouia, Amel Benmouna, Mohamed Chebani, Amar Golea, Mohamed Becherif and Mohammed Saci Chabani
Sci 2025, 7(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020080 - 5 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This paper introduces a novel fractional-order fuzzy logic controller (FOFLC) designed for stator voltage control in standalone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems used in wind energy applications. Unlike traditional fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), which are limited by integer-order dynamics, the FOFLC leverages
[...] Read more.
This paper introduces a novel fractional-order fuzzy logic controller (FOFLC) designed for stator voltage control in standalone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems used in wind energy applications. Unlike traditional fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), which are limited by integer-order dynamics, the FOFLC leverages the advanced principles of fractional-order (FO) calculus. By integrating fuzzy logic with fractional-order operators, the FOFLC enhances system precision, adaptability, and interpretability while addressing the inherent limitations of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controllers and integer-order FLCs. A key innovation of the FOFLC is its dual-mode architecture, enabling it to operate seamlessly as either a traditional FLC or a fractional-order FOFLC controller. This versatility allows for independent tuning of fractional parameters, optimizing the system’s response to transients, steady-state errors, and disturbances. The controller’s flexibility makes it particularly well-suited for nonlinear and dynamically complex stand-alone renewable energy systems. The FOFLC is experimentally validated on a 3-kW DFIG test bench using the dSPACE-1104 platform under various operating conditions. Compared to a conventional PI controller, the FOFLC demonstrated superior performance, achieving 80% reduction in response time, eliminating voltage overshoot and undershoot, reducing stator power and torque ripples by over 46%, and decreasing total harmonic distortion (THD) of both stator voltage and current by more than 50%. These results confirm the FOFLC’s potential as a robust and adaptive control solution for stand-alone renewable energy systems, ensuring high-quality power output and reliable operation.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Lessons from Ophthalmology in Preventing Wrong-Site Errors in Paired-Organ Surgery
by
Annalisa Romaniello, Francesca Romana Blasi, Ludovico Iannetti, Marta Armentano, Mattia D’Andrea, Giacomo Visioli and Ludovico Alisi
Sci 2025, 7(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020079 - 5 Jun 2025
Abstract
Surgical errors involving paired organs can have severe consequences, particularly in procedures where laterality is a critical factor. Wrong-site surgeries indicate failures in risk management and patient safety protocols, requiring continuous improvements in preventive strategies. In ophthalmology, where precision is essential, the adoption
[...] Read more.
Surgical errors involving paired organs can have severe consequences, particularly in procedures where laterality is a critical factor. Wrong-site surgeries indicate failures in risk management and patient safety protocols, requiring continuous improvements in preventive strategies. In ophthalmology, where precision is essential, the adoption of structured approaches has significantly reduced the incidence of such errors. The Universal Protocol, introduced in 2004 by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), has defined standardized procedures to prevent these events and has subsequently been adapted to ophthalmic surgery by specialized scientific societies such as the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). Additionally, multidisciplinary interventions, including AI-assisted verification systems, human factors analysis, and enhanced surgical checklists, continue to strengthen error prevention. This review examines the implementation and development of these strategies in ophthalmic surgery, evaluating their effectiveness and identifying persistent challenges in surgical safety
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers—Multidisciplinary Sciences 2025)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Molecules, Biomimetics, Chemosensors, Life, AI, Sci
Recent Advances in Chemical Artificial Intelligence
Topic Editors: Pier Luigi Gentili, Jerzy Górecki, David C Magri, Pasquale StanoDeadline: 1 October 2025
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Cryptography, JCP, JSAN, Sci, Symmetry
Trends and Prospects in Security, Encryption and Encoding
Topic Editors: Ki-Hyun Jung, Luis Javier García VillalbaDeadline: 31 December 2025
Topic in
Catalysts, Processes, Sci, Water, Sustainability
Advanced Oxidation Processes: Applications and Prospects, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Gassan Hodaifa, Antonio Zuorro, Joaquín R. Dominguez, Juan García Rodríguez, José A. Peres, Zacharias Frontistis, Mha AlbqmiDeadline: 31 January 2026
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Cryptography, Electronics, Mathematics, Information, Sci, Entropy, JCP
Recent Developments and Applications of Image Watermarking
Topic Editors: Frederic Ros, Pedro M. B. TorresDeadline: 31 July 2026

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Sci
Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Advances in Applied Research
Guest Editors: Giovanni Esposito, Tiziana D’Isanto, Gaetano AltavillaDeadline: 20 October 2025
Special Issue in
Sci
Advances in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Guest Editors: Jose Navarro Pedreño, Maria K. Doula, Antonis A. ZorpasDeadline: 31 October 2025
Special Issue in
Sci
Computational Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence
Guest Editors: Dioneia Motta Monte-Serrat, Francesco M. DoniniDeadline: 20 November 2025