Sci

23 pages, 342 KB

Open AccessReview

Literature Review of Phytogenic Feed Additives for Sustainable Livestock Production

by Francesco Vizzarri, Mihaela Ivanova, Alexandar Balabanov, Aneta Kišová, Andrea Svoradova, Ivana Spevakova and Lubomir Ondruska

Sci 2026, 8(5), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050109 - 11 May 2026

Abstract

The increasing global demand for animal-derived food products, combined with growing environmental and public health concerns, has intensified the search for sustainable strategies in livestock production. Among emerging nutritional approaches, phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have gained attention as natural alternatives to conventional synthetic [...] Read more.

The increasing global demand for animal-derived food products, combined with growing environmental and public health concerns, has intensified the search for sustainable strategies in livestock production. Among emerging nutritional approaches, phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have gained attention as natural alternatives to conventional synthetic growth promoters. PFAs, derived from herbs, spices, essential oils, and plant extracts, contain diverse bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. These compounds exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities that can support animal health, productivity, and product quality. Current research indicates that PFAs positively influence digestive physiology by modulating gut microbiota, improving intestinal integrity, and stimulating digestive enzyme secretion. These mechanisms enhance nutrient utilization, feed efficiency, and growth performance. In addition, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of plant-derived compounds strengthen the ability of animals to cope with physiological stress and disease, potentially reducing reliance on synthetic antimicrobials and supporting antibiotic-free production systems. PFAs may also improve reproductive performance and physiological stability, particularly in small livestock species and indigenous breeds. Beyond productivity benefits, phytogenic additives contribute to environmental sustainability by improving feed conversion efficiency and reducing nutrient excretion. The present literature review confirms that although variability in plant composition and the need for standardization remain challenges, PFAs represent a valuable component of integrated nutritional strategies aimed at achieving resilient, environmentally responsible, and economically sustainable livestock production systems. Full article

22 pages, 1576 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Remission in Severe Asthma After 12 Months of Biologic Therapy: A Real-Life Cohort Study

by Ciresi Michele, Bonato Matteo, Savoia Francesca, Orzes Enrico, Favero Elisabetta, Senna Gianenrico and Romagnoli Micaela

Sci 2026, 8(5), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050108 - 11 May 2026

Abstract

With the introduction of biologic therapies for severe asthma, clinical remission has gained increasing relevance as a therapeutic goal; however, real-world data and validated predictors remain limited. We conducted a retrospective real-life study including 75 adults with severe asthma treated with mepolizumab, benralizumab, [...] Read more.

With the introduction of biologic therapies for severe asthma, clinical remission has gained increasing relevance as a therapeutic goal; however, real-world data and validated predictors remain limited. We conducted a retrospective real-life study including 75 adults with severe asthma treated with mepolizumab, benralizumab, or dupilumab between October 2023 and September 2025. Clinical remission at 12 months was defined according to the multidimensional framework proposed by Menzies-Gow, requiring absence of oral corticosteroid use and exacerbations, ACT score > 20, and FEV₁ > 80% predicted. Baseline clinical, functional, and biomarker variables were analyzed using bivariate tests and multivariable logistic regression with internal bootstrap validation. At 12 months, 37 of 75 patients (49.3%) achieved clinical remission. Peripheral eosinophilia ≥ 500 cells/µL, higher baseline FEV₁, and the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease were independently associated with remission, whereas age, body mass index, and grass pollen sensitization were not significant. The final model showed good discrimination and adequate calibration. In this monocentric real-life cohort, biologic therapy was associated with clinical remission in approximately half of patients, and selected baseline characteristics identified individuals with a higher probability of remission, warranting validation in larger multicenter studies. Full article

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31 pages, 4069 KB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Verification and Validation of the LANA Agent-Based Spiking Neural Network Model

by Sanja Kapetanović, Mile Dželalija, Nina Bijedić, Dražena Gašpar and Sanja Tipurić-Spužević

Sci 2026, 8(5), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050107 - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Spiking neural networks can exhibit complex emergent dynamics, but the credibility of spatially explicit agent-based implementations depends on systematic verification and validation (V&V). This study introduces LANA (Local Adaptive Neural Agents), an agent-based spiking neural network in which neurons, propagating signals, directed synapses, [...] Read more.

Spiking neural networks can exhibit complex emergent dynamics, but the credibility of spatially explicit agent-based implementations depends on systematic verification and validation (V&V). This study introduces LANA (Local Adaptive Neural Agents), an agent-based spiking neural network in which neurons, propagating signals, directed synapses, and a diffusive environmental field are represented as distinct interacting components. We present a five-level V&V framework spanning operator-level tests, single-neuron mechanisms, propagation behavior, network-level dynamics, and sensitivity/robustness analysis. Across 13 predefined tests and approximately 2000 simulation runs, the model satisfied all prespecified pass criteria: synaptic delays reproduced the expected propagation law exactly, environmental decay and diffusion matched analytical expectations, threshold and refractory mechanisms behaved as predicted, inhibition suppressed firing monotonically, and environmental coupling induced a transition toward higher variability and oscillatory-like activity. Matched-seed comparisons further showed that explicit signal transport and environmental feedback substantially amplify activity relative to a neuron-only baseline while leaving synaptic delay propagation unchanged. Additional regime and lesion experiments demonstrated distinct resting, hyperexcitable, and focal-lesion states, with the lesion condition producing an acute decline followed by only partial recovery. Together, these results provide a transparent V&V baseline for LANA and illustrate how agent-based spiking models can be tested and interpreted across multiple scales. Full article

17 pages, 7391 KB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Eutectogels for Enhanced Colon-Targeted Delivery of Mesalazine

by Roberta Sole, Roberta Cassano, Carlo Siciliano, Federica Curcio, Annarita Stella Laganà, Assunta Perri, Debora Procopio, Diego J. Ramón, Sonia Trombino and Maria Luisa Di Gioia

Sci 2026, 8(5), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050106 - 7 May 2026

Abstract

Poor solubility and low permeability remain major obstacles to the oral bioavailability of mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA), a BCS Class IV anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, we report a novel eutectogel (EG) platform based on [...] Read more.

Poor solubility and low permeability remain major obstacles to the oral bioavailability of mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA), a BCS Class IV anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, we report a novel eutectogel (EG) platform based on a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) composed of choline chloride and lactic acid (ChCl:LA, 1:10 molar ratio). The NADES significantly enhanced mesalazine solubility, reaching 35 mg/mL, nearly 40-fold higher than in water. The drug-loaded NADES was structured using hydroxyethyl cellulose and Carbomer 140 to obtain a gel matrix, which was subsequently coated with Eudragit^® S100 to provide pH-dependent release and gastro-resistance. Physicochemical characterization was carried out via FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy (POM), and swelling studies in simulated fluids. In vitro release studies under simulated gastrointestinal conditions revealed minimal drug release at gastric pH (1.2) and a sustained release (>80%) at colonic pH (7.4) over 48 h. These results support the potential of ChCl:LA-based eutectogels as a biocompatible, green, and effective delivery system for the site-specific release of poorly soluble drugs in the colon. Full article

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18 pages, 2748 KB

Open AccessReview

Macroporous Crystals: Design Principles, Synthesis Strategies, and Emerging Applications

by Yuki Lam, Pedro Amaral and Hai-Feng Ji

Sci 2026, 8(5), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050105 - 7 May 2026

Abstract

Macroporous crystals—crystalline materials containing interconnected pores larger than 50 nm—have emerged as a distinct class of porous solids capable of overcoming the mass-transport limitations inherent to microporous and mesoporous frameworks. While smaller-pored crystalline materials dominate applications in catalysis, separations, and energy conversion, their [...] Read more.

Macroporous crystals—crystalline materials containing interconnected pores larger than 50 nm—have emerged as a distinct class of porous solids capable of overcoming the mass-transport limitations inherent to microporous and mesoporous frameworks. While smaller-pored crystalline materials dominate applications in catalysis, separations, and energy conversion, their narrow channels often restrict diffusion, limit accessibility to large guest species, and accelerate deactivation. Recent advances in colloidal templating, phase separation, additive manufacturing, and reconstruction-based synthesis now enable the formation of macroporous crystalline architectures with pore sizes extending from the sub-micrometer to micrometer scale while retaining long-range structural order. This review systematically examines pore-size classifications, synthesis strategies, structural characteristics, and structure–property relationships governing macroporous crystals, with emphasis on how true macroporosity enables near-bulk transport, enhanced optical functionality, and biological accessibility. Key applications in catalysis, photonics, energy systems, and biomedicine are discussed, alongside challenges related to crystallinity preservation, mechanical robustness, and scalable fabrication. Finally, a case study demonstrating a crystalline material with pores approaching 1 µm illustrates the feasibility of achieving unprecedented pore dimensions without relying on conventional templating approaches. By framing macroporous crystals as a distinct materials regime, this review provides design principles and perspectives to guide the development of next-generation crystalline porous materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)

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34 pages, 3422 KB

Open AccessReview

Mitochondrial RNA Modifications in Pancreatic β-Cells: A Novel Axis in Early Diabetes Pathogenesis

by Nurfadjriah Fintari Butar Butar, Salsa Putri Regitamadari, Angelina Mulyadi, Kyra Modesty, Shanie Eugene Sutopo, Brigitta Ellycia Sitepu, Dante Saksono Harbuwono, Antonello Santini and Fahrul Nurkolis

Sci 2026, 8(5), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050104 - 5 May 2026

Abstract

Mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) modifications have emerged as critical regulators of pancreatic β-cell bioenergetics, influencing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the early pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). This review synthesizes current evidence on the diversity, mechanisms, and functional implications of mtRNA modifications—such as N6-methyladenosine [...] Read more.

Mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) modifications have emerged as critical regulators of pancreatic β-cell bioenergetics, influencing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the early pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). This review synthesizes current evidence on the diversity, mechanisms, and functional implications of mtRNA modifications—such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), pseudouridine (Ψ), and 5-formylcytosine (f5C)—within β-cell mitochondria. These chemical marks, installed and recognized by specific writer, eraser, and reader proteins, regulate mitochondrial translation, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex assembly, and redox balance. Defects in mtRNA modification machinery, exemplified by β-cell-specific knockout of TFB1M, MRM2, or PUS1, impair ribosome biogenesis, disrupt ATP production, and precipitate insulin secretory failure, as demonstrated in human islets, rodent models, and monogenic diabetes syndromes. Advances in epitranscriptomic mapping technologies—including nanopore direct RNA sequencing, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)-seq, and mass spectrometry—have enabled high-resolution profiling of mtRNA modification landscapes under physiological and diabetic conditions, revealing their dynamic regulation in response to metabolic stress. Furthermore, mtRNA modifications interact with environmental stressors, such as oxidative damage and toxic metals, modulating β-cell vulnerability via pathways like the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Therapeutically, modulation of RNA-modifying enzymes or restoration of specific chemical marks holds promise for preserving β-cell function, with potential applications in early diagnosis, risk stratification, and precision medicine approaches for DM. Despite substantial progress, critical gaps remain in understanding the interplay between mtRNA modifications, mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk, and β-cell plasticity. Addressing these gaps will be pivotal for translating mtRNA biology into novel biomarkers and targeted interventions for early-stage diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)

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13 pages, 840 KB

Open AccessReview

Pregnancy, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Mid- to Later-Life Maternal Brain Health: A Scoping Review

by Revika Singh, Yvonne Curran, Brigid Ferguson, Annie Wescott, Keion Heydarpour, Isabella Taylor Flerlage, Rayan Virani, Lynn M. Yee, Farzaneh A. Sorond, Dilip K. Pandey and Philip B. Gorelick

Sci 2026, 8(5), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050103 - 4 May 2026

Abstract

Pregnancy involves major cardiovascular adaptations, yet its long-term impact on maternal brain health remains poorly understood. The American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) and Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) are validated tools to assess cardiovascular and brain health, but their use in obstetric [...] Read more.

Pregnancy involves major cardiovascular adaptations, yet its long-term impact on maternal brain health remains poorly understood. The American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) and Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) are validated tools to assess cardiovascular and brain health, but their use in obstetric populations is limited. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched three databases (2010–2024) for studies assessing ≥ 1 LS7/LE8 component during pregnancy with mid- or later-life cognitive or dementia outcomes; narrative synthesis and meta-analyses were conducted where feasible. Of 3940 screened abstracts, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most examined hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), few assessed diabetes independently, and none evaluated the full LS7/LE8 construct. Meta-analyses showed that HDP was associated with increased risk of all-cause dementia (HR 1.34; 95% CI 1.11–1.62) and vascular dementia (HR 1.76; 95% CI 1.03–3.00; n = 3 studies), but not Alzheimer’s disease (HR 1.22; 95% CI 0.96–1.56). Although LS7/LE8 are established frameworks for cardiovascular and brain health, their application during pregnancy remains limited. Integrating LE8 into obstetric care may enable earlier identification of individuals at risk for later-life cognitive decline and inform strategies to promote maternal brain health across the lifespan. Full article

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19 pages, 2486 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, and Standardized Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential Oil: An In Vitro and In Silico Study

by Vesna Antunović, Željka Marjanović-Balaban, Žarko Gagić, Nebojša Kladar, Vesna Gojković Cvjetković, Vesna Kalaba and Dragica Đurđević-Milošević

Sci 2026, 8(5), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050102 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LEO) was obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried flowers collected in the Mostar region (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealing a camphor content of 16.96%, substantially higher than the maximum value specified in [...] Read more.

Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LEO) was obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried flowers collected in the Mostar region (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealing a camphor content of 16.96%, substantially higher than the maximum value specified in the European Pharmacopoeia. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using quantitative suspension tests according to EN 1276 and EN 1650 under simulated “dirty” conditions with organic load (bovine albumin, 3 g/L) and a 5 min contact time. High-concentration LEO (80% w/v) exhibited strong bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and yeasticidal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (>5 log₁₀ CFU/mL reduction for bacteria, >4 log₁₀ CFU/mL reduction for yeast), but was ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541. Lower concentrations (1.0% and 0.1% w/v) showed no bactericidal and yeasticidal activity, highlighting LEO’s efficacy limits. Antioxidant activity, assessed by DPPH radical scavenging, was dose- and time-dependent. Molecular docking provided insight into the interaction of major constituents with selected microbial and antioxidant-related targets. These findings highlight both the potential and limitations of LEO as a renewable bio-based resource for sustainable disinfectant formulations while emphasizing the importance of chemical composition and regulatory compliance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)

20 pages, 2980 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Autonomy and Trust Influence Patient Satisfaction Under Dynamic Dependencies

by Francesco Stella, Alessandro Sapienza and Rino Falcone

Sci 2026, 8(5), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050101 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Autonomy and trust are central concepts in sociology and psychology and are particularly relevant to the study of hybrid societies in which human and artificial agents interact. Trust is essential for effective collaboration across a wide range of contexts, and the benefits of [...] Read more.

Autonomy and trust are central concepts in sociology and psychology and are particularly relevant to the study of hybrid societies in which human and artificial agents interact. Trust is essential for effective collaboration across a wide range of contexts, and the benefits of interacting with autonomous agents for facilitating goal achievement are well established. However, the complex interplay between trust and autonomy remains insufficiently understood, especially in sensitive domains such as healthcare, where ethical values, patient safety, and inter-agent dependencies must be carefully managed. In this work, we employ a multi-agent simulation to investigate the roles of autonomy and trust in relation to patient satisfaction. Our results show that higher levels of autonomy—enabling agents to modify delegations and exploit dependencies—effectively support implicit goal discovery and can enhance explicit goal achievement. Nevertheless, such autonomy may be detrimental compared to lower levels of autonomy that only allow dependency exploitation. This effect is particularly evident in contexts with large pools of partners who lack sufficient competence but are willing to accept multiple concurrent delegations. Conversely, in environments characterized by heterogeneous trustworthiness, higher autonomy proves advantageous, as it enables agents to more effectively discover and leverage dependencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science, Mathematics and AI)

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23 pages, 23312 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Past to Future: Assessing Ria Formosa’s Suitability for Grooved Carpet Shell Aquaculture

by Humberto Pereira, Ana Picado, Ines Alvarez, Magda C. Sousa, Ana C. Brito, David Carvalho and João M. Dias

Sci 2026, 8(5), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050100 - 28 Apr 2026

Abstract

Most Portuguese aquaculture farms are located in estuaries and coastal lagoons, which are highly productive, nutrient-rich transition zones that are also among the most vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures and climate change. This study assesses Ria Formosa’s suitability for grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes [...] Read more.

Most Portuguese aquaculture farms are located in estuaries and coastal lagoons, which are highly productive, nutrient-rich transition zones that are also among the most vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures and climate change. This study assesses Ria Formosa’s suitability for grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes decussatus) aquaculture, accounting for projected climate change and a potential increase in clam farming production. The methodology involved implementing a numerical modeling system to map key physico-chemical variables under historical (1995–2014) and future (2081–2100) conditions. Model outputs were then used to compute a suitability index (SI), which was converted into aquaculture suitability maps for this species. Results indicate that the hydrodynamic and transport components reproduced tidal propagation and the transport of salinity and heat effectively. In contrast, simulations of water quality variables were less accurate, reflecting the greater complexity and uncertainty in representing biochemical processes. Across both time periods, environmental conditions were generally less favorable in winter and more favorable in spring. Water temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration emerged as the dominant drivers of seasonal suitability. Projections suggest that Ria Formosa may become increasingly suitable for grooved carpet shell aquaculture by the end of the century. However, expanding production could compromise ecological balance, reduce resilience, and constrain the system’s long-term sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coastal Ecosystem Structure, Function and Dynamics)

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14 pages, 3061 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Biodegradation of Agro-Industrial and Recycled Fiber-Based Facestocks for Pressure-Sensitive Labels Under Aerobic Soil Conditions

by Ana Marošević Dolovski, Katarina Itrić Ivanda, Rahela Kulčar and Marina Vukoje Bezjak

Sci 2026, 8(5), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050099 - 28 Apr 2026

Abstract

The increasing use of pressure-sensitive labels (PSLs), driven by growth in the packaging sector, raises concerns regarding material consumption and end-of-life management under evolving European packaging regulations. This study investigates the biodegradation potential of sustainable PSL facestocks produced from 15% agro-industrial by-products, 40% [...] Read more.

The increasing use of pressure-sensitive labels (PSLs), driven by growth in the packaging sector, raises concerns regarding material consumption and end-of-life management under evolving European packaging regulations. This study investigates the biodegradation potential of sustainable PSL facestocks produced from 15% agro-industrial by-products, 40% post-consumer recycled fibers, and 45% virgin wood pulp. Their biodegradation behavior was compared with bio-based polyethylene (PE) facestocks using laboratory-scale aerobic soil burial tests conducted for up to 28 days. Biodegradation was assessed through weight loss measurements, visual evaluation, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence analysis. Fiber-based facestocks exhibited significant degradation, reaching approximately 50–55% weight loss after 28 days, accompanied by structural changes in the cellulose matrix and reduced fluorescence intensity. In contrast, bio-based polyethylene facestocks showed negligible weight loss and only minor spectroscopic changes, indicating high stability under the tested conditions. The results demonstrate that fiber-based samples derived from agro-industrial and recycled sources possess substantially higher biodegradation potential than bio-based polymeric alternatives. These findings support the use of fiber-based PSL facestocks in applications requiring improved environmental compatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)

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23 pages, 933 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Potential, and Cytotoxic Activities of Submerged Cultivated Mycelia of Medicinal Higher Basidiomycetous Mushrooms

by Ana Gamkrelidze, Violeta Berikashvili, Tinatin Kachlishvili, Nina Kulikova, Vladimir Elisashvili, Olga Bragina, Maria Kulp and Mikheil Asatiani

Sci 2026, 8(5), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050098 - 28 Apr 2026

Abstract

Natural antioxidants are essential for protecting the body against oxidative stress and exhibit a wide range of biological activities. In this context, forty extracts derived from ten submerged cultivated mushroom species were analyzed for their mycochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic effects against [...] Read more.

Natural antioxidants are essential for protecting the body against oxidative stress and exhibit a wide range of biological activities. In this context, forty extracts derived from ten submerged cultivated mushroom species were analyzed for their mycochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic effects against MCF7 breast cancer cells. Qualitative and quantitative screening revealed that, among the detected classes of bioactive compounds, the extracts were predominantly enriched in flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic constituents. Considerable variation was observed in the levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid among different species and solvent extracts. The highest total phenolic contents were detected in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of G. frondosa (110.0 ± 6.4, 227.6 ± 14.2, and 160.5 ± 5.3 mg GAE/g), while the water extract of F. velutipes also exhibited elevated phenolic levels (119.2 ± 6.5 mg GAE/g). Flavonoid concentrations ranged from 102.5 ± 10.5 to 359.9 ± 2.5 mg QE/g in biomass and culture liquid extracts obtained with organic solvents. Ascorbic acid content was generally highest in ethyl acetate culture liquid extracts, suggesting solvent-dependent enrichment of antioxidant metabolites. Free radical scavenging activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching inhibition values more than 90% at 20 mg/mL in all tested mushrooms. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that extract type, solvent, and incubation time strongly influenced the inhibition of MCF7 cell viability. Ethyl acetate extracts from H. erinaceus, P. ostreatus, T. versicolor, and T. pubescens exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effects, reducing cell viability by up to 70% at higher concentrations. The results demonstrate that mushroom extracts, particularly ethyl acetate extracts, possess significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. These findings highlight their potential as promising natural sources of medicinal bioactive compounds for antioxidant and anticancer applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)

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32 pages, 1077 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Approach to Assessing the Cyber Resilience of Blockchain Platforms

by Evgeniya Ishchukova, Sergei Petrenko, Alexey Petrenko, Artyom Balyabin and Alexey Nekrasov

Sci 2026, 8(5), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050097 - 27 Apr 2026

Abstract

This article proposes a mathematical model for quantitatively assessing the cyber resilience of modern blockchain platforms. Constructing the mathematical model, the authors proposed representing the architecture of a blockchain-based information system as four layers: the cryptographic algorithm layer, the blockchain core layer, the [...] Read more.

This article proposes a mathematical model for quantitatively assessing the cyber resilience of modern blockchain platforms. Constructing the mathematical model, the authors proposed representing the architecture of a blockchain-based information system as four layers: the cryptographic algorithm layer, the blockchain core layer, the smart contract layer, and the decentralized application layer. A study of typical vulnerabilities was conducted for each layer, and a list of countermeasures to counter potential threats was proposed. Then, key elements and their impact on the system’s cyber resilience were identified. As a result, a mathematical model for assessing the cyber resilience of blockchain platforms was developed. Based on the analysis of the model, it was experimentally demonstrated that a cyber attack carried out at a lower layer affects all higher layers of the blockchain platform, and cyber resilience at the current layer can only be effectively ensured if it is ensured at the previous layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science, Mathematics and AI)

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18 pages, 5246 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the UV Spectral Profiles of Extracts from Agro-Waste

by Teodora Lukavski, Iva Šarčević and Marina Vukoje Bezjak

Sci 2026, 8(5), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050096 - 27 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of extraction method and solvent on the UV spectral characteristics of extracts obtained from selected agro-industrial waste materials. Conventional maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were applied using distilled water and 70% (v/v) ethanol as [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of extraction method and solvent on the UV spectral characteristics of extracts obtained from selected agro-industrial waste materials. Conventional maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were applied using distilled water and 70% (v/v) ethanol as solvents. The analyzed materials included spent coffee grounds, orange peel, rosehip, milk thistle, eucalyptus leaves, and chili pepper. UV spectrophotometric analysis (190–400 nm) was used to compare the absorption profiles of the obtained extracts and to evaluate the effect of extraction conditions on spectral features. The results showed that both solvent type and extraction technique significantly influenced the intensity and shape of the absorption spectra. Ethanol generally resulted in higher absorbance values and more defined spectral features in the 250–350 nm region, while aqueous extracts exhibited stronger absorption in the lower UV range. Overall, UV spectroscopy proved to be a rapid and effective screening tool for evaluating extraction performance and comparing spectral characteristics of complex plant extracts, supporting the valorization of agro-industrial waste. Total phenolic content (TPC) was additionally determined to support the evaluation of extraction efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers—Multidisciplinary Sciences 2026)

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4 pages, 161 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Sci and AI

by Claus Jacob

Sci 2026, 8(5), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050095 - 27 Apr 2026

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing the format, style and content of scientific publishing. Traditional reviews are likely to give way to more personalized, AI-generated literature surveys on the one hand and more innovative, perhaps even controversial hypothesis, opinion or essay-style contributions on [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing the format, style and content of scientific publishing. Traditional reviews are likely to give way to more personalized, AI-generated literature surveys on the one hand and more innovative, perhaps even controversial hypothesis, opinion or essay-style contributions on the other. Original publications based on experimental data are still less affected even if AI teams up with robots. Eventually, science and scientific publishing are social activities and although the AI-driven tools and technologies at hand may accelerate and also refine scientific publishing, scientists, as always, are well equipped to adapt and to turn these challenges into new opportunities, for instance in handling, processing and illustrating experimental data. Full article

23 pages, 2945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extracts of Clitoria ternatea L.: Phytochemical Profile and Allelopathic Activity in Lactuca sativa L.

by Kimberly López Cedeño, Juan Antonio Torres-Rodriguez, Juan José Reyes Pérez, Danna Castillo, Alex Leonel Cañar Rivas, Jorge Alberto Alejandre Rosas, Alejandra Alvarado Mávil and Gerardo Zapata-Sifuentes

Sci 2026, 8(5), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8050094 - 23 Apr 2026

Abstract

Developing plant-based weed-management tools from allelopathy requires evidence that phytotoxicity is both chemically supported and biologically reproducible. This study examined whether the allelopathic activity of Clitoria ternatea L. varies among leaves, stems, and a leaf + stem mixture, and whether such variation is [...] Read more.

Developing plant-based weed-management tools from allelopathy requires evidence that phytotoxicity is both chemically supported and biologically reproducible. This study examined whether the allelopathic activity of Clitoria ternatea L. varies among leaves, stems, and a leaf + stem mixture, and whether such variation is associated with organ-specific chemical traits. Hydroethanolic extracts were characterized by histochemical, phytochemical, and thin-layer chromatographic analyses and tested in vitro on Lactuca sativa L. at 75, 150, and 300 mg L⁻¹. All matrices contained phenols/tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenes/sterols; however, the leaf extract showed the strongest coumarin signal, the presence of saponins, and the richest TLC pattern. These chemical differences were matched by a clear biological gradient, with inhibitory activity ranked as leaf > leaf + stem > stem. At 300 mg L⁻¹, the leaf extract reduced germination to 71%, radicle length to 10.23 mm, and vigor index to 1372, while increasing mean germination time to 5.78 days and yielding the most negative allelopathic response index (−0.663). Overall, the results identify leaves as the main reservoir of phytotoxic metabolites in C. ternatea and support their prospective use in botanical weed-management research. Full article

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17 pages, 1120 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Carbonation and Chloride Attack in 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials: A Systematic Durability Review

by Rui Reis, Francisca Aroso, Aires Camões, Filipe Brandão, Bruno Figueiredo and Paulo J. S. Cruz

Sci 2026, 8(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8040093 - 20 Apr 2026

Abstract

3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) is increasingly explored as a digital fabrication technology offering design freedom, automation, and material efficiency. Nevertheless, its application in reinforced and long-life structures remains limited by insufficient understanding and poor comparability of durability performance, as previous reviews have not [...] Read more.

3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) is increasingly explored as a digital fabrication technology offering design freedom, automation, and material efficiency. Nevertheless, its application in reinforced and long-life structures remains limited by insufficient understanding and poor comparability of durability performance, as previous reviews have not systematically linked methodologies to transport-related results. This study presents a systematic and critical review of carbonation and chloride ingress in 3DCP cementitious materials, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA methodology. Following a structured database search and two-stage screening process, the selected studies are subjected to qualitative analysis. Experimental methodologies, specimen typologies, exposure conditions, and attack directions are compiled and qualitatively compared. The review highlights pronounced methodological heterogeneity and frequent under-reporting of key parameters, particularly attack direction, sealing conditions, CO₂ concentration, and indicator methods, limiting cross-study comparison. Despite these limitations, consistent qualitative trends are identified. Printed specimens generally exhibit inferior durability performance than cast specimens, while cold joints are associated with increased penetration depth and result dispersion. Directional effects are non-negligible, although they are systematically addressed in only a limited number of studies. Overall, the findings emphasise the critical role of process-induced features and the need for harmonised testing methods to enable reliable durability assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)

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22 pages, 3662 KB

Open AccessReview

Integrative Medical Perspective on Laser Acupuncture for Pain Management

by Laura Marinela Ailioaie, Gerhard Litscher and Constantin Ailioaie

Sci 2026, 8(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8040092 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Laser acupuncture (LA) integrates principles of traditional acupuncture with photobiomodulation (PBM) and has gained increasing attention as a non-invasive modality for pain management. PBM-based integrative LA in medicine refers to the application of low-level laser irradiation to acupuncture points, combining contemporary biomedical mechanisms [...] Read more.

Laser acupuncture (LA) integrates principles of traditional acupuncture with photobiomodulation (PBM) and has gained increasing attention as a non-invasive modality for pain management. PBM-based integrative LA in medicine refers to the application of low-level laser irradiation to acupuncture points, combining contemporary biomedical mechanisms with holistic, system-oriented therapeutic principles. This narrative review aimed to critically assess the scientific evidence on the efficacy of LA for pain management within the framework of the Principles of Clinical Integration of Photobiomodulation (PCIPBM) in LA, summarizing frequently used laser parameters and clinical indications. LA involves special protocols in standardized acupoints, using defined parameters of wavelength, irradiation, and energy density, consistent with PBM dosing principles. Therapeutic effects are mediated through point-specific neuromodulation and photobiological mechanisms, including modulation of peripheral and central nociceptive processing, reduction in pro-inflammatory mediators, improvement of microcirculation, and mitochondrial activation via cytochrome c oxidase-dependent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. Clinical studies report statistically and clinically significant analgesic effects, particularly in chronic musculoskeletal pain, osteoarthritis, low back and neck pain, temporomandibular disorders, neuropathic pain, and selected postoperative pain conditions, when appropriate laser parameters are applied. Reported adverse effects are minimal, and tolerability is high. LA represents a safe, non-invasive therapeutic option and patient-friendly approach with clinically relevant efficacy in pain management. When applied according to PCIPBM, including evidence-based PBM parameters, it may serve as an effective adjunct or alternative to conventional pharmacologic and interventional approaches. Further standardization and high-quality randomized controlled trials are still required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Integrative Medicine)

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43 pages, 4895 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Climate-Modulated Redistribution of Trace Elements in the Black Sea: A Framework for Monitoring and Risk Assessment in Semi-Enclosed Seas

by Andra Oros, Valentina Coatu, Nicoleta Damir, Diana Danilov, Elena Ristea and Luminita Lazar

Sci 2026, 8(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8040091 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Climate change is modifying the physical structure and biogeochemical functioning of stratified marine systems, with important consequences for trace element (TE) transport, speciation, and exposure. The Black Sea provides a structurally amplified case because restricted exchange, persistent stratification, a basin-scale redoxcline, and extensive [...] Read more.

Climate change is modifying the physical structure and biogeochemical functioning of stratified marine systems, with important consequences for trace element (TE) transport, speciation, and exposure. The Black Sea provides a structurally amplified case because restricted exchange, persistent stratification, a basin-scale redoxcline, and extensive shelf-sediment reservoirs intensify climate–contaminant interactions. This review synthesizes mechanistic evidence to develop a climate-informed interpretive framework for TE redistribution under non-stationary environmental forcing. We examine how warming, deoxygenation, hydrological variability, sediment resuspension, acidification, and episodic events alter TE partitioning across dissolved, particulate, sedimentary, and biotic compartments. The synthesis identifies six major redistribution pathways involving surface-layer retention, river plume and suspended particulate transport, shelf-sediment remobilization, redoxcline dynamics, acidification–ligand effects, and event-driven exposure pulses. Together, these processes show that TE patterns increasingly reflect state-dependent internal redistribution rather than external loading alone. To address this shift, we propose a monitoring and risk-interpretation framework that links climate-sensitive state variables to redistribution pathways, integrates multiple matrices, and supports adaptive assessment through trigger-based monitoring escalation. The Black Sea is treated as a structurally amplified reference system for examining climate-sensitive redistribution pathways in stratified basins, although their expression and relative importance remain dependent on basin-specific structural controls. Full article

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