Sci

17 pages, 3263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis into the Comparison of Resistance Characteristics Between DARPA Suboff and Modified U209 Types of Submarines

by Ahmad Nasirudin, Sutiyo, Ardi Nugroho Yulianto, Eko Julianto, I Ketut Aria Pria Utama and Martin Renilson

Sci 2025, 7(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020082 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Submarines are required to have good performance, which is influenced by their type of hull, hull conditions, and operational conditions. This study compares the resistance between a Modified-U209 (U209) submarine and the DARPA Suboff. The former is an older hull geometry with both [...] Read more.

Submarines are required to have good performance, which is influenced by their type of hull, hull conditions, and operational conditions. This study compares the resistance between a Modified-U209 (U209) submarine and the DARPA Suboff. The former is an older hull geometry with both surface and submerged operation considered, whereas the latter represents a modern nuclear-powered submarine designed for submerged operations only. The two geometries were scaled to give the same usable volume, and all results were non-dimensionalized using this to ensure consistency. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was utilized to predict resistance by employing the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The results show that the total resistance coefficient for the U209 bare hull is approximately 6% higher than the Suboff bare hull. When a casing was added to the U209 geometry the increase in total resistance coefficient was approximately 8%. The addition of the sail resulted in an increase in total resistance coefficient ranging from approximately 4% (Suboff sail added to U209) to approximately 14% (U209 sail added to U209). An existing empirical prediction technique was used to predict the resistance, with the total resistance coefficient predicted being consistently about 5% lower than the values obtained using CFD. Full article

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14 pages, 792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cryofibrinogenemia in PRECOVID-19 and COVID-19 Periods: Single University Study in Northern Spain

by María del Amparo Sánchez López, Carmen Lasa-Teja, Mónica Renuncio-García, Cristina Abraira-Meriel, Saray Simón-Coloret, Inmaculada Bertomeu-Genis, Adrián Martín-Gutiérrez, Carmen Secada-Gómez, Carmen González-Vela, Juan Irure-Ventura, Marcos López-Hoyos, Marcos A. González-López and Ricardo Blanco

Sci 2025, 7(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020081 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Cryofibrinogenemia (CF) may be secondary to COVID-19. To establish this relationship, in PRECOVID-19 and COVID-19 periods we assess: (a) frequency and clinical features in patients with CF; (b) study of CF syndrome. We study all cryofibrinogen tests performed in a single university hospital [...] Read more.

Cryofibrinogenemia (CF) may be secondary to COVID-19. To establish this relationship, in PRECOVID-19 and COVID-19 periods we assess: (a) frequency and clinical features in patients with CF; (b) study of CF syndrome. We study all cryofibrinogen tests performed in a single university hospital in Northern Spain, comparing two periods: PRECOVID-19 (July 2017–February 2020) and COVID-19 (March 2020–October 2022). CF syndrome was established with two positive cryofibrinogen tests plus compatible cutaneous manifestations and/or thrombotic events (TE). CF was found in 129/279 patients. In the COVID-19 period, they had more positive tests (50.2% vs. 28%; p = 0.0047), younger age (33 vs. 55 years, p = 0.054) and fewer cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (39.1% vs. 78.6%, p = 0.005). Cutaneous manifestations were the most frequent in both periods (81.4%), particularly purpuric macules (29.5%). Skin ulcers showed statistically significant differences, being more frequent in the PRECOVID-19 era (35.7% vs. 7.8%, p = 0.008). Thrombotic CV events were also observed (13.2%), particularly venous thromboembolisms (12.2%). Severe complications were more frequent in the PRECOVID-19 era, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (35.7% vs. 19.1%; p = 0.169). CF was secondary in 68/129 cases, mainly to SARS-CoV-2 (n = 45). CF syndrome was found in 27.9% of patients. After one year, most patients were clinically stable or in remission. Mild dermatological lesions were the most frequent manifestations, and most patients recovered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)

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22 pages, 4847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of a Comparative Study of Fractional-Order Fuzzy Logic and Conventional PI Controller for Optimizing Stand-Alone DFIG Performance in Wind Energy Systems

by Fella Boucetta, Mohamed Toufik Benchouia, Amel Benmouna, Mohamed Chebani, Amar Golea, Mohamed Becherif and Mohammed Saci Chabani

Sci 2025, 7(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020080 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

This paper introduces a novel fractional-order fuzzy logic controller (FOFLC) designed for stator voltage control in standalone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems used in wind energy applications. Unlike traditional fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), which are limited by integer-order dynamics, the FOFLC leverages [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a novel fractional-order fuzzy logic controller (FOFLC) designed for stator voltage control in standalone doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems used in wind energy applications. Unlike traditional fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), which are limited by integer-order dynamics, the FOFLC leverages the advanced principles of fractional-order (FO) calculus. By integrating fuzzy logic with fractional-order operators, the FOFLC enhances system precision, adaptability, and interpretability while addressing the inherent limitations of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controllers and integer-order FLCs. A key innovation of the FOFLC is its dual-mode architecture, enabling it to operate seamlessly as either a traditional FLC or a fractional-order FOFLC controller. This versatility allows for independent tuning of fractional parameters, optimizing the system’s response to transients, steady-state errors, and disturbances. The controller’s flexibility makes it particularly well-suited for nonlinear and dynamically complex stand-alone renewable energy systems. The FOFLC is experimentally validated on a 3-kW DFIG test bench using the dSPACE-1104 platform under various operating conditions. Compared to a conventional PI controller, the FOFLC demonstrated superior performance, achieving 80% reduction in response time, eliminating voltage overshoot and undershoot, reducing stator power and torque ripples by over 46%, and decreasing total harmonic distortion (THD) of both stator voltage and current by more than 50%. These results confirm the FOFLC’s potential as a robust and adaptive control solution for stand-alone renewable energy systems, ensuring high-quality power output and reliable operation. Full article

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14 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lessons from Ophthalmology in Preventing Wrong-Site Errors in Paired-Organ Surgery

by Annalisa Romaniello, Francesca Romana Blasi, Ludovico Iannetti, Marta Armentano, Mattia D’Andrea, Giacomo Visioli and Ludovico Alisi

Sci 2025, 7(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020079 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

Surgical errors involving paired organs can have severe consequences, particularly in procedures where laterality is a critical factor. Wrong-site surgeries indicate failures in risk management and patient safety protocols, requiring continuous improvements in preventive strategies. In ophthalmology, where precision is essential, the adoption [...] Read more.

Surgical errors involving paired organs can have severe consequences, particularly in procedures where laterality is a critical factor. Wrong-site surgeries indicate failures in risk management and patient safety protocols, requiring continuous improvements in preventive strategies. In ophthalmology, where precision is essential, the adoption of structured approaches has significantly reduced the incidence of such errors. The Universal Protocol, introduced in 2004 by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), has defined standardized procedures to prevent these events and has subsequently been adapted to ophthalmic surgery by specialized scientific societies such as the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). Additionally, multidisciplinary interventions, including AI-assisted verification systems, human factors analysis, and enhanced surgical checklists, continue to strengthen error prevention. This review examines the implementation and development of these strategies in ophthalmic surgery, evaluating their effectiveness and identifying persistent challenges in surgical safety Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers—Multidisciplinary Sciences 2025)

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33 pages, 4528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamical Modeling and Active Vibration Control Analysis of a Double-Layer Cylindrical Thin Shell with Active Actuators

by Yu Wu and Rui Huo

Sci 2025, 7(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020078 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

The application of double-layer shell structure is very common in some situations that require complex loads and vibrations, such as key components such as the shell and wings of aerospace engines, and the shell of underwater vehicles. Many authors have conducted research on [...] Read more.

The application of double-layer shell structure is very common in some situations that require complex loads and vibrations, such as key components such as the shell and wings of aerospace engines, and the shell of underwater vehicles. Many authors have conducted research on the vibration and acoustic radiation characteristics of double-layer cylindrical shells. By adding reinforcement and ribs between the double-layer cylindrical shells and optimizing structural design, passive vibration control techniques can effectively solve high frequency vibration problems, but the impact on mid to low frequency vibrations is still limited. Therefore, this article conducts theoretical research on a novel active vibration control method that inserts an active actuator between a double-layer cylindrical shell to achieve better mid low frequency vibration control effects. Firstly, the substructure admittance method is applied to analytically and dynamically model a double-layer cylindrical thin shell structure with active support, and the vibration power flow of the system is theoretically derived to evaluate the vibration reduction effect. Then, numerical simulation analysis was conducted on the influence of different configurations of six feedback control parameters, time delays, and other factors on the vibration power flow. Finally, based on the image, the conclusion is drawn that all six feedback control parameters can improve the vibration control effect of the coupled system to a certain extent, but not every feedback control parameter has a prominent effect, and the effective range of some parameters is relatively narrow. Full article

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19 pages, 1591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Tyrosinase Potentials and Phytochemical Profiling of Cannabis sativa Stems Byproducts

by Pannita Kongtananeti, Desy Liana, Hla Myo, Anuchit Phanumartwiwath and Chitlada Areesantichai

Sci 2025, 7(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020077 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. has been traditionally used for its therapeutic properties, particularly in treating various skin conditions. This study explores the in vitro anti-aging potential of five distinct parts of C. sativa L. (inflorescence, seed, leaf, stem, and root) by analyzing their bioactive [...] Read more.

Cannabis sativa L. has been traditionally used for its therapeutic properties, particularly in treating various skin conditions. This study explores the in vitro anti-aging potential of five distinct parts of C. sativa L. (inflorescence, seed, leaf, stem, and root) by analyzing their bioactive compounds and biological activities. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was employed using ethyl acetate as an extracting solvent, followed by chemical characterization via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) analyses. The biological assessment included antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase activities, and cytotoxicity evaluations. The inflorescence extract demonstrated the antioxidant activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 3,849.01 ± 5.25 µg/mL against DPPH radicals and 31.19 ± 0.96% inhibition of NO radicals at 1.25 mg/mL. Notably, the stem extract exhibited the highest anti-tyrosinase activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.01 ± 0.00 mg/mL, and significantly inhibited 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity with an IC₅₀ value of <0.024 µg/mL. All extracts showed no cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, indicating their potential safety for dermatological applications. The stem extract was abundant in phytosterols, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, which likely contribute to its anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase effects. These findings suggest that the stem, traditionally considered as waste, could be a valuable raw material for developing dermatological treatments with strong anti-inflammatory and skin-brightening effects. Full article

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Graphical abstract

20 pages, 2102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Detection of Different Cancer Types Using an Optimized MoS₂-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Multilayer System

by Talia Tene, Diego Fabián Vique López, Paulina Elizabeth Valverde Aguirre, Adriana Monserrath Monge Moreno and Cristian Vacacela Gomez

Sci 2025, 7(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020076 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

The early and accurate detection of cancer remains a critical challenge in biomedical diagnostics. In this work, we propose and investigate a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor platform based on a multilayer configuration incorporating copper (Cu), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄ [...] Read more.

The early and accurate detection of cancer remains a critical challenge in biomedical diagnostics. In this work, we propose and investigate a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor platform based on a multilayer configuration incorporating copper (Cu), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) for the optical detection of various cancer types. Four distinct sensor architectures (Sys₁–Sys₄) were optimized through the systematic tuning of Cu thickness, Si₃N₄ dielectric layer thickness, and the number of MoS₂ monolayers to enhance sensitivity, angular shift, and spectral sharpness. The optimized systems were evaluated using refractive index data corresponding to six cancer types (skin, cervical, blood, adrenal, breast T1, and breast T2), with performance metrics including sensitivity, detection accuracy, quality factor, figure of merit, limit of detection, and comprehensive sensitivity factor. Among the configurations, Sys₃ (BK7–Cu–Si₃N₄–MoS₂) demonstrated the highest sensitivity, reaching 254.64 °/RIU for adrenal cancer, while maintaining a low detection limit and competitive figures of merit. Comparative analysis revealed that the MoS₂-based designs, particularly Sys₃, outperform conventional noble-metal architectures in terms of sensitivity while using earth-abundant, scalable materials. These results confirm the potential of Cu/Si₃N₄/MoS₂-based SPR biosensors as practical and effective tools for label-free cancer diagnosis across multiple malignancy types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)

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22 pages, 6488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk of Flame Acceleration Due to Accumulation of Unburnt Volatiles in Zero-Gravity Condition

by Huiying Wang and Némo Decamps

Sci 2025, 7(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020075 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the influence of ventilation conditions, including oxidizer flow speed and oxygen concentration, on major species composition in favor of estimating a risk of flame acceleration at reduced gravity. A two-step chemical reaction for gas phase and a soot formation model [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the influence of ventilation conditions, including oxidizer flow speed and oxygen concentration, on major species composition in favor of estimating a risk of flame acceleration at reduced gravity. A two-step chemical reaction for gas phase and a soot formation model based on laminar smoke point are used. To calculate thermal radiation from flame, a discrete-ordinates method is coupled with a non-grey model by taking into account the radiative properties of CO, CO₂, H₂O and soot. The predictions provide further insights into the intimate coupling of fuel types, such as heptane and dodecane, with burning rate, flame structure and toxic emissions as a consequence of changes in ventilation conditions such as oxidizer flow velocity and oxygen concentration. From a boundary-layer microgravity flame, the CO₂ to CO ratio is less than 3, and the unburnt hydrocarbons C_mH_n to CO ratio is less than 2, with a concentration of unburnt fuel that exceeds the Lower Flammability Limit. This finding on the production of unburnt species is contrasted to the case of a buoyancy-controlled flame at Earth gravity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemistry Science)

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22 pages, 15832 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Chalcogen Exchange: The Replacement of Oxygen with Sulfur and Selenium to Boost the Activity of Natural Products

by Muhammad Jawad Nasim, Wesam Ali, Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior, Rahman Shah Zaib Saleem, Caroline Gaucher, Jadwiga Handzlik, Silvana Pedatella and Claus Jacob

Sci 2025, 7(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020074 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

Antioxidants, such as stilbenes, anthocyanidins, coumarins, tannins and flavonoids, are often based on oxygen-containing redox systems and tend to feature several hydroxyl groups in their chemical structures. From a synthetic perspective, oxygen atoms are prone to bioisosteric replacement with sulfur and, notably, selenium. [...] Read more.

Antioxidants, such as stilbenes, anthocyanidins, coumarins, tannins and flavonoids, are often based on oxygen-containing redox systems and tend to feature several hydroxyl groups in their chemical structures. From a synthetic perspective, oxygen atoms are prone to bioisosteric replacement with sulfur and, notably, selenium. The main objective of this narrative literature review is to explore if and how bioisosteric substitution of oxygen with sulfur or selenium can enhance the biological activity of natural products. This replacement boosts the biological activity of the resulting molecules considerably as they now combine the redox and antioxidant properties of the original flavonoids and other natural products with the specific redox behavior of sulfur and selenium. Besides sequestering free radicals and peroxides, they may, for instance, also catalyze the removal of oxidative stressors, capture free metal ions and even provide scope for selenium supplementation. Since these molecules resemble their natural counterparts, they also exhibit considerable selectivity inside the body and a good pharmacokinetic profile. Still, the synthesis of such hybrid molecules integrating sulfur and selenium into flavonoids and other natural products is a challenge and requires innovative synthetic strategies and approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers—Multidisciplinary Sciences 2024)

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43 pages, 1550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Energy Strategy for AC Microgrids to Enhance Economic Performance in Grid-Connected and Standalone Operations: A Gray Wolf Optimizer Approach

by Sebastian Lobos-Cornejo, Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Fabio Andrade, Oscar Danilo Montoya and Daniel Sanin-Villa

Sci 2025, 7(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020073 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study proposes an optimized energy management strategy for alternating current microgrids, integrating wind generation, battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and distribution static synchronous compensators (D-STATCOMs). The objective is to minimize operational costs, including grid electricity purchases (grid-connected mode), diesel generation costs (islanded [...] Read more.

This study proposes an optimized energy management strategy for alternating current microgrids, integrating wind generation, battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and distribution static synchronous compensators (D-STATCOMs). The objective is to minimize operational costs, including grid electricity purchases (grid-connected mode), diesel generation costs (islanded mode), and maintenance expenses of distributed energy resources while ensuring voltage limits, maximum line currents, and power balance. A master–slave optimization approach is employed, where the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) determines the optimal dispatch of energy resources, and successive approximations (SAs) perform power flow analysis. The methodology was validated on a 33-node microgrid, considering variable wind generation and demand profiles from a Colombian region under grid-connected and islanded conditions. To assess performance, 100 independent runs per method were conducted, comparing GWO against particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GAs). Statistical analysis confirmed that GWO achieved the lowest operational costs (USD 3299.39 in grid-connected mode and USD 11,367.76 in islanded mode), the highest solution stability (0.19% standard deviation), and superior voltage regulation. The results demonstrate that GWO with SA provides the best trade-off between cost efficiency, system stability, and computational performance, making it an optimal approach for microgrid energy management. Full article

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21 pages, 442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mixed-Integer Convex Optimization Framework for Cost-Effective Conductor Selection in Radial Distribution Networks While Considering Load and Renewable Variations

by Oscar Danilo Montoya, Oscar David Florez-Cediel, Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Walter Gil-González and Diego Armando Giral-Ramírez

Sci 2025, 7(2), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020072 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

The optimal selection of conductors (OCS) in radial distribution networks is a critical aspect of system planning, directly impacting both investment costs and energy losses. This paper proposed a mixed-integer convex (MI-Convex) optimization framework to solve the OCS problem under balanced operating conditions, [...] Read more.

The optimal selection of conductors (OCS) in radial distribution networks is a critical aspect of system planning, directly impacting both investment costs and energy losses. This paper proposed a mixed-integer convex (MI-Convex) optimization framework to solve the OCS problem under balanced operating conditions, integrating the costs of conductor investment and energy losses into a single convex objective. This formulation leveraged second-order conic constraints and was solved using a combination of branch-and-bound and interior-point methods. Numerical validations on standard 27-, 33-, and 85-bus test systems confirmed the effectiveness of the proposal. In the 27-bus grid, the MI-Convex approach achieved a total cost of $550,680.25, outperforming or matching the best results reported by state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms, including the vortex search algorithm (VSA), Newton’s metaheuristic algorithm (NMA), the generalized normal distribution optimizer (GNDO), and the tabu search algorithm (TSA). The MI-Convex method demonstrated consistent and repeatable results, in contrast to the variability observed in heuristic techniques. Further analyses considering three-period and daily load profiles led to cost reductions of up to 27.6%, and incorporating distributed renewable generation into the 85-bus system achieved a total cost of $705,197.06—approximately 22.97% lower than under peak-load planning. Moreover, the methodology proved computationally efficient, requiring only 1.84 s for the 27-bus and 12.27 s for the peak scenario of the 85-bus. These results demonstrate the superiority of the MI-Convex approach in achieving globally optimal, reproducible, and computationally tractable solutions for cost-effective conductor selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Sciences, Mathematics and AI)

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11 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Novel App-Based Mobile Health Intervention for Improving Prevention Behaviors and Cardiovascular Disease Knowledge

by Jai Hariprasad Rajendran, Bryant H. Keirns, Ashlea Braun, Sydney Walstad, Isabel Ultzsch, Jamie Baham, Abagail Rosebrook and Sam R. Emerson

Sci 2025, 7(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020071 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

mHealth apps can promote behavior change to prevent heart disease. This study examined the efficacy of an 8-week theory-based mHealth intervention to promote heart disease preventive behaviors. The BaseMetrics app was designed using the Health Belief Model to improve users’ understanding of heart [...] Read more.

mHealth apps can promote behavior change to prevent heart disease. This study examined the efficacy of an 8-week theory-based mHealth intervention to promote heart disease preventive behaviors. The BaseMetrics app was designed using the Health Belief Model to improve users’ understanding of heart disease and its risk factors to promote behavior change. In this proof-of-concept intervention with no control group, twenty-two participants (14F/8M; age 51 ± 8 years) received access to the BaseMetrics app for 8 weeks. Biological, behavioral, and self-assessed heart disease risk and knowledge were measured pre- and post-intervention. At post-intervention, significant improvements were seen in self-reported fruit and vegetable intake (+1.1 servings/day) and skin carotenoids (+28 a.u.). Self-tracked activity decreased (−665 steps/day). No other outcomes were significantly different. Non-significant improvements with small-to-moderate effect sizes were observed in triglycerides, energy expenditure, knowledge, perceived risk, and perceived benefits of diet and exercise. Conversely, non-significant deteriorations with small-to-moderate effect sizes were observed for total cholesterol, LDL, and AST. This study yielded preliminary findings suggesting the benefits of the BaseMetrics mobile app for heart disease prevention. The results must be validated in a larger randomized controlled trial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Integrative Medicine)

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12 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Application of DNA-Based Tools to Authenticate Marketed Salvia officinalis Products

by Teresa Maria Rosaria Regina and Elisa Calabrese

Sci 2025, 7(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020070 - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Salvia officinalis (common or medicinal sage) is a highly valued member of the genus Salvia. Due to its wide range of applications in various fields, including medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, and food, S. officinalis is a common target for economic fraud. It is [...] Read more.

Salvia officinalis (common or medicinal sage) is a highly valued member of the genus Salvia. Due to its wide range of applications in various fields, including medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, and food, S. officinalis is a common target for economic fraud. It is imperative to implement rigorous quality control measures to ensure that fraudulent practices are prevented. Such measures should include fast and simple diagnostic tools that can also be used in the field. The objective of the present study was to ascertain the true plant composition of several Salvia-based products. This was accomplished by using PCR-RFLP and LAMP assays. In both procedures, the chloroplast trnL (UAA)-trnF (GAA) intergenic spacer served as the target analyte. The findings demonstrated the reliability and validity of the two DNA-based methods for the unequivocal identification of S. officinalis as the principal component in various sage products, as well as for the detection of irregularities (mainly the presence of adulterating species) in the production and marketing of some of these products. Nonetheless, the LAMP assay offers a more straightforward, rapid, efficient, and cost-effective approach that facilitates the authentication process for sage. The adoption of this method by quality control laboratories could then ensure safety and protect consumers from potential health risks associated with adulterated sage products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers—Multidisciplinary Sciences 2025)

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15 pages, 1421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative and Qualitative Variations in TILs in Risk Stratification and Patient Selection for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of the Luminal B and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Immunophenotype

by Ana Car Peterko, Koraljka Rajković Molek, Anita Savić Vuković, Tamara Gulić, Petra Valković Zujić, Eleonora Cini Tešar, Damir Juranić, Aleksandra Pirjavec Mahić, Franjo Lovasić, Gordana Đorđević and Manuela Avirović

Sci 2025, 7(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020069 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Luminal B breast cancer (LBBC) represents an aggressive, high-grade ER+ disease, associated with a high proliferation rate, higher mutation burden, and higher probability of eliciting the immune response. Clinical and pathological data from 89 patients of stage II-III, triple-negative (TN), and luminal B-like [...] Read more.

Luminal B breast cancer (LBBC) represents an aggressive, high-grade ER+ disease, associated with a high proliferation rate, higher mutation burden, and higher probability of eliciting the immune response. Clinical and pathological data from 89 patients of stage II-III, triple-negative (TN), and luminal B-like BC (LB-like BC) were included in the analysis. All patients were submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Quantitative and qualitative evaluations of TILs (Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes) were performed on tissue microarrays constructed from pretreatment core-needle biopsy tumor specimens. The proportion of stromal TILs, CD8, CD4, and PD-L1 positive (+) immune cells (IC), as well as the number of FOXP3, CTLA4, and HSP-70+ IC, was observed concerning tumor immunophenotype, traditional clinicopathological prognostic factors, and tumor response to NACT. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of stromal TILs between the LB-like and TNBC (p = 0.344) cohorts. However, a higher CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with the TNBC biology (p = 0.018) and within the LB-like BC cohort with a high proliferation index and metastatic nodal involvement (p = 0.045, p = 0.015). Within the LB-like BC cohort, a higher expression of PD-L1 and HSP70+ IC was associated with a high proliferation index of tumor cells (p = 0.018, p = 0.040), massive metastatic nodal involvement (p = 0.002, p = 0.026), and higher stages of disease (p = 0.004, p = 0.042). Better response to NACT was associated with higher numbers of HSP70+ IC and higher proportions of CD8+ cells within the LB-like BC cohort (p = 0.045, p = 0.012). Routine evaluation of immune markers and HSP70 may help identify high-risk patients of LB-like breast cancer who would have a better response to NACT. Full article

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23 pages, 3600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Opportunities and Challenges of Industries 4.0 and 5.0 in Latin America

by Germán D. Rueda-Carvajal, Oscar A. Tobar-Rosero, Gabriel J. Sánchez-Zuluaga, John E. Candelo-Becerra and Héctor Andrés Flórez-Celis

Sci 2025, 7(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020068 - 18 May 2025

Abstract

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming global industries. However, Latin America faces significant challenges in adopting these technologies. Particularly, small- and medium-sized enterprises constitute the backbone of the economy in the region. This study analyzes the technological gap between Latin America and more [...] Read more.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming global industries. However, Latin America faces significant challenges in adopting these technologies. Particularly, small- and medium-sized enterprises constitute the backbone of the economy in the region. This study analyzes the technological gap between Latin America and more developed regions, focusing on public policies, infrastructure, and gap-closing training. Based on a systematic literature review and secondary data analysis, this research highlights key indicators such as digital infrastructure, investment in research and development, and the effectiveness of government strategies in promoting Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. Results reveal that Latin America lags behind Europe and Asia in applications related to Internet of Things, cloud infrastructure, and artificial intelligence. However, there are opportunities for improvement through targeted public policies, increased investment in research and development, and enhanced collaboration between the public and private sectors. The study concludes that bridging the digital divide requires a holistic approach that includes improving infrastructure, fostering digital skills, and creating favorable regulatory environments. This research stands out from similar studies by providing a detailed analysis of the regional barriers to adopting Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 and offering concrete recommendations for policymakers. Full article

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14 pages, 705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment with Upadacitinib in Difficult-to-Treat (D2T) Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA): A National Multicenter Study of the First 134 Patients in Clinical Practice

by Eva Galíndez-Agirregoikoa, Diana Prieto-Peña, Maria Luz García-Vivar, Joaquin Maria Belzunegui Otano, Beatriz Joven-Ibáñez, Cristina Vergara-Dangond, Marina Pavía-Pascual, Irati Urionaguena-Onaindia, Lucia Vega Alvarez, M. Ángeles Puche Larrubia, Consuelo Ramos Giráldez, Rosario Garcia-Vicuña, Vega Jovani, Angels Martínez-Ferrer, Mireia Moreno Martínez-Losa, Teresa González Hernández, Raquel Almodóvar González, Ana Urruticoechea-Arana, Cristina Macía-Villa, Inigo Gorostiza, Ricardo Blanco Alonso and Upadacitinib PsA Clinical Practice COLLABORATIVE STUDY GROUP Show full author list Hide full author list

Sci 2025, 7(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020067 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Upadacitinib has demonstrated efficacy in psoriatic arthritis in clinical trials, but its real-world performance in difficult-to-treat PsA remains underexplored. This observational, multicenter, open-label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in 134 patients with psoriatic arthritis (97 women, mean age 51.8 ± [...] Read more.

Upadacitinib has demonstrated efficacy in psoriatic arthritis in clinical trials, but its real-world performance in difficult-to-treat PsA remains underexplored. This observational, multicenter, open-label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in 134 patients with psoriatic arthritis (97 women, mean age 51.8 ± 11.2 years, mean disease duration 9.94 ± 7.72 years) who showed inadequate response to advanced therapies. Most patients (74.6%) had received at least two biological/targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs with different mechanisms of action. Upadacitinib was initiated at 15 mg daily, and within one month, significant improvements were observed: DAS28-ESR decreased from 4.7 to 3.77 (p < 0.001), DAPSA from 25 to 17 (p < 0.001), and CRP from 2.90 to 1.50 mg/L (p = 0.001). These reductions persisted throughout the study. Prednisone dosage decreased significantly (p = 0.049). Adverse events led to upadacitinib discontinuation in 8.2% of patients, but no serious adverse events were reported. Compared to the SELECT-PsA 2 trial, our cohort had a higher proportion of females and greater prior exposure to biologic agents but showed comparable efficacy and safety outcomes. These findings suggest that upadacitinib is a rapid, effective, and relatively safe therapeutic option for difficult-to-treat psoriatic arthritis under real-world conditions, supporting its use despite differing patient characteristics from clinical trial populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology Research and Life Sciences)

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15 pages, 3292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Diagnosis of Thyroid Diseases Through Advanced Machine Learning Methodologies

by Osasere Oture, Muhammad Zahid Iqbal and Xining (Ning) Wang

Sci 2025, 7(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020066 - 13 May 2025

Abstract

Thyroid disease is a health concern related to the thyroid gland, which is vital for controlling the metabolism of the human body. Predominantly affecting women in their fourth or fifth decades of life, thyroid disease can result in physical and mental issues. This [...] Read more.

Thyroid disease is a health concern related to the thyroid gland, which is vital for controlling the metabolism of the human body. Predominantly affecting women in their fourth or fifth decades of life, thyroid disease can result in physical and mental issues. This research focuses on improving the diagnostic process by creating a classification model that utilises various machine learning models and a deeplearning model to categorise three types of thyroid disease conditions. This research developed an automated system capable of classifying three thyroid conditions using five machine learning models and a deep learning model. Resampling techniques, such as SMOTE oversampling and Random undersampling, are utilised to correct the issue of class imbalance in the dataset. Finally, a web-based application is developed utilising the most effective model, GBC, which facilitates easy classification of thyroid diseases. The experimental analysis showed that the Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC), using oversampling techniques, achieved the highest level of performance in classifying thyroid diseases, obtaining an accuracy and F1-Score of 99.76%. This study demonstrated that TSH was the most indicative biomarker for thyroid disease classification. The experimental results proved that the Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC) utilising the oversampling technique achieved a superior performance compared to other classifier models, with an accuracy and F1-Score of 99.76%. This research presented insights that can assist healthcare practitioners in promptly diagnosing thyroid diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Sciences, Mathematics and AI)

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31 pages, 10695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exergy Assessment and Exergetic Resilience of the Large-Scale Gas Oil Hydrocracking Process

by Luisa José Acosta-Esalas and Ángel Darío González-Delgado

Sci 2025, 7(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020065 - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Fossil fuels remain essential to the world’s energy supply, but the decline in the quality of the oil extracted has increased the relevance of processes such as hydrocracking. Despite its potential, this process involves high energy consumption. In order to assess its efficiency, [...] Read more.

Fossil fuels remain essential to the world’s energy supply, but the decline in the quality of the oil extracted has increased the relevance of processes such as hydrocracking. Despite its potential, this process involves high energy consumption. In order to assess its efficiency, an exergy analysis of a conventional hydrocracking unit was carried out using Computer Aided Process Engineering (CAPE) tools. After simulations, the physical and chemical exergies of the input and output streams were calculated, which showed a remarkable energy efficiency of 98.76%, attributable to the high exergy content of the products obtained (171,243,917.70 MJ/h) compared to the residues generated (1,065,290.8 MJ/h). The most significant irreversibilities were found in the Recycle Gas Sweetening stage, while the lowest exergy efficiency, 87.16%, was observed in the Residual Gas Sweetening phase. By valorizing the waste, the overall efficiency of the process increased to 99.26%, which allowed for a 40% reduction in the total irreversibilities. Optimization of the stages with the highest unavoidable losses and better energy integration of the process are suggested to maximize its performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemistry Science)

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14 pages, 1630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simulation of the Biomechanical Behavior of Orthodontic Miniscrews for Infrazygomatic Anchorage: An In Vitro Study

by Mario Palone, Davide Tucci, Marta Calza, Niki Arveda, Francesca Cremonini, Filippo Pepe and Luca Lombardo

Sci 2025, 7(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7020064 - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aims to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of orthodontic miniscrews manufactured for use in infrazygomatic crests. Methods: This study analyzed the Zygomatic Spider Screw (HDC, Thiene, Italy), considering four variables: length, insertion angle, insertion depth, support thickness. Twenty-two configurations were tested [...] Read more.

Background: This study aims to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of orthodontic miniscrews manufactured for use in infrazygomatic crests. Methods: This study analyzed the Zygomatic Spider Screw (HDC, Thiene, Italy), considering four variables: length, insertion angle, insertion depth, support thickness. Twenty-two configurations were tested on 66 miniscrews, all with a diameter of 2 mm, and were inserted into D1 bone-like supports. After compression tests, the deformation angles and linear distances between the tips of the miniscrews were measured. Results: Power analysis showed 99% power for the deformation angles and linear distance. The ICC indicated the good repeatability of the results, with values above 0.70. The mean maximum load values ranged from 21.5 N to 228.8 N, while the mean deformations ranged from 0.45 mm to 2.26 mm. Miniscrews with greater insertion depths (6 and 8 mm) exhibited approximately twice the average deformation (1.5 mm) compared to those inserted at 2 and 4 mm (0.71 mm). It was noted that miniscrews with higher deformation and a lower applied load were those with a working part length of 10 mm and an insertion depth of 2 mm, while those with lower deformation and a better load-bearing capacity were those with a working part length of 6 mm that were fully inserted into the bone support. Conclusions: The miniscrew design and insertion depth significantly affect biomechanical properties. It is advisable to maximize the insertion depth and minimize the distance between the support and the point of force application. The insertion angle did not prove to be a determining factor in the load. Full article

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