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281 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
4,435 Views
19 Pages

30 May 2019

In the current study, we investigated the kinetics and thermodynamics of phosphorus removal by zeolite/steel slag/fly ash/basalt (ZSFB) composite fiber. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption of phosphorus is best fitted with the pseudo-secon...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced or Conventional Materials as Sorbent)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
6,517 Views
16 Pages

22 April 2019

Phosphorus is undesirable in steel for it greatly decreases ductility and causes embrittlement in most cases. The kinetic behavior of phosphorus transfer was investigated during electroslag remelting (ESR) of G20CrNi2Mo bearing steel. Four heat treat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
6,930 Views
23 Pages

Desorption Kinetics of Legacy Soil Phosphorus: Implications for Non-Point Transport and Plant Uptake

  • Chad J. Penn,
  • Mark R. Williams,
  • James Camberato,
  • Nicholas Wenos and
  • Hope Wason

Soil phosphorus (P) solubility and kinetics partly control dissolved P losses to surface water and uptake by plants. While previous studies have focused on batch techniques for measuring soil P desorption kinetics, flow-through techniques are more re...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
7,944 Views
12 Pages

30 May 2022

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are generally used for wastewater treatment and removing nitrogen and phosphorus. However, the treatment efficiency of CWs is limited due to the poor performance of various substrates. To find appropriate substrates of CWs...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutants Removal from Wastewater Using Constructed Wetlands)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,290 Views
13 Pages

11 July 2023

A hybrid process of slag and solvent refining was used to remove boron and phosphorus from silicon. Quaternary slag of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-Na2O was employed to remove boron (B) and phosphorus (P) from Si-20 wt% Fe alloy at 1300 °C. A slag-to-metal rat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,020 Views
12 Pages

Biochar Chemistry in a Weathered Tropical Soil: Kinetics of Phosphorus Sorption

  • Marina Moura Morales,
  • Nicholas Brian Comerford,
  • Maurel Behling,
  • Daniel Carneiro de Abreu and
  • Iraê Amaral Guerrini

The phosphorus (P) chemistry of biochar (BC)-amended soils is poorly understood. This statement is based on the lack of published research attempting a comprehensive characterization of biochar’s influence on P sorption. Therefore, this study address...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Biochar and Compost Amendments on Soil Fertility)
  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
6,156 Views
15 Pages

On-site soils are increasingly used in the treatment and restoration of ecosystems to harmonize with the local landscape and minimize costs. Eight natural soils from diverse ecological zones in the source area of a drinking-water reservoir in central...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,160 Views
16 Pages

Historical measurements of phosphate turnover and uptake confirm that bacterioplankton dominate phosphate dynamics at ambient steady state conditions in all but the most eutrophic samples, but phytoplankton exhibits increased control at phosphate add...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,671 Views
20 Pages

Methodology for Assessing Phosphorus Adsorption Kinetics in Novel Constructed Wetland Materials

  • Verena Hilgenfeldt,
  • Katrin Rübner,
  • Andreas Hahn and
  • Heidrun Steinmetz

Although various special materials have been studied for their potential for phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands, varying methodologies make direct comparisons of adsorption capacities observed in laboratory experiments difficult. This paper a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,543 Views
9 Pages

Kinetics of Phosphorus Uptake through Roots of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv. Mayapán)

  • Carmen Yam-Chimal,
  • Luis Ramírez-y-Avilés,
  • Jorge Navarro-Alberto,
  • Francisco Solorio-Sánchez,
  • Eduardo Villanueva-Couoh and
  • José Noh-Medina

4 September 2022

The application of enzymatic kinetics theory on the nutrition of horticultural species is scarce. Imax and Km describe the kinetics of nutrient absorption by the plant. Imax and Km are necessary to predict phosphorus (P) uptake from soil using mathem...

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,254 Views
27 Pages

Removal of Phosphorus with the Use of Marl and Travertine and Their Thermally Modified Forms—Factors Affecting the Sorption Capacity of Materials and the Kinetics of the Sorption Process

  • Sylwia Gubernat,
  • Adam Masłoń,
  • Joanna Czarnota,
  • Piotr Koszelnik,
  • Marcin Chutkowski,
  • Mirosław Tupaj,
  • Justyna Gumieniak,
  • Agnieszka Kramek and
  • Tomasz Galek

31 January 2023

The paper presents new reactive materials, namely marl and travertine, and their thermal modifications and the Polonite® material, analyzing their phosphorus removal from water and wastewater by sorption. Based on the experimental data, an analys...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies in Separation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,734 Views
14 Pages

18 April 2019

Use of reactive filter media (RFM) is an emerging technology in small-scale wastewater treatment to improve phosphorus (P) removal and filter material longevity for making this technology sustainable. In this study, long-term sorption kinetics and th...

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,115 Views
14 Pages

5 January 2021

The emergent plants may differ in their capacity to assimilate nutrients from eutrophic water bodies, so the utilization of suitable emergent plants is the key part for successful restoration of shallow eutrophic lakes and rivers. This research appli...

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,380 Views
18 Pages

Opoka as a Natural Material for Phosphorus Removal: Properties and Applications

  • Evelina Svedaite,
  • Kestutis Baltakys and
  • Tadas Dambrauskas

20 October 2025

This study investigates the adsorption efficiency of thermally activated natural opoka, a siliceous–calcareous sedimentary rock, as a low-cost adsorbent for removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions. Comprehensive characterization using XRF, X...

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,044 Views
23 Pages

4 July 2025

The deterioration of freshwater ecosystems in anthropogenic wetlands is intensified due to phosphorus inputs from fertilizers applied in agricultural areas. In addition, managing the excess green waste generated in these ecosystems increases the comp...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Green Water Technologies for Effective Environmental Pollution Control)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,264 Views
10 Pages

Physical and Chemical Regularities of Phosphorus and Beryllium Recovery by the Sorbents Based on Acrylic Fiber Impregnated by Iron Hydroxide (III)

  • Nikolay A. Bezhin,
  • Mariya A. Frolova,
  • Ol’ga N. Kozlovskaia,
  • Evgeniy V. Slizchenko,
  • Iuliia G. Shibetskaia and
  • Ivan G. Tananaev

5 October 2022

The paper investigates the physicochemical regularities (kinetics and isotherm) of phosphorus and beryllium recovery by sorbents based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber and Fe(OH)3 obtained by various methods: PAN or pre-hydrolyzed PAN with precipitat...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Recovery and Harmless Treatment Processes for Industrial Organic Pollutants)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
6,562 Views
16 Pages

23 November 2021

Excessive discharge of phosphorus (P) to aquatic ecosystems can lead to unpleasant eutrophication phenomenon. Removal and recovery of P is challenging due to low C/N ratios in wastewater, hence the development of efficient removal and recovery of P s...

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,161 Views
17 Pages

7 January 2020

Runoff from manure piles and permanent outdoor confinement areas are common sources of pollution from livestock operations, which must be properly managed in accordance with local environmental regulations. Seven months of performance data from a pon...

(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,834 Views
30 Pages

Effect of Fiber Fermentation and Protein Digestion Kinetics on Mineral Digestion in Pigs

  • Charlotte M. E. Heyer,
  • Neil W. Jaworski,
  • Greg I. Page and
  • Ruurd T. Zijlstra

12 August 2022

Nutrient kinetic data and the timing of nutrient release along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), are not yet widely used in current feed formulations for pigs and poultry. The present review focuses on interactions between fermentable substrates (e.g...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Digestion Kinetics in Pigs and Poultry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,554 Views
17 Pages

10 October 2025

Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth but is frequently limited in soils. Lespedeza species are well-known for their ecological and economic benefits, as well as their tolerance to nutrient-poor soils. This study investigated the P acquisition...

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,867 Views
27 Pages

8 November 2023

The integration of phosphorus chemistry with the mechanism of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis requires dynamical information during ATP turnover and catalysis. Oxygen exchange reactions occurring at β-catalytic sites of the FOF1-ATP synthase/F1-ATPase...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organophosphorus Chemistry: A New Perspective, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,677 Views
22 Pages

Crushed Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (CAAC), a Potential Reactive Filter Medium for Enhancing Phosphorus Removal in Nature-Based Solutions—Preliminary Batch Studies

  • Joana América da Cunha Castellar,
  • Joan Formosa,
  • Josep Maria Chimenos,
  • Joan Canals,
  • Montserrat Bosch,
  • Joan Ramon Rosell,
  • Heraldo Peixoto da Silva,
  • Jordi Morató,
  • Hans Brix and
  • Carlos Alberto Arias

12 July 2019

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource and can promote eutrophication of water streams and acidification of oceans when discharged. Crushed autoclaved aerated concrete (CAAC), a by-product from demolition, has shown great potential for recovering P. Th...

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
  • Article
  • Open Access
646 Views
16 Pages

Kinetic Parameters of Phosphorus Uptake as a Function of Cationic Metal Supply in Cotton

  • Elcio Ferreira Santos,
  • Ana Beatriz Pires Silva,
  • Moacir de Souza Silva,
  • Silvana de Paula Quintão Scalon and
  • José Lavres

15 April 2026

Phosphorus (P) availability is currently a limiting factor for agricultural production, especially in tropical soils, and its interaction with cationic micronutrients can significantly affect physiological efficiency and nutrient uptake by plants. Th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Nutrient Use Efficiency Improvement in Plants—2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
362 Views
13 Pages

14 July 2026

The thermal stability and devitrification pathway of melt-spun high-entropy Cr16Mn16Fe16Co16Ni16P20 metallic glass were investigated using transmission electron microscopy/selected-area electron diffraction (TEM/SAED), differential scanning calorimet...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Properties of Rapidly Solidified High-Entropy Alloys)
  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
6,909 Views
20 Pages

The availability of P is often insufficient and limited by accumulation in soils. This led to the necessity of solutions for the recovery as well as recycling of secondary P resources. Batch experiments were conducted with CaCl2 and citric acid to ch...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,659 Views
14 Pages

Kinetic Aspects of Phosphorus Removal from Electromagnetically Levitated 600 MPa Steel Droplets

  • Qi Jiang,
  • Guifang Zhang,
  • Yindong Yang,
  • Alexander McLean and
  • Lei Gao

15 September 2021

A kinetic model was developed to study the dephosphorization of 600 MPa steel droplets under electromagnetic levitation conditions. The relationships which were derived from the model between dephosphorization and the influence of temperature and gas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,419 Views
18 Pages

Developing precision models to describe agricultural growth is a necessary step to promote sustainable agriculture and increase resource circulation. In this study, the researchers hydroponically cultivated Bibb lettuce (Lactuca sativa) across a vari...

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Systems and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,821 Views
24 Pages

ATP analogues are essential tools in enzymology and structural biology, but the structural and functional implications of their chemical modifications on nucleotide-binding proteins are often underappreciated. To address this, we evaluated a panel of...

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Biophysics)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,553 Views
16 Pages

Precipitation of Struvite from Supernatants Separated from Enzymatically Disintegrated Digested Sewage Sludge

  • Bartłomiej Macherzyński,
  • Małgorzata Wszelaka-Rylik,
  • Paweł Gierycz and
  • Aleksandra Kraj

7 April 2025

This paper presents the results of a study on the precipitation of struvite from filtrate liquids obtained from fermented sewage sludge subjected to prior disintegration with the enzyme papain. The methane fermentation process was carried out for sew...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Catalysis for Green Chemistry and Energy Transition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,887 Views
13 Pages

Phosphate Sorption onto Structured Soil

  • Hermin Saki,
  • Haojie Liu and
  • Bernd Lennartz

Soil–phosphorus interactions are frequently studied employing the slurry technique, in which soil samples are intensively mixed with phosphate solutions of various concentrations. The result of such experiments is a “phosphate sorption po...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,328 Views
13 Pages

20 February 2023

Eutrophication caused by excessive discharging of phosphorus is a global water pollution problem. To further improve the phosphorus adsorption capacity of natural palygorskite and easy separation from liquid, magnetic thermal modified palygorskite na...

(This article belongs to the Topic Removal of Hazardous Substances from Water Resources)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,359 Views
15 Pages

Phosphorus Removal Rate and Efficiency in an Electrochemical Sequencing Reactor for the Treatment of Wastewater with Low Organic Carbon Content

  • Artur Mielcarek,
  • Kamil Łukasz Bryszewski,
  • Joanna Rodziewicz,
  • Karolina Kłobukowska and
  • Wojciech Janczukowicz

12 March 2024

Energy is essential for the operation of wastewater treatment systems. Simultaneously, it can be a factor facilitating the electrochemical purification processes. Previous studies have shown that under specific conditions, there is no technological j...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Treatment 2024)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
351 Views
22 Pages

Dynamical Model for Stigeoclonium nanum in Thin-Layer Photobioreactors Considering Abiotic Losses and Logistics Constraints

  • Jesús L. Arce-Valdez,
  • Luis N. Coria,
  • Yolocuauhtli Salazar-Muñoz,
  • Paul A. Valle,
  • Alfredo J. Martínez-Roldán and
  • Osbaldo Aragón-Banderas

9 June 2026

This paper presents a mechanistic model for a thin-layer microalgal bioreactor cultivating Stigeoclonium nanum, with a comprehensive analysis of its dynamics and stability. Unlike most bioreactor studies that assume simple Monod or linear growth, our...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Dynamics: Experiment and Numerical Simulation)
  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,219 Views
19 Pages

8 April 2026

Hyperphosphatemia is a major complication in patients with kidney failure undergoing dialysis and is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, vascular calcification, and increased mortality. Conventional management relies on dietary phosphate...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary and Emerging Modalities of Kidney Assistance Therapy for Patients with Kidney Dysfunction Requiring Dialysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
6,438 Views
16 Pages

15 June 2021

Organophosphates have been widely used in agrochemistry, as reagents for organic synthesis, and in biochemistry. Phosphate mimics possessing four unique substituents, and thereby a chirality center, are useful in transition metal catalysis and as nuc...

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
322 Views
21 Pages

Integrated National Assessment of Biosolids Reuse for Sustainable Agriculture in Jordan: Soil Fertility, Land Suitability, and Environmental Considerations

  • Nisreen Obeidat,
  • Amer Sweity,
  • Ahmad Abu Awwad,
  • Rima S. Taha,
  • Jaffar Y. M. AlKassasbeh,
  • Nabeel Bani Hani,
  • Sarah Jaradat,
  • Moroug Zyadeh,
  • Rima Heider Al Omari and
  • Ola A. Da’na

30 September 2026

This secondary-data integrated assessment combines national wastewater treatment records, two national sludge reports, Jordanian regulatory criteria, published agronomic evidence, engineering scenarios, and a previously prepared spatial screen. The p...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Circular Economy: Chemical, Microbiological and Environmental Implications of Mineral and Organic Fertilizers Use in Soils)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,799 Views
21 Pages

Phosphorus (P) fixation is a global problem for soil fertility and negatively impacts agricultural productivity. This study characterizes P desorption of already fixed P by using KCl, KNO3, histidine, and malic acid as inorganic and organic compounds...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Successes in Identifying the Transfer and Transformation of Phosphorus from Soils to Open Waters and Sediments)
  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
6,749 Views
25 Pages

The excessive discharge of phosphorus-containing wastewater contributes to eutrophication, posing a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, methods such as electrocoagulation should be utilized to remove phosphorus from wastewater prior to d...

  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
7,761 Views
14 Pages

Focusing on Phosphorus Loads: From Healthy People to Chronic Kidney Disease

  • Mengjing Wang,
  • Jiaying Zhang,
  • Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh and
  • Jing Chen

28 February 2023

Phosphorus is an essential micromineral with a key role in cellular metabolism and tissue structure. Serum phosphorus is maintained in a homeostatic range by the intestines, bones, and kidneys. This process is coordinated by the endocrine system thro...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hormonal and Nutritional Disorders in Kidney Failure)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
8,391 Views
12 Pages

4 December 2021

Elevated serum phosphate concentrations are an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease in various species. Independent associations of other parameters of phosphorus metabolism, such as phosphorus in...

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,220 Views
16 Pages

Synergistic Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Constructed Wetlands Enhanced by Sponge Iron

  • Yiwei Shen,
  • Meijia Hu,
  • Yishen Xu,
  • Mengni Tao,
  • Lin Guan,
  • Yu Kong,
  • Shiwei Cao and
  • Zhaoqian Jing

16 May 2024

Insufficient denitrification and limited phosphorus uptake hinder nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands (CWs). Sponge iron is a promising material for the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen because of its strong reducing power, high...

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,989 Views
18 Pages

11 August 2021

The paper reports the removal of phosphorus and natural organic matter (NOM) from surface water by dynamic membrane (DM) adsorber. DM filter builds up as a layer of particles deposited via permeation through the membrane’s surface. This study reports...

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,484 Views
22 Pages

23 September 2025

Phosphorus, a crucial yet nonrenewable resource, is essential for agriculture, life processes, and various industries. In this study, we employed co-pyrolysis of eggshells and peanut shells to prepare calcium-based biochar (EPB) with a high adsorptio...

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
614 Views
31 Pages

23 April 2026

Excessive phosphorus discharge from aquaculture effluent significantly contributes to coastal eutrophication, while conventional adsorbents exhibit limited phosphorus removal efficiency in high-salinity, weakly alkaline seawater effluent. This study...

(This article belongs to the Topic Functionalized Materials for Environmental Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
502 Views
18 Pages

21 July 2026

Calcium- and iron-rich sludge from urban storm sewer is an ideal source of phosphorus adsorbents. This study used urban storm sewer sludge to prepare phosphorus adsorbents via pyrolysis. Comparing adsorbents prepared under different conditions, the o...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of the "Applied Chemistry" Section)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,229 Views
11 Pages

Phosphorus Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Biochar Derived from Cyanobacterial Biomass

  • Carlos Diaz-Uribe,
  • Flor Monterrosa,
  • Vanessa Simons,
  • Freider Duran,
  • Vicente Florian,
  • William Vallejo,
  • Karina Castellanos,
  • Jesús E. Diosa and
  • Edgar Mosquera-Vargas

25 April 2025

High phosphorus (P) content and eutrophication are chemically and biologically related processes. Reducing phosphorus levels in water is essential for controlling eutrophication. In this study, biochar was produced from cyanobacteria biomass and eval...

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,744 Views
22 Pages

Phosphorus Sources and Transport Pathways in the North Chaohu Lake Catchment of China

  • Lulu Wang,
  • Hongbin Zhan,
  • Jiazhong Qian,
  • Ruigang Zhang,
  • Qing Zhang and
  • Houchun Guan

10 January 2024

To understand the cause of the high content of phosphorus in the North Chaohu Lake Catchment of China, the distribution of the total phosphorus in groundwater and the dissolution of rock phosphorus near Chaohu Lake were investigated, and a few intere...

(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
  • Article
  • Open Access
145 Views
19 Pages

8 October 2026

Agricultural phosphorus losses create a need for simple and sustainable reactive media suitable for decentralized interception. This study compared unmodified pyrite, iron filings, and limestone for phosphorus removal from low-concentration synthetic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,332 Views
13 Pages

Use of Calcite Mud from Paper Factories in Phosphorus Treatment

  • Hong Ha Thi Vu,
  • Mohd Danish Khan,
  • Van Tan Tran,
  • Dang Viet Quang,
  • Van-Duong Dao,
  • Seongho Lee,
  • Ji Whan Ahn and
  • Seok-ho Jung

24 July 2020

To use calcite mud waste generated from the paper production process, calcite mud was treated by calcination and then applied as a sorbent agent to remove phosphorus from an aqueous solution. The pre-treatment muds were characterized by scanning elec...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EARTH 2019-Green Technologies for Resources and Materials Recycling)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,300 Views
17 Pages

Behavior of Phosphorus During Selective Reduction of Iron from Oolitic Ore and Separation of Reduction Products

  • Bakyt Suleimen,
  • Almas Yerzhanov,
  • Nurlybai Kosdauletov,
  • Galymzhan Adilov,
  • Assylbek Nurumgaliyev,
  • Assemay Pushanova,
  • Bauyrzhan Kelamanov,
  • Pavel Gamov,
  • Konstantin Smirnov and
  • Assylbek Abdirashit
  • + 2 authors

29 August 2025

This study investigates the behavior of phosphorus during high-temperature smelting of hydrogen-reduced high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore from the Lisakovsk deposit. The preliminary reduction was carried out at temperatures ranging from 600 to 900 &de...

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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