Limnological Review

20 pages, 8130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Site Selection Optimisation Using Fuzzy-GIS Integration for Wastewater Treatment Plant

by Tasneem I. M. Abdelmagid, Isam Abdel-Magid, Eltayeb H. Onsa Elsadig, Ghassan M. T. Abdalla, Hisham I. M. Abdel-Magid, Abderrahim Lakhouit, Wael S. Al-Rashed, Ahmed Hassan A. Yaseen and Gasim Hayder

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 354-373; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030021 - 6 Sep 2024

Abstract

Municipal management involves making decisions on various technical issues, and one such crucial aspect is the multicriteria decision-making process. When choosing suitable locations for wastewater treatment plants, it becomes necessary to consider a range of factors such as technical feasibility, economic viability, environmental [...] Read more.

Municipal management involves making decisions on various technical issues, and one such crucial aspect is the multicriteria decision-making process. When choosing suitable locations for wastewater treatment plants, it becomes necessary to consider a range of factors such as technical feasibility, economic viability, environmental impact, ecological aspects, and management requirements. However, evaluating these criteria and dealing with uncertainties can be complex. To address this challenge in the Tabuk region, a combination of two powerful analytical methods, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and geographical information system (GIS), were employed. The FAHP methodology allows for considering uncertainties and subjective judgements, while GIS provides spatial analysis capabilities. By combining FAHP and GIS, a thorough evaluation of potential wastewater treatment plant locations was conducted by determining the relative weights for each geospatial parameter. These weights were then used to generate a suitability map, visually representing the most favourable areas for site selection. The FAHP analysis resulted in higher importance given to the treatment plant’s distance to urban areas, followed by the distance to roads among the seven investigated parameters. The integrated FAHP-GIS model results show that the western parts of the region are most suitable for constructing wastewater treatment plants. These findings are valuable in facilitating multicriteria decision-making for identifying the optimum site in the area. In summary, integrating FAHP and GIS in the assessment process enables decision-makers to consider various technical, economic, environmental, ecological, and management aspects, thereby providing a comprehensive framework for site selection that can be replicated in other regions with different conditions. This approach enhances the decision-making process in municipal management and promotes more informed and effective planning in the Tabuk region. Full article

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20 pages, 5118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Occurrence of Cyanotoxins and Phycotoxins in One of the Largest Southeast Asian Brackish Waterbodies: A Preliminary Study at the Tam Giang—Cau Hai Lagoon (Vietnam)

by Devleena Sahoo, Ngoc Khanh Ni Tran, Thi Gia-Hang Nguyen, Thi Thu Hoai Ho, Thi Thuy Hang Phan, Duong Thu Huong Hoang, Ngo Huu Binh, Thi Thu Lien Nguyen, Luong Quang Doc, Noureddine Bouaïcha and Tri Nguyen-Quang

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 335-353; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030020 - 25 Aug 2024

Abstract

The Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon (TGCH) in Thua Thien Hue province (Vietnam) is a marsh/lagoon system and ranks among the largest waterbodies in Southeast Asia. It plays a significant role in terms of both socio-economic and environmental resources. However, anthropogenic stress, as well [...] Read more.

The Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon (TGCH) in Thua Thien Hue province (Vietnam) is a marsh/lagoon system and ranks among the largest waterbodies in Southeast Asia. It plays a significant role in terms of both socio-economic and environmental resources. However, anthropogenic stress, as well as the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial sewage with agricultural runoff from its three major tributaries, dramatically damages the water quality of the lagoon. Especially after heavy rain and flash floods, the continuous degradation of its water quality, followed by harmful algal and cyanobacterial bloom patterns (HABs), is more perceptible. In this study, several physicochemical factors, cyanotoxins (anatoxins (ATXs), saxitoxins (STXs), microcystins (MCs)), phycotoxins (STXs, okadaic acid (OA), and dinophysistoxins (DTXs)) were analyzed in water and shellfish samples from 13 stations in June 2023 from 13 stations, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for the ATXs and STXs, and the serine/threonine phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay kit for the MCs, OA, and DTXs. The results showed for the first time the co-occurrence of freshwater cyanotoxins and marine phycotoxins in water and shellfish samples in this lagoon. Traces of ATXs and STXs were detected in the shellfish and the orders of magnitude were below the seafood safety action levels. However, toxins inhibiting the PP2A enzyme, such as MCs and nodularin (NODs), as well as OA and DTXs, were detected at higher concentrations (maximum: 130.4 μg equiv. MC-LR/kg shellfish meat wet weight), approaching the actionable level proposed for this class of toxin in shellfish (160 μg of OA equivalent per kg of edible bivalve mollusk meat). It is very important to note that due to the possible false positives produced by the ELISA test in complex matrices such as a crude shellfish extract, this preliminary and pilot research will be repeated with a more sophisticated method, such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), in the upcoming research plan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Spots and Topics in Limnology)

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22 pages, 3806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Climate Events on the Trophic Status of an Amazonian Estuary

by Marcela Cunha Monteiro, Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Perreira and Rauquírio Marinho da Costa

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 313-334; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030019 - 14 Aug 2024

Abstract

In recent years, climate events such as Drought, El Niño, and La Niña have become increasingly frequent and more intense. Oceanographic monitoring was used to collect hydrological data in the middle and lower sectors of the Caeté estuary in different years. Negative rainfall [...] Read more.

In recent years, climate events such as Drought, El Niño, and La Niña have become increasingly frequent and more intense. Oceanographic monitoring was used to collect hydrological data in the middle and lower sectors of the Caeté estuary in different years. Negative rainfall anomalies of up to 45% were recorded during periods marked by drought and El Niño events, which make the water in the Caeté estuary more saline and alkaline. During these events, the retention of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the middle sector appears to support increased eutrophication and more productive waters, whereas moderate eutrophication and lower productivity were observed in the lower sector. During La Niña events, by contrast, positive rainfall anomalies may reach 60%, resulting in more oxygenated water in the estuary. In addition, the lower sector tends to be more eutrophic during periods of high rainfall and freshwater discharge, as observed in this study during a La Niña event. The paucity of data on the effects of extreme climate events in Amazonian environments means that the findings of the present study may provide a useful model for the assessment of the effects of these events on other natural environments in the Amazon region. Full article

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12 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zooplankton Assemblages of an Argentinean Saline Lake during Three Contrasting Hydroperiods and a Comparison with Hatching Experiments

by Santiago Andrés Echaniz, Alicia María Vignatti and Gabriela Cecilia Cabrera

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 301-312; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030018 - 8 Aug 2024

Abstract

Many saline lakes are temporary, with large variations in salinity, and their biota is adapted to withstand unfavorable periods. Utracan Lake, in a protected area in central Argentina, was studied on three occasions under different environmental conditions. In 2007, depth and salinity were [...] Read more.

Many saline lakes are temporary, with large variations in salinity, and their biota is adapted to withstand unfavorable periods. Utracan Lake, in a protected area in central Argentina, was studied on three occasions under different environmental conditions. In 2007, depth and salinity were 2 m and 33 g/L, and six species were recorded in the zooplankton. In 2009–2010, its maximum depth was 0.3 m, its salinity exceeded 230 g/L, and only Artemia persimilis was recorded. Field studies to compare the active zooplankton of a third period were combined with laboratory tests to ascertain the composition of the egg bank (flotation with sucrose) and zooplankton succession (hatching from sediments). In 2017–2018 (third period), the depth and salinity were 1.75 ± 0.17 m and 47.19 ± 11.40 g/L, respectively. Five species were recorded, and A. persimilis was found coexisting with cladocerans, copepods, and rotifers. Brachionus plicatilis, Hexarthra fennica, Boeckella poopoensis, A. persimilis, and a single specimen of Moina eugeniae were recorded in hatching experiments; however, the latter species was not recorded again. No cladoceran ephippia were recorded in the flotation tests. Salt accumulation on the sediments during the Utracan drought (2010–2016) would have deteriorated the ephippia. The register of M. eugeniae in 2017–2018 could be largely because of recolonization by waterfowl. The conservation of Utracan Lake is therefore advisable, and the same goes for other nearby saline lakes, which can act as sources of propagules that cross terrestrial areas through transport by wind or zoochory. Full article

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19 pages, 9905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Crustaceans as Ecological Markers for the Assessment of Pollution of Brackish Lakes of Bulgaria Based on Their Ability to Accumulate the Heavy Metals Cd, Zn and Ni

by Elica Valkova, Vasil Atanasov, Margarita H. Marinova, Antoaneta Yordanova, Kristian Yakimov and Yordan Kutsarov

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 282-300; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030017 - 5 Aug 2024

Abstract

The present study aimed to assess the pollution of Bulgarian brackish lakes based on their ability to accumulate the heavy metals Cd, Zn and Ni. Physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity and salinity of the waters, were determined by potentiometric methods. The heavy [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to assess the pollution of Bulgarian brackish lakes based on their ability to accumulate the heavy metals Cd, Zn and Ni. Physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity and salinity of the waters, were determined by potentiometric methods. The heavy metal content of the water and crustacean samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The highest pH in the investigated lakes (Atanasovsko Lake, Poda and Pomorie Lake) in the period May–September 2021 was found in the month of September, in the waters of Atanasovsko Lake (8.84). The concentrations of Cd measured in Atanasovsko Lake in the fall were in the order of 0.0125 µg/L—the highest value recorded for all the studied water bodies. The concentrations of zinc and nickel in the waters did not exceed the norms in Bulgarian legislation. The dynamics of biogenic elements (Zn and Ni) in crustaceans were inversely proportional to those found in the waters. The levels of the toxicant cadmium as well as the metals zinc and nickel in the species Gammarus spp. and Atremia spp., inhabiting all analyzed water bodies, were significantly lower than those specified in the Bulgarian and European legislation. The pH and electrical conductivity parameters of the tested waters, as well as the concentrations of the heavy metals, cadmium, zinc and nickel, were within the recommended values. High positive correlations were determined between the content of nickel, on the one hand, and cadmium and zinc, on the other, in the organism of the investigated crustaceans. A longer period of research is needed to accurately determine the degree of contamination of these waters. Full article

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16 pages, 3037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Affects the Vulnerability of Belarusian Lakes to External Impact

by Nina Sukhovilo, Aliaksei Novik and Vasil Vezhnavets

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 266-281; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030016 - 2 Aug 2024

Abstract

The investigation of lakes’ vulnerability to external impacts is essential for understanding and potentially mitigating the threats they face. By studying how lakes are affected by external factors, such as pollution, climate change and human activities, we can assess the health of the [...] Read more.

The investigation of lakes’ vulnerability to external impacts is essential for understanding and potentially mitigating the threats they face. By studying how lakes are affected by external factors, such as pollution, climate change and human activities, we can assess the health of the ecosystem and predict how it may respond to future changes. The purpose of this research is the analysis of climate change’s influence on the vulnerability of Belarusian lakes to external impact. The vulnerability indices were calculated using the randomized aggregate method. The dependences between parameters were defined on the basis of correlation and regression analysis. We investigated the vulnerability of 149 Belarusian lakes. Classifying the lakes allowed us to divide them into three types, with high, medium and low vulnerability to external impact. All the types include 2–3 subtypes. On the basis of classification, we created a zoning scheme for Belarus on the vulnerability of lakes to external impact. A forecast of lake vulnerability for three SSP scenarios to 2100 was conducted. In the SSP₁ scenario, the vulnerability of stratified lakes will increase insignificantly. The vulnerability of homothermous lakes will not change. In the SSP₂ scenario, the vulnerability of lakes will first increase then decrease. Lakes with high and medium vulnerability will be classed as medium- and low-vulnerable. In the SSP₅ scenario, the vulnerability of lakes will decrease more significantly than in the other scenarios. Full article

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16 pages, 2004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Floodplain Forest Foundation Species Salix alba L. Is Resilient to Seawater Pulses during Winter

by Heike Markus-Michalczyk, Zairesus Smith and Tjeerd J. Bouma

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 250-265; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030015 - 31 Jul 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Willow forests are well established as nature-based solutions contributing to flood protection in the riverine environment. With climate change, storm surges in winter may increasingly expose downstream floodplain forests to seawater pulses. The effects of seawater pulses on willows are unknown, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Willow forests are well established as nature-based solutions contributing to flood protection in the riverine environment. With climate change, storm surges in winter may increasingly expose downstream floodplain forests to seawater pulses. The effects of seawater pulses on willows are unknown, as previous studies focused on long-term exposure effects. (2) Methods: We studied the resilience of the floodplain forest foundation species Salix alba L. to seawater pulses during winter. This corresponds to the effects of storm surges in the North Sea region on floodplain willow trees in downstream river stretches during their dormant stage. Seawater pulses were applied from November to May on vegetative propagules. The plants were placed on flooding stairways at three levels in a mesocosm experiment under ambient conditions in Zealand, NL. (3) Results: Twice-applied 48 h seawater pulses during winter led to increasing salinity in the soil where vegetative propagules were placed. Ninety-five percent of the plants developed leaves, shoots, and roots, and juvenile trees were established in the following spring. Although the aboveground and belowground dry masses decreased with increasing short-term seawater flooding, they increased from April to May. (4) Conclusions: The seawater pulse caused a growth-delaying effect in the young experimental propagation plants of Salix alba. Contrary to earlier findings on the growth-inhibiting effects on S. alba under long-term salinity treatments, we show that S. alba is resilient to short-term seawater pulses experienced during the dormant (winter) stage. This is good news for the inclusion of S. alba in nature-based flood defense schemes in downstream riverine stretches. Full article

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15 pages, 1297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth and Condition of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus nigricans) and Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in a Minnesota, USA, Lake with Separate Dredged and Non-Dredged Basins

by McKenzie L. Henkelman and Neal D. Mundahl

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 235-249; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030014 - 25 Jul 2024

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the growth rates and general body condition of two common game fishes (largemouth bass Micropterus nigricans and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) in a productive midwestern USA lake, Lake Winona, 20+ years after one of its [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to assess the growth rates and general body condition of two common game fishes (largemouth bass Micropterus nigricans and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) in a productive midwestern USA lake, Lake Winona, 20+ years after one of its two separate basins was partially dredged. We also used historical lake survey data spanning 19 years before and 15 years after dredging to assess the pre- and post-dredging growth of these species. Dredging was expected to improve the growth rates and conditions (relative weights) of both species due to post-dredging changes to lake habitats (more open water and reduced macrophyte beds) and the fish community structure in the dredged basin. Both species displayed significantly faster growth in the dredged basin, with the bluegill by age 3 and the bass by age 6. The mean relative weights of both species were significantly higher in the non-dredged basin (bass were in good condition: 106% versus 100%; bluegill were in fair condition: 84% versus 80%), although both bluegill and largemouth bass exhibited significant declines in relative weight with increasing lengths in the non-dredged basin. The growth rates for largemouth bass have declined from historical levels, especially in the non-dredged basin, whereas bluegill growth rates have remained stable or improved, especially in the dredged basin. Overall, largemouth bass and bluegill growth rates and relative weights are responding to differences in habitat and fish communities between dredged and non-dredged basins, indicating that the two lake basins are isolated enough from one another to allow for separate biological responses to occur in each. Full article

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18 pages, 8606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of a Deep Learning Model and Stochastic Model for the Forecasting of the Monthly Lake Water Level

by Waleed Ahmed Hassen Al-Nuaami, Lamiaa Abdul-jabbar Dawod, B. M. Golam Kibria and Shahryar Ghorbani

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 217-234; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030013 - 10 Jul 2024

Abstract

Freshwater is becoming increasingly vulnerable to pollution due to both climate change and an escalation in water consumption. The management of water resource systems relies heavily on accurately predicting fluctuations in lake water levels. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN), a [...] Read more.

Freshwater is becoming increasingly vulnerable to pollution due to both climate change and an escalation in water consumption. The management of water resource systems relies heavily on accurately predicting fluctuations in lake water levels. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN), a deep learning (DL) neural network model, and an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were employed for the water level forecasting of the St. Clair and Ontario Lakes from 1981 to 2021. To develop the models, we utilized the average mutual information and incorporated lag periods of up to 6 months to identify the optimal inputs for the water level assessment in the lakes. The results were compared in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of correlation (r), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and graphical criteria. Upon evaluating the results, it was observed that the error values for the deep learning models were insignificant at the designated stations: Lake St. Clair—0.16606 m < RMSE < 1.0467 m and Lake Ontario—0.0211 m < RMSE < 0.7436 m. The developed deep learning model increased the accuracy of the models by 5% and 3.5% for Lake St. Clair and Lake Ontario, respectively. Moreover, the violin plot of the deep learning model for each lake was most similar to the violin plot of the observed data. Hence, the deep learning model outperformed the ANN and ARIMA model in each lake. Full article

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12 pages, 1614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Volatile Organic Compounds in Emission from Bottom Sediments of Three Lakes with Impact of Anthropopression Using the Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry

by Józef Antonowicz and Tomasz Wróblewski

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 205-216; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030012 - 6 Jul 2024

Abstract

Studies of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the bottom sediments of three Pomeranian lakes in Poland: Łazienkowskie, Rychnowskie, and Jeleń were conducted. All three lakes are subject to anthropogenic pressure but to varying degrees. In 2021, bottom sediment samples were taken from [...] Read more.

Studies of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the bottom sediments of three Pomeranian lakes in Poland: Łazienkowskie, Rychnowskie, and Jeleń were conducted. All three lakes are subject to anthropogenic pressure but to varying degrees. In 2021, bottom sediment samples were taken from the lakes studied and an analysis of the emission of 20 volatile organic compounds was carried out using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). Concentrations in emissions from the bottom sediments of VOCs with the following mass–charge ratio (m/z) were analyzed: 57, 61, 63, 69, 75, 81, 83, 85, 87, 95, 97, 99, 101, 109, 111, 127, 129, 137, 149, and 157. The obtained data were analyzed by performing statistical tests and multivariate cluster and PCA analysis. The analysis shows that the lowest concentrations of VOCs were observed from bottom sediments in Lake Jeleń, which is subject to the lowest anthropopressure among the studied lakes. The analysis shows that the lowest concentrations of VOCs were observed from bottom sediments in Lake Jeleń, which is subject to lower anthropopressure among the studied lakes. With the help of cluster analysis, it was possible to collect data on the VOC concentrations into clusters, which resulted in demonstrating similarities between Łazienkowskie and Rychnowskie lakes—lakes connected by an isthmus, and the different characteristics of Lake Jeleń. PCA analysis leads to similar observations. The tested m/z VOCs can be identified using additional analytical methods. Full article

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13 pages, 7761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation for the Desired Compatibility between the Inside Slopes of Open Irrigation Canals, and the Used Type of Wing Walls for the Most Efficient Performance of Water Structures

by Mohamed A. Ashour, Haitham M. Abueleyon, M. Khairy Ali, Abdallah A. Abdou and Tarek S. Abu-Zaid

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 192-204; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030011 - 28 Jun 2024

Abstract

The design of water structures is crucial for efficient hydraulic performance. Open irrigation canals are designed with specific inside slopes to ensure maximum stability, while the wing walls of water structures constructed across the canal are designed to maximize hydraulic performance. Therefore, ensuring [...] Read more.

The design of water structures is crucial for efficient hydraulic performance. Open irrigation canals are designed with specific inside slopes to ensure maximum stability, while the wing walls of water structures constructed across the canal are designed to maximize hydraulic performance. Therefore, ensuring compatibility between the canal inside slopes and the wing wall types used on both the upstream and downstream sides is of great importance for achieving optimum hydraulic performance. However, our literature review indicates that this necessary compatibility between the canal inside slope and the wing wall type has not been adequately researched and studied. This present study aims to numerically investigate the relationship between open canals inside slopes and wing wall types, as well as examine the impact of using different wing wall types with varying canals inside slopes on hydraulic performance efficiency. Four canal inside slope ratios (Z) (H: V = 2:1, 1.5:1, 1:1, and 0.75:1) are simulated using the HEC-RAS program, along with two types of water structure wing walls (box and broken). The HEC-RAS numerical model provides accurate and reliable estimations of the hydraulic characteristics of flowing water through the structure, and the results are verified using previous experimental measurements available in the literature. The variation (ε%) between the measured and computed results is consistent for estimating specific energy, velocity, heading (afflux), and water depths. The simulation results demonstrate that changing the canal inside slope (Z) from 0.75:1 to 2:1 results in a relative increase of approximately 27.84% in heading up and 15.06% in velocity. Additionally, the broken wing wall proves to be more effective than the box type. The study confirms that the optimal configuration for the most efficient performance of water structures involves utilizing broken-type wing walls on the upstream side, along with a 1H:1V canal inside slope. This configuration reduces the relative velocity and relative heading by approximately 12% and 20%, respectively, which is considered highly favorable. Full article

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14 pages, 3585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of Nitrate Level in Shallow and Deep Groundwater Wells for Drinking, Domestic and Agricultural Uses in Northeastern Arid Regions of Saudi Arabia

by Al Mamun and Hatim O. Sharif

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(3), 178-191; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24030010 - 24 Jun 2024

Abstract

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) is a vulnerable natural contaminant that can be found in groundwater. The estimated nitrate concentrations for four categories of wells in the northeastern arid regions of Saudi Arabia—commercial treated water stations for drinking, commercial stations of untreated water [...] Read more.

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) is a vulnerable natural contaminant that can be found in groundwater. The estimated nitrate concentrations for four categories of wells in the northeastern arid regions of Saudi Arabia—commercial treated water stations for drinking, commercial stations of untreated water for domestic uses, private wells of residences for households, and private wells for agricultural uses—were found to be in the 16–380 mg/L range. Drinking water from all commercial treated water stations has lower nitrate levels, based on the WHO standard of 50 mg/L. In contrast, almost 33% of commercial stations with untreated water (used only for domestic purposes) in the studied areas had higher nitrate levels that were unsuitable for drinking. Approximately half of the private wells of residences and wells for agricultural uses had very high nitrate levels. They can be considered unsuitable for drinking due to excessive levels of nitrates but can be used for domestic and agricultural purposes. Thus, adopting specific strategies to reduce nitrate levels in public wells in the studied areas is crucial. The data obtained in the present study are essential for equipping decision-makers with valuable insights, allowing them to enact appropriate measures, as needed, and uphold community health in the studied regions. Full article

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14 pages, 5952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Extent to Which the Available Water Resources in Upper Egypt Can Be Affected by Climate Change

by Mohamed A. Ashour, Yousra A. El Degwee, Radwa H. Hashem, Abdallah A. Abdou and Tarek S. Abu-Zaid

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(2), 164-177; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24020009 - 28 May 2024

Abstract

Over the past two decades, rapid climate change has severely impacted people’s lives globally, affecting their safety and sustainability. Water, a vital human resource, has been severely affected, with drought and high temperatures leading to desertification, the drying up of rivers and lakes, [...] Read more.

Over the past two decades, rapid climate change has severely impacted people’s lives globally, affecting their safety and sustainability. Water, a vital human resource, has been severely affected, with drought and high temperatures leading to desertification, the drying up of rivers and lakes, spontaneous fires in forests, and massive floods and torrents due to melting ice and rising sea and ocean surface water levels. The expected impacts of climate change on the Nile, Egypt’s primary water source, are significant. These impacts can vary across regions, depending on factors like local climate, socio-economic dynamics, topography, and environmental nature. Upper Egypt, characterized by arid and semi-arid regions, faces water scarcity and socio-economic development challenges. Climate change exacerbates these issues, posing significant threats to the region’s ecological sustainability and socio-economic development. Therefore, it is crucial to address these impacts to ensure the Nile’s continued vitality and sustainability. The study aims to analyze the climate change data over the past few decades, analyze its characteristics, and model its effects on Upper Egypt’s water sources. The study expected a big decrease in the water resources of the Nile. While what is currently occurring in terms of fluctuating rainfall rates between scarcity and severity contradicts the results of those studies, that is the best evidence of the need for further research and studies to obtain more reliable and consistent results with the reality that it may help decision-makers to develop scenarios to manage climate change effectively, preventing or reducing negative effects, and finding suitable alternatives. Studies predict a 10% decrease in Nile revenue at Aswan High Dam Lake by 2095, with some predicting a 30% increase. This lack of credibility underscores the need for more comprehensive studies. Full article

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14 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Efficiency of a Finned Corrugation Basin in Inclined Basin-Type Solar Stills in Regulating the Water Supply of the CaspiCement Plant

by Ivan Kirvel, Ainur Zhidebayeva, Lyailim Taizhanova, Ainazhan Aitimova, Samal Syrlybekkyzy, Akmaral Serikbayeva, Kamshat Jumasheva and Symbat Koibakova

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(2), 150-163; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24020008 - 23 May 2024

Abstract

The need for fresh water production is especially high in hot dry climates without any sources of drinking water but with an abundance of sea and underground water. The solution is water desalination with efficient solar-powered water treatment plants. This article proposes a [...] Read more.

The need for fresh water production is especially high in hot dry climates without any sources of drinking water but with an abundance of sea and underground water. The solution is water desalination with efficient solar-powered water treatment plants. This article proposes a new modification of a basin made of thin-finned corrugation with 43°-angle-inclined sides, equal to the region’s latitude, which provide strong heating. The experiments were carried out in the hot climate of Aktau city (43°49′ N, 51°1′ E). The study’s outcomes can be useful for regions with drinking water scarcity. To define the level of the corrugated basin’s efficiency, two versions (SS-1, SS-2) of experiments were carried out on a two-slope distiller, complete with two basins. In SS-1, basin-2 was heated by air. By 15:00, basin-2 had heated up to 98.5 °C, and the acrylic cover above had heated up to 101.6 °C, which led to its “deformation”. By 12.00 p.m., the temperature differentials between the glass (40.7 °C), the air–water mixture (57.3 °C), and basin-1 (61.1 °C) were 16.6 °C and 20.4 °C. This resulted from the wind speed increasing up to 5.9 m/s. The large temperature differential contributed to the condensate yield increasing from 0.128 kg at 11 o’clock to 0.293 kg at 12 o’clock. The throughput capability of basin-1 per day was equal to 2.094 kg. Basin-2’s input to the performance in SS-1 was only the thermal effect. In SS-2, basin-2 was used as a regular basin. The plexiglass temperature was lower than the temperatures of the water and basin-2. The temperature differential between the glass and air–water mixture at 10:00 a.m. was 20 °C; at 12:00 p.m. it was 30.6 °C; and a value of 30.6 °C was recorded at 3:00 p.m. The thermal differential between the glass and the air-water mixture provided the highest condensate yield of 1.114 kg at 3.00 p.m. The condensate yield from the basins in SS-2 was 8.72 kg, including 3.5 kg from basin-1, which is 1.7 times more than from basin-1 in SS-1. The experimental results are consistent with the equations coming from the models of Clark J.A. and Dunkle R.V. T_condensation ≠ T_evaporation is an irreversible process. When the basins are heated, the heat is consumed; when the glass cools down, the heat is given off. Heat losses are minimized due to the “gap” and positive energy is provided. The still’s throughput capability can be made larger by increasing the basin’s area, reducing the water layer thickness, and regulating the flowrate of the desalinated water. Full article

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24 pages, 1463 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Solutions: Reviewing the Future of Textile Dye Contaminant Removal with Emerging Biological Treatments

by Kusumlata, Balram Ambade, Ashish Kumar and Sneha Gautam

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(2), 126-149; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24020007 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 1

Abstract

Synthetic dyes, exceeding 100,000 types on the market and produced at a global scale of over 700,000 tons annually, are extensively used in the textile industry. This industry, a leading contributor to water contamination, relies on dyes like reactive, azo, anthraquinone, and triphenylmethane, [...] Read more.

Synthetic dyes, exceeding 100,000 types on the market and produced at a global scale of over 700,000 tons annually, are extensively used in the textile industry. This industry, a leading contributor to water contamination, relies on dyes like reactive, azo, anthraquinone, and triphenylmethane, resulting in substantial water usage and significant effluent generation. A significant modern challenge is the pollution caused by dye-mixed wastewater, releasing hazardous chemicals into water bodies and posing threats to ecosystems, plants, and human health. Traditionally, physicochemical techniques have addressed textile dye-containing wastewater, but their drawbacks, including cost, inefficiency, and potential secondary pollution, have steered attention towards biological alternatives. Utilizing microorganisms and enzymes, these biological methods, such as microbial cell enzyme immobilization, the biofilm technique, bioreactors, biofuel/bioelectricity production, and genetic engineering, have emerged as promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solutions for efficient dye removal from wastewater. This review paper specifically highlights advanced biological techniques and emphasizes their efficacy in addressing the challenges posed by synthetic textile dyes. Through a systematic review of recent research papers, published results, and observations, this review paper provides insights into emerging biological treatment strategies for effectively removing synthetic textile dyes and contaminants from wastewater. Full article

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21 pages, 4821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosis of the Condition of Aquatic Ecosystems Using a Partial Assessment of Ecological and Trophic States: An Example of Small Lakes in Northern Poland

by Maciej Markowski and Barbara Wojtasik

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(1), 105-125; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24010006 - 1 Mar 2024

Abstract

The current state of aquatic ecosystems was assessed for lakes in two river–lake systems: Święta Struga (Święte and Ocypelek) and Kałębnica (Czarne Południowe and Kałębie). Trophic states were determined using the Vollenweider, Nürnberg, and Carlson methods. Additionally, shoreline changes were analyzed for all [...] Read more.

The current state of aquatic ecosystems was assessed for lakes in two river–lake systems: Święta Struga (Święte and Ocypelek) and Kałębnica (Czarne Południowe and Kałębie). Trophic states were determined using the Vollenweider, Nürnberg, and Carlson methods. Additionally, shoreline changes were analyzed for all lakes concerning their natural character, and physicochemical parameters were utilized as auxiliary elements in the assessment of the ecological state following the guidelines of Directive 2000/60/EC. Supplementary to these methods, the ecological evaluation of the littoral zone utilized meiobenthic organism grouping as an indicator. The results indicate significant differences among the studied reservoirs. Lake Święte is a reservoir bordering mesotrophy and eutrophy, with the ecological state of the littoral zone showing ongoing trophic development. Lake Ocypelek exemplifies a eutrophic reservoir undergoing progressive degradation. The lakes in the Kałębnica system also exhibit advanced trophic conditions, with Lake Kałębie being a eutrophic reservoir. Its shoreline has been significantly altered due to the development of the direct catchment area. In contrast, Lake Czarne Południowe serves as an example of a mesotrophic reservoir, with a substantially changed shoreline. Considering physicochemical elements and chlorophyll a concentration, the water quality for all examined lakes was found to be below the good category. The diagnosis of the condition of lake aquatic ecosystems requires an individualized approach to each of them. Therefore, employing various methods for their assessment, encompassing physico-chemical, biological, and morphological parameters, provides the opportunity to initiate potential remedial actions that will effectively contribute to their improvement. Conducting low-cost research involving a multidisciplinary approach to diagnose the state of aquatic ecosystems is becoming a crucial element in lake monitoring. Full article

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29 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of the Eutrophication in Romanian Lakes and Reservoirs

by Gabriela Elena Dumitran, Liana Ioana Vuta and Bogdan Popa

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(1), 76-104; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24010005 - 1 Feb 2024

Abstract

In this paper, attention is drawn to the deterioration of Romanian surface water ecosystems due to eutrophication, an important environmental issue both at national and international levels. An inventory of existing studies dealing with the issue of the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs [...] Read more.

In this paper, attention is drawn to the deterioration of Romanian surface water ecosystems due to eutrophication, an important environmental issue both at national and international levels. An inventory of existing studies dealing with the issue of the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs in Romania is made, aiming to identify the main problems Romania is facing in monitoring, classifying, and managing eutrophic ecosystems. On Web of Science, the keyword “Eutrophication”, with “Romania” as country/region, leads to 50 publications, which are analyzed in this review. The number of articles found does not reflect the real environmental issue represented by eutrophic lakes and reservoirs in Romania. At a national level, only 126 lakes and reservoirs have been monitored and assessed between 2018 and 2020, in terms of ecological status/ecological potential. Thus, at a global evaluation, 77% of natural lakes and 33% of artificial ones do not reach the quality objectives. The results of this study showed that the frequency of measurements taken by water quality indicators is not the strongest point of measurement campaigns, as it is not sufficient for the diagnosis of eutrophic lakes, and supplementary measures must be undertaken to better understand and mitigate this phenomenon. Full article

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23 pages, 4731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Two Lagoons in the Coastal Area of the Baltic Sea

by Oskars Purmalis, Laura Grinberga, Linda Dobkevica, Agnija Skuja, Davis Ozolins, Ivars Druvietis, Viesturs Ozols and Jana Paidere

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(1), 53-75; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24010004 - 24 Jan 2024

Abstract

The proposed study is focused on an ecological analysis of Latvian coastal lagoons, emphasizing their unique but vulnerable nature. Coastal lagoons are recognized as fragile ecosystems of significant ecological, social, and economic value, as recognized by the European Directive 92/43/EEC (Habitats Directive). Despite [...] Read more.

The proposed study is focused on an ecological analysis of Latvian coastal lagoons, emphasizing their unique but vulnerable nature. Coastal lagoons are recognized as fragile ecosystems of significant ecological, social, and economic value, as recognized by the European Directive 92/43/EEC (Habitats Directive). Despite their protected status, the existence of these ecosystems can be threatened by morphological, hydrological, and anthropogenic changes. The uniqueness of these ecosystems can be determined by the large number of influencing factors and their dynamics. They are affected by seawater, their level of fluctuation, wind exposure, overgrowing with macrophytes, freshwater sources, and water flow generated streams affecting sediment transport and accumulation. All the influencing factors determine a highly trophic ecosystem, which in the studied lagoons is rated as medium to poor ecological status, which confirms the above-mentioned vulnerability and fragility. The aim of this study was to analyze two lagoons in the coastal area of the Baltic Sea in the Riga Gulf, by characterizing, for the first time, their current conditions and ecological parameters because understanding such ecosystems is only partial. The physicochemical composition of lagoon sediments and water shows the impact of seawater by increased electrical conductivity and the concentration of SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻ in water, while the presence of detritus in sediments is almost non-existent; thus, the content of organic matter is low with relatively variable pH. The results show that the diversity of studied benthic macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, zooplankton, and even phytoplankton species is low, but there is higher diversity in lagoons and their parts with regular water exchange with the sea. The study provides valuable insight into the ecological dynamics of coastal lagoons in Latvia, shedding light on their current conditions, anthropogenic impact, and the need for sustainable management measures. Full article

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23 pages, 7248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrochemistry and Irrigation Quality of High-Altitude Lakes: A Case Study of the Ramaroshan Lake Complex, Nepal Himalayas

by Bina Thapa, Laxman Khanal, Ramesh Raj Pant, Chet Raj Bhatta, Prekshya Subedi, Laxmi Prasad Upadhyaya, Chandra Bahadur Sunar, Janaki Poudel, Naresh Pandey, Pensri Kyes, Ankit Kumar Singh, Kiran Bishwakarma and Randall C. Kyes

Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24(1), 30-52; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24010003 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 1

Abstract

The Ramaroshan Lake Complex (RLC) in Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal, is a Himalayan lake cluster that holds significant ecological, economic, religious, and esthetic importance. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the hydrochemical properties of water within the RLC and assess its [...] Read more.

The Ramaroshan Lake Complex (RLC) in Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal, is a Himalayan lake cluster that holds significant ecological, economic, religious, and esthetic importance. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the hydrochemical properties of water within the RLC and assess its suitability for irrigation purposes. A total of 38 water samples were collected from seven different lakes of the complex. The physicochemical parameters and major ions were then analyzed. The water samples from the RLC were alkaline, and based on total hardness, they ranged from soft to moderately hard categories. The presence of major ions included the following: Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Fe³⁺ > NH₄⁺ and HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > NO₃⁻ > PO₄³⁻. The alkaline earth metals (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) dominated the alkali metals (Na⁺ and K⁺) and weak acids (HCO₃⁻) dominated the strong acids (Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻). The dominant hydrochemical facies of the lake water was a Ca-HCO₃ type indicating a calcium carbonate type of lithology. Carbonate rock weathering was the most dominant process in influencing the hydrochemistry of the water. A high ratio of (Ca²⁺+ Mg²⁺)/Tz⁺ and a lower ratio of (Na⁺ + K⁺)/Tz⁺ revealed the dominance of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ resulting from carbonate weathering, with little contribution from silicate weathering. Different irrigation indices revealed the suitability of the RLC water for irrigation. The insights derived from this study are pivotal in safeguarding water quality and bolstering sustainability efforts. The study also furnishes foundational data crucial to an array of stakeholders including researchers and policymakers and significantly contributes to advancing water management strategies and fostering ecosystem conservation in the Himalayan freshwater lakes, particularly in the face of the overarching challenge posed by global climate change. Full article

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