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3,597 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,716 Views
23 Pages

25 September 2018

A large number of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are used to drive coal conveyer belts in coal enterprises. Sensorless energy conservation control has important economic value for these enterprises. The key problem of sensorless energy c...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,961 Views
17 Pages

16 April 2024

The instantaneous frequency (IF) is an important feature for the analysis of nonstationary signals. For IF estimation, the time–frequency representation (TFR)-based algorithm is used in a common class of methods. TFR-based methods always need t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Target Recognition and Change Detection for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,005 Views
17 Pages

18 December 2022

The onboard adaptive model is essential to the model-based control and diagnosis of the engine. However, current methods, such as the Kalman-based and the data-driven ones, cannot meet the demands of performance estimation well. Their self-tuning pro...

(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,461 Views
26 Pages

14 May 2020

Real-world problems such as scientific, engineering, mechanical, etc., are multi-objective optimization problems. In order to achieve an optimum solution to such problems, multi-objective optimization algorithms are used. A solution to a multi-object...

(This article belongs to the Collection Multi-Objective Optimization of Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
325 Views
18 Pages

Time-Delay Estimation for Partial Discharge in Arresters Using Joint Denoising and HB-Weighted Cross-Correlation

  • Hui Jia,
  • Xin Cheng,
  • Xiaowei Wei,
  • Weichao Li and ,
  • Jinrong Xu and
  • Junhong Xing
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

9 September 2026

Partial discharge (PD) detection is a crucial means for the early warning of incipient insulation defects in arresters. However, under strong electromagnetic interference and background noise, PD signals are prone to distortion, making it difficult t...

(This article belongs to the Section F6: High Voltage)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,438 Views
23 Pages

Optimization of Electric Transformer Operation Through Load Estimation Based on the K-Means Algorithm

  • Pedro Torres-Bermeo,
  • José Varela-Aldás,
  • Kevin López-Eugenio,
  • Nancy Velasco and
  • Guillermo Palacios-Navarro

15 July 2025

This study presents an innovative methodology to optimize the operation of distribution transformers through the estimation of hourly load curves, aimed at minimizing technical losses due to oversizing, particularly in systems lacking advanced meteri...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimization for Energy Systems: 3rd Edition on the Way to Green Transition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,557 Views
23 Pages

Automatic Breast Tumor Screening of Mammographic Images with Optimal Convolutional Neural Network

  • Pi-Yun Chen,
  • Xuan-Hao Zhang,
  • Jian-Xing Wu,
  • Ching-Chou Pai and ,
  • Jin-Chyr Hsu,
  • Chia-Hung Lin and
  • Neng-Sheng Pai
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

18 April 2022

Mammography is a first-line imaging examination approach used for early breast tumor screening. Computational techniques based on deep-learning methods, such as convolutional neural network (CNN), are routinely used as classifiers for rapid automatic...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Image Processing and Analysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,673 Views
23 Pages

Comparison of Machine Learning-Based Snow Depth Estimates and Development of a New Operational Retrieval Algorithm over China

  • Jianwei Yang,
  • Lingmei Jiang,
  • Jinmei Pan,
  • Jiancheng Shi and ,
  • Shengli Wu,
  • Jian Wang and
  • Fangbo Pan
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

10 June 2022

Snow depth estimation with passive microwave (PM) remote sensing is challenged by spatial variations in the Earth’s surface, e.g., snow metamorphism, land cover types, and topography. Thus, traditional static snow depth retrieval algorithms can...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing for Quantitative Parameters Retrieval: Methods and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
911 Views
14 Pages

Degenerate Appell Polynomials Connecting Beta Function as a Family of Operators and Their Approximations

  • Mohammad Farid,
  • Harun Çiçek,
  • Mohammad Ayman-Mursaleen and
  • Nadeem Rao

1 December 2025

This paper introduces a novel family of positive linear operators constructed by blending degenerate Appell polynomials with a classical Beta kernel in the Durrmeyer setting. The operators are defined as Hn(g;u)=∑ƿ=0∞hƿ(n+u;ƛ...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetries and Fractional Differential Equations: Theory and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,968 Views
20 Pages

10 August 2022

Through technological advances and the use of online platforms, the perfect environment was created to revolutionize the field of construction. Over the years, this field has faced difficulties in optimizing resources and reducing time and costs, but...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,027 Views
23 Pages

Ocean Colour Estimates of Phytoplankton Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea: Update of the Operational Regional Algorithms Within the Copernicus Marine Service

  • Annalisa Di Cicco,
  • Michela Sammartino,
  • Vittorio E. Brando,
  • Florinda Artuso and ,
  • Antonia Lai,
  • Isabella Giardina,
  • Gianluca Volpe,
  • Gian Marco Palamara,
  • Chiara Lapucci and
  • Simone Colella
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

30 October 2025

Understanding the composition of phytoplankton assemblages and monitoring changes in their diversity is a key factor in the comprehension of global biogeochemical cycles, climate regulation and marine ecosystem health, especially in the context of in...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing of Phytoplankton Optical Properties and for Studies in Marine Biology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
3,886 Views
15 Pages

Design and Validation of Pitch H-Infinity Controller for a Large Wind Turbine

  • Yuan Song,
  • Taesu Jeon,
  • Insu Paek and
  • Bayasgalan Dugarjav

21 November 2022

In this study, a pitch H-infinity control algorithm was developed for variable-speed–variable-pitch (VSVP) wind turbines to improve the rotor standard deviation of the wind turbines under normal and extreme wind conditions. The pitch H-infinity...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Wind Turbine Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,891 Views
21 Pages

30 July 2022

We study the non-parametric estimation of partially linear generalized single-index functional models, where the systematic component of the model has a flexible functional semi-parametric form with a general link function. We suggest an efficient an...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Statistics: Theory, Methodology, Applications and Data Analysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,694 Views
20 Pages

Enhanced Coconut Yield Prediction Using Internet of Things and Deep Learning: A Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory Lévy Flight and Seagull Optimization Algorithm Approach

  • Rami N. Alkhawaji,
  • Suhail H. Serbaya,
  • Siraj Zahran,
  • Vasiliki Vita and ,
  • Stylianos Pappas,
  • Ali Rizwan and
  • Georgios Fotis
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

25 August 2024

In coastal areas, coconuts are a common crop. Everyone from farmers to lawmakers and businesses would benefit from an accurate forecast of coconut production. Internet of Things (IoT) sensors are strategically positioned to continuously monitor the e...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research and Application on Swarm Optimization and Bioinspired Optimization Algorithms)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,396 Views
20 Pages

30 October 2024

This research aims to analyze the implementation of a fuzzy logic-based approach in improving the diagnosis of power transformer oil deterioration, which is critical for maintaining the efficient performance and operational life of transformers. Trad...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,052 Views
20 Pages

14 November 2025

This study addresses the challenge of aligning inventory forecasting with sustainability and service level goals in re-order point systems. It introduces a semiparametric forecasting method based on exponential smoothing and M-estimation, designed to...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operations, Supply Chain Management, and Business Analytics: Design, Data-Driven Optimization Models, and Performance Evaluation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,484 Views
11 Pages

25 July 2025

In UAV target localization, the accuracy of time delay estimation is the key to high-precision positioning. However, under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), time delay estimation suffers from serious secondary peak interference and low accuracy, which...

  • Article
  • Open Access
62 Citations
8,631 Views
25 Pages

21 December 2016

Snow is a key element of the water and energy cycles and the knowledge of spatio-temporal distribution of snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) is fundamental for hydrological and climatological applications. SWE and snow depth estimates can be...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,122 Views
13 Pages

13 July 2022

To address the problem of expensive computation in traditional two-dimensional (2D) direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, in this paper, we propose a 2D DOA estimation method based on a reduced dimension and root-finding MUSIC algorithm for nested p...

(This article belongs to the Section Communications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,437 Views
14 Pages

A Study on Available Power Estimation Algorithm and Its Validation

  • Dongmyoung Kim,
  • Taesu Jeon,
  • Insu Paek and
  • Daeyoung Kim

4 April 2022

Three different algorithms that can be used to estimate the available power of a wind turbine are investigated and validated in this study. The first method is the simplest and using the power curve with the measured nacelle wind speed. The other two...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,989 Views
11 Pages

Accurate Frequency Estimator for Real Sinusoid Based on DFT

  • Zhanhong Liu,
  • Lei Fan,
  • Jinyu Liu,
  • Nian Liu and ,
  • Jiyu Jin and
  • Jun Xing
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

24 September 2022

An accurate frequency estimator for real sinusoid based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is proposed. The proposed estimator is based on the interpolation of the maximum DFT spectral line and two Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) spectral lin...

(This article belongs to the Section Circuit and Signal Processing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
9,606 Views
17 Pages

With the ever-increasing usage of lithium-ion batteries, especially in transportation applications, accurate estimation of battery state of charge (SOC) is of paramount importance. A majority of the current SOC estimation methods rely on data collect...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,930 Views
17 Pages

4 November 2021

A data-driven analysis method known as dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) approximates the linear Koopman operator on a projected space. In the spirit of Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma, we will use a random projection to estimate the DMD modes in a reduce...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical Systems and Operator Theory)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,721 Views
11 Pages

21 January 2025

This paper proposed a novel real-time inductance tracking algorithm. This algorithm estimates the inductance of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) using electrical and mechanical equations. Unlike the conventional algorithms, the p...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
5,374 Views
23 Pages

26 April 2019

An accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation is vital for the safe operation and efficient management of lithium-ion batteries. At present, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) can accurately estimate the SOC under the condition of a precise battery mode...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Management System for Future Electric Vehicles)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,646 Views
14 Pages

30 April 2021

Dynamic phenomena in electric power systems require fast and accurate algorithms for processing signals. The processing results include synchrophasor parameters, e.g., varying amplitude, phase or frequency of sinusoidal voltage or current signals. Th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Energy in Modern Engineering and Medical Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
2,825 Views
25 Pages

Joint Estimation Method with Multi-Innovation Unscented Kalman Filter Based on Fractional-Order Model for State of Charge and State of Health Estimation

  • Yonghong Xu,
  • Cheng Li,
  • Xu Wang,
  • Hongguang Zhang and ,
  • Fubin Yang,
  • Lili Ma and
  • Yan Wang
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

22 November 2022

This study simulates the polarization effect during the process of battery charging and discharging, and investigates the characteristics of the process. A fractional-order model (FOM) is established and the parameters of the FOM are identified with...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toward Carbon Neutrality: Renewable Energy and Energy Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,417 Views
15 Pages

10 October 2018

This paper considers the parameter estimation problem under non-stationary environments in sensor networks. The unknown parameter vector is considered to be a time-varying sequence. To further promote estimation performance, this paper suggests a nov...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Signal and Information Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,529 Views
22 Pages

The YOLO-OBB-Based Approach for Citrus Fruit Stem Pose Estimation and Robot Picking

  • Lei Ye,
  • Junjun Ma,
  • Yuanhua Lv,
  • Zhipeng Guo and ,
  • Zhihao Lai,
  • Chuhong Ou,
  • Jin Li and
  • Fengyun Wu
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

9 November 2025

Precise localization of the fruit stem picking point is crucial for robots to achieve efficient harvesting operations. However, in unstructured orchard environments, citrus fruit stems are easily obscured by branches and leaves and affected by factor...

(This article belongs to the Topic Intelligent Agriculture: Perception Technologies and Agricultural Equipment for Crop Production Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
6,771 Views
28 Pages

27 September 2018

Velocity measurement by an incremental encoder is an important issue for advanced motion control applications such as robotics. In this paper, we deal with a kind of MT-type velocity estimation method. Though the conventional MT method is well known...

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,063 Views
15 Pages

12 November 2024

The precise estimation of the state of charge (SOC) in lithium batteries is crucial for enhancing their operational lifespan. To address the issue of reduced accuracy in SOC estimation caused by the random missing values of lithium battery current me...

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,632 Views
17 Pages

31 August 2024

A common challenge for exoskeleton control is discerning operator intent to provide seamless actuation of the device with the operator. One way to accomplish this is with joint angle estimation algorithms and multiple sensors on the human–machi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensors for Biomechanics Applications—2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
4,240 Views
17 Pages

Comparison of SOC Estimation between the Integer-Order Model and Fractional-Order Model Under Different Operating Conditions

  • Guoqing Jin,
  • Lan Li,
  • Yidan Xu,
  • Minghui Hu and ,
  • Chunyun Fu and
  • Datong Qin
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

7 April 2020

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) is an important criterion to prevent the batteries from being over-charged or over-discharged, and this assures an electric vehicle’s safety and reliability. To investigate the effect of differen...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Systems for Transportation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,770 Views
22 Pages

27 February 2025

To facilitate the automation of crane operations for grabbing coil stacks in port storage areas, thereby streamlining the processes of warehousing, stacking, and transshipment for enhanced operational efficiency, this paper utilizes algorithms relate...

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,898 Views
16 Pages

2 December 2019

Relay protection equipment is important to ensure the safe and stable operation of power systems. The risks should be evaluated, which are caused by the failure of relay protection. At present, the fault data and the fault status monitoring informati...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization for Control, Observation and Safety)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
1,865 Views
22 Pages

10 October 2025

Based on a fractional-order equivalent circuit model, this paper proposes a multi-timescale collaborative State of Energy (SOE) and State of Health (SOH) estimation method (FOASTFREKF-EKF) for lithium batteries to mitigate the influence of model inac...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Modelling, and Management of Batteries)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,438 Views
21 Pages

Signal Source Localization with Long-Term Observations in Distributed Angle-Only Sensors

  • Shenghua Zhou,
  • Linhai Wang,
  • Ran Liu,
  • Yidi Chen and ,
  • Xiaojun Peng,
  • Xiaoyang Xie,
  • Jian Yang,
  • Shibo Gao and
  • Xuehui Shao
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

9 December 2022

Angle-only sensors cannot provide range information of targets and in order to determine accurate position of a signal source, one can connect distributed passive sensors with communication links and implement a fusion algorithm to estimate target po...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Angle-Only Filtering and Tracking in Two and Three Dimensions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,066 Views
19 Pages

A Distance Vector Hop-Based Secure and Robust Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Rameez Asif,
  • Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam,
  • Muhammad Hasanain Chaudary,
  • Arif Husen and
  • Syed Raheel Hassan

Location information of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network is important. The sensor nodes are usually required to ascertain their positions so that the data collected by these nodes can be labeled with this information. On the other hand, cert...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Security and Privacy for Modern Wireless Communication Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
54 Citations
6,242 Views
22 Pages

2 September 2020

The state of charge (SOC) estimation of the battery is one of the important functions of the battery management system of the electric vehicle, and the accurate SOC estimation is of great significance to the safe operation of the electric vehicle and...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Battery Technologies: New Applications and Management Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,825 Views
19 Pages

A Novel Multi-Area Distribution State Estimation Approach for Active Networks

  • Mohammad Gholami,
  • Ali Abbaspour Tehrani-Fard,
  • Matti Lehtonen,
  • Moein Moeini-Aghtaie and
  • Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad

23 March 2021

This paper presents a hierarchically distributed algorithm for the execution of distribution state estimation function in active networks equipped with some phasor measurement units. The proposed algorithm employs voltage-based state estimation in re...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Load Modelling of Power Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
45 Citations
7,927 Views
15 Pages

A New Method for State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Strong Tracking Cubature Kalman Filter

  • Bizhong Xia,
  • Haiqing Wang,
  • Mingwang Wang,
  • Wei Sun and ,
  • Zhihui Xu and
  • Yongzhi Lai
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

26 November 2015

The estimation of state of charge (SOC) is a crucial evaluation index in a battery management system (BMS). The value of SOC indicates the remaining capacity of a battery, which provides a good guarantee of safety and reliability of battery operation...

(This article belongs to the Collection Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Collection)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,401 Views
20 Pages

Online Parameter Identification and Joint Estimation of the State of Charge and the State of Health of Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering the Degree of Polarization

  • Bizhong Xia,
  • Guanghao Chen,
  • Jie Zhou,
  • Yadi Yang and ,
  • Rui Huang,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Yongzhi Lai,
  • Mingwang Wang and
  • Huawen Wang
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

31 July 2019

The state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH) are the two most important indexes of batteries. However, they are not measurable with transducers and must be estimated with mathematical algorithms. A precise model and accurate available batt...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,017 Views
26 Pages

Impact of Data Corruption and Operating Temperature on Performance of Model-Based SoC Estimation

  • King Hang Wu,
  • Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian,
  • Saad Mekhilef,
  • Prashant Shrivastava and
  • Alex Stojcevski

25 September 2024

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming popular around the world. Making a lithium battery (LIB) pack with a robust battery management system (BMS) for an EV to operate under different complex environments is both a challenge and a requirement for engin...

(This article belongs to the Section D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
267 Views
23 Pages

Impact of Electrical Parameter Measurement Error on Battery SOC Estimation Accuracy and Compensation Strategies

  • Peng Wang,
  • Shusong Wang,
  • Yi Su,
  • Yunbo Peng and ,
  • Haiyuan Wang,
  • Xiaolin Xie and
  • Xiqiang Ma
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

28 September 2026

The estimation accuracy of the battery state of charge (SOC) directly affects the reliable and stable operation of the battery management system (BMS). In complex operating conditions such as vehicle-mounted applications and energy storage power stat...

(This article belongs to the Section Storage Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
334 Views
22 Pages

5 September 2026

Precise data regarding the overall mass of the machinery and the gradient of the track are crucial for optimizing the control of monorail cranes and enhancing energy efficiency. Within the context of electric monorail cranes (EMCs), accurately estima...

(This article belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
10,824 Views
18 Pages

Enhanced Algorithms for Estimating Tree Trunk Diameter Using 2D Laser Scanner

  • Ola Ringdahl,
  • Peter Hohnloser,
  • Thomas Hellström,
  • Johan Holmgren and
  • Ola Lindroos

8 October 2013

Accurate vehicle localization in forest environments is still an unresolved problem. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have well known limitations in dense forest, and have to be combined with for instance laser based SLAM algorithms to prov...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mobile Laser Scanning and Mobile Mapping)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,918 Views
10 Pages

An Algorithm for Estimation of SF6 Leakage on Power Substation Assets

  • Ferley Castro Aranda,
  • Rodolfo García Sierra,
  • Andrés Felipe Cerón Piamba,
  • Benjamin Mailhé and
  • Luis Miguel León Gil

26 January 2022

This paper presents an algorithm that evaluates the current state of an asset fleet containing sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and estimates its leakage in future electrical power substation projects. The algorithm uses simple models and easy tools to fac...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algorithms in Planning and Operation of Power Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,075 Views
14 Pages

Estimating Human Wrist Stiffness during a Tooling Task

  • Gia-Hoang Phan,
  • Clint Hansen,
  • Paolo Tommasino,
  • Aamani Budhota and ,
  • Dhanya Menoth Mohan,
  • Asif Hussain,
  • Etienne Burdet and
  • Domenico Campolo
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

8 June 2020

In this work, we propose a practical approach to estimate human joint stiffness during tooling tasks for the purpose of programming a robot by demonstration. More specifically, we estimate the stiffness along the wrist radial-ulnar deviation while a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human and Animal Motion Tracking Using Inertial Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
6,879 Views
14 Pages

11 February 2022

Power grid parameter estimation involves the estimation of unknown parameters, such as the inertia and damping coefficients, from the observed dynamics. In this work, we present physics-informed machine learning algorithms for the power system parame...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,397 Views
14 Pages

3 January 2025

Overhead power lines are important components of power grids, and the status of transmission line equipment directly affects the safe and reliable operation of power grids. In order to guarantee the reliable operation of lines and efficient usage of...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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