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Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics
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Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 August 2025 | Viewed by 3211

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rundong Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: axial-flux machine and control; electric propulsion system; electric actuators for robots; analytical modelling
Dr. Yuxin Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: power electronics; onboard charger; wireless power transfer
Dr. Zhiping Dong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: multi-phase motor drives; hetero-topology converters; fault-tolerant control; model predictive control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Chunhua Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Interests: electric motor and drives; electric vehicle technologies; wireless power transfer; smart grid and micro grid
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrified transportation and robotics play an important role in carbon neutrality and smart cities. As their main energy consumption and harvesting components, electric propulsion systems and charging systems need advanced technologies. They have demanding requirements for the electric machine and charging circuits to achieve excellent performance such as strong propulsion, flexible actions, and fast charging. Potential electric machines and drives for these scenarios must possess features of high efficiency, high power density, great fault tolerance and reliability, small size, and low cost. They include radial-flux permanent magnet machines, axial-flux permanent magnet machines, and transverse-flux permanent magnet machines. Combined with advanced electric machines, control strategies with high robustness and fast response can be designed. In addition, the emerging charging scheme includes cable charging and wireless charging. They can both provide convenient and efficient charging services for electric transportation and robots. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on reviews and technical studies on electric machine design and control, charging station technologies, and wireless power transfer, with regard to these electric propulsion systems and charging systems.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • High-efficiency and high-power-density drive circuit and control strategy design;
  • Design, analysis, and optimization of rotating/linear permanent magnet machines;
  • Fault-tolerant machine topology and winding design;
  • Monitoring, failure mode analysis, and fault diagnosis of electric propulsion system;
  • High-efficiency power converter and rectifier system;
  • Integrated design consideration of motor and drive circuit;
  • Power converter for charging station;
  • Emerging wireless energy/power transfer technology for electric vehicles.

Dr. Rundong Huang
Dr. Yuxin Liu
Dr. Zhiping Dong
Dr. Chunhua Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrified transportation
  • robotic
  • electric propulsion system
  • charging system
  • electrical power converter

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 19193 KiB  
Article
Design of a Novel Nine-Phase Ferrite-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine with Skewed Stator Slots
by Hongliang Guo, Tianci Wang, Hongwu Chen, Zaixin Song and Chunhua Liu
Energies 2025, 18(9), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092323 (registering DOI) - 2 May 2025
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel nine-phase ferrite-assisted synchronous reluctance machine (FA-SynRM) featuring skewed stator slots to address challenges related to harmonic distortion, torque ripple, and material sustainability which are prevalent in conventional permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMa-SynRMs). Existing PMa-SynRMs often suffer from [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a novel nine-phase ferrite-assisted synchronous reluctance machine (FA-SynRM) featuring skewed stator slots to address challenges related to harmonic distortion, torque ripple, and material sustainability which are prevalent in conventional permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMa-SynRMs). Existing PMa-SynRMs often suffer from increased torque ripples and harmonic distortion, while reliance on rare-earth materials raises cost and sustainability concerns. To address these issues, the proposed design incorporates low-cost ferrite magnets embedded within the rotor flux barriers to achieve a flux-concentrated effect and enhanced torque production. The nine-phase winding configuration is utilized to improve fault tolerance, reduce harmonic distortion, and enable smoother torque output compared with conventional three-phase counterparts. In addition, the skewed stator slot design further minimizes harmonic components, reducing overall distortion. The proposed machine is validated through finite element analysis (FEA), and experimental verification is obtained by measuring the inductance characteristics and back-EMF of the nine-phase winding, confirming the feasibility of the electromagnetic design. The results demonstrate significant reductions in harmonic distortion and torque ripples, verifying the potential of this design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics)
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15 pages, 7210 KiB  
Article
Open-Circuit Fault Mitigation for Inverter-Driven Induction Motor Based on Closed-Loop Volt-per-Hertz
by Mohammad Alathamneh, Haneen Ghanayem, R. M. Nelms and Ibrahim M. Allafi
Energies 2025, 18(7), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071596 - 23 Mar 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
Presented in this paper is a mitigation technique for an open-circuit fault (OCF) in a closed-loop Volt-per-Hertz controlled three-phase induction motor. Conventional proportional–integral (PI) controllers have been found inadequate for maintaining stable motor performance during the fault and exhibit significant transient issues when [...] Read more.
Presented in this paper is a mitigation technique for an open-circuit fault (OCF) in a closed-loop Volt-per-Hertz controlled three-phase induction motor. Conventional proportional–integral (PI) controllers have been found inadequate for maintaining stable motor performance during the fault and exhibit significant transient issues when transitioning from fault to normal operation. To address these limitations, a proportional–resonant (PR) control method and a proportional–integral–resonant (PIR) control method are proposed. The PIR controller enhances the traditional PI controller by integrating a resonant component, enabling effective performance during the fault and improving transient responses during pre-fault conditions. Experimental validation using a dSPACE DS1104 platform demonstrates that the PR and PIR control methods significantly improve motor performance compared to the PI method. The proposed approaches eliminate the need for fault detection, offering a simpler and cost-effective alternative for maintaining motor reliability and efficiency under fault conditions. These results underscore the potential of the proposed method as a robust solution for the fault scenarios in industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics)
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22 pages, 8834 KiB  
Article
Harmonic Current Suppression of Dual Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Improved Proportional-Integral Resonant Controller
by Lei Chen, Min Chen, Bodong Li, Xinnan Sun and Feng Jiang
Energies 2025, 18(6), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061340 - 9 Mar 2025
Viewed by 523
Abstract
The impedance of the harmonic plane in a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM) is very low, meaning that even small harmonic voltages can induce significant harmonic currents, particularly at the fifth and seventh harmonic frequencies. These harmonic currents can severely degrade [...] Read more.
The impedance of the harmonic plane in a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM) is very low, meaning that even small harmonic voltages can induce significant harmonic currents, particularly at the fifth and seventh harmonic frequencies. These harmonic currents can severely degrade system performance and increase losses. To address this issue, the mechanism of harmonic current generation due to non-sinusoidal back electromotive force (EMF) and inverter nonlinearity is first analyzed. Then, to overcome the challenge of excessive controllers in traditional harmonic suppression strategies, a rotational coordinate transformation of the harmonic plane current is employed, which unifies the controllers and reduces their number. Since traditional proportional-integral resonant (PIR) controllers are ineffective at a high-speed region, an improved PIR controller for the harmonic plane is proposed. This controller incorporates digital delay compensation, phase compensation, and discretization correction to minimize the deviation between the discretized resonant frequency and the actual frequency. These enhancements enable harmonic suppression across the entire speed range and under varying load conditions, significantly reducing harmonic currents. Finally, the proposed harmonic current suppression strategy is experimentally validated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics)
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18 pages, 3752 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Gear Wireless Power Transfer System: Prototype and Electric Vehicle Charging
by Caleb Dunlap and Charles W. Van Neste
Energies 2025, 18(3), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030532 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 771
Abstract
This paper investigates the potential of a magnetic gear wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle (EV) charging, with the advantages of low-frequency operation, low foreign object interference, low electromagnetic emissions, and high misalignment tolerance. The study explores the novel impact of [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the potential of a magnetic gear wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle (EV) charging, with the advantages of low-frequency operation, low foreign object interference, low electromagnetic emissions, and high misalignment tolerance. The study explores the novel impact of Halbach arrays that enhance the flux density in desirable locations while decreasing the flux in undesirable locations, which provides the benefit of decreased foreign object attraction. The initial prototype results demonstrate that the Halbach system can transmit approximately 34.65 W with a transfer efficiency of 64% across a gap of 104 mm. The Halbach system is experimentally compared to a conventional magnet arrangement, which achieved a maximum power transfer of 88 W over 104 mm. The Halbach system is applied to a personal mobility EV to enable wireless charging at low frequency. The axial design of this WPT system has the unique benefit of a 360° radial coupling angle that maintains constant, near-maximum levels of power transfer and efficiency. This full circle coupling angle allows the personal EV to park in any direct vicinity of the charger and achieve the same level of charging given a certain distance. This study delivers important contributions to advancing a low-frequency wireless EV charging technology based on magnetic gears, that sets the stage for future innovations focused on optimizing efficiency, increasing safety, and simplifying the charging process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics)
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11 pages, 3521 KiB  
Article
Efficient Online Inductance Tracking Algorithm for IPMSM Using Torque Estimation
by Han-Woong Ahn, Sungil Bae and Hyun-Jong Park
Energies 2025, 18(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030469 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 564
Abstract
This paper proposed a novel real-time inductance tracking algorithm. This algorithm estimates the inductance of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) using electrical and mechanical equations. Unlike the conventional algorithms, the proposed online inductance identification algorithm does not need information on magnetic flux. [...] Read more.
This paper proposed a novel real-time inductance tracking algorithm. This algorithm estimates the inductance of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) using electrical and mechanical equations. Unlike the conventional algorithms, the proposed online inductance identification algorithm does not need information on magnetic flux. Therefore, the parameter can be estimated of the variation with the operating point and cross-saturation effect. In this paper, a novel real-time parameter tracking algorithm based on the electrical torque estimator is derived. The feasibility and usefulness of the proposed inductance estimation technique are verified by simulation and experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics)
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25 pages, 1436 KiB  
Article
Development of a Conceptual Model for the Information and Control System of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Solving Problems in the Mineral and Raw Materials Complex
by Dmitry Pervukhin, Dmitry Kotov and Vyacheslav Trushnikov
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5916; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235916 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 654
Abstract
This study presents the development of a conceptual model for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) information and control system (ICS) tailored for the mineral and raw materials complex (MRMC). To address the challenges of underwater mineral exploration, such as harsh conditions, high costs, [...] Read more.
This study presents the development of a conceptual model for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) information and control system (ICS) tailored for the mineral and raw materials complex (MRMC). To address the challenges of underwater mineral exploration, such as harsh conditions, high costs, and personnel risks, a comprehensive model was designed. This model was built using correlation analysis and expert evaluations to identify critical parameters affecting AUV efficiency and reliability. Key elements, including pressure resistance, communication stability, energy efficiency, and maneuverability, were prioritized. The results indicate that enhancing these elements can significantly improve AUV performance in deep-sea environments. The proposed model optimizes the ICS, providing a foundation for designing advanced AUVs capable of efficiently executing complex underwater tasks. By integrating these innovations, the model aims to boost operational productivity, ensure safety, and open new avenues for mineral resource exploration. This study’s findings highlight the importance of focusing on critical AUV parameters for developing effective and reliable solutions, thus addressing the pressing needs of the MRMC while promoting sustainable resource management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electrified Transportation and Robotics)
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