Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Based on Redox-Flow Batteries: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Charging Resources Utilization of Electric Vehicles’ Fast Charging Station
Data-Driven Battery Aging Mechanism Analysis and Degradation Pathway Prediction

Journal Description

Batteries

Batteries is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of battery technology and materials published monthly online by MDPI. International Society for Porous Media (InterPore) is affiliated with Batteries and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Electrochemistry) / CiteScore - Q1 (Electrical and Electronic Engineering)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2022).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Sections: published in 5 topical sections.

Impact Factor: 5.938 (2021); 5-Year Impact Factor: 5.213 (2021)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2313-0105

Latest Articles

Open AccessArticle

High Areal Capacity and Sustainable High Energy in Ferroelectric Doped Holey Graphene/Sulfur Composite Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Claudia C. Zuluaga-Gómez

Balram Tripathi

Christian O. Plaza-Rivera

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Batteries 2023, 9(6), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060293 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2023

Abstract

In this study, we are reporting the impact of the incorporation of ferroelectric nanoparticles (FNPs), such as BaTiO₃ (BTO), BiFeO₃ (BFO), Bi₄NdTi₃Fe_0.7Ni_0.3O₁₅ (BNTFN), and Bi₄NdTi₃Fe_0.5Co_0.5O₁₅ (BNTFC), as well as the mass loading of sulfur to fabricated solvent-free sulfur/holey graphene-carbon black/polyvinylidene fluoride (S/FNPs/CBhG/PVDF) composite electrodes to achieve high areal capacity for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The dry-press method was adopted to fabricate composite cathodes. The hG, a conductive and lightweight scaffold derived from graphene, served as a matrix to host sulfur and FNPs for the fabrication of solvent-free composites. Raman spectra confirmed the dominant hG framework for all the composites, with strong D, G, and 2D bands. The surface morphology of the fabricated cathode system showed a homogeneous distribution of FNPs throughout the composites, confirmed by the EDAX spectra. The observed Li⁺ ion diffusion coefficient for the composite cathode started at 2.17 × 10⁻¹⁶ cm²/s (S₂₅(CBhG)₆₅PVDF₁₀) and reached up to the highest value (4.15 × 10⁻¹⁵ cm²/s) for S₂₅BNTFC₅(CBhG)₆₀PVDF₁₀. The best discharge capacity values for the S₂₅(CBhG)₆₅PVDF₁₀ and S₂₅BNTFC₅(CBhG)₆₀PVDF₁₀ composites started at 1123 mAh/g_s and 1509 mAh/g_s and dropped to 612 mAh/g_s and 572 mAh/g_s, respectively, after 100 cycles; similar behavior was exhibited by the other composites that were among the best. These are better values than those previously reported in the literature. The incorporation of ferroelectric nanoparticles in the cathodes of Li-S batteries reduced the rapid formation of polysulfides due to their internal electric fields. The areal capacity for the S₂₅(CBhG)₆₅PVDF₁₀ composites was 4.84 mAh/cm² with a mass loading of 4.31 mg_s/cm², while that for the S₂₅BNTFC₅(CBhG)₆₀PVDF₁₀ composites was 6.74 mAh/cm² with a mass loading of 4.46 mg_s/cm². It was confirmed that effective FNP incorporation within the S cathode improves the cycling response and stability of cathodes, enabling the high performance of Li-S batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interfacial Regulation for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries)

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Open AccessArticle

Li₃BO₃-Li₃PO₄ Composites for Efficient Buffer Layer of Sulphide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries

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Batteries 2023, 9(6), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060292 (registering DOI) - 26 May 2023

Abstract

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) based on sulphide electrolytes are promising next-generation energy storage systems because they are expected to have improved safety, increased volumetric energy density, and a wide operating temperature range. However, side reactions at the cathode/electrolyte interface deteriorate the electrochemical performance and limit the commercialization of ASSBs. Surface coating of the cathode is an efficient approach for overcoming this issue. In this study, new Li₃BO₃ (LBO)-Li₃PO₄ (LPO) composites were applied as coating materials for high-Ni cathodes (NCM). PO₄-based materials (such as LPO) have been used as coating layers because of their good chemical stability in sulphide electrolytes. However, the ionic conductivity of LPO is slightly insufficient compared to those of generally used ternary oxides. The addition of LBO could compensate for the low ionic conductivity of LPO and may provide better protection against sulphide electrolytes owing to the effect of LBO, which has been used as a good coating material. As expected, the LBO-LPO composites (LBPO) NCM exhibited superior discharge capacity, rate capability, and cyclic performance compared to the pristine and LPO-coated NCMs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses confirmed that the LBPO coating on the cathodes successfully suppressed the byproduct formation and an undesirable interfacial layer, which are attributed to interfacial side reactions. This result clearly shows the potential of the LBPO coating as an excellent buffer layer to stabilise the oxide cathode/sulphide electrolyte interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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Open AccessArticle

Multiobjective Optimization Charging Strategy Based on a Fast Charging Electrochemical Model and Safe Charging Boundary

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Batteries 2023, 9(6), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060291 - 25 May 2023

Abstract

The present expeditious charging approach for electric automobiles relies on provisional trial data and the technical proficiency of lithium battery producers, and it is deficient in systematic methodologies for assessing the safety threshold of charging. The present study is grounded on the utilization of an electrochemical fast-charging model for the purpose of determining the temperature limits for lithium deposition. A proposed approach for enhancing the charging strategy involves the consideration of discharging pulses and pulse widths, and the utilization of a genetic algorithm based on the lithium deposition boundary. The present approach endeavors to enhance the duration of charging and minimize the occurrence of irreversible thermal effects by employing the existing threshold as a safeguard threshold. The outcomes of the experiment indicate that the electrochemical rapid charging approach proposed in this study exhibits a significant level of simulation precision when subjected to high magnification and a wide range of temperatures. Furthermore, the implementation of an enhanced genetic algorithm-based optimized charging strategy has demonstrated the capability to efficiently balance the charging duration and irreversible heat, leading to a significant improvement in the charging performance in comparison to the conventional 1 C constant current charging approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application)

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Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Li₂S-AlI₃-LiI Composite Solid Electrolyte and Its Application in All-Solid-State Li-S Battery

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Batteries 2023, 9(6), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060290 - 25 May 2023

Abstract

Novel (80Li₂S − 20AlI₃)·yLiI composite solid electrolytes (y = 5, 10, 15) were prepared by mechannochemical synthesis. XRD results showed that the pattern of 80Li₂S − 20AlI₃ was similar to that of AlI₃, which means that Li₂S was dissolved in AlI₃ matrix during preparation. This structure was still maintained after LiI addition. The current measured at constant applied DC voltage indicated that (80Li₂S − 20AlI₃)·yLiI composites are intrinsically pure Li-ion conductors. The ionic conductivity at 25 °C of y = 10 was about 2.3 × 10⁻⁴ Scm⁻¹, which was about three times higher than that of y = 0. The conductivity of y = 10 increased 20 times to 2.2 × 10⁻³ Scm⁻¹ at 70 °C. These values were highest among those observed from Li₂S-based materials. It was revealed that Li-ion moves in 80Li₂S − 20AlI₃ by a hoping mechanism, while the lattice dipoles are the origin of Li-ion movement in (80Li₂S − 20AlI₃)·yLiI. The polarization measurements using Liǀ90 (80Li₂S − 20AlI₃)·10LiI ǀLi and LiǀLi₆PS₅Clǀ90 (80Li₂S − 20AlI₃)·10LiIǀLi₆PS₅ClǀLi cells proved that 90 (80Li₂S − 20AlI₃)·10LiI reacts with Li metal, but it is relatively stable at a low voltage. Sample y = 10 was also employed as a solid electrolyte in the positive electrode of a solid-state Li-S battery to study its stability in the voltage range of the positive electrode. CuS and Li_4.4Si were the electrode-active materials. The cell was cycled in CC-CV mode at 1.0 mA cm⁻² (CC) with a cut-off voltage of 1.0–2.3 V. The cell delivered a stable capacity of about 400 mAh g⁻¹_CuS after 40 cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Metal-Anode-Based Solid-State Batteries)

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Open AccessArticle

Yeast-Derived Sulfur Host for the Application of Sustainable Li–S Battery Cathode

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Batteries 2023, 9(6), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060289 - 24 May 2023

Abstract

A porous carbon structure (PCS) is considered as an ideal electrode material for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, owing to its flexible texture, large surface area, and high electrical conductivity. In this work, we use food-grade yeast as the carbon precursor, which is proliferated in glucose solution, carbonized with a NaCl template to yield a sheet-like carbon structure, and reactivated at different temperatures with KOH. The porous carbon material is then applied as the sulfur host of the Li–S battery cathode, and the electrode is systematically characterized by means of SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, XPS, thermogravimetric (TG), nitrogen gas adsorption–desorption, and electrochemical measurements. The results show that the PCS obtained at 800 °C has an ultra-high surface area of 2410 m² g⁻¹ and exhibits excellent performance for a Li–S battery cathode. The initial discharge capacity of the PCS-800/S cathode is 1502 mAh g⁻¹, which accounts for 90% of the theoretical capacity value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Secondary Batteries)

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Open AccessArticle

C₄S Nanosheet: A Potential Anode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries

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Batteries 2023, 9(6), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060288 - 24 May 2023

Abstract

Potassium ion batteries (KIBs) have received increasing popularity owing to their distinct advantages. We discover a hitherto unknown C₄S nanosheet, a novel carbon-based material with carbon and sulfur consisting of pentagons and hexagons rings. The proposed C₄S nanosheet is highly stable dynamically, thermodynamically, mechanically, and chemically, according to first-principles calculations. Moreover, the graphene-like C₄S nanosheet is a prospective KIBs anode material, which has a metallic band structure, a relatively low diffusion barrier (0.07 eV), a large capacity (1340 mA h g⁻¹), and an acceptable average voltage (0.44 V). Finally, we demonstrate good cycling stability of the C₄S nanosheet. Our findings indicate that the proposed C₄S nanosheet is a potentially favorable KIBs anode material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon-Based Materials for Energy Storage)

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Open AccessArticle

Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Honeycomb-Structured Liquid Cooling and Phase Change Materials

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Batteries 2023, 9(6), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060287 - 24 May 2023

Abstract

Batteries with high energy density are packed into compact groups to solve the range anxiety of new-energy vehicles, which brings greater workload and insecurity, risking thermal runaway in harsh conditions. To improve the battery thermal performance under high ambient temperature and discharge rate, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) based on honeycomb-structured liquid cooling and phase change materials (PCM) is innovatively proposed. In this paper, the thermal characteristics of INR18650/25P battery are studied theoretically and experimentally. Moreover, the influence of structure, material and operating parameters are studied based on verifying the simplified BTMS model. The results show that the counterflow, honeycomb structure of six cooling tubes and fins, 12% expanded graphite mass fraction and 25 mm battery spacing give a better battery thermal performance with high group efficiency. The maximum temperature and temperature difference in the battery in the optimal BTMS are 45.71 °C and 4.4 °C at the 40 °C environment/coolant, as against 30.4 °C and 4.97 °C at the 23.6 °C environment/coolant, respectively. Precooling the coolant can further reduce the maximum battery temperature in high temperature environments, and the precooling temperature difference within 5 °C could meet the uniformity requirements. Furthermore, this study can provide guidance for the design and optimization of BTMS under harsh conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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Open AccessArticle

On the Usage of Battery Equivalent Series Resistance for Shuntless Coulomb Counting and SOC Estimation

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Batteries 2023, 9(6), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060286 - 23 May 2023

Abstract

In this paper, a feasibility study of a shuntless coulomb counting method for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of a battery is presented. Contrary to conventional coulomb counting, the proposed method does not require an external resistive shunt; it instead only requires voltage measurements performed on the battery under test while it is operating. The current is measured indirectly using the battery’s equivalent series resistance (ESR). The method consists of a preliminary calibration phase where the ESR and the open-circuit voltage of the battery are measured for different SOCs and stored in look-up tables (LUTs). Then, in the subsequent operational phase, the method uses these LUTs together with the measured voltage at the battery terminals to estimate the SOC. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on a sample lithium polymer (LiPo) battery, using a realistic current profile derived from the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). The results of this experimental evaluation demonstrate a SOC estimation root-mean-square error of 0.82% and a maximum SOC error of 1.45%. These results prove that the proposed method is feasible in a practical scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Battery Measurement and Management Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Readily Accessible M-Ferrocenyl-Phenyl Sulfonate as Novel Cathodic Electrolyte for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050285 - 22 May 2023

Abstract

Ferrocene derivatives are amongst the most promising electroactive organic electrolytes. The bottleneck problems of their application in aqueous redox flow batteries are their poor solubility and lower potential as well as the complexity of the modification methods to solve these problems. In this study, a benzenesulfonic acid group is easily introduced into the ferrocene structure by a mature diazotization reaction, and the synthesized sodium m-phenylferrocene sulfonate BASFc is used as the novel cathodic electroactive electrolyte for AORFB. The hydrophilicity and the electron-absorbing effect of the introduced benzenesulfonic group can effectively improve the water solubility and redox potential of ferrocene. Moreover, the introduction of phenyl extends the conjugated structure of ferrocene and increases its structural dimension, which may be conducive to reducing its membrane permeability and improving the structural stability to some extent. The physical structure and the electrochemical properties of BASFc are studied systematically; the feasibility of its application as a cathodic electrolyte in AORFBs is verified by assembling the half-cell and full-cell. The results verify the good electrochemical reaction kinetics of BASFc in acid electrolyte and the corresponding AORFB shows satisfactory efficiency and stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promising Redox Flow Batteries)

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Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Electrolyte Additives for Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes in Aqueous Zinc Batteries

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050284 - 22 May 2023

Abstract

Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are one of the most promising large-scale energy storage devices by virtue of their high specific capacity, high degree of safety, non-toxicity, and significant economic benefits. However, Zn anodes in aqueous electrolyte suffer from zinc dendrites and side reactions, which lead to a low coulombic efficiency and short life cycle of the cell. Since electrolytes play a key role in the Zn plating/stripping process, versatile strategies have been developed for designing an electrolyte to handle these issues. Among these strategies, electrolyte additives are considered to be promising for practical application because of the advantages of low cost and simplicity. Moreover, the resulting electrolyte can maximally preserve the merits of the aqueous electrolyte. The availability and effectiveness of additives have been demonstrated by tens of research works. Up to now, it has been essential and timely to systematically overview the progress of electrolyte additives in mild acidic/neutral electrolytes. These additives are classified as metal ion additives, surfactant additives, SEI film-forming additives, and complexing additives, according to their functions and mechanisms. For each category of additives, their functional mechanisms, as well as the latest developments, are comprehensively elaborated. Finally, some perspectives into the future development of additives for advanced AZBs are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review of Electrode Materials and Electrolyte for Batteries)

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Open AccessArticle

Prefabrication of a Lithium Fluoride Interfacial Layer to Enable Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050283 - 22 May 2023

Abstract

Lithium metal is one of the most attractive anode materials for rechargeable batteries. However, its high reactivity with electrolytes, huge volume change, and dendrite growth upon charge or discharge lead to a low CE and the cycle instability of batteries. Due to the low surface diffusion resistance, LiF is conducive to guiding Li⁺ deposition rapidly and is an ideal component for the surface coating of lithium metal. In the current study, a fluorinated layer was prepared on a lithium metal anode surface by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In the carbonate-based electrolyte, smooth Li deposits were observed for these LiF-coated lithium anodes after cycling, providing excellent electrochemical stability for the lithium metal anode in the liquid organic electrolyte. The CE of Li|Cu batteries increases from 83% for pristine Li to 92% for LiF-coated ones. Moreover, LiF-Li|LFP exhibits a decent rate and cycling performance. After 120 cycles, the capacity retention of 99% at 1C is obtained, and the specific capacity is maintained above 149 mAh/g. Our investigation provides a simple and low-cost method to improve the performance of rechargeable Li-metal batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Electrode Materials and Technologies for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Metal Battery)

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Open AccessArticle

A Polyacrylonitrile Shutdown Film for Prevention of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Cells

Jonathan Peter Charles Allen

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050282 - 21 May 2023

Abstract

The electrodeposition of a polymer (polyacrylonitrile, PAN) is used to reduce the risk of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, which is the most important cause of battery accidents and fires. PAN was electrodeposited on a graphite battery electrode, using cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry, in a solution with acrylonitrile as the solvent. The electrodeposited PAN film was characterised by Raman spectroscopy, microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis, and it was found that the film thickness could be controlled by the amount of charge passed in the electrochemical experiments. The PAN-coated graphite battery electrode was then tested in lithium half-cells, obtaining capacities close to the uncoated graphite sample (ca. 360 mA h g⁻¹) for thin (<10 µm) polymer coatings at 25 °C. Interestingly, for thicker polymer coatings (>20 µm) it was found that the capacity decreased drastically as the temperature increased beyond 80 °C. Such suppression in capacity has applications for thermal runaway protection since the electrochemical reactions of degradation of the electrolyte in contact with the electrode are the root cause of the thermal runaway process. Further work should look into alternative polymer and liquid electrolyte formulations to achieve the desired suppression of electrochemical capacity at high temperatures while retaining high capacities at the operational temperature range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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Open AccessReview

Integration of Flexible Supercapacitors with Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Review

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050281 - 19 May 2023

Abstract

The ever-growing interest in wearable electronic devices has unleashed a strong demand for sustainable and flexible power sources that are represented by the combination of flexible energy harvesting with storage devices/technologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), which harvest mechanical energy and charge their matching supercapacitors (SCs), may form a distributed power system with flexibility to tap their potential applications in powering wearable electronic devices. This review aims to cover the recent progress in the integration of TENG with flexible SC in terms of operation principle, material selection, device configuration and power management, with an accent on the application scenario in flexible wearable electronics. Further, the current shortcomings, challenges and new prospects for future developments in the emerging field of integrated flexible TENG-SCs for self-powered wearable electronics are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance and Sustainable Supercapacitors: Current Status and Perspective)

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Open AccessArticle

Transfer Learning Based on Transferability Measures for State of Health Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zemenu Endalamaw Amogne

Fu-Kwun Wang

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Jia-Hong Chou

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050280 - 19 May 2023

Abstract

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are considered to be one of the ideal energy sources for automotive and electronic products due to their size, high levels of charge, higher energy density, and low maintenance. When Li-ion batteries are used in harsh environments or subjected to poor charging habits, etc., their degradation will be accelerated. Thus, online state of health (SOH) estimation becomes a hot research topic. In this study, normalized capacity is considered as SOH for the estimation and calculation of remaining useful lifetime (RUL). A multi-step look-ahead forecast-based deep learning model is proposed to obtain SOH estimates. A total of six batteries, including three as source datasets and three as target datasets, are used to validate the deep learning model with a transfer learning approach. Transferability measures are used to identify source and target domains by accounting for cell-to-cell differences in datasets. With regard to the SOH estimation, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the three target batteries are 0.0070, 0.0085, and 0.0082, respectively. Concerning RUL prediction performance, the relative errors of the three target batteries are obtained as 2.82%, 1.70%, and 0.98%, respectively. In addition, all 95% prediction intervals of RUL on the three target batteries include the end-of-life (EOL) value (=0.8). These results indicate that our method can be applied to battery SOH estimation and RUL prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Battery Status Estimation and Prediction)

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Open AccessArticle

Mediating Lithium Plating/Stripping by Constructing 3D [email protected] Pentagonal Pyramid Array

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050279 - 19 May 2023

Abstract

Lithium (Li) metal is perceived as the “holy grail” of anodes for secondary batteries due to its innate merits. Regrettably, the commercial application of Li metal anodes (LMAs) has been hampered by problems derived from the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites, which could result in formation of short-circuits, thereby leading to fatal safety accidents. Here, a three-dimensional lithiophilic gold (Au)-coated copper (Cu) pentagonal pyramid array ([email protected]) is constructed on planar Cu foil via electrodeposition followed by a chemical reduction method. Owing to the features of the lithiophilic layer and 3D porous structure, the proposed [email protected] can not only facilitate Li-ion migration and charge transfer, but also effectively diminish the nucleation overpotential. Consequently, an even and steady Li plating/stripping process for up to 460 h and with a charge capacity of 3 mAh cm⁻² is accomplished by using the [email protected] current collector. The [email protected]@CuPPA|LiFePO₄ full cell achieves a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.4% for 150 cycles at 0.5 C with a capacity retention of 92.4%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lithium Metal Batteries and Beyond)

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Open AccessArticle

Model-Based Analysis and Optimization of Acidic Tin–Iron Flow Batteries

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050278 - 18 May 2023

Abstract

Acidic tin–iron flow batteries (TIFBs) employing Sn/Sn²⁺ and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ as active materials are regarded as promising energy storage devices due to their superior low capital cost, long lifecycle, and high system reliability. In this paper, the performance of TIFBs is thoroughly investigated via a proposed dynamic model. Moreover, their design and operational parameters are comprehensively analyzed. The simulation results show that (i) a flow factor of two is favorable for practical TIFBs; (ii) about 20% of the system’s efficiency is decreased as the current density increases from 40 mA cm⁻² to 200 mA cm⁻²; (iii) the optimal electrode thickness and electrode aspect ratio are 6 mm and 1:1, respectively; and (iv) reducing the compression ratio and increasing porosity are effective ways of lowering pump loss. Such in-depth analysis can not only provide a cost-effective method for optimizing and predicting the behaviors and performance of TIFBs but can also be of great benefit to the design, management, and manufacture of tin–iron flow batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promising Redox Flow Batteries)

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Open AccessEditorial

Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety

Pascal Venet

Batteries 2023, 9(5), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050277 - 18 May 2023

Abstract

The development of portable equipment, electric or electrified vehicles and renewable energy is associated with the development of efficient Energy Storage Systems (ESS), such as batteries or supercapacitors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety)

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Ionically Covalently Cross-Linked Network Binder for High-Performance Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050276 - 18 May 2023

Abstract

Silicon has gained considerable attention as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, the significant volume changes that occur during lithiation/delithiation processes often result in poor cycling stability of silicon anodes. In this study, a hybrid ionically covalently cross-linked network binder carboxymethylcellulose-hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (CMC-HBPEI) is successfully constructed by “switching” ionic bonds and partially “converting” them to covalent bonds to buffer the volume variation of silicon anodes. In this hybrid cross-linked network, the covalently cross-linked network is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the anode, while the ionically cross-linked network utilizes the bonding reversibility to sustainably dissipative the mechanical stress and self-heal the structural breakages generated from the lithiation expansion of silicon. By changing the drying temperature of the anode, the ratio of covalent and ionic bonds in the hybrid cross-linked network can be adjusted to balance the mechanical stability and bonding reversibility of the CMC-HBPEI binder. Even after 300 cycles of charging/discharging under a current density of 500 mAg⁻¹, the specific capacity of the optimized Si/CMC-HBPEI anode remains at 1545 mAhg⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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Open AccessArticle

Calorimetric Studies on Chemically Delithiated LiNi_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2O₂: Investigation of Phase Transition, Gas Evolution and Enthalpy of Formation

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050275 - 17 May 2023

Abstract

Li_1.11(Ni_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2)O₂ powders were chemically delithiated by (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ oxidizer to obtain Li_x(Ni_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2)O₂ powders. The thermal behavior of two delithiated specimens, Li_0.76Ni_0.41Mn_0.42Co_0.17O_2.10 and Li_0.48Ni_0.38Mn_0.46Co_0.16O_2.07, was studied compared to the pristine specimen. Phase transitions at elevated temperatures were investigated by simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) and the gas evolution accompanying the phase transitions was analyzed by mass spectroscopy and an oxygen detector. The enthalpy of two delithiated samples and a pristine specimen were measured by a high temperature drop solution calorimeter. Based on these results, the enthalpies of formation were calculated. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Influence of Lithium-Ion-Battery Equivalent Circuit Model Parameter Dependencies and Architectures on the Predicted Heat Generation in Real-Life Drive Cycles

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Batteries 2023, 9(5), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050274 - 17 May 2023

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of the considered Electric Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) parameter dependencies and architectures on the predicted heat generation rate by using the Bernardi equation. For this purpose, the whole workflow, from the cell characterization tests to the cell parameter identification and finally validation studies, is examined on a cylindrical 5 Ah LG217000 Lithium-Ion-Battery (LIB) with a nickel manganese cobalt chemistry. Additionally, different test procedures are compared with respect to their result quality. For the parameter identification, a Matlab tool is developed enabling the user to generate all necessary ECMs in one run. The accuracy of the developed ECMs is evaluated by comparing voltage prediction of the experimental and simulation results for the highly dynamic World harmonized Light vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) at different states of charges (SOCs) and ambient temperatures. The results show that parameter dependencies such as hysteresis and current are neglectable, if only the voltage results are compared. Considering the heat generation prediction, however, the neglection can result in mispredictions of up to 9% (current) or 22% (hysteresis) and hence should not be neglected. Concluding the voltage and heat generation results, this study recommends using a Dual Polarization (DP) or Thevenin ECM considering all parameter dependencies except for the charge/discharge current dependency for thermal modeling of LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries)

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21 April 2023
Meet Us at the 21st National Electrochemistry Conference, 22–25 May 2023, Dalian, China

2 April 2023
Batteries | Top 10 Cited Papers in 2022

31 March 2023
Meet Us at the 7^th Conference on New Energy and New Chemical Materials Cum National Symposium on Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, 7–9 April 2023, Wuhan, China

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Topics

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Topic in Applied Sciences, Batteries, Electronics, Energies, Solar, Sustainability

Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Topic Editors: Luis Hernández-Callejo, Jesús Armando Aguilar Jiménez, Carlos Meza Benavides
Deadline: 20 June 2023

Topic in Batteries, Energies, Materials, Nanomaterials, Nanoenergy Advances

Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Topic Editors: Christian Julien, Binghui Xu
Deadline: 31 July 2023

Topic in Batteries, Designs, Energies, Materials, Sustainability

Materials for Energy Harvesting and Storage Topic Editors: Xia Lu, Xueyi Lu
Deadline: 30 September 2023

Topic in Batteries, Compounds, Materials, Metals, Nanomaterials, Sci

Applications of Metal Composites in Batteries Topic Editors: Kuan Chee, Kuan-Wei Lee, Anand Paul, Chien-Jung Huang
Deadline: 31 October 2023

Conferences

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27–29 June 2023 The International Flow Battery Forum

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Special Issues

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Special Issue in Batteries

Advances in Charging Systems and Charging Management Strategies for Battery Electric Vehicles Guest Editors: Omar Hegazy, Steven Wilkins
Deadline: 31 May 2023

Special Issue in Batteries

Trends and Prospects in Lithium-Ion Batteries Guest Editors: Liang Gao, Akhil Garg, Wei Li
Deadline: 15 June 2023

Special Issue in Batteries

Batteries and Supercapacitors Aging Ⅱ Guest Editors: Pascal Venet, Eduardo Redondo-Iglesias
Deadline: 30 June 2023

Special Issue in Batteries

Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries Guest Editors: Yu Li, Qiao Ni
Deadline: 10 July 2023

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Topical Collections

Topical Collection in Batteries

Advances in Battery Materials Collection Editor: Seung-Tae Hong

Topical Collection in Batteries

Advances in Battery Energy Storage and Applications Collection Editors: Ottorino Veneri, Xuning Feng

Topical Collection in Batteries

Recent Advances in Battery Management Systems Collection Editor: King Jet Tseng

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