1,185 Results Found

In both child and adult Cantonese, code-mixing is used productively. We focus on the insertion of English verbs into Cantonese utterances. Data from nine simultaneous bilingual children in the Hong Kong Bilingual Child Language Corpus are analyzed. C...

Recent years have seen increased interest in code-mixing from a usage-based perspective. In usage-based approaches to monolingual language acquisition, a number of methods have been developed that allow for detecting patterns from usage data. In this...

Usage-based approaches have become increasingly important in research on language acquisition and recently also in bilingual first language acquisition. Lexically specific patterns, such as What’s this? and frame-and-slot patterns, such as [I w...

Cyberbullying behaviors manifest uniquely in different regions, shaped strongly by local slang, dialectal expressions, and cultural context. Code-mixed Chinese–English colloquial language (Cantonese) is commonly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and pa...

Due to the increasing reliance on social network platforms in recent years, hate speech has risen significantly among online users. Government and social media platforms face the challenging responsibility of controlling, detecting, and removing mass...

Singlish is a code-mixed creole formed from English and multiple Asian languages and dialects, predominantly spoken in Singapore. Translation of Singlish to standard UK English broadens comprehension of the creole and supports downstream analyses suc...

The widespread use of social media has led to a rise in online bullying and abusive language. Huge amounts of content are created on social media daily, creating a challenge for platforms to manually detect and remove offensive posts, making automate...

In the evolving cybersecurity landscape, detecting Thai-English code-mixed malicious scripts within high-trust domains such as governmental and academic portals presents a significant defensive challenge. While Transformer-based architectures excel i...

Depression is a serious mental health disorder affecting cognition, emotions, and behavior. It impacts over 300 million people globally, with mental health care costs exceeding $1 trillion annually. Traditional diagnostic methods are often expensive,...

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and the many regional dialects differ substantially in vocabulary, morphology, and pragmatic usage. Most available annotated resources are in MSA, and zero-shot transfer from MSA to dialectal tasks suffers a large perform...

The study investigated word recognition during neural activation in monolinguals and bilinguals. We specifically examined word retrieval and blood-oxygenation changes in the prefrontal cortex during a code-mixed word recognition task. Participants co...

Over binary-input memoryless symmetric (BMS) channels, the performance of polar codes under successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding can approach maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm when the list size L is greater than or equal to $2^{MF}$, where MF, kno...

Internet-based communication systems have become an increasing tool for spreading misinformation and propaganda. Even though there exist mechanisms that are able to track unwarranted information and messages, users made up different ways to avoid the...

The size of the largest binary single deletion code has been unknown for more than 50 years. It is known that Varshamov–Tenengolts (VT) code is an optimum single deletion code for block length $n\le 10$ ; however, only a few upper bounds...

EPANET can be used to simulate quality on water distribution networks. The EPANET model considers that the mixing on cross junctions of pipes is complete, including the cases of two contiguous inlets and two contiguous outlets. The output concentrati...

This paper explores the code-switching behavior of second language (L2) bilinguals as a lens into the development of their L2 linguistic systems. Specifically, it investigates the acceptability judgments of L1-English L2-Spanish bilinguals on intra-s...

Designing the motion platform for the flight simulator is closely coupled with the particular aircraft’s flight envelope. While in training, the pilot on the motion platform has to experience the same feeling as in the aircraft. That means that...

YouTube is a boon, and through it people can educate, entertain, and express themselves about various topics. YouTube India currently has millions of active users. As there are millions of active users it can be understood that the data present on th...

This paper investigates cyclic codes over $F_q^n\times P^m\times Q^k$, where F_q is a finite field of odd characteristic, $P=F_q\left[v\right]/⟨v^2-{\tau }_{2}v⟩$, and $Q=F_q[u,v]/⟨u^3-{\tau }_1^{2}u,v^2-{\tau }_{2}v⟩$, with ${\tau }_1,{\tau }_2\in F_q^{*}$...

The key objective of this paper is to study the cyclic codes over mixed alphabets on the structure of ${\mathfrak{F}}_{q}PQ$, where $P=\frac{{\mathfrak{F}}_q\left[v\right]}{⟨v^3-{\alpha }_2^{2}v⟩}$ and $Q=\frac{{\mathfrak{F}}_q[u,v]}{⟨u^2-{\alpha }_1^2,v^3-{\alpha }_2^{2}v⟩}$ are nonchain finite rings...

The present study provides a quantitative analysis of mixed verbs in the naturalistic speech of 20 Northern Belize bi/multilinguals of two different age groups (ages 14–20 and ages 21–40). I examined the relative frequency of Spanish/English mixed ve...

In this paper, we investigate the lexicographic and colexicographic orderings of m-ary vectors of length n, as well as the mirror (left-recursive) reflected Gray code, complementing the classical m-ary reflected Gray code. We present efficient algori...

This Special Issue comprises six original studies that explore the interface between sociolinguistics and music, offering new insights into how language is stylized and perceived in English, Spanish, and code-mixed performance [...]

We consider mixed Hamming packings, addressing the maximal cardinality of codes with a minimum codeword Hamming distance. We do not rely on any algebraic structure of the alphabets. We extend known-integer linear programming models of the problem to...

Background: The promotion of breastmilk substitutes (BMS) is an important barrier to successful breastfeeding. Objective: To examine the enactment and implementation of the Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (the Code) in Vietnam with a foc...

Despite the prevalence of mixed language programs across the United States, their impact on the unique socio-affective needs of heritage language (HL) students has not been researched sufficiently. Therefore, the present study examines HL learners’ c...

A sliding block code $\pi :X\to Y$ between shift spaces is called fiber-mixing if, for every x and $x^{\prime }$ in X with $y=\pi \left(x\right)=\pi \left(x^{\prime }\right)$ , there is $z\in {\pi }^{-1}\left(y\right)$ which is left asymptotic to x and right asympto...

In previous works, some of the authors have proposed a canonical form of Gray Codes (GCs) in $\mathrm{N}$-cubes (hypercubes of dimension N). This form allowed them to draw an algorithm that theoretically provides exactly all the GCs for a given dimension $\mathrm{N}$. In...

This paper investigates the motion state estimation problem of the unmanned surface vehicle (USV) steering system in wireless sensor networks based on the binary coding scheme (BCS). In response to the presence of bandwidth constraints and mixed cybe...

In this pilot work, we are going to discuss several aspects concerning the Albanian language spoken in the Italian territory by immigrants of different generations. After an excursus on heritage languages in general, and Albanian as a heritage langua...

This study aims to explore the static mechanical characteristics of coral aggregate seawater shotcrete (CASS) using an appropriate mix proportion. The orthogonal experiments consisting of four-factor and three-level were conducted to explore an optim...

A mixed formulation physics-informed neural network (PINN) for solving a forward and an inverse nonlinear Euler–Bernoulli dynamic beam problem is proposed. This approach avoids the computation of fourth-order spatial derivatives in the loss fun...

On edge devices, convolutional neural network (CNN) inference is bottlenecked mainly by memory bandwidth, owing to the frequent memory accesses to feature maps and parameters. To address this challenge, we propose a memory-efficient hardware accelera...

This research investigates the impact of coarse aggregate (CA) type, shape, and specimen size on the compressive behavior of concrete, aiming to better understand how these factors affect its mechanical performance. Eight concrete mixtures were desig...

This paper explores the pattern by which Mandarin Chinese verbs are used in Uyghur-Mandarin code-switching by native Uyghur speakers. In a number of language contact situations with similar verb mixing, foreign verbal items have been argued to be tre...

In this note, we study skew cyclic and skew constacyclic codes over the mixed alphabet $\mathcal{R}={\mathbb{F}}_q{\mathcal{R}}_1{\mathcal{R}}_2$, where $q=p^m,$ p is an odd prime with m odd and ${\mathcal{R}}_1={\mathbb{F}}_q+u{\mathbb{F}}_q$ with $u^2=u$, and ${\mathcal{R}}_2={\mathbb{F}}_q+u{\mathbb{F}}_q+v{\mathbb{F}}_q$ with $u^2=u,v^2=v,uv=vu=0.$ Such codes consist of the juxtaposition of th...

Energy retrofit interventions have become increasingly critical as building sectors worldwide pursue decarbonization targets and improved energy efficiency. However, establishing robust causal inference about retrofit impacts on indoor climate condit...

The Philippines has adopted policies to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding on par with global standards, yet the impact of these policies is not well understood. This study assesses the adequacy and potential impact of breastfeeding policies...

This study investigates word order variation in Korean-English and Japanese-English code-switching, with specific focus on the relative placement of the object and the verb in two contrasting word orders, Object-Verb (OV) vs. Verb-Object (VO). The re...

With the rapid development of the modern world, it is imperative to achieve effective and efficient monitoring for territories of interest, especially for the broad ocean area. For surveillance of ship targets at sea, a common and powerful approach i...

This paper presents a qualitative analysis of multilingual past-tense constructions produced by Italian–Peruvian speakers in Turin (Italy). Drawing on data from the Stra-ParlaTO corpus, the study aims both to describe the multilingual practices...

The increasing use of Arabic and Urdu on social media platforms, particularly Twitter, has created a growing need for robust Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems capable of handling noisy, informal, and code-mixed content. However, both languages r...

Objectives: Clinical management of patients presenting with acute psychomotor agitation is difficult, often because there is no predefined protocol for dealing with it. The main objective of this article is to describe our institution’s Code White mi...

The Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a very promising licensed Internet of things (IoT) technology for accommodating massive device connections in 5G and beyond. To enable network scalability, this study proposes a two-layers novel mixed app...

In this paper, we deal with the critical problems in residue arithmetic. The reverse conversion from a Residue Number System (RNS) to positional notation is a main non-modular operation, and it constitutes a basis of other non-modular procedures used...

The development of computational thinking in introductory programming remains a major challenge, particularly in vocational secondary education, where students frequently encounter difficulties in understanding code structure, identifying errors, and...

This study investigates the beliefs about multilingualism and the multilingual language use of multilingual children living in the Netherlands, a highly diverse and multilingual society. We interviewed 26 8- to 12-year-old primary school children wit...

Bilingual speakers often engage in code-switching, that is the use of lexical items and grammatical features from two languages in one sentence. Malaysia is a particularly interesting context for the study of code-switching because Malay-English code...

Construction 4.0 is propelling the construction sector towards a digital, automated, and sustainable framework. This paper reviews advancements in automation and digitalization within the steel construction industry, framed by the principles of Const...

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) accelerates programming, but its educational value depends on whether students check generated code before accepting it. This concurrent mixed-methods study examined which beliefs accompany such checking amo...