Monascus pigments (MPs), a class of secondary metabolites produced by Monascus spp., can be classified into yellow, orange, and red MPs according to their differences in the wavelength of the maximum absorption. However, the biosynthetic sequence and...
Cells and tissues are continuously exposed to both chemical and physical stimuli and dynamically adapt and respond to this variety of external cues to ensure cellular homeostasis, regulated development and tissue-specific differentiation. Alterations...
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common complication of pregnancy, associated with major perinatal mortality and morbidity, and with an increased risk to develop cardiometabolic diseases later in life. There is currently no effective approach to p...
The Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) synthesizes the highly valuable monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) through a long metabolic route initiated by the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. In leaves, a complex compartmentatio...
In live cells, proteins and nucleic acids can associate together through multivalent interactions, and form relatively isolated phases that undertake designated biological functions and activities. In the past decade, liquid–liquid phase separa...
Subcellular compartmentation has been challenging in plant 13C-metabolic flux analysis. Indeed, plant cells are highly compartmented: they contain vacuoles and plastids in addition to the regular organelles found in other eukaryotes. The distinction...
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is an essential mechanism responsible for the selective degradation of substrate proteins via their conjugation with ubiquitin. Since cardiomyocytes have very limited self-renewal capacity, as they are pron...
The heat shock protein (HSP) 70 is considered the main hallmark in preclinical studies to stain the peri-infarct region defined area penumbra in preclinical models of brain ischemia. This protein is also considered as a potential disease modifier, wh...
Regulation of blood glucose levels depends on the property of beta cells to couple glucose sensing with insulin secretion. This is accomplished by the concentration-dependent flux of glucose through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, generatin...
Recently, a Y727C variant in the dual-specific 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A-Y727C) was linked to increased sleep quality and reduced myopia risk in humans. Given the well-established role that the PDE11 substrates...
The brain area which surrounds the frankly ischemic region is named the area penumbra. In this area, most cells are spared although their oxidative metabolism is impaired. area penumbra is routinely detected by immunostaining of a molecule named Heat...
Glycolysis is the central metabolic pathway across all kingdoms of life. Intensive research efforts have been devoted to understanding the tightly orchestrated processes of converting glucose into energy in health and disease. Our review highlights t...
The production of crocin, an uncommon and valuable apocarotenoid with strong biological activity, was obtained in a cell suspension culture of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) established from style-derived calli to obtain an in-vitro system for metabolit...
Most terpenoids are derived from the basic terpene skeletons of geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP, C10), farnesyl-PP (FPP, C15) and geranylgeranyl-PP (GGPP, C20). The trans-prenyltransferases (PTs) mediate the sequential head-to-tail condensation of an isop...
The intracellular calcium content in fungal cells is influenced by a large number of environmental and nutritional factors. Sharp changes in the cytosolic calcium level act as signals that are decoded by the cell gene expression machinery, resulting...
The innate immune response constitutes the cell’s first line of defense against viruses and culminates in the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes, inducing an antiviral state in infected and neighboring cells. Efficie...
In nature, the formation of specialized (secondary) metabolites is associated with the late stages of fungal development. Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in fungi are located in distinct subcellular compartments includin...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form, NADH, are essential coenzymes that play central roles in cellular redox homeostasis, energy metabolism, DNA repair, and signaling. Cellular NAD+ levels are maintained by a dynamic balance...
This study investigated the efficacy and mechanisms of foliar-applied selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in reducing cadmium (Cd) concentrations and alleviating Cd toxicity in winter wheat grown in Cd-contaminated soil. Pot experiments were conducted to...
Cyclic nucleotides 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are important second messengers that regulate cardiovascular function and disease by acting in discrete subcellular microdomains. Signaling...
The maintenance of intracellular NAD+/NADH homeostasis across multiple, subcellular compartments requires the presence of NADH-shuttling proteins, which circumvent the lack of permeability of organelle membranes to these cofactors. Very little is kno...
Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are enzymes responsible for the cellular production of nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive signaling molecule involved in important physiological and pathological processes. Given its remarkable capacity to diffuse acros...
The ubiquitous second messenger 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) regulates multiple physiologic processes in the cardiovascular system. Its intracellular effects are mediated by stringently controlled subcellular microdomains. In this revi...
Compartmentalization of the membrane is essential for cells to perform highly specific tasks and spatially constrained biochemical functions in topographically defined areas. These membrane lateral heterogeneities range from nanoscopic dimensions, of...
Protein is one of the primary biochemical macromolecular regulators in the compartmental cellular structure, and the subcellular locations of proteins can therefore provide information on the function of subcellular structures and physiological envir...
Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs), such as carbamazepine, enter the food chain through wastewater irrigation, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. However, research on the translocation and subcellular distribution of carbamaz...
Enzymes, once considered static molecular machines acting in defined spatial patterns and sites of action, move to different intra- and extracellular locations, changing their function. This topological regulation revealed a close cross-talk between...
The compartmentation of signaling processes is accomplished by the assembly of protein complexes called signalosomes. These signaling platforms colocalize enzymes, substrates, and anchoring proteins into specific subcellular compartments. Exchange pr...
Knowledge of intracellular pharmacokinetics of anticancer agents is imperative for understanding drug efficacy as well as intrinsic and acquired cellular resistance mechanisms. However, the factors driving subcellular drug distribution are complex an...
Cytopathology induced by methamphetamine (METH) is reminiscent of degenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, and it is characterized by membrane organelles arranged in tubulo-vesicular structures. These areas, appearing as clusters of...
There have been rising interests in ultra-sensitive biosensing technologies for early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring of infectious diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Digital signal readout strategy represented by digital ELISA or...
The proteasome is responsible for selective degradation of most cellular proteins. Abundantly present in the cell, proteasomes not only diffuse in the cytoplasm and the nucleus but also associate with the chromatin, cytoskeleton, various membranes an...
Post-translational regulation of sucrose transporters represents one possibility to adapt transporter activity in a very short time frame. This can occur either via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, oligomerization, protein–protein interaction...
The WHIRLY family comprises DNA/RNA-binding proteins localized to multiple subcellular compartments, including organelles and the nucleus. However, the subcellular distribution and functional roles of WHIRLY protein complexes are not fully characteri...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are produced in all aerobic life forms under both physiological and adverse conditions. Unregulated ROS/NO generation causes nitro-oxidative damage, which has a detrimental impact on the function of...
Sunflower and related taxa are known to possess a characteristic type of multicellular uniseriate trichome which produces sesquiterpenes and flavonoids of yet unknown function for this plant. Contrary to the metabolic profile, the cytological develop...
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensors for 3′–5′cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) allow real-time imaging of cAMP levels and kinase activity in intact cells with high spatiotempora...
Post-transcriptional gene regulation is an important step in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Subcellular compartmentalization of RNA species plays a crucial role in the control of mRNA turnover, spatial restriction of protein synthesis,...
Sulfur plays a vital role in the phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil. The effects of different sulfur forms (S Na2S, and Na2SO4) on lead (Pb) absorption in hyperaccumulator Arabis alpina L. var. parviflora Franch were studied in a soil pot exp...
Hypertension (HTN) is a complex disease with significant global health implications, driven by neural and oxidative mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), once considered mere metabolic byproducts, are now recognized as one of the key contributor...
Calcium (Ca2+) exerts a pivotal role in controlling both physiological and detrimental cellular processes. This versatility is due to the existence of a cell-specific molecular Ca2+ toolkit and its fine subcellular compartmentalization. Study of the...
Metabolomics has expanded from cellular to subcellular level to elucidate subcellular compartmentalization. By applying isolated mitochondria to metabolome analysis, the hallmark of mitochondrial metabolites has been unraveled, showing compartment-sp...
As the central node between nutrition signaling input and the metabolic pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is tightly regulated to maintain energy homeostasis. Subcellular compartmentalization of AMPK is one of the critical regulations that...
Viruses have evolved different strategies to hijack subcellular organelles during their life cycle to produce robust infectious progeny. Successful viral reproduction requires the precise assembly of progeny virions from viral genomes, structural pro...
Hepatic mitochondria play critical roles in sustaining systemic nutrient balance, nitrogen detoxification, and cellular bioenergetics. These functions depend on tightly regulated mitochondrial processes, including amino acid catabolism, ammonia clear...
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) display heterogeneous histology and often unpredictable clinical behavior. The Hippo signaling pathway has been implicated in tumorigenesis, but its role in TETs remains poorly characterized. We performed the first com...
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the principal superfamily of enzymes responsible for degrading the secondary messengers 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP. Their refined subcellular localization and substrate specificity contribute to f...
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase that integrates energetic, nutrient, hormonal, redox, and stress signals to coordinate cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis. Although AMPK was initially character...
Endomembrane specialization allows functional compartmentalization but imposes physical constraints to information flow within the cell. However, the evolution of an endomembrane system was associated with the emergence of contact sites facilitating...
Platelets are cellular elements that are physiologically involved in hemostasis, inflammation, thrombotic events, and various human diseases. There is a link between the activation of platelets and their metabolism. Platelets possess considerable met...
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