Journal of Fungi

Salicylic acid plays a crucial role during plant defense to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Some bacteria and a few fungi can produce salicylate hydroxylase to degrade SA to suppress plant defense and increase their virulence. But there has been no single salicylate hydroxylase in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum identified until now. In this study, we found that SS1G_02963 (SsShy1), among several predicted salicylate hydroxylases in S. sclerotiorum, was induced approximately 17.6-fold during infection, suggesting its potential role in virulence. SsShy1 could catalyze the conversion of SA to catechol when heterologous expression in E. coli. Moreover, overexpression of SsShy1 in Arabidopsis thaliana decreased the SA concentration and the resistance to S. sclerotiorum, confirming that SsShy1 is a salicylate hydroxylase. Deletion mutants of SsShy1 (∆Ssshy1) showed slower growth, less sclerotia production, more sensitivity to exogenous SA, and lower virulence to Brassica napus. The complemented strain with a functional SsShy1 gene recovered the wild-type phenotype. These results indicate that SsShy1 plays an important role in growth and sclerotia production of S. sclerotiorum, as well as the ability to metabolize SA affects the virulence of S. sclerotiorum. Full article

Trichoderma, widely distributed all over the world, is commonly found in soil and root ecosystems. It is a group comprising beneficial fungi that improve plant disease resistance and promote plant growth. Studies have shown that Trichoderma cellulases can also improve plant disease resistance. Based on previous studies, we reported that a C6 zinc finger protein (Thc6) regulates two cellulase genes, thph1 and thph2, to induce ISR responses in plants. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the role of thph2 in the colonization of maize roots by T. harzianum and the induction of systemic resistance against southern leaf blight. The results showed that thph2 had a positive regulatory effect on the Trichoderma colonization of maize roots. After the root was treated with Trichoderma, the leaf defense genes AOS, LOX5, HPL, and OPR1 were expressed to resist the attack of Cochliobolus heterostrophus. The pure Thph2 protein also resulted in a similar induction activity of the AOS, LOX5, HPL, and OPR1 expression in maize roots, further demonstrating that thph2 can induce plant defense responses and that signal transduction occurs mainly through the JA signaling pathway. Full article

Eight fungal strains (P1 to P8) were isolated from rapeseed stems (Brassica napus) infected with the blackleg pathogen Leptosphaeria biglobosa (Lb). They formed pycnidia with similar morphology to those of Lb, and thus were considered as Lb relatives (LbRs). The species-level identification of these strains was performed. Their virulence on rapeseed and efficacy in the suppression of Lb infection were determined, and the biocontrol potential and biocontrol mechanisms of strain P2 were investigated. The results showed that the LbRs belong to two teleomorphic genera in the family Didymellaceae, Didymella for P1 to P7 and Boeremia for P8. Pathogenicity tests on rapeseed cotyledons and stems indicated the LbRs were weakly virulent compared to L. biglobosa. Co-inoculation assays on rapeseed cotyledons demonstrated that P1 to P7 (especially P1 to P4) had a suppressive effect on Lb infection, whereas P8 had a marginal effect on infection by L. biglobosa. Moreover, D. macrostoma P2 displayed a more aggressive behavior than L. biglobosa in the endophytic colonization of healthy rapeseed cotyledons. Cultures of P2 in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and pycnidiospore mucilages exuded from P2 pycnidia showed antifungal activity to L. biglobosa. Further leaf assays revealed that antifungal metabolites (AM) of strain P2 from PDB cultures effectively suppressed infection by L. biglobosa, Botrytis cinerea (gray mold), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white mold). An antifungal metabolite, namely penicillither, was purified and identified from PDB cultures and detected in pycnidiospore mucilages of strain P2. This study suggests that the LbRs are a repertoire for screening biocontrol agents (BCAs) against rapeseed diseases, and D. macrostoma P2 is a multi-functional BCA, a penicillither producer, and an endophyte. Full article

Mucorales are a group of non-septated filamentous fungi widely distributed in nature, frequently associated with human infections, and are intrinsically resistant to many antifungal drugs. For these reasons, there is an urgent need to improve the clinical management of mucormycosis. Miltefosine, which is a phospholipid analogue of alkylphosphocholine, has been considered a promising repurposing drug to be used to treat fungal infections. In the present study, miltefosine displayed antifungal activity against a variety of Mucorales species, and it was also active against biofilms formed by these fungi. Treatment with miltefosine revealed modifications of cell wall components, neutral lipids, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell morphology, and the induction of oxidative stress. Treated Mucorales cells also presented an increased susceptibility to SDS. Purified ergosterol and glucosylceramide added to the culture medium increased miltefosine MIC, suggesting its interaction with fungal lipids. These data contribute to elucidating the effect of a promising drug repurposed to act against some relevant fungal pathogens that significantly impact public health. Full article

Microorganisms are an important component of global biodiversity and play an important role in plant growth and development and the protection of host plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the identities and communities of endophytic fungi inhabiting cultivated medicinal plants in the farmland ecosystem. The diversity and community composition of the endophytic fungi of cultivated medicinal plants in different hosts, tissue niches, and seasonal effects in the farmland of Northern China were examined using the next-generation sequencing technique. In addition, the ecological functions of the endophytic fungal communities were investigated by combining the sequence classification information and fungal taxonomic function annotation. A total of 1025 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of endophytic fungi were obtained at a 97% sequence similarity level; they were dominated by Dothideomycetes and Pleosporales. Host factors (species identities and tissue niches) and season had significant effects on the community composition of endophytic fungi, and endophytic fungi assembly was shaped more strongly by host than by season. In summer, endophytic fungal diversity was higher in the root than in the leaf, whereas opposite trends were observed in winter. Network analysis showed that network connectivity was more complex in the leaf than in the root, and the interspecific relationship between endophytic fungal OTUs in the network structure was mainly positive rather than negative. The functional predications of fungi revealed that the pathotrophic types of endophytic fungi decreased and the saprotrophic types increased from summer to winter in the root, while both pathotrophic and saprotrophic types of endophytic fungi increased in the leaf. This study improves our understanding of the community composition and ecological distribution of endophytic fungi inhabiting scattered niches in the farmland ecosystem. In addition, the study provides insight into the biodiversity assessment and management of cultivated medicinal plants. Full article

Although macrophage depletion is a possible emerging therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis and melanoma, the lack of macrophage functions can lead to inappropriate microbial control, especially the regulation of intestinal microbiota. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis was performed in regular mice and in mice with clodronate-induced macrophage depletion. Macrophage depletion significantly increased the mortality and severity of sepsis-CLP mice, partly through the increased fecal Ascomycota, especially Kazachstania pintolopesii, with polymicrobialbacteremia (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Acinetobacter radioresistens). Indeed, macrophage depletion with sepsis facilitated gut dysbiosis that directly affected gut permeability as yeast cells were located and hidden in the colon crypts. To determine the interactions of fungal molecules on bacterial abundance, the heat-kill lysate of fungi (K. pintolopesii and C. albicans) and purified (1→3)-β-d-glucan (BG; a major component of the fungal cell wall) were incubated with bacteria that were isolated from the blood of macrophage-depleted mice. There was enhanced cytokine production of enterocytes (Caco-2) after the incubation of the lysate of K. pintolopesii (isolated from sepsis mice), the lysate of C. albicans (extracted from sepsis patients), and BG, together with bacterial lysate. These data support a possible influence of fungi in worsening sepsis severity. In conclusion, macrophage depletion enhanced K. pintolopesii in feces, causing the overgrowth of fecal pathogenic bacteria and inducing a gut permeability defect that additively worsened sepsis severity. Hence, the fecal fungus could be spontaneously elevated and altered in response to macrophage-depleted therapy, which might be associated with sepsis severity. Full article

Metarhizium robertsii microsclerotia are fungal aggregates composed of compacted, pigmented hyphae. As they are highly tolerant to desiccation and produce infective conidia, they are promising candidates to be formulated as bioinsecticides. Despite this potential, the nature of the pigments within these structures remains unclear. In this study, routine culture media used for the differentiation of M. robertsii microsclerotia were supplemented with four melanin inhibitors, and the resulting propagules were characterized. Inhibitors of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthetic pathway such as tricyclazole and guaiacol induced significant phenotypic and molecular modifications in the obtained M. robertsii propagules, which exhibited a more spherical shape, reduced size, and increased susceptibility to desiccation, heat, and oxidative stress than microsclerotia obtained without inhibitors. Additionally, genes encoding for a polyketide synthase (Mrpks2) and a putative 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase (Mrthnr), potentially involved in the DHN-melanin biosynthetic pathway, were upregulated in fungi grown in the inhibitor-added media. In conclusion, M. robertsii microsclerotia contain melanins of type DHN that might play a role in both microsclerotia differentiation and environmental stress tolerance. Full article

Propolis is a resinous mixture produced by honeybees, mainly from plant exudates. With a rich chemical composition including many phenolic compounds, mostly responsible for its biological properties, namely antimicrobial ones, propolis may be a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides. The study of propolis from the south of Portugal and of its potential against phytopathogenic agents are still very recent and different methodological approaches hinder a comparison of efficacies. In this context, we aimed to test the value of a mathematical model for the multiparametric characterization of propolis’ antifungal action on solid medium assays. An ethanol extract (EE) of a propolis sample harvested in 2016 from Alves (A16) was characterized in terms of phenolic composition and antimicrobial potential against five phytopathogenic species. A16.EE (500–2000 µg/mL) inhibited the mycelial growth of all the species, with Phytophthora cinnamomi and Biscogniauxia mediterranea being the most susceptible and Colletotrichum acutatum being the least affected. The Gompertz mathematical model proved to be a suitable tool for quantitatively describing the growth profiles of fungi and oomycetes, and its parameters exhibit a high level of discrimination. Our results reveal that propolis extracts may have potential applications beyond traditional uses, particularly within the agri-food sector, allowing beekeepers to make their businesses more profitable and diversified. Full article

This study explores the diversity of photobionts associated with the Mediterranean lichen-forming fungus Cladonia subturgida. For this purpose, we sequenced the whole ITS rDNA region by Sanger using a metabarcoding method for ITS2. A total of 41 specimens from Greece, Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain were studied. Additionally, two specimens from Spain were used to generate four cultures. Our molecular studies showed that the genus Myrmecia is the main photobiont of C. subturgida throughout its geographic distribution. This result contrasts with previous studies, which indicated that the main photobiont for most Cladonia species is Asterochloris. The identity of Myrmecia was also confirmed by ultrastructural studies of photobionts within the lichen thalli and cultures. Photobiont cells showed a parietal chloroplast lacking a pyrenoid, which characterizes the species in this genus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate hidden diversity within this genus. The results of amplicon sequencing showed the presence of multiple ASVs in 58.3% of the specimens studied. Full article

Purpose: The aim of this study is to establish a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the rapid detection of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Methods: We developed and validated a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detecting the most common Candida species associated with VVC, including C. albicans, N. glabratus, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. We evaluated the specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Kappa value of the LAMP method to detect different Candida species, using the conventional culture method and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing as gold standards and smear Gram staining and real-time Rolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as controls. Results: A total of 202 cases were enrolled, of which 88 were VVC-positive and 114 were negative. Among the 88 positive patients, the fungal culture and ITS sequencing results showed that 67 cases (76.14%) were associated with C. albicans, 13 (14.77%) with N. glabratus, 5 (5.68%) with C. tropicalis, and 3 (3.41%) with other species. Regarding the overall detection rate, the LAMP method presented sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and Kappa values of 90.91%, 100%, 100%, 93.4%, and 0.919, respectively. Moreover, the LAMP had a specificity of 100% for C. albicans, N. glabratus, and C. tropicalis, with a sensitivity of 94.03%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. Moreover, the microscopy evaluation had the highest sensitivity, while the real-time PCR was less specific for C. albicans than LAMP. In addition, CHROMagar Candida was inferior to LAMP in detecting non-albicans Candida (NAC) species. Conclusions: Based on the cost-effective, rapid, and inexpensive characteristics of LAMP, coupled with the high sensitivity and specificity of our VVC-associated Candida detection method, we provided a possibility for the point-of-care testing (POCT) of VVC, especially in developing countries and some laboratories with limited resources. Full article

Phialemonium inflatum is a useful fungus known for its ability to mineralise lignin during primary metabolism and decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, no functional genetic analysis techniques have been developed yet for this fungus, specifically in terms of transformation. In this study, we applied an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) system to P. inflatum for a functional gene analysis. We generated 3689 transformants using the binary vector pSK1044, which carried either the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) gene or the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene to label the transformants. A Southern blot analysis showed that the probability of a single copy of T-DNA insertion was approximately 50% when the co-cultivation of fungal spores and Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells was performed at 24–36 h, whereas at 48 h, it was approximately 35.5%. Therefore, when performing gene knockout using the ATMT system, the co-cultivation time was reduced to ≤36 h. The resulting transformants were mitotically stable, and a PCR analysis confirmed the genes’ integration into the transformant genome. Additionally, hph and eGFP gene expressions were confirmed via PCR amplification and fluorescence microscopy. This optimised transformation system will enable functional gene analyses to study genes of interest in P. inflatum. Full article

Gibberella ear rot (GER) caused by Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is one of the most destructive diseases in maize, which severely reduces yield and contaminates several potential mycotoxins in the grain. However, few efforts had been devoted to dissecting the genetic basis of maize GER resistance. In the present study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted in a maize association panel consisting of 303 diverse inbred lines. The phenotypes of GER severity were evaluated using kernel bioassay across multiple time points in the laboratory. Then, three models, including the fixed and random model circulating probability unification model (FarmCPU), general linear model (GLM), and mixed linear model (MLM), were conducted simultaneously in GWAS to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with GER resistance. A total of four individual significant association SNPs with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 3.51 to 6.42% were obtained. Interestingly, the peak SNP (PUT-163a-71443302-3341) with the greatest PVE value, was co-localized in all models. Subsequently, 12 putative genes were captured from the peak SNP, and several of these genes were directly or indirectly involved in disease resistance. Overall, these findings contribute to understanding the complex plant–pathogen interactions in maize GER resistance. The regions and genes identified herein provide a list of candidate targets for further investigation, in addition to the kernel bioassay that can be used for evaluating and selecting elite germplasm resources with GER resistance in maize. Full article

Lignin degradation is important for enhancing the digestibility and improving the nutritive quality of ruminant feeds. White rot fungi are well known for their bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The objective of this paper was to evaluate whether Lentinus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, Phyllotopsis rhodophylla, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus treatments altered the chemical compositions of highland barley straw constituents and enhanced their nutritional value as a ruminant feed. All white rot fungi significantly increased the relative crude protein (CP), ethyl ether extract (EE), starch, soluble protein (SP), and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) contents but decreased the ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADFIP) contents. In addition, L. sajor-caju treatment increased (p < 0.001) the levels of PA, PB₂, PB₃, CA, CB₁, CB₂, and CNSC, but reduced (p < 0.001) the PC and CC in the solid-state fermentation of highland barley straw. Maximum ligninlysis (50.19%) was optimally produced in the presence of 1.53% glucose and 2.29% urea at 22.72 ℃. The in vitro dry matter digestibility and total volatile fatty acid concentrations of fermented highland barley straw, as well as the fermentability, were optimized and improved with L. sajor-caju, which degraded the lignocellulose and improved the nutritional value of highland barley straw as a ruminant feed. Full article

One of the most destructive diseases, Gibberella stalk rot (GSR), caused by Fusarium graminearum, reduces maize yields significantly. An induced resistance response is a potent and cost-effective plant defense against pathogen attack. The functional counterpart of JAs, coronatine (COR), has attracted a lot of interest recently due to its ability to control plant growth and stimulate secondary metabolism. Although several studies have focused on COR as a plant immune elicitor to improve plant resistance to pathogens, the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the suppressive ability against COR to F. graminearum in maize have been limited. We investigated the potential physiological and molecular mechanisms of COR in modulating maize resistance to F. graminearum. COR treatment strongly enhanced disease resistance and promoted stomatal closure with H₂O₂ accumulation, and 10 μg/mL was confirmed as the best concentration. COR treatment increased defense-related enzyme activity and decreased the malondialdehyde content with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. To identify candidate resistance genes and gain insight into the molecular mechanism of GSR resistance associated with COR, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic data to systemically explore the defense mechanisms of COR, and multiple hub genes were pinpointed using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). We discovered 6 significant modules containing 10 candidate genes: WRKY transcription factor (LOC100279570), calcium-binding protein (LOC100382070), NBR1-like protein (LOC100275089), amino acid permease (LOC100382244), glutathione S-transferase (LOC541830), HXXXD-type acyl-transferase (LOC100191608), prolin-rich extensin-like receptor protein kinase (LOC100501564), AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor (LOC100384380), basic leucine zipper (LOC100275351), and glycosyltransferase (LOC606486), which are highly correlated with the jasmonic acid–ethylene signaling pathway and antioxidants. In addition, a core set of metabolites, including alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and flavonoids biosynthesis linked to the hub genes, were identified. Taken together, our research revealed differentially expressed key genes and metabolites, as well as co-expression networks, associated with COR treatment of maize stems after F. graminearum infection. In addition, COR-treated maize had higher JA (JA-Ile and Me-JA) levels. We postulated that COR plays a positive role in maize resistance to F. graminearum by regulating antioxidant levels and the JA signaling pathway, and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is also involved in the resistance response against GSR. Full article

In this study, we focused on grapevine–endophyte interactions and reprogrammed secondary metabolism in the host plant due to defense against the colonization of endophytes. Thus, the transcriptional responses of tissue cultured grapevine seedlings (Vitis vinifera L. cv.: Cabernet Sauvignon) to two fungal endophytes Epicoccum layuense R2-21 (Epi R2-21) and Alternaria alternata XHYN2 (Alt XHYN2) at three different time points (6 h, 6 d, 15 d) were analyzed. As expected, a total of 5748 and 5817 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were separately initiated in Epi R2-21 and Alt XHYN2 symbiotic tissue cultured seedlings compared to no endophyte treatment. The up-regulated DEGs at all time points in Epi R2-21- or Alt XHYN2–treated seedlings were mainly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis, and circadian rhythm–plant pathways. In addition, the up-regulated DEGs at all sampling times in Alt XHYN2-treated tissue cultured seedlings were enriched in the plant–pathogen interaction pathway, but appeared in Epi R2-21 symbiotic seedlings only after 15 d of treatment. The down-regulated DEGs were not enriched in any KEGG pathways after 6 h inoculation for Epi R2-21 and Alt XHYN2 treatments, but were enriched mainly in photosynthesis–antenna proteins and plant hormone signal transduction pathways at other sampling times. At three different time points, a total of 51 DEGs (all up-regulated, 1.33–10.41-fold) were involved in secondary metabolism, and 22 DEGs (all up-regulated, 1.01–8.40-fold) were involved in defense responses in endophytic fungi symbiotic tissue cultured seedlings. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network demonstrated that genes encoding CHS (VIT_10s0042g00920, VIT_14s0068g00920, and VIT_16s0100g00910) and the VIT_11s0065g00350 gene encoding CYP73A mediated the defense responses, and might induce more defense-associated metabolites. These results illustrated the activation of stress–associated secondary metabolism in the host grapevine during the establishment of fungi–plant endophytism. This work provides avenues for reshaping the qualities and characteristics of wine grapes utilizing specific endophytes and better understanding plant–microbe interactions. Full article

The skin serves as the first barrier against pathogen attacks, thanks to its multifunctional microbial community. Malassezia furfur is a commensal organism of normal cutaneous microflora but is also a cause of skin diseases. It acts on different cell pattern recognition receptors (TLRs, AhR, NLRP3 inflammasome) leading to cellular damage, barrier impairment, and inflammatory cytokines production. Lactobacillus spp. Is an endogenous inhabitant of healthy skin, and studies have proven its beneficial role in wound healing, skin inflammation, and protection against pathogen infections. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the ability of live Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to interfere with the harmful effects of the yeast on human keratinocytes (HaCat) in vitro. To enable this, the cells were treated with M. furfur, either alone or in the presence of L. plantarum. To study the inflammasome activation, cells require a stimulus triggering inflammation (LPS) before M. furfur infection, with or without L. plantarum. L. plantarum effectively counteracts all the harmful strategies of yeast, reducing the phospholipase activity, accelerating wound repair, restoring barrier integrity, reducing AhR and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and, consequently, releasing inflammatory cytokines. Although lactobacilli have a long history of use in fermented foods, it can be speculated that they can also have health-promoting activities when topically applied. Full article

There is an increasing interest in finding eco-friendly and safe approaches to increase agricultural productivity and deliver healthy foods. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and endophytic fungi (EPF) are important components of sustainable agriculture in view of their ability to increase productivity and various plant secondary metabolites with health-promoting effects. In a pot experiment, our main research question was to evaluate the additive and synergistic effects of an AMF and four root-endophytic fungi on plant performance and on the accumulation of health-promoting secondary compounds. Plant growth varied between the treatments with both single inoculants and co-inoculation of an AMF and four EPF strains. We found that inoculation with a single EPF positively affected the growth and biomass production of most of the plant-endophyte consortia examined. The introduction of AMF into this experiment (dual inoculation) had a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield. AMF, Rhizophagus variabilis KS-02 co-inoculated with EPF, Trichoderma zelobreve PBMP16 increased the highest biomass, exceeding the growth rate of non-inoculated plants. Co-inoculated R. variabilis KS-02 and T. zelobreve PBMP16 had significantly greater beneficial effects on almost all aspects of plant growth, photosynthesis-related parameters, and yield. It also promoted root growth quality and plant nutrient uptake. The phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and antioxidant capacity in rice seeds harvested from plants co-inoculated with AMF and EPF were dramatically increased compared with those from non-inoculated plants. In conclusion, our results indicated that EPF and AMF contributed to symbiosis in Maled Phai cultivar and were coordinately involved in promoting plant growth performance under a pot trial. Full article

Diatrypaceae members have a broad distribution and are commonly found on decaying wood. Despite taxonomic and morphological challenges within this group, there has been a growing interest in Diatrypaceae in recent years. The dead branches of several plant hosts with fungal fruiting bodies were collected from Doi Tung National Park, Chiang Rai, and the Narathiwat Provinces in Thailand. Their morphological characteristics, coupled with a molecular phylogeny of combined ITS and tub2 sequence data, were used to introduce two novel Allodiatrype species (A. dalbergiae and A. eleiodoxae) and one new Melanostictus species (M. chiangraiensis). Moreover, four new host records, Diatrypella heveae, D. major, Melanostictus thailandicus, and Paraeutypella citricola on Microcos paniculata, Nayariophyton zizyphifolium, Dalbergia cultrata, and M. paniculata, respectively, as well as a new geographical record of D. major are reported. This research provides detailed descriptions of macro- and microcharacteristics, coupled with a phylogenetic tree for the newly introduced species and host records. The morphological features of Allodiatrype and Melanostictus are listed in the synoptic table. Full article