Skip to Content

1,089 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
91 Citations
13,859 Views
20 Pages

A Review of MEMS Scale Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Wenchao Tian,
  • Zongyu Ling,
  • Wenbo Yu and
  • Jing Shi

20 April 2018

Piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) is emerging as a novel device which can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is mainly used to collect ambient vibration energy to power sensors, chips and some other small applications. This paper...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
8,149 Views
14 Pages

4 April 2017

In this paper, we propose a helical piezoelectric energy harvester, examine its application to clothes in the form of an energy harvesting garment, and analyze its design and characteristics. The helical harvester is composed of an elastic core and a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS Energy Harvesters)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,760 Views
22 Pages

24 February 2025

Wave energy is one of the most reliable and promising renewable energy sources that has attracted lots of attention, including piezoelectric wave energy harvesting devices. One of the challenges for piezoelectric wave power generation is the relative...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric MEMS/NEMS—Materials, Devices, and Applications, Third Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,455 Views
14 Pages

Design and Test of a Spoke-like Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Shan Gao,
  • Qiang Cao,
  • Nannan Zhou,
  • Hongrui Ao and
  • Hongyuan Jiang

30 January 2022

With the development of industry IoT, microprocessors and sensors are widely used for autonomously transferring information to cyber-physics systems. Massive quantities and huge power consumption of the devices result in a severe increment of the che...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Engineering and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,116 Views
19 Pages

Piezoelectric MEMS Energy Harvester for Low-Power Applications

  • George Muscalu,
  • Bogdan Firtat,
  • Adrian Anghelescu,
  • Carmen Moldovan and ,
  • Silviu Dinulescu,
  • Costin Brasoveanu,
  • Magdalena Ekwinska,
  • Dariusz Szmigiel,
  • Michal Zaborowski and
  • Adrian Tulbure
  • + 7 authors+ 2 authors

With the global market value of sensors on the rise, this paper focuses on the fabrication and testing of a proof-of-concept piezoelectric energy harvester which is able to harvest mechanical energy from the ambient environment and convert it into el...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro Energy Harvesters: Modelling, Design, and Applications)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
7,104 Views
16 Pages

The traditional single electromechanical conversion energy harvester can collect energy only in a single vibration direction. Moreover, it requires high environmental vibration frequency, and its output power is low. To solve these problems, a cross-...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,786 Views
13 Pages

30 April 2022

To address the problem that piezoelectric energy harvesters are difficult to apply in certain environments, this paper establishes the theoretical study of the intermediate fixed disc piezoelectric energy harvester (IFDPEH) based on the unimorph unde...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,878 Views
11 Pages

22 January 2023

In order to collect mechanical energy from human motions on pavement without an obvious disturbance, a piezoelectric harvester for small displacement is proposed. A seesaw mechanism is utilized to transmit the pressure displacement to piezoelectric b...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,242 Views
26 Pages

12 March 2022

Piezoelectric energy harvesters have traditionally taken the form of base excited cantilevers. However, there is a growing body of research into the use of curved piezoelectric transducers for energy harvesting. The novel contribution of this paper i...

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
77 Citations
5,883 Views
9 Pages

Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Response Statistics

  • Oleg Gaidai,
  • Yu Cao,
  • Yihan Xing and
  • Junlei Wang

20 January 2023

Safety and reliability are essential engineering concerns for energy-harvesting installations. In the case of the piezoelectric galloping energy harvester, there is a risk that excessive wake galloping may lead to instability, overload, and thus dama...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric MEMS/NEMS—Materials, Devices, and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
377 Views
28 Pages

Development of a Novel Combined Wind–Rain Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Yuansheng Chen,
  • Hao Lou,
  • Yiyang He,
  • Jian Wang and
  • Shaona Liu

3 October 2026

Aiming at the unstable power output of single-source piezoelectric energy harvesters for ecological monitoring in bird nature reserves, this work develops a novel combined wind–rain piezoelectric energy harvester and establishes a complete nume...

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,647 Views
18 Pages

Application of Semiconductor Technology for Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Fabrication

  • Andrzej Kubiak,
  • Nataliia Bokla,
  • Tamara Klymkovych,
  • Łukasz Ruta and
  • Łukasz Bernacki

24 November 2024

In this paper, we propose the application of semiconductor technology processes to fabricate integrated silicon devices that demonstrate the piezoelectric energy harvesting effect. The harvesting structure converts thermal energy into electricity usi...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,461 Views
11 Pages

Energy harvesting technology is regarded as a feasible solution for the continuous power supply of microelectronic devices. Efforts have been made to improve the output power of all kinds of energy harvesting devices. This paper reports a 2 × 2...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 23rd Annual Conference and 12th International Conference of Chinese Society of Micro-Nano Technology (CSMNT 2021))
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,586 Views
12 Pages

Applications of a Novel Tunable Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester

  • Sreekumari Raghavan,
  • Rishi Gupta and
  • Loveleen Sharma

17 September 2023

Conversion of ambient energy to usable electrical energy is attracting attention from researchers since providing a maintenance-free power source for the sensors is critical in any IoT (Internet of Things)-based system and in SHM (structural health m...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric MEMS/NEMS—Materials, Devices, and Applications, Second Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,122 Views
12 Pages

2 August 2018

This paper presents an analytical approach for the development of a new wideband piezoelectric energy harvesting system. The proposed model is based on Adomian decomposition method to derive the dynamic response of the general non-uniform smart struc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
7,048 Views
17 Pages

Power Control Optimization of an Underwater Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Iñigo Aramendia,
  • Unai Fernandez-Gamiz,
  • Ekaitz Zulueta Guerrero,
  • Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede and
  • Javier Sancho

7 March 2018

Over the past few years, it has been established that vibration energy harvesters with intentionally designed components can be used for frequency bandwidth enhancement under excitation for sufficiently high vibration amplitudes. Pipelines are often...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Thermoelectric Power Generators, Energy Harvesters and Refrigerators)
  • Abstract
  • Open Access
1,630 Views
3 Pages

Wearable biosensors play a critical role in healthcare monitoring. However, the reliance of biosensors on batteries has serious drawbacks. Although the human body’s energy can be converted into electricity with energy harvesters, the hybridisat...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of XXXV EUROSENSORS Conference)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
938 Views
13 Pages

Off-the-Shelf Piezoelectric Vibration Sensor Studied as Low-Energy Piezo Harvester

  • Aleksandar Mandadzhiev,
  • Ivaylo Belovski and
  • Kaloyan Ivanov

3 September 2026

With the growing power demand of small electronic devices worldwide, piezoelectric energy harvesting has become a promising solution for low-power energy generation. The primary objective of this study is to experimentally assess the energy harvestin...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The International Conference on Electronics, Engineering Physics and Earth Science (EEPES2026))
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,128 Views
16 Pages

27 October 2022

In order to solve the demand for low-power microcomputers and micro-electro-mechanical system components for continuous energy supply, a magnetic coupling piezoelectric–electromagnetic composite galloping energy harvester (MPEGEH) is proposed....

(This article belongs to the Section Nanosensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
691 Views
17 Pages

Experimental Study on an Inclined Cylindrical Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Hao Li,
  • Chongqiu Yang,
  • Wenhui Li,
  • Rujun Song and
  • Xiaohui Yang

19 March 2026

Energy harvesting plays a pivotal role in enabling sustainable power supply for the Internet of Things and distributed sensor networks, particularly for low-power devices. Piezoelectric energy harvesters based on vortex-induced vibrations offer a pro...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro Energy Harvesting Systems: From Devices to Self-Powered Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,535 Views
13 Pages

A Hybrid Piezoelectric and Photovoltaic Energy Harvester for Power Line Monitoring

  • Giacomo Clementi,
  • Luca Tinti,
  • Luca Castellini,
  • Mario Costanza and ,
  • Igor Neri,
  • Francesco Cottone and
  • Luca Gammaitoni
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

19 December 2025

Monitoring the health of power lines (PL) is essential for ensuring reliable power delivery, facilitating predictive maintenance, and maintaining a resilient grid infrastructure. Given the extensive length of PL networks, large numbers of wireless se...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative MEMS: Merging Smart Materials with Electronic Techniques for Enhanced Sensing and Actuation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
5,575 Views
12 Pages

22 February 2020

This paper investigates a piezoelectric energy harvester that consists of a piezoelectric cantilever and a tip mass for horizontal rotational motion. Rotational motion results in centrifugal force, which causes the axial load on the beam and alters t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Harvesting Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,439 Views
16 Pages

29 July 2023

The energy of rotating machinery exists widely in the environment. It is of great significance to collect and utilize the energy of rotating machinery for sustainable development. In this paper, a novel piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harves...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,935 Views
18 Pages

Vibration Characteristics and Experimental Research of an Improved Bistable Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Xuhui Zhang,
  • Hao Tian,
  • Jianan Pan,
  • Xiaoyu Chen and ,
  • Mengyao Huang,
  • Hengtao Xu,
  • Fulin Zhu and
  • Yan Guo
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

25 December 2022

Bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (BPEH) can remove mechanical energy waste, which is expected to realize the self-power supply of wireless sensors. To further improve the energy harvesting efficiency, we designed an improved bistable piezoelec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,968 Views
14 Pages

Foot Drop Stimulation via Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Parham Soozandeh,
  • Ganga Poudel,
  • Morteza Sarkari and
  • Kamran Behdinan

22 June 2022

The design and implementation of a piezoelectric energy-harvesting system, aimed at stimulating the Tibialis anterior muscle to aid patients struggling with a foot drop disability, are investigated. A physical prototype designed to be installed insid...

(This article belongs to the Section Actuator Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,982 Views
19 Pages

Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Energy Harvester: A Numerical Study

  • Anuruddh Kumar,
  • Mohamed Nainar Mohamed Ansari,
  • Sobhy M. Ibrahim,
  • Paramanandam Thomas and
  • Rahul Vaish

19 August 2022

The performance of linear energy harvesters is primarily confined to a very narrow operating frequency bandwidth around its natural frequency. Even a slight deviation of the excitation frequency from the fundamental frequency of the system tremendous...

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,716 Views
13 Pages

Development of a Nonlinear Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Alternating Air Load

  • Yingting Wang,
  • Xianpeng Fu,
  • Tinghai Cheng,
  • Xiaohui Lu and ,
  • Haibo Gao,
  • Gang Bao and
  • Xilu Zhao
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

1 November 2016

The demand for energy-harvesting technology is steadily growing in the field of self-powered wireless sensor systems for use in pneumatic systems. The purpose of this research was to study an energy harvester excited by alternating air load in a pneu...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,547 Views
16 Pages

25 June 2023

The harvesting efficiency of a cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester is limited by its uneven strain distribution. Moreover, a cantilevered harvester requires a large workspace due to the large displacement of its free end. To address these iss...

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,026 Views
19 Pages

24 November 2025

A slender piezoelectric cantilever for energy harvesting features high efficiency but a low operational frequency, which cannot meet the requirements for self-powered transformer monitoring. In this research, a piezoelectric vibration energy harveste...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Engineering and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,259 Views
18 Pages

27 June 2023

In this study, we propose an analytical approach based on the modified differential transform method to investigate the dynamic behavior of a plucking energy harvester. The harvester consists of a piezoelectric cantilever oscillator and a rotating pl...

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
5,224 Views
21 Pages

An Arc-Shaped Piezoelectric Bistable Vibration Energy Harvester: Modeling and Experiments

  • Xuhui Zhang,
  • Wenjuan Yang,
  • Meng Zuo,
  • Houzhi Tan and ,
  • Hongwei Fan,
  • Qinghua Mao and
  • Xiang Wan
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

17 December 2018

In order to improve vibration energy harvesting, this paper designs an arc-shaped piezoelectric bistable vibration energy harvester (ABEH). The bistable configuration is achieved by using magnetic coupling, and the nonlinear magnetic force is calcula...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Harvester Sensing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,461 Views
17 Pages

9 September 2023

Real-time condition monitoring of various types of machinery using sensor technology has gained significant importance in recent years. However, relying on batteries to power these sensors proves to be sub-optimal, as it necessitates regular charging...

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,527 Views
19 Pages

Energy Harvesting Performance of a Novel Nonlinear Quad-Stable Piezoelectric Energy Harvester with Only One External Magnet

  • Shuailing Sun,
  • Yonggang Leng,
  • Sunghoon Hur,
  • Fei Sun and ,
  • Xukun Su,
  • Hyun-Cheol Song and
  • Chong-Yun Kang
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

11 September 2022

Nonlinear multi-stable piezoelectric energy harvesters show broadband frequency spectra and excellent energy harvesting performance, owing to their high output power related to inter-well transitions. However, existing quad-stable piezoelectric energ...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Energy Harvesters)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,482 Views
20 Pages

Performance Study of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Based on Rotating Wheel Vibration

  • Rui Wang,
  • Zhouman Jiang,
  • Xiang Li,
  • Xiaochao Tian and ,
  • Xia Liu and
  • Bo Jiang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

20 December 2025

To address the issue of low efficiency in recovering low-frequency vibration energy during vehicle operation, this paper proposes a piezoelectric energy capture harvester based on wheel vibration. The device employs a parallel configuration of dual c...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Physics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,362 Views
14 Pages

Multi-Objective Topology Optimization of a Broadband Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Siyang Hu,
  • Ulrike Fitzer,
  • Khai Chau Nguyen,
  • Dennis Hohlfeld and ,
  • Jan G. Korvink and
  • Tamara Bechtold
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

27 January 2023

In recent years, topology optimization has proved itself to be state of the art in the design of mechanical structures. At the same time, energy harvesting has gained a lot of attention in research and industry. In this work, we present a novel topol...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,988 Views
5 Pages

23 November 2018

In this paper, we present a concept, simulation and characterization results of a dual-frequency piezoelectric energy harvester with magnetic frequency tuning capabilities. We demonstrate that the frequency-agile multi-mode capability enables the dev...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EUROSENSORS 2018)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,150 Views
12 Pages

Stochastic Thermodynamics of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Model

  • Luigi Costanzo,
  • Alessandro Lo Schiavo,
  • Alessandro Sarracino and
  • Massimo Vitelli

27 May 2021

We experimentally study a piezoelectric energy harvester driven by broadband random vibrations. We show that a linear model, consisting of an underdamped Langevin equation for the dynamics of the tip mass, electromechanically coupled with a capacitor...

(This article belongs to the Section Non-equilibrium Phenomena)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,048 Views
21 Pages

14 September 2023

Variable-cross-section beams have better mass and strength distribution compared with constant cross-section beams, which can optimize the harvesting power of piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters, which are widely used in self-supplied and low-p...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,064 Views
21 Pages

10 December 2021

Existing piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting circuits require auxiliary power for the switch control module and are difficult to adapt to broadband piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters. This paper proposes a self-powered and low-power enha...

(This article belongs to the Section Actuator Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,521 Views
14 Pages

27 March 2025

To address the low electromechanical conversion efficiency associated with traditional single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) piezoelectric energy harvesters, this study proposes a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) cut-out piezoelectric beam for wind-induced vi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Tuning and Self-Powered Energy Harvesting Devices)
  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,083 Views
21 Pages

23 October 2021

In order to make a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester collect more energy on a broader frequency range, nonlinearity is introduced into the system, allowing the harvester to produce multiple steady states and deflecting the frequency response c...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,255 Views
15 Pages

Model Validation of a Porous Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Using Vibration Test Data

  • Germán Martínez-Ayuso,
  • Hamed Haddad Khodaparast,
  • Yan Zhang,
  • Christopher R. Bowen and ,
  • Michael I. Friswell,
  • Alexander D. Shaw and
  • Hadi Madinei
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

18 August 2018

In this paper, a finite element model is coupled to an homogenisation theory in order to predict the energy harvesting capabilities of a porous piezoelectric energy harvester. The harvester consists of a porous piezoelectric patch bonded to the root...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,297 Views
13 Pages

Investigation of Nonlinear Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Low-Frequency and Wideband Applications

  • Osor Pertin,
  • Koushik Guha,
  • Olga Jakšić,
  • Zoran Jakšić and
  • Jacopo Iannacci

26 August 2022

This paper proposes a monostable nonlinear Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEH). The harvester is based on an unconventional exsect-tapered fixed-guided spring design, which introduces nonlinearity into the system due to the bending and stretching of...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
8,448 Views
19 Pages

Development of Piezoelectric Energy Harvester System through Optimizing Multiple Structural Parameters

  • Hailu Yang,
  • Ya Wei,
  • Weidong Zhang,
  • Yibo Ai and ,
  • Zhoujing Ye and
  • Linbing Wang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

20 April 2021

Road power generation technology is of significance for constructing smart roads. With a high electromechanical conversion rate and high bearing capacity, the stack piezoelectric transducer is one of the most used structures in road energy harvesting...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Sensors and Their Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,626 Views
14 Pages

Energy Harvester Based on Mechanical Impacts of an Oscillating Rod on Piezoelectric Transducers

  • Marco Antonio Islas-Herrera,
  • David Sánchez-Luna,
  • Jorge Miguel Jaimes-Ponce,
  • Daniel Andrés Córdova-Córdova and ,
  • Christopher Iván Lorenzo-Alfaro and
  • Daniel Hernández-Rivera
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

Energy harvesting is a clean technique for obtaining electrical energy from environmental energy. Mechanical vibrations are an energy source that can be used to produce electricity using piezoelectric energy harvesters. Vibrations and wind in bridges...

(This article belongs to the Collection Brilliant Young Researchers in Clean Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,162 Views
21 Pages

22 August 2022

In this paper, a piezoelectric and electromagnetic hybrid wind energy harvester is proposed. The general design of the harvester comprises multiple cantilever piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) and electromagnetic energy harvesters (EEHs) embedde...

(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
7,518 Views
16 Pages

25 January 2017

This paper presents a piezoelectric energy harvester using an eccentric cylinder undergoing bending–torsion vibration in low-speed water. It can harvest energy from water using vortex-induced vibration (VIV). A distributed parameter beam model with r...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
3,701 Views
16 Pages

12 June 2022

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) and the popularity of wireless sensors, using internal permanent or rechargeable batteries as a power source will face a higher maintenance workload. Therefore, self-powered wireless sensors thro...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Analysis, Design and Fabrication)
  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
4,555 Views
20 Pages

Automatic Resonance Tuning Technique for an Ultra-Broadband Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

  • Sallam A. Kouritem,
  • Muath A. Bani-Hani,
  • Mohamed Beshir,
  • Mohamed M. Y. B. Elshabasy and
  • Wael A. Altabey

3 October 2022

The main drawback of energy harvesting using the piezoelectric direct effect is that the maximum electric power is generated at the fundamental resonance frequency. This can clearly be observed in the size and dimensions of the components of any part...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The New Techniques for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: Design, Optimization, Applications, and Analysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,515 Views
14 Pages

29 June 2020

With the rapid development of microelectronics technology, low-power electronic sensors have been widely applied in many fields, such as Internet of Things, aerospace, and so on. In this paper, a symmetrical ring-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Engineering and Technology)

of 22