Vibration

49 pages, 9659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Approach to Nonlinear Fluid-Induced Vibration of Pronged Nanotubes in a Thermal–Magnetic Environment

by Ahmed Yinusa, Ridwan Amokun, John Eke, Gbeminiyi Sobamowo, George Oguntala, Adegboyega Ehinmowo, Faruq Salami, Oluwatosin Osigwe, Adekunle Adelaja, Sunday Ojolo and Mohammed Usman

Vibration 2025, 8(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8030035 - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Exploring the dynamics of nonlinear nanofluidic flow-induced vibrations, this work focuses on single-walled branched carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) operating in a thermal–magnetic environment. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), renowned for their exceptional strength, conductivity, and flexibility, are modeled using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory alongside Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity [...] Read more.

Exploring the dynamics of nonlinear nanofluidic flow-induced vibrations, this work focuses on single-walled branched carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) operating in a thermal–magnetic environment. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), renowned for their exceptional strength, conductivity, and flexibility, are modeled using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory alongside Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity to capture nanoscale effects for varying downstream angles. The intricate interactions between nanofluids and SWCNTs are analyzed using the Differential Transform Method (DTM) and validated through ANSYS simulations, where modal analysis reveals the vibrational characteristics of various geometries. To enhance predictive accuracy and system stability, machine learning algorithms, including XGBoost, CATBoost, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Networks, are employed, offering a robust comparison for optimizing vibrational and thermo-magnetic performance. Key parameters such as nanotube geometry, magnetic flux density, and fluid flow dynamics are identified as critical to minimizing vibrational noise and improving structural stability. These insights advance applications in energy harvesting, biomedical devices like artificial muscles and nanosensors, and nanoscale fluid control systems. Overall, the study demonstrates the significant advantages of integrating machine learning with physics-based simulations for next-generation nanotechnology solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Vibration of Mechanical Systems)

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22 pages, 6760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Dynamics of a Coupled Electromechanical Transmission

by Antonio Zippo, Moslem Molaie and Francesco Pellicano

Vibration 2025, 8(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8030034 - 20 Jun 2025

Abstract

The mechanical connection between a transmission system and an electric motor gives rise to a strong interaction between their respective dynamics. In particular, the coupling between an electric motor and a nonlinear spur gear transmission significantly influences the overall dynamic behavior of the [...] Read more.

The mechanical connection between a transmission system and an electric motor gives rise to a strong interaction between their respective dynamics. In particular, the coupling between an electric motor and a nonlinear spur gear transmission significantly influences the overall dynamic behavior of the integrated system. This study presents a detailed investigation into the electromechanical coupling effects between a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) and a nonlinear spur gear transmission. To focus on these effects, three configurations are analyzed: (i) a standalone gear pair model without motor interaction, (ii) a combined gear–motor system without dynamic coupling, and (iii) a fully coupled electromechanical system where the mechanical feedback influences motor control. The dynamic interaction between the motor’s torsional vibrations and the gear transmission is captured using the derivative of the transmission error as a feedback signal, enabling a closed-loop electromechanical model. Numerical simulations highlight the critical role of this coupling in shaping system dynamics, offering insights into the stability and performance of electric drive–gear transmission systems under different operating conditions. It also underscores the limitations of traditional modeling approaches that neglect feedback effects from the mechanical subsystem. The findings contribute to a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of coupled motor–gear dynamics, which is essential for the design and control of advanced electromechanical transmission systems in high-performance applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Vibration of Mechanical Systems)

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18 pages, 5977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attenuation of the First-Cycle Peak Response to an Impulse Disturbance

by Abasiodiong Jackson, Simon Fletcher and Andrew Longstaff

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020033 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Traditional control strategies for vibration suppression primarily focus on reducing settling time. However, this approach may not adequately address situations where the initial peak response of the vibration poses a risk of damage. This paper presents a novel application of active disturbance rejection [...] Read more.

Traditional control strategies for vibration suppression primarily focus on reducing settling time. However, this approach may not adequately address situations where the initial peak response of the vibration poses a risk of damage. This paper presents a novel application of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) for attenuating the first-cycle peak response of free vibration in flexible structures. Inspired by the sudden impact scenario of particle accelerator collimators, a smart beam was designed to investigate the percentage first-cycle peak attenuation (FCPA) achievable by the disturbance estimation-based controller, in comparison with a classical proportional–differential (PD) controller. This study examined the limitations of the controller in mitigating initial deviations caused by real-world factors, such as delay and noise, through experimental methods. Results indicate that the PD controller achieves a maximum attenuation of 18%, while the ADRC achieves 30% attenuation. Improving the collocation configuration of the smart beam further improves the ADRC attenuation to 46.5%. Experimental data was used to fine-tune the system model in a sensitivity analysis to determine the delay within the system. Additionally, a new tuning parameter, α, representing the ratio of the observer bandwidth to controller bandwidth, was introduced to investigate the impact of observer and controller gain choices. System noise was amplified by 20 to 30 times, depending on the α value, although no significant effect on the control of the beam was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration in 2025)

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23 pages, 5541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Double Dumbbell-Shaped Flux-Switching Linear Tube Generator for Ocean Wave Energy Conversion: Design, Simulation, and Experimental Validation

by Pooja Khatri, Zhenwei Liu, James Rudolph, Elie Al Shami and Xu Wang

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020032 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study introduces a novel double dumbbell-shaped flux-switching linear tube generator (DDFSLG) for ocean wave energy conversion. The innovative architecture features a uniquely shaped stator and translator, distinguishing it from conventional linear generators. Unlike traditional systems, the DDFSLG is housed in a cylindrical [...] Read more.

This study introduces a novel double dumbbell-shaped flux-switching linear tube generator (DDFSLG) for ocean wave energy conversion. The innovative architecture features a uniquely shaped stator and translator, distinguishing it from conventional linear generators. Unlike traditional systems, the DDFSLG is housed in a cylindrical buoy. The translator oscillates axially within the stator. This eliminates the need for motion rectification and reduces mechanical friction losses in the power take-off (PTO) system. These design advancements result in high power output and improved performance. The DDFSLG’s three-phase coil circuit is another key innovation, improving electrical performance and stability in irregular wave conditions. We conducted comprehensive experimental validation using an MTS-250 kN testing system, which demonstrated strong agreement between theoretical predictions and measured results. We compared star and delta coil connections to assess how circuit configuration affects power output and efficiency. Furthermore, hydrodynamic simulations using the JONSWAP spectrum and ANSYS AQWA software (Ansys 13.0) provide detailed insight into the system’s dynamic response under realistic oceanic conditions. Full article

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23 pages, 7637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flow-Induced Vibrations of Five Cylinders in Uniform Current

by Henry Francis Annapeh, Victoria Kurushina and Guilherme Rosa Franzini

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020031 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Predicting flow-induced vibration (FIV) of multiple slender structures remains a modern challenge in science and engineering due to the phenomenon’s sensitivity to layout parameters and the emergence of oscillations driven by multiple mechanisms. The present study examines the FIV of five circular cylinders [...] Read more.

Predicting flow-induced vibration (FIV) of multiple slender structures remains a modern challenge in science and engineering due to the phenomenon’s sensitivity to layout parameters and the emergence of oscillations driven by multiple mechanisms. The present study examines the FIV of five circular cylinders with two degrees of freedom arranged in a ‘cross’ configuration and subjected to a uniform current. A computational fluid dynamics approach, solving the transient, incompressible 2D Navier–Stokes equations, is employed to analyze the influence of the spacing ratio and reduced velocity

U_{r}

on the vibration response and wake dynamics. The investigation includes model verification and parametric studies for several spacing ratios. Results reveal vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) in some of the cylinders in the arrangement and combined vortex-induced and wake-induced vibration (WIV) in others. Lock-in is observed at

U_{r}

= 7 for the upstream cylinder, while the midstream and downstream cylinders exhibit the highest vibration amplitudes due to wake interference. Larger spacing ratios amplify the oscillations of the downstream cylinders, while the side-by-side cylinders display distinct frequency responses. Motion trajectories transition from figure-of-eight patterns to enclosed loops as

U_{r}

increases, with specifically complex oscillations emerging at higher velocities. These findings provide insights into multi-body VIV, relevant to offshore structures, marine risers, and heat exchangers. Full article

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16 pages, 6206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Active Boundary Control to Suppress Vibrations in String

by Soo-Min Kim and Moon K. Kwak

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020030 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

Strings are commonly used in engineering structures but are highly susceptible to vibrations due to their low structural stiffness and damping. Suppressing these vibrations poses a significant challenge, as existing tools and technologies are limited. This study investigates the design of an active [...] Read more.

Strings are commonly used in engineering structures but are highly susceptible to vibrations due to their low structural stiffness and damping. Suppressing these vibrations poses a significant challenge, as existing tools and technologies are limited. This study investigates the design of an active boundary control strategy to suppress the vibrations in a string. To achieve this, a dynamic model equipped with a displacement-type actuator and multiple displacement sensors was considered. A simple vibration control algorithm was proposed by designing a dynamic model with one degree of freedom. And the stability of the proposed algorithm was verified theoretically using this model. Based on the result for the simple case, a multi-input–multi-output control algorithm was designed in modal space. The numerical results show that the suppression of the vibration in the first three natural modes of the string using one boundary actuator, three displacement sensors, and the proposed control method was successful. Also, an experimental test bed was constructed to verify the practical validity of the proposed control method. The experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed control method can effectively suppress the three natural modes of string vibration. The effectiveness of the proposed control method has been verified both theoretically and experimentally. Full article

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32 pages, 11230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Lattice Structures into the Boring Bars as a Passive Chatter Suppression Technique: Concepualization, Modelling and Simulation

by Ekrem Oezkaya, Kubilay Aslantas, Adem Çiçek and Hüseyin Alp Çetindağ

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020029 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

The present study concentrates on passive damping technology, in which the damping of vibrations is accomplished by the integration of lattice structures into the boring bar. To complete this process, several steps must be followed. First, the largest possible hollow space within the [...] Read more.

The present study concentrates on passive damping technology, in which the damping of vibrations is accomplished by the integration of lattice structures into the boring bar. To complete this process, several steps must be followed. First, the largest possible hollow space within the boring bar was determined, and the two main influencing factors—stiffness and natural frequency—were harmonized. A rigorous analysis of vibration reduction was conducted on the basis of a validated simulation model. This analysis involved six distinct lattice structures designed using ANSYS SpaceClaim 19.0. In light of the findings, a specialized, application-specific CAD simulation tool was developed, employing appropriate methodologies to circumvent the limitations of conventional CAD software. For the hollow integrated into the boring bar, ellipsoidal shapes were shown to be preferable to cylindrical ones due to their superior dynamic performance. The initial lattice structure, namely a cube lattice with side cross supports, exhibited an enhancement in damping of 55.58% in comparison with the reference model. Following this result, five additional modelling steps were performed, leading to an optimal outcome with a 67.79% reduction in vibrations. Moreover, the modifications made to the beam diameter of the lattice units yielded enhanced dynamic performance, as evidenced by a vibration suppression of 69.81%. The implementation of complex modelling steps, such as the integration of a hollow and the integration of lattice structures, could be successfully achieved through the development of a suitable and user-friendly simulation tool. The effectiveness of the simulation tool in enabling parameterized modelling for scalable lattice structures was demonstrated. This approach was found to be expeditious in terms of the time required for implementation. The potential exists for the extension of this simulation tool, with the objective of facilitating research projects with a view to optimization, i.e., a large number of research projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Damping)

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20 pages, 4313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Time-Domain Solution Method for the Vibration Performance of Viscoelastic Functionally Graded Porous Beams

by Yuhua Cui, Tao Zeng, Yipeng Yang, Xiaohong Wang, Guodong Xu and Su Cheng

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020028 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

The viscoelastic behavior of functionally graded (FG) materials significantly affects their vibration performance, making it necessary to establish theoretical analysis methods. Although fractional-order methods can be used to set up the vibration differential equations for viscoelastic, functionally graded beams, solving these fractional differential [...] Read more.

The viscoelastic behavior of functionally graded (FG) materials significantly affects their vibration performance, making it necessary to establish theoretical analysis methods. Although fractional-order methods can be used to set up the vibration differential equations for viscoelastic, functionally graded beams, solving these fractional differential equations typically involves complex iterative processes, which makes the vibration performance analysis of viscoelastic FG materials challenging. To address this issue, this paper proposes a simple method to predict the vibration behavior of viscoelastic FG beams. The fractional viscoelastic, functionally graded porous (FGP) beam is modeled based on the Euler–Bernoulli theory and the Kelvin–Voigt fractional derivative stress-strain relation. Employing the variational principle and the Hamilton principle, the partial fractional differential equation is derived. A method based on Bernstein polynomials is proposed to directly solve fractional vibration differential equations in the time domain, thereby avoiding the complex iterative procedures of traditional methods. The viscoelastic, functionally graded porous beams with four porosity distributions and four boundary conditions are investigated. The effects of the porosity coefficient, pore distribution, boundary conditions, fractional order, and viscoelastic coefficient are analyzed. The results show that this is a feasible method for analyzing the viscoelastic behavior of FGP materials. Full article

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24 pages, 6980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vibration Signal-Based Fault Diagnosis of Rotary Machinery Through Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning Method

by Chirag Mongia and Shankar Sehgal

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020027 - 25 May 2025

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing proactive repair systems by enabling real-time identification of bearing faults in industrial machinery. However, traditional fault detection methods often struggle in dynamic environments due to their dependence on specific training conditions. To address this limitation, a transfer learning [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing proactive repair systems by enabling real-time identification of bearing faults in industrial machinery. However, traditional fault detection methods often struggle in dynamic environments due to their dependence on specific training conditions. To address this limitation, a transfer learning (TL)-based methodology has been developed for bearing fault detection, so that the model trained under some specific training conditions can perform accurately under significantly different real-time working conditions, thereby significantly improving diagnostic efficiency while reducing training time. Initially, a deep learning approach utilizing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has been employed to diagnose faults based on vibration data. After achieving high classification performance at source domain conditions, the performance of the model is re-evaluated by applying it to the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) dataset as the target domain through the TL method. short-time Fourier transform is employed for signal preprocessing, enhancing feature extraction and model performance. The proposed methodology has been validated across various CWRU dataset configurations under different operating conditions and environments. The proposed approach achieved a 99.7% classification accuracy in the target domain, demonstrating effective adaptability and robustness under domain shifts. The results demonstrate how TL-enhanced CNNs can be used as a scalable and efficient way to diagnose bearing faults in industrial environments. Full article

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11 pages, 2038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EU Vibration Limit Values May Be Too Strict for Evaluating the Effect of Impact Loading on the Lower Back During Horse Riding

by Nerissa A. Smit, Jelte E. Bos, Jaap H. van Dieën and Idsart Kingma

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020026 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the suitability of the vibration dose value (VDV) and action and limit values from the EU Directive 2002/44/EC in assessing lower back health risks due to repeated shocks using common horse riding as an example. The difference between pelvis- and [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the suitability of the vibration dose value (VDV) and action and limit values from the EU Directive 2002/44/EC in assessing lower back health risks due to repeated shocks using common horse riding as an example. The difference between pelvis- and saddle-based VDV calculations was assessed. VDVs were calculated from accelerations measured using inertial measurement units (IMUs) on the saddle and the rider’s pelvis during walking (30 min) and cantering (10 min). Saddle and pelvis VDVs were similar, 12–31 m/s^1.75 for walking and 46–69 m/s^1.75 for cantering. Accelerations reached the action value (9.1 m/s^1.75) within 03:16 min of walking and 00:08 min of cantering. Accelerations reached the limit value (21 m/s^1.75) within 30:00 min or 00:26 min of cantering. Although VDV reached limits quickly, walking and cantering are generally harmless for the lower back. Application of the VDV and associated limits for repeated shocks assessment might need reconsideration. Full article

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20 pages, 2949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Design Methodology of Maxwell–Coulomb Friction Damper

by Chun-Nam Wong and Wai-On Wong

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020025 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The optimal design methodology for a Maxwell–Coulomb friction damper is proposed to minimize the resonant vibration of dynamic structures. The simple Coulomb friction damper has the problem of zero or little damping effect of the vibration of the spring–mass dynamic system at resonance. [...] Read more.

The optimal design methodology for a Maxwell–Coulomb friction damper is proposed to minimize the resonant vibration of dynamic structures. The simple Coulomb friction damper has the problem of zero or little damping effect of the vibration of the spring–mass dynamic system at resonance. This problem is solved in the case of the Maxwell–Coulomb friction damper, which is formed by combining a Coulomb friction damper with a spring element in series. However, the design and analysis of the Maxwell–Coulomb friction damper become much more complicated. The optimal design methodology for this nonlinear damper is proposed in this article. The nonlinear equations of motion of the proposed damper are modelled, and its hysteresis loop can be constructed by combining four different cases of stick–slide motion. Motion responses of the turbine blade with the proposed damper are solved by a central difference solver. Optimal paths of damping and stiffness ratios are determined by the central difference Newton search method. The optimal experimental design is ascertained using a prototype damper test. Close correlation with its numerical simulations is observed in our hysteresis loop comparison. The performance of the proposed damper is also compared to that of a viscous damper in the seismic response design of adjacent single-story buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Damping)

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20 pages, 3429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Damping Identification Sensitivity in Flutter Speed Estimation

by Gabriele Dessena, Alessandro Pontillo, Marco Civera, Dmitry I. Ignatyev, James F. Whidborne and Luca Zanotti Fragonara

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020024 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

Predicting flutter remains a key challenge in aeroelastic research, with certain models relying on modal parameters, such as natural frequencies and damping ratios. These models are particularly useful in early design stages or for the development of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (maximum take-off [...] Read more.

Predicting flutter remains a key challenge in aeroelastic research, with certain models relying on modal parameters, such as natural frequencies and damping ratios. These models are particularly useful in early design stages or for the development of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (maximum take-off mass below 7 kg). This study evaluates two frequency-domain system identification methods, Fast Relaxed Vector Fitting (FRVF) and the Loewner Framework (LF), for predicting the flutter onset speed of a flexible wing model. Both methods are applied to extract modal parameters from Ground Vibration Testing data, which are subsequently used to develop a reduced-order model with two degrees of freedom. The results indicate that FRVF- and LF-informed models provide reliable flutter speed, with predictions deviating by no more than 3% (FRVF) and 5% (LF) from the N4SID-informed benchmark. The findings highlight the sensitivity of flutter speed predictions to damping ratio identification accuracy and demonstrate the potential of these methods as computationally efficient alternatives for preliminary aeroelastic assessments. Full article

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17 pages, 7015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studying the Behavior of a Paperboard Box: Experiment and Finite Element Model

by Boussad Abbès, Fazilay Abbès, Lien Tien Dao, Pham Tuong Minh Duong and Viet Dung Luong

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020023 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

In the transportation and distribution of goods, cardboard boxes are often subjected to mechanical impacts such as shocks and random vibrations, which can cause damage to the goods. In this study, static and dynamic tests on cardboard boxes were designed and conducted to [...] Read more.

In the transportation and distribution of goods, cardboard boxes are often subjected to mechanical impacts such as shocks and random vibrations, which can cause damage to the goods. In this study, static and dynamic tests on cardboard boxes were designed and conducted to determine the compression strength, natural frequencies, and modal characteristics of the boxes. A finite element model of cardboard boxes considering the in-plane orthotropic elastic–plastic behavior of the cardboard was implemented in the Abaqus software through a VUMAT subroutine to perform numerical simulations under compression and random vibrations. The parameters of the model were determined through an inverse identification process. As a first result, the predicted force–displacement curves show good agreement with the measured curves. Furthermore, the power spectral density (PSD) response of the mass/box system under random vibrations obtained through numerical simulations is consistent with the responses obtained from experimental measurements. Full article

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18 pages, 4484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Analysis of Monitoring Contact Wire Rupture in High-Speed Catenary Systems

by Andrea Collina, Antonietta Lo Conte and Giuseppe Bucca

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020022 - 3 May 2025

Abstract

The rupture of the contact wire (CW) of a railway overhead contact line (OCL or catenary) is expected to be a rare event. However, when it occurs, and a pantograph transits under the already broken section of the CW, this can have catastrophic [...] Read more.

The rupture of the contact wire (CW) of a railway overhead contact line (OCL or catenary) is expected to be a rare event. However, when it occurs, and a pantograph transits under the already broken section of the CW, this can have catastrophic consequences for the pantograph which in turn can cause a further extension of the damaged portion on the OCL with a consequent disruption in the service and cause there to be a long time before the operating condition can be restored. Therefore, the prevention of such events through effective catenary monitoring is gaining significant attention. The purpose of this work is to investigate the feasibility of a monitoring system that can be installed at each end of an OCL section which is able to detect the occurrence of a broken CW event, sending an alert to the management traffic system, so as to stop the train traffic before the damaged catenary is reached by other trains. A nonlinear dynamic analysis is employed to model the OCL’s response following a simulated CW rupture and identify a set of variables that can be measured at the line’s extremities related to the occurrence of breakage in the CW. Several locations of the rupture of a CW section along the line are simulated to investigate the influence on the time pattern of the measured variables and consequently on the extraction of a signature. Finally, a proposed measurement setup is presented, combining accelerometers and displacement transducers, instead of the direct measurement of the axial load of the OCL conductors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Railway Dynamics and Ground-Borne Vibrations)

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16 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Different Linear Analysis for Seismic Resistance of Buildings According to Eurocode 8

by Ivelin Ivanov and Dimitar Velchev

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020021 - 3 May 2025

Abstract

Structural design in Europe should strongly follow EN 1998-1 or so called Eurocode 8 (EC8), for a seismic resistance assessment of structures. Eurocode 8 recommends two linear methods and two nonlinear methods. The nonlinear methods require some knowledge about the nonlinear behavior of [...] Read more.

Structural design in Europe should strongly follow EN 1998-1 or so called Eurocode 8 (EC8), for a seismic resistance assessment of structures. Eurocode 8 recommends two linear methods and two nonlinear methods. The nonlinear methods require some knowledge about the nonlinear behavior of beams and joints in the structure, which makes the linear methods preferable. An alternative method of the seismic loading representation is to use artificial accelerograms with the same or similar spectra as the response spectrum used for modal spectrum analysis. Using an artificial diagram, three approaches in finite element methods exist: explicit time integration, implicit time integration, and modal dynamics. A typical six-story steel structure is modeled using the finite element method, and all linear methods are examined in both horizontal directions. The structure is examined by the modal response spectrum method using sufficient modes, as well as with and without the residual mode. The results are compared, and conclusions concerning the efficiency and precision of methods are deduced. Time history loading by accelerograms reveals higher dynamics and stress in the structural response than the modal response spectrum and lateral forces methods. The time history analysis methods have almost no difference in accuracy, and the modal dynamics method is the cheapest one. Full article

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17 pages, 3642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crack Location in Wind Turbine Blades Using Vibration Signal and Support Vector Machine

by Perla Y. Sevilla-Camacho, José B. Robles-Ocampo, Juvenal Rodríguez-Resendíz, Sergio De la Cruz-Arreola, Marco A. Zuñiga-Reyes and Edwin N. Hernández-Estrada

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020020 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study introduces a new method to locate cracks in wind turbine blades using the support vector machine algorithm and the tangential vibration signal measured at the root blade in static conditions. The method was implemented in hardware and experimentally validated on 200 [...] Read more.

This study introduces a new method to locate cracks in wind turbine blades using the support vector machine algorithm and the tangential vibration signal measured at the root blade in static conditions. The method was implemented in hardware and experimentally validated on 200 W wind turbine blades. The blade conditions were healthy, and transverse cracked at the root, midsection, and tip. The experimental procedure is easy, and only one low-cost piezoelectric accelerometer is needed, which is affordable and straightforward to install. The machine learning technique used requires a small dataset and low computing power. The results show exceptional performance, achieving an accuracy of 99.37% and a precision of 98.77%. This approach enhances the reliability of wind turbine blade monitoring. It provides a robust early detection and maintenance solution, improving operational efficiency and safety in wind energy production. K-nearest neighbors and decision trees are also used for comparison purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Applications to Vibration Problems)

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30 pages, 39645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Admittance: A New Modeling Approach to Dynamic Performance Analysis of Dynamic Vibration Absorbers

by Cuauhtémoc Mazón-Valadez, Eduardo Barredo, Jorge Colín-Ocampo, Javier A. Pérez-Molina, Demetrio Pérez-Vigueras, Ernesto E. Mazón-Valadez and Agustín Barrera-Sánchez

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020019 - 16 Apr 2025

Abstract

The vibration control in structural design has long been a critical area of study, particularly in mitigating undesirable resonant vibrations using dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs). Traditional approaches to tuning DVAs have relied on complex mathematical models based on Newtonian or Euler–Lagrange equations, often [...] Read more.

The vibration control in structural design has long been a critical area of study, particularly in mitigating undesirable resonant vibrations using dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs). Traditional approaches to tuning DVAs have relied on complex mathematical models based on Newtonian or Euler–Lagrange equations, often leading to intricate systems requiring simplification of the analysis of multi-degree-of-freedom structures. This paper introduces a novel modeling approach for analyzing DVAs based on the concept of global admittance, which stems from mechanical admittance and network simplifications. This model streamlines the representation of structures with DVAs as one-degree-of-freedom systems coupled with a global admittance function, which emulates additional damping coupled to the primary structure. In this work, global admittance functions are determined by the independent analysis of the mechanical networks of the DVA, restructuring the process of obtaining the system’s transfer function. The model was validated using different classical DVA configurations, demonstrating total accuracy in its applicability across designs concerning conventional modeling. Our most remarkable finding was that the dimensionless function,

γ_{g} (Ω)

, resulting from the global admittance, partially decouples the dynamics of the DVAs from the primary structure, facilitating the implementation of passive vibration control strategies in more realistic structural models. Additionally, this work establishes a significant advancement in vibration control analysis, providing a flexible tool for control strategies in real-world structural systems. Full article

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13 pages, 2097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Coupled Harmonic Balance-Based Approach for the Non-Linear Dynamics of Spur-Gear Pairs

by Giacomo Saletti, Giuseppe Battiato and Stefano Zucca

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020018 - 10 Apr 2025

Abstract

Noise, vibration and harshness analyses are of great interest for the latest developments of the gearboxes of electric vehicles. Gearboxes are now the main source of vibrations, since electric powertrains are much quieter than internal combustion engines. Traditionally, the simulation of the non-linear [...] Read more.

Noise, vibration and harshness analyses are of great interest for the latest developments of the gearboxes of electric vehicles. Gearboxes are now the main source of vibrations, since electric powertrains are much quieter than internal combustion engines. Traditionally, the simulation of the non-linear gear dynamics is studied by first performing a series of preliminary static analyses to compute the static transmission error (STE). The STE (i.e., in the form of varying mesh stiffness) is then accepted as the system’s excitation source to compute the dynamic transmission error (DTE). This paper presents a novel approach to analyze the non-linear dynamics of gears which does not require any preliminary static analyses. The method consists of a frequency–domain approach based on the Harmonic Balance Method (HBM) and the Alternating Frequency–Time (AFT) scheme, allowing for much faster simulations when compared to the widely used direct–time integration (DTI). The contact between the teeth is modeled as intermittent and penalty based with a varying gap. The time–varying gap between the teeth is initially approximated to a step function that guarantees the design contact ratio. The methodology introduced is tested on a lumped parameter model of a spur–gear pair already proposed and simulated in the literature. The results obtained with the novel approach are compared with the DTI simulation of the model as a reference. The excellent match between the different approaches validates the reliability of developed methodology. Full article

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11 pages, 2759 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

User-Friendly Tool for Expedited Ground Vibration Assessment Induced by Impact Pile Driving

by Ahmed M. Abouelmaty, Aires Colaço and Pedro Alves Costa

Vibration 2025, 8(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8020017 - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Driven piles are a common geotechnical solution for foundations in weak soil profiles. However, hammer impacts during the driving process can generate excessive levels of ground vibration, which, in extreme cases, can affect nearby structures and people. Due to the complexity of wave [...] Read more.

Driven piles are a common geotechnical solution for foundations in weak soil profiles. However, hammer impacts during the driving process can generate excessive levels of ground vibration, which, in extreme cases, can affect nearby structures and people. Due to the complexity of wave propagation in soils, the accurate prediction of these vibrations typically requires advanced numerical modeling approaches. To address this challenge, a surrogate modeling framework was developed by integrating Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), trained on a synthetic dataset generated from an experimentally validated numerical model. The proposed surrogate model enables the rapid prediction of ground vibration characteristics, including peak particle velocity (PPV) and frequency content, across a broad range of soil, pile, and hammer conditions. In addition to its predictive capabilities, the tool allows users to design a specific mitigation measure (open trench) and compare the vibration levels with international standards. Experimental validation confirmed the model’s ability to replicate field measurements with acceptable accuracy. The expedited prediction tool is available as supplemental data and can be used by other researchers and technicians for quick and accurate ground vibration predictions. Full article

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Vibration

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