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11,217 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,387 Views
15 Pages

Characterization of the Fatigue Behaviour of Low Carbon Steels by Means of Temperature and Micromagnetic Measurements

  • Haoran Wu,
  • Srinivasa Raghavan Raghuraman,
  • Jonas Anton Ziman,
  • Fabian Weber and ,
  • Torsten Hielscher and
  • Peter Starke
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

28 October 2022

Investigations on low carbon (non- and low-alloy) steels were conducted in form of load increase tests (LIT) and constant amplitude tests (CAT) to find the correlation among material behaviour, mechanical load, and the type of NDT method. With the he...

(This article belongs to the Section Metal Failure Analysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,632 Views
21 Pages

Short-Time Fatigue Life Estimation for Heat Treated Low Carbon Steels by Applying Electrical Resistance and Magnetic Barkhausen Noise

  • Haoran Wu,
  • Jonas Anton Ziman,
  • Srinivasa Raghavan Raghuraman,
  • Jan-Erik Nebel and ,
  • Fabian Weber and
  • Peter Starke
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

21 December 2022

Tensile tests and fatigue tests on differently heat-treated low carbon (non- and low-alloy) steels were conducted and accompanied by non-destructive electrical resistometric (ER) and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) measuring devices, in order to esta...

(This article belongs to the Topic Fatigue and Fracture Assessment of Structural Components and Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,829 Views
20 Pages

24 October 2019

The effects of influential fatigue testing factors, including loading schemes (e.g., traditional load shedding and staircase load increasing), morphology of crack starters, and precracking approaches on the near-threshold fatigue crack growth behavio...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,450 Views
11 Pages

13 November 2020

The load increase method, which is highly efficient in rapidly identifying the fatigue performance and strength of materials, is used in this study to investigate friction stir welded (FSW) EN AW-5754 aluminum alloys. Previous investigations have dem...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction Stir Welding Prospective on Light-Alloys Joints)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,714 Views
19 Pages

23 May 2023

Within the scope of this research, a new short-time procedure designated as StressLifeHCF was developed. Through a combination of classic fatigue testing and non-destructive monitoring of the material response due to cyclic loading, a process-oriente...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue Damage and Fracture Mechanics of Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
119 Citations
12,787 Views
23 Pages

An Investigation of the Microstructure and Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured AISI 316L Stainless Steel with Regard to the Influence of Heat Treatment

  • Bastian Blinn,
  • Marcus Klein,
  • Christopher Gläßner,
  • Marek Smaga and ,
  • Jan C. Aurich and
  • Tilmann Beck
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

28 March 2018

To exploit the whole potential of Additive Manufacturing, it is essential to investigate the complex relationships between Additive Manufacturing processes, the resulting microstructure, and mechanical properties of the materials and components. In t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Ferrous Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,745 Views
20 Pages

Consideration of Statistical Approaches Within the Accelerated Assessment of Fatigue Properties of Metallic Materials

  • Fabian Weber,
  • Aline Wagner,
  • Janina Koziol,
  • Felix Weber and ,
  • Christoph Broeckmann and
  • Peter Starke
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

12 February 2025

Understanding the fatigue behaviour of metallic materials is highly important when it comes to a reliable assessment of material degradation as a result of dynamic loading. Because the provision of such data is associated with great testing effort le...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Design and Behavior Analysis of High-Strength Steels)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,203 Views
20 Pages

13 July 2020

In this study, fatigue behavior of surface finished and precorroded friction stir welded (FSW) specimens using various tool configurations were comparatively investigated by the load increase method. The FSW using conventional, stationary shoulder an...

(This article belongs to the Collection Welding and Joining Processes of Materials)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
5,543 Views
6 Pages

Comparison between Indoor Sled Tests on the SkillrunTM Treadmill and Outdoor Field Tests at Increasing Sled Loads

  • Alessandro Volpe,
  • Giuseppe Marcolin,
  • Giuseppe Fedele,
  • Silvano Zanuso and ,
  • Gabriele De Bettio and
  • Nicola Petrone
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

The aim of the study was to compare the power output during indoor sprints on a SKILLRUNTM treadmill with the power output expressed in outdoor sprints pushing an instrumented sled. The SKILLRUNTM has been chosen because it is able to simulate the ou...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 13th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,201 Views
16 Pages

Experimental Study on Strength and Liquefaction Characteristics of Sand under Dynamic Loading

  • Yongbo Cai,
  • Yanlu Zhang,
  • Qingjie Qi,
  • Ye Cheng and ,
  • Yongbo Shi and
  • Zuo Sun
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

29 June 2023

To investigate the influence of moisture content, density, and loading frequency on the dynamic strength and liquefaction characteristics of sandy soil, a series of vibration triaxial tests were designed and conducted. The tests were divided into inc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Mining and Emergency Prevention and Control)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,843 Views
19 Pages

23 November 2019

The vertical shear behaviors of an immersion joint with steel shear keys subjected to multidirectional loads are investigated in this paper. An experiment of an immersion joint model is carried out. Two kinds of compression–shear tests of the j...

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
607 Views
18 Pages

Investigation on Mechanical and Fatigue Performance of Large-Thickness Flexible Base Layer Asphalt Pavement

  • Yihua Nie,
  • Shuaihua Wang,
  • Ruoxi Zhang,
  • Bo He and ,
  • Guosen Yao and
  • Long Chen
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

4 April 2026

A static load test, single-wheel load test, and cyclic-wheel load test were carried out on large-thickness flexible base-layer and semi-rigid base-layer asphalt pavement structures by a multifunctional wheel-load testing machine. A comparative analys...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Concrete: Innovations in Green Binders and Recycled Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,171 Views
14 Pages

15 April 2024

123 withdrawal tests were conducted to investigate the change in axial stiffness of fully threaded screws under axial loading and up to four loading cycles. The screws were initially loaded in two cycles within the elastic range, followed by two cycl...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application and Performance of Timber in Construction)
  • Article
  • Open Access
68 Citations
8,502 Views
15 Pages

Effect of Cyclic Loading Frequency on Liquefaction Prediction of Sand

  • Zhenzhen Nong,
  • Sung-Sik Park,
  • Sueng-Won Jeong and
  • Dong-Eun Lee

29 June 2020

The frequency of ground motions during earthquakes is typically in the order of a few hertz. As the earthquake-induced liquefaction of soils is widely assessed by performing laboratory tests, it is necessary to consider various loading frequencies ge...

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
455 Views
19 Pages

To address the permeability deterioration and fatigue degradation of modified soil under high-moisture service conditions, this study investigated the impermeability and fatigue behaviour of modified soil under different lime contents, compaction deg...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Coatings and Surface Engineering for Sustainable Cement-Based Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,113 Views
16 Pages

Influence of Roughness Factor on the Bearing Characteristics of Rock-Socketed Piles

  • Zhilin Wang,
  • Qingye Shi,
  • Hongming Li,
  • Tao Xiao and ,
  • Zhihao Tang,
  • Xiang Huang and
  • Bai Yang
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

With the rapid development of the national economy, the construction of super high-rise buildings, long-span bridges, high-speed railways, and transmission towers has become increasingly common. It is also more frequent to build structures on karst f...

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,234 Views
17 Pages

Quasi-Static Tests of Hybrid Adhesive Bonds Based on Biological Reinforcement in the Form of Eggshell Microparticles

  • Viktor Kolář,
  • Miroslav Müller,
  • Rajesh Mishra,
  • Anna Rudawska and ,
  • Vladimír Šleger,
  • Martin Tichý,
  • Monika Hromasová and
  • Petr Valášek
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

22 June 2020

The paper is focused on the research of the cyclic loading of hybrid adhesive bonds based on eggshell microparticles in polymer composite. The aim of the research was to characterize the behavior of hybrid adhesive bonds with composite adhesive layer...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage Mechanics of Polymer Composites)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,842 Views
15 Pages

30 December 2015

The connected foundation is an effective structural type of foundation that can improve the sustainability of electrical transmission towers in soft soils to serve as a resilient energy supply system. In this study, the performance of electrical tran...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,977 Views
19 Pages

30 March 2022

This paper presents results of testing and numerical analyses of damaged steel beams strengthened with carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet and subjected to overloading. The test results showed that as cyclic times increase, the yield load an...

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,713 Views
15 Pages

15 December 2023

The indirect tensile test plays a crucial role in experimental investigations of brittle material properties. In this study, a mechanical analysis model of the rectangular test block is established based on the theory of elastic mechanics for the cha...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sustainable Construction Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,305 Views
18 Pages

25 December 2023

In this study, ground polymers were prepared from mudstone and slag. NaOH and water glass were used as alkaline exciters and mine waste rock aggregate was used as the aggregate for mudstone slag-based waterproof composites (MSWCs). A series of labora...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rock Fracture Mechanics: From Microscale Interactions to Macroscopic Failure)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
6,004 Views
14 Pages

26 February 2018

The objective of this paper was to explore the bond–slip relationship between carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and concrete under cyclic loading through experimental and analytical approaches. Modified beam tests were performed in order...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
878 Views
16 Pages

Numerical Simulation and Tests of Lateral Bearing Capacity of Sloped Offshore Monopile Under Vertical Load and Lateral Cyclic Load

  • Yongqing Lai,
  • Gen Xiong,
  • Ben He,
  • Yilong Sun and ,
  • Lin Guo and
  • Kaiyuan Liu
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

14 November 2025

Offshore monopile foundations endure complex loads during service. They bear vertical loads from the superstructure’s self-weight and lateral cyclic loads (e.g., wind, waves), while near-coastal seabeds are usually sloped. To resolve these issu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Loads on Offshore Structure)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,628 Views
21 Pages

From Strain to Loads: Development of a Measurement Solution for Wind Turbine Transmission Input Loads during Drivetrain Testing

  • Eren Bilen,
  • Baher Azzam,
  • Ralf Schelenz,
  • Tim Runkel and ,
  • Malte Raddatz and
  • Georg Jacobs
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

6 February 2023

As wind energy is paving the way for the energy transition from fossil to renewable energy sources, the ongoing trend of increasing the rated power of wind turbines aims to reduce the overall cost of wind energy. The resulting increase in drivetrain...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing Technology and Data Interpretation in Machine Diagnosis and Systems Condition Monitoring: Volume 2)
  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
3,792 Views
16 Pages

3 August 2020

To analyse the effect of loading rate on the energy evolution of rocks under cyclic loading and unloading, tests on saturated limestone were conducted at loading rates of 0.15, 0.2, and 0.3 mm/min, and the evolution characteristics of plastic, elasti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,186 Views
15 Pages

Model Test Study on Bearing Characteristics of Pile Foundation in Red Clay

  • Hangyu Yan,
  • Jinbin Long,
  • Yuanhao Yang,
  • Qingye Shi and
  • Bai Yang

The physical and mechanical properties of red clay have a significant influence on the bearing characteristics of pile foundations. Therefore, this paper conducted model tests to study the influence of different red clay water content (16~−20%)...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Geotechnical and Structural Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
3,537 Views
21 Pages

3 December 2020

This article presents the results of static tests on bolted connections in squared and round timber with inserted steel plates. The experiment evaluates structural timber connections with different distances between the fastener and the loaded end at...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Metallic and Composite Structures (Second Volume))
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,864 Views
15 Pages

Temperature Rise of an Adhesive Particle-Reinforced Polymer during Fatigue Testing

  • Andrzej Komorek,
  • Robert Szczepaniak,
  • Paweł Przybyłek,
  • Kacper Komorek and ,
  • Zenon Komorek,
  • Jan Godzimirski and
  • Andrzej Zbrowski
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

1 February 2023

Construction adhesives are usually polymers that have been modified to achieve specific properties so that they can be used under various loading conditions. An attempt was made to estimate the effect of fatigue loading on the temperature of an adhes...

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,627 Views
22 Pages

27 December 2022

The trend of increasing the power output and nominal load capacities of wind turbines (WT) over time has been driving the construction of testing facilities with increasing load capacities for testing WT drivetrain components prior to field deploymen...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Conceptual Design of Robotic and Mechatronic Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,417 Views
14 Pages

Reinforced Concrete Wind Turbine Towers: Damage Mode and Model Testing

  • Xinyong Xu,
  • Jinchang Liang,
  • Wenjie Xu,
  • Rui Liang and ,
  • Jun Li and
  • Li Jiang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

7 April 2022

This study investigates the complex load-bearing mechanism of the reinforced concrete tower of large wind turbines through a structural model test. MTS electro-hydraulic servo loading system was used to load two reinforced concrete tower models for t...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,874 Views
25 Pages

25 June 2024

This paper presents the design and implementation of the hardware and control strategies of an electrohydraulic air load simulation system for testing aerospace actuators. The system is part of an Iron Bird, which is an energy management research pla...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flight Control Systems and Dynamic Simulation for Aerospace Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
5,816 Views
21 Pages

Time-Dependent Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams under High Sustained Loads

  • Mohammed Shubaili,
  • Ali Elawadi,
  • Sarah Orton and
  • Ying Tian

15 April 2022

High levels of sustained load can lead to time-dependent failure of reinforced concrete (RC) members. This in turn may lead to collapse of all or part of a building. Design errors, construction errors, and material deterioration may lead to concrete...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Materials, Physical Properties and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,392 Views
18 Pages

19 July 2020

This paper presents the combustion and emissions characteristics including volatile organic compound (VOC) of a common rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with palm oil biodiesel blends contained 0%, 10%, 30%, and 100% (by volume) biodiesel at...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Alternative Fuels)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,387 Views
14 Pages

18 August 2022

Computer-based testing is an emerging method to evaluate students’ mathematics learning outcomes. However, algebra problems impose a high cognitive load due to requiring multiple calculation steps, which might reduce students’ performance...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Methodologies in the Educational Context: Psychological and Behavioral Aspects)
  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
5,511 Views
13 Pages

20 July 2023

Composite sandwich structures are extensively used in aircraft applications. Aircraft components are required to be robust and lightweight. Sandwich structures made of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer as the facing sheets and milled-glass-fiber-reinfo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
6,219 Views
22 Pages

26 August 2022

The development of environmentally friendly polymeric composites holds great potential for agricultural leftovers. This study explores the effects of lignocellulosic corncob powder as a filler in a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)/polylactic acid (PLA) biop...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
671 Views
20 Pages

9 April 2026

The tribocorrosion behavior of AZ31 and WE43 was investigated during sliding wear tests in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and pure water. While wear volume increased monotonically with load in air and water, HBSS exhibited a distinct non-...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modifications and Coatings for Metallic Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,655 Views
19 Pages

6 January 2023

An accurate description of the load transfer behaviors of the geosynthetic-encased stone column (GESC) is of great importance for revealing the bearing capacity of GESC. Static load tests and shake table model tests were performed to characterize the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Subgrade Stability in Complex Environment for Sustainable Road)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,652 Views
18 Pages

7 November 2023

Gas foil thrust bearings (GFTBs) have been successfully used to support the axial load of oil-free microturbomachinery with low drag friction due to the low viscosity of gas or air used as a bearing lubricant. However, the widespread use of GFTBs in...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the K-TRIB2023)
  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Views
20 Pages

Mechanical Response and Failure Mechanisms of Cable-Bolt Reinforcement Under Impact Loading

  • Jianhang Chen,
  • Yang Yang,
  • Cunwen Wang,
  • Chaohong Shi and ,
  • Krzysztof Skrzypkowski and
  • Krzysztof Zagórski
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

9 November 2026

With mining depth increasing, rock burst disasters are likely to occur and induce impact loading on the cable-bolt reinforcement. Based on this fact, this paper conducted a literature review on the mechanical response and failure mechanisms of cable-...

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,037 Views
16 Pages

Road Performance of Polyurethane Mixtures and Load Response Behaviors of Typical Polyurethane Pavement Structures

  • Chuanqin Pang,
  • Zhaoliang Huang,
  • Jun Song,
  • Litao Geng and ,
  • Min Sun and
  • Huihui Li
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

2 February 2026

In order to clarify the road performance and load response behavior of polyurethane mixtures, a low-temperature bending test, dynamic modulus test, rutting test, Hamburg rutting test, and four-point bending fatigue test were conducted on multi-crushe...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strengthening and Repair of Concrete Structures: Surface Technologies and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,713 Views
19 Pages

Effect of Sustained Loading on the Direct Shear Behaviour of Recycled C&D Material–Geosynthetic Interfaces

  • Fernanda Bessa Ferreira,
  • Castorina Silva Vieira,
  • Guilherme Mendonça and
  • Maria de Lurdes Lopes

19 February 2023

Recycled construction and demolition (C&D) wastes have been pointed out as a feasible alternative to traditional backfill materials of geosynthetic-reinforced structures, but the current knowledge about the interface behaviour between these uncon...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,954 Views
16 Pages

Experimental Investigation on the Behavior of Gravelly Sand Reinforced with Geogrid under Cyclic Loading

  • Jia-Quan Wang,
  • Zhen-Chao Chang,
  • Jian-Feng Xue,
  • Zhi-Nan Lin and
  • Yi Tang

20 December 2021

In view of the dynamic response of geogrid-reinforced gravel under high-speed train load, this paper explores the dynamic characteristics of geogrid-reinforced gravel under semi-sine wave cyclic loading. A number of large scale cyclic triaxial tests...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geosynthetics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,923 Views
23 Pages

Compression testing of continuous fiber reinforced materials is challenging, because a great number of competing failure modes and instabilities on different length scales have to be considered. In comparison to tensile testing, the results are more...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Composite Process Modeling and Characterization)
  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,485 Views
16 Pages

Structural Integrity of the Aircraft Interior Spare Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing

  • Stepans Kobenko,
  • Didzis Dejus,
  • Jānis Jātnieks,
  • Dāvis Pazars and
  • Tatjana Glaskova-Kuzmina

11 April 2022

In this paper, the results obtained for the structural integrity of two real-life aircraft interior parts produced by using Ultem 9085 and the fused deposition modeling (FDM) are presented. Numerical simulation was used to perform static mechanical a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Adhesive Properties of Polymeric Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,277 Views
17 Pages

Flexural Fatigue Behavior of Glulam Beams Connected with Steel Splints and Bolts

  • Lei Yang,
  • Aijun Chen,
  • Jianhua Zhou,
  • Guojing He and ,
  • Haolei Wang and
  • Cong Li
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

Glulam beams connected with steel splints and bolts (GBSBs) are subjected to cyclic reciprocating dynamic loads in practice, which eventually leads to damage accumulation and structure failure. In order to promote the development of GBSBs, an experim...

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,236 Views
11 Pages

11 October 2024

Wire rope isolator (WRI) devices are widely used in vibration reduction industrial equipment, and stiffness is the key parameter that determines isolation effectiveness. WRI devices show slight nonlinearity under small loads, and the manufacturers ge...

(This article belongs to the Topic Materials Science and Engineering in Vibrations and Seismicity)
  • Article
  • Open Access
462 Views
17 Pages

A rock-socketed pile model load test was conducted for the renovation project of the dangerous old bridge at Shaoping Bridge. The experiment focused on the core parameter of the roughness factor (RF) of the pile body, revealing its influence on the b...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability and Performance of Building Foundations)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
443 Views
17 Pages

Experimental Study on Crack Evolution Law of a Full-Scale Prestressed Concrete Beam Based on Fractal Theory

  • Zhenyu Jiang,
  • Bo Wang,
  • Hongyi Liu,
  • Jinquan Zhang and ,
  • Jianting Zhou,
  • Haifang He,
  • Han Wei and
  • Jingyan Zou
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

21 July 2026

There are different degrees of cracks in prestressed concrete (PC) beams, especially the transverse cracks in the bottom plate and the vertical cracks in the web of prestressed concrete box girders, which will reduce the bearing capacity of the struc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforced Concrete: Mechanical Properties and Materials Design)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
477 Views
22 Pages

20 March 2026

The fracture behavior of Beishan granite is a critical scientific basis for evaluating and ensuring the long-term safety of geological repositories for high-level radioactive waste under extreme thermal–mechanical conditions. With increasing em...

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