Search Results (3,556)

Background/Objectives: Despite the rapid development of personalised nutrition, new tools are still needed to support and improve diet quality and prevent diet-related diseases in individuals who do not seek or require personalised dietary advice. The study analysed changes in diet quality, body composition and cardiometabolic markers in two groups of the Dietary Diary app (DDApp) users: (i) after 10 weeks in invited app users, (ii) after one year in voluntary app users who, after 10 weeks, were not encouraged to continue using the app. Methods: The app underwent testing with 62 adult participants (aged 18–69 years). App users’ body composition, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC) and fasting blood glucose in capillary blood (FBG) were measured before (62 users), after 10 weeks (62) and after a year (30). Dietary data were collected, and pro-Healthy Diet Index (pHDI) and non-Healthy Diet Index (nHDI) were calculated. Results: After 10 weeks, invited app users recorded decreased nHDI (mean ± standard deviation: from 15.5 ± 6.2 to 12.1 ± 4.9% points; p < 0.001), body weight (81.5 ± 18.3 to 79.7 ± 18.0 kg; p < 0.001), body mass index (28.6 ± 6.1 to 28.0 ± 6.1 kg/m²; p < 0.001), waist circumference (91.2 ± 14.8 to 89.7 ± 14.4 cm; p = 0.019), fat content (36.6 ± 7.9 to 35.1 ± 8.5% bw.; p < 0.001), FBG (108.3 ± 30.1 to 93.5 ± 17.3 mg/dL; p < 0.001), TC (199.1 ± 36.6 to 169.3 ± 25.5 mg/dL; p < 0.001), SBP (131.3 ± 16.5 to 123.5 ± 15.6 mmHg; p < 0.001), DBP (84.8 ± 9.8 to 80.1 ± 9.3 mmHg; p < 0.001), along with increased fat-free mass/fat mass ratio (1.9 ± 0.9 to 2.1 ± 0.9; p < 0.001) and muscle mass/fat mass ratio (0.9 ± 0.5 to 1.0 ± 0.5; p < 0.001). After a year, voluntary app users had decreased nHDI (from 16.7 ± 6.7 to 13.5 ± 6.1% points; p = 0.017), visceral fat tissue (1.9 ± 1.8 to 1.8 ± 1.7 kg; p = 0.045) and SBP (129.9 ± 15.9 to 125.0 ± 13.5 mmHg; p = 0.015). Conclusions: DDApp may support dietary behaviour change through self-monitoring, with favourable short-term reductions in nHDI and improvements in body composition and selected cardiometabolic markers. Some benefits persisted after one year. Full article

High-switching-frequency three-phase current source rectifiers can reduce passive-component size, but their short switching periods impose stringent real-time computational requirements on cycle-by-cycle digital control. This paper proposes a multirate quasi-cycle-by-cycle control scheme that separates computationally intensive control calculations from high-frequency control-input updates. A 10 kHz slow-rate interrupt service routine calculates a sequence of control inputs using the average model and second-order Lagrange interpolation, while a 100 kHz fast-rate interrupt service routine applies these inputs in successive switching cycles. Experimental validation is conducted on a three-phase current source rectifier operating at a switching frequency of 100 kHz and an output power of 409.5 W. With a multirate factor of $N=10$, the proposed scheme increases the effective control-input update rate from 10 kHz to 100 kHz. Compared with the conventional 10 kHz non-cycle-by-cycle control scheme, the proposed scheme reduces the input current total harmonic distortion from 14.50% to 4.02%, corresponding to a relative reduction of 72.28%. It also achieves a lower total harmonic distortion than the conventional 50-kHz control scheme, which produces a value of 6.06%. Accounting for both interrupt levels, the $20.59\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{s}$ slow-rate ISR and ten $3.30\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{s}$ fast-rate ISR executions require a total of $53.59\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{s}$ of processor time during each $100\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{s}$ slow-rate interval. This corresponds to an overall processor utilization of 53.59% and an overall computational redundancy of 46.41%, compared with only 8.85% redundancy for the conventional 50 kHz implementation. The maximum measured error of the Lagrange-reconstructed phase voltage is 0.2 V. These results demonstrate that the proposed scheme improves input-current quality while preserving sufficient computational margin for cycle-by-cycle control-input updating at a switching frequency of 100 kHz. Full article

Background and Objectives: Femoral arterial calcification (FAC) on routine hip radiographs may provide opportunistic vascular information within orthogeriatric assessment. We evaluated the associations of FAC and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) with 1-year mortality after hip-fracture surgery. Materials and Methods: This retrospective single-centre cohort included 229 patients aged 65 years or older. FAC was graded from 0 to 3 on preoperative radiographs using an exploratory semiquantitative classification. AIP was calculated as log₁₀(TG/HDL-C). Logistic regression and complementary survival analyses were partially adjusted for age, sex, FAC, and AIP. Incremental discrimination was assessed using nested age + sex, age + sex + FAC, and age + sex + FAC + AIP models. Results: Thirty-eight patients (16.6%) died within 1 year. Interobserver agreement for FAC grading was almost perfect (κ = 0.87). Each one-grade increase in FAC was associated with mortality in the partially adjusted logistic (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.09–1.91) and Cox models (HR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.07–1.73). AIP was not significantly associated with mortality. AUCs were 0.726 for age + sex, 0.757 for age + sex + FAC, and 0.761 for age + sex + FAC + AIP; neither incremental increase was significant. Conclusions: Radiographic FAC was associated with 1-year mortality but did not demonstrate significant incremental discrimination beyond age and sex. FAC may serve as an opportunistic marker within multidisciplinary orthogeriatric assessment, not as a stand-alone prognostic tool. AIP findings remain inconclusive because sampling occurred during acute admission without standardised fasting. Prospective multicentre validation with comprehensive geriatric covariates is required. Full article

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between metabolic and atherogenic indices and erectile dysfunction (ED) severity, and to compare their diagnostic performance in predicting severe ED. Methods: This retrospective study included 221 men with ED between January 2025 and January 2026. ED severity was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5). The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index-1 and -2, and atherogenic coefficient (AC) were calculated from routine laboratory parameters. Correlation, logistic regression, and ROC analyses were performed. Results: Patients with severe ED (n = 57) had significantly higher triglyceride, fasting glucose, TyG, and AIP levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels than those with mild-to-moderate ED (all p < 0.05). TyG (ρ = 0.369, p < 0.001) and AIP (ρ = 0.359, p < 0.001) were positively correlated with severe ED. In the multivariable model, the TyG index remained associated with severe ED after adjustment for AIP, age, BMI, total testosterone, and the TyG-by-testosterone interaction (OR: 4.354, 95% CI: 1.668–11.364; p = 0.003). Total testosterone was not independently associated with severe ED (p = 0.510), and the TyG-by-testosterone interaction was not significant (p = 0.281). ROC analysis showed that TyG had the best predictive performance (AUC: 0.743). Conclusions: The TyG index showed discrimination for IIEF-5-defined severe ED and may have value as a complementary metabolic risk-stratification parameter. Full article

The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources has strengthened the operational coupling between transmission and distribution grids, intensified voltage fluctuations, and reduced static voltage stability margins under bidirectional power-flow conditions. In transmission–distribution coordinated operation, conventional scheduling methods have difficulty simultaneously addressing boundary power interaction, renewable generation forecasting errors, real-time corrective control, and static voltage stability constraints. To address these issues, this paper proposes a transmission–distribution coordinated multi-time-scale rolling optimal control method considering static voltage stability. First, based on local network equivalencing, a static voltage stability index (SVSI) calculation method is developed for scenarios with bidirectional power-flow variations, enabling fast online assessment of static voltage stability boundaries. Second, the transmission–distribution boundary exchange power is selected as the key coordination variable, and a multi-time-scale rolling optimization framework is established to coordinate main-grid operational requirements with distribution-side flexible resources. At the long time scale, a baseline scheduling plan is generated by considering economic operation, renewable energy accommodation, and transmission–distribution boundary power exchange. At the short time scale, model predictive control (MPC) is adopted to perform closed-loop correction of control variables using rolling forecast information and real-time measurements, thereby achieving rolling coordinated control of distributed generation, energy storage systems, flexible regulation resources, and boundary exchange power. Furthermore, the SVSI is embedded into the rolling optimization model as a security constraint, forming a multi-objective coordinated control method that jointly considers economic performance, renewable energy accommodation capability, transmission–distribution interaction, and static voltage security margin. Case study results show that the proposed method can effectively improve renewable energy accommodation and reduce network losses while enhancing the static voltage stability margin. In addition, it improves the adaptability of the coordinated transmission–distribution system to operating-condition variations, forecasting deviations, and boundary power fluctuations. Full article

To investigate microRNA-369-5p (miR-369-5p) and miR-671-3p expression in maternal peripheral blood leukocytes, plasma, and placental tissue in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), compared with spontaneous conception. In this exploratory cohort study, microRNA-369-5p (miR-369-5p) and microRNA-671-3p (miR-671-3p) expression levels were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR in maternal peripheral blood leukocytes, plasma, and placental tissue in four groups: (1) women with uncomplicated pregnancies conceived via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (non-ICP-ICSI, n = 7), (2) women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy conceived via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICP-ICSI, n = 7), (3) women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy who conceived spontaneously (ICP-SC, n = 7), and (4) women with uncomplicated pregnancies conceived spontaneously (non-ICP-SC, n = 7). Relative expression levels were calculated using the RQ method. Leukocyte miR-369-5p expression was significantly upregulated in ICP-ICSI and non-ICP-ICSI groups compared with ICP-SC and non-ICP-SC groups (p = 0.0001). Plasma miR-671-3p expression levels were significantly decreased in ICSI groups compared with spontaneous conception groups (p = 0.029). No significant differences were observed in placental expression levels of miR-369-5p and miR-671-3p among the four groups (p > 0.05). In subgroup analysis, leukocyte miR-369-5p and miR-671-3p expression levels were significantly higher in the ICP-ICSI group compared with the ICP-SC group (p < 0.05). Serum fasting bile acid levels showed a significant positive correlation with placental miR-369-5p expression (r = 0.467; p = 0.012) and a negative correlation with plasma miR-369-5p expression (r = −0.413; p = 0.029). Our findings show compartment-specific differences in miR-369-5p and miR-671-3p expression across leukocytes and plasma in this exploratory cohort. These preliminary observations do not establish causality and require validation in larger, independent cohorts. Full article

Background/Objectives: Unfavorable eating behaviors may be associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) or metabolic dysfunction- and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD), but longitudinal evidence considering the accumulation and changes in these behaviors remains limited. We investigated the associations of skipping breakfast, eating dinner within 2 h before bedtime, and fast eating, individually and cumulatively, with incident MASLD/MetALD in Japanese adults undergoing repeated health examinations. Methods: This retrospective longitudinal cohort study included 29,889 adults without MASLD/MetALD at baseline who underwent health examinations between May 2015 and March 2026. The endpoint was defined as the development of MASLD or MetALD. An unfavorable eating behavior score ranging from 0 to 3 was calculated from the three behaviors. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additional analyses incorporated time-dependent eating behaviors and covariates, landmark analyses, and subgroup analyses by sex and body mass index (BMI). Results: During 115,088 person-years of follow-up, 4829 participants reached the endpoint. In the mutually adjusted model, skipping breakfast, eating dinner within 2 h before bedtime, and fast eating were associated with incident combined MASLD/MetALD, with HRs of 1.19 (95% CI 1.11–1.27), 1.11 (1.05–1.18), and 1.06 (1.00–1.13), respectively. Compared with participants reporting no unfavorable eating behaviors, the fully adjusted HRs were 1.12 (1.04–1.20), 1.22 (1.13–1.33), and 1.44 (1.28–1.61) for those reporting 1, 2, and 3 behaviors, respectively. Each additional behavior was associated with an HR of 1.12 (1.08–1.15). The association of the cumulative score remained evident in time-dependent and landmark analyses. The cumulative-score association was stronger among participants with BMI < 23 kg/m² than among those with BMI ≥ 23 kg/m² (p for interaction < 0.001), whereas no statistically significant interaction by sex was observed. Conclusions: The accumulation of unfavorable eating behaviors was associated with a progressively higher incidence of MASLD/MetALD. Repeated assessment of simple eating behaviors during routine health examinations may help identify individuals at elevated risk, including those below conventional obesity thresholds. Full article

Introduction: Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a lipid-dependent inflammatory dermatosis in which sebaceous activity, Malassezia, barrier dysfunction and host inflammation interact. Whether scalp SD severity is associated with systemic lipid and liver-associated biochemical parameters remains unclear. Methods: In this exploratory cross-sectional observational study, we included 34 adults with clinically diagnosed scalp SD. Severity was assessed using a published 16-point scalp SD score and a study-specific 0–36 physician-assessed score. Fasting lipids, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were recorded. The triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and non-HDL cholesterol were calculated. Patients were stratified as having non-severe or severe disease according to the 16-point score. Results: Complete 16-point data were available in 33 patients: 15 with non-severe and 18 with severe scalp SD. Severe disease was associated with higher triglycerides (116.0 vs. 78.0 mg/dL; p = 0.004), triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (2.57 vs. 1.23; p = 0.006), ALT (46.0 vs. 20.0 U/L; p = 0.028) and GGT (33.0 vs. 11.0 U/L; p = 0.003). The strongest correlations with the 16-point score were observed for GGT (rho = 0.745), triglycerides (rho = 0.634), ALT (rho = 0.572) and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (rho = 0.569; all p < 0.001). These prespecified associations remained significant after false-discovery-rate adjustment and after adjustment for age and BMI. The correlation pattern was strengthened using the 0–36 score and persisted after excluding one liver enzyme outlier. Conclusions: More severe scalp SD was associated with triglyceride-related lipid parameters and liver-associated enzymes, suggesting a broader lipid-liver metabolic phenotype. These findings require confirmation in larger controlled studies. Full article

We propose a method to measure the time delay of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) using baseband data and periodic noise injection. By applying a sliding time window and calculating the average standard deviation ratio over 1000 noise cycles, high-precision measurement of the noise-induced time delay is achieved. The proposed method offers several advantages, including a short recording duration, high measurement accuracy, and strong immunity to electromagnetic interference. It enables effective monitoring of hardware state changes in the signal chain, and provides technical support for the future participation of the FAST in radio interferometry. Full article

Background/Objectives: Markerless video-based gait assessment has emerged as a promising alternative to laboratory motion capture systems because it enables objective, low-cost, and accessible mobility assessment. However, evidence supporting the validity of deep learning (DL)-based markerless video systems for gait speed assessment during the 10-meter walk test (10-MWT) in real-world clinical environments remains limited. This study evaluated the concurrent validity of a DL-based markerless video system for estimating gait speed during the 10-MWT under outdoor clinical conditions. Methods: Thirty-two healthy participants from three age groups completed the 10-MWT under comfortable, slow, and fast walking conditions. Gait speed was simultaneously measured using the proposed DL-based markerless video system with the YOLOv11x model and Tracker video analysis software (version 6.3.2). Gait speed was calculated across six consecutive 1 m walking segments. Concurrent validity was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Pearson’s correlation coefficients ranged from 0.92 to 0.98 across all six walking segments and walking-speed conditions, indicating very high concurrent validity. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated good agreement between the proposed system and the reference method, with mean differences close to zero and most observations falling within the 95% limits of agreement. The proposed system maintained high agreement across comfortable, slow, and fast walking conditions while enabling segment-specific gait speed analysis throughout the 10-MWT. Conclusions: The proposed DL-based markerless video system demonstrated high agreement with Tracker for gait speed assessment during the 10-MWT under outdoor non-laboratory conditions, supporting its potential as an accessible approach for gait speed assessment. Full article

In the present work, the correlation between the respirometric activity and the aflatoxin synthesis of the hazelnut microbiota has been investigated. Microcosms containing a monolayer of hazelnuts were maintained at controlled conditions in terms of temperature and humidity. To monitor microbial growth, CO₂ was evaluated along with the specific O₂ uptake rate, RO₂, measured by a respirometric sensor, usually applied in the evaluation of soil microbial activity. The respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated and a linear relationship between RQ and produced aflatoxins was obtained. Depending on incubation time, four main clusters of RQ values were identified: for higher incubation time (15–40 days) RQ was lower than 2 and an aflatoxin amount of 0.31–0.35 μg/kg was observed. CO₂, O₂, and aflatoxin data have been used to develop an autoregressive model and excellent agreement between measurements and estimations was obtained. In most cases, an error lower than 1% on the estimated value of the mycotoxin amount revealed the accuracy of the evaluation of the RQ. The present work represents the first attempt to develop an effective method, fast and low-cost, for the in-line monitoring of mycotoxin contamination. Full article

Conventional quasi-steady-state models treat a self-adaptive STATCOM and line-commutated converter (SLCC) station as an LCC with an external reactive-power source, which cannot fully represent valve-side coupling. This paper develops a three-phase stationary-frame differential model for the SLCC and derives quasi-steady-state expressions for the average DC voltage and fundamental displacement angle. The non-commutation equivalent voltage is decomposed into fundamental and nonfundamental components. The fundamental component is retained in the power-flow model, while a control-informed harmonic extension evaluates the corresponding average DC-voltage correction over the tested operating domain. A positive-sequence fundamental-frequency formulation calculates the commutation overlap angle, and a first-zero diagnostic identifies control-sensitive conditions associated with the fast SVG voltage response. When the fast commutation-direction voltage reaches zero or reverses before current transfer is completed, a control-equivalent effective-area formulation provides an alternative low-order representation. The station equations are incorporated into a sequential AC/DC power-flow algorithm and validated against the engineering PSCAD/EMTDC main-circuit and control model of the Yangzhou–Zhenjiang HVDC Phase II project. Across the stable tested operating points, the phase-aware EMT-derived harmonic DC-voltage correction ranges from 0.585% to 1.245%, remaining below the adopted 2% screening threshold. The control-informed estimate follows the EMT-derived correction, whereas the phase-independent conservative bound reaches 2.128% at high controller gain. Across eight cases with available PSCAD reference values, the control-equivalent formulation reduces the mean and maximum overlap-angle errors from $0.90°$ and $1.37°$ to $0.78°$ and $1.09°$. For the benchmark power-flow cases, the maximum relative errors are 1.3% for the SLCC bridge reactive power and 1.0% for the SVG reactive-power output, and the calculation converges without sustained oscillation. A representative operating-point calculation is completed in approximately 3 s with the quasi-steady-state (QSS) formulation, compared with about 15 min for the engineering EMT benchmark. Full article

Seedling growth is an essential stage for the future growth of trees, and Paulownia is treated as a rapidly growing hardwood tree species with wide industrial application. There is a knowledge gap in the modeling and analysis of the seedling growth pattern of Paulownia hybrid clones under field nursery conditions. A total of 300 saplings belonging to 25 Paulownia hybrid clones (named PT1–PT25, 12 saplings per clone) were observed 16 times after flat stubble treatment, yielding 4800 records. After accounting for mortality under field nursery conditions, 118 saplings survived, resulting in 1888 valid records for model construction. Seven theoretical growth equations with clone-specific dummy variables were fitted using nonlinear mixed-effects models (NLMM) with an AR(1) correlation structure to account for the hierarchical structure of the repeated measurements. Among the seven candidate models, Hossfeld IV was selected as the optimal model for both ground diameter (AIC = 8250.62, RMSE = 1.47 mm, conditional R² = 0.9892) and tree height (AIC = 15586.26, RMSE = 10.48 cm, conditional R² = 0.9916). However, because the Hossfeld IV model lacks an analytical third derivative, the standard logistic model was adopted to calculate the biologically meaningful fast-growing period boundaries. PT24 exhibited the highest growth potential among all clones, with asymptotic maximum values of 86.76 mm for ground diameter and 490.00 cm for tree height. However, its low survival rate (25%, n = 3) limits its practical recommendation. In addition, height-to-diameter (H/D) ratio analysis revealed considerable variation among clones, ranging from 3.89 cm∙mm⁻¹ (PT22) to 8.06 cm∙mm⁻¹ (PT3). The H/D ratio showed no significant correlation with ground diameter A (r = 0.286, p = 0.166), but a significant positive correlation with tree height A (r = 0.660, p < 0.001). PT24 maintained a moderate H/D ratio (6.92) despite its superior growth, indicating favorable stem stability. PT6 (91.67% survival, moderate growth) represents a more robust alternative for breeding programs prioritizing establishment success. This study demonstrates that a dual-model strategy provides a robust framework for evaluating clone-specific growth potential and supports informed breeding decisions in Paulownia improvement programs. Full article

The design of a long-life reactor must not only achieve high burnup and closed fuel cycle utilization but also account for system heat transfer efficiency and inherent safety characteristics, thereby enhancing the long-term operational reliability of the reactor. To address these requirements, this paper proposes a long-life core design scheme based on spent-fuel plutonium-thorium nitride fuel and lead-bismuth eutectic coolant. This scheme exploits the excellent breeding and burnup performance of thorium-based fuel under a fast neutron spectrum and employs the neutronics calculation code DRAGON and the subchannel code COBRA-PB to carry out corresponding core physics analysis and safety characteristic assessment. The results show that the core can achieve a 25-year long refueling cycle, with mild reactivity swing over the entire lifetime and low control difficulty; the core radial power gradually shifts inward with increasing burnup, achieving power flattening and thereby mitigating safety risks caused by localized deep burnup; both the control assembly and shutdown assembly possess sufficient reactivity margins, with a single set of control mechanisms capable of achieving effective shutdown upon independent insertion; all key reactivity coefficients of the core are negative, demonstrating negative-feedback regulation capability and inherent safety characteristics. Calculations indicate that the cladding temperatures of both the average channel and the hottest channel remain within limits, leaving ample safety margins, ensuring long-term cladding mechanical integrity, and effectively preventing high-temperature nitride fuel from melting through the cladding, resulting in outstanding overall core safety performance. This core design scheme can provide a theoretical basis and design reference for the engineering application of long-life reactors. It should be noted that this study is an exploratory investigation at the conceptual design stage of the core. The analysis is conducted on the basis that the fuel supply remains stable, that steady-state calculation models are adopted, and that the performance data of key materials are taken from published literature. Accordingly, the conclusions drawn still require further support from experimental verification and detailed design. Nevertheless, the proposed core design can provide a theoretical basis and design reference for the engineering application of long-life reactors. Full article

Accurate loss evaluation of high-frequency transformers (HFTs) under non-sinusoidal excitation is essential for the optimal design of dual-active-bridge (DAB) converters, yet remains challenging due to spatially non-uniform magnetic flux distribution across the core and spectrally rich harmonic content in the winding current. This paper proposes a dual-refinement electromagnetic loss analysis method that combines a topology-aware region-partitioned improved generalized Steinmetz equation (IGSE) with a harmonic-resolved Dowell model. The ferrite core of a shell-type HFT is partitioned into three magnetically distinct zones—core legs, side pillars, and yokes—with the IGSE applied independently to each zone using zone-specific flux density waveforms derived from the single-phase-shift (SPS) control model, thereby capturing spatial non-uniformity in core loss. For winding loss, the current is decomposed via fast Fourier transform, and per-harmonic AC resistance is computed up to the seventh order with frequency-dependent skin depths, accounting for the spectral contribution to copper loss. A 300 V/6 kVA ferrite-core foil-winding HFT prototype was fabricated, and the proposed method was validated through COMSOL finite element simulations and experimental measurements using open-circuit and short-circuit tests. Results show that the calculated core loss and winding loss agree with measurements within 10–15% and 8–10%, respectively, demonstrating improved accuracy over the conventional uniform-IGSE and total-RMS Dowell approaches. Full article