This review is designed to highlight several key challenges in the diagnosis of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive breast cancer currently faced by pathologists in Canada: (1) Pre-analysis issues affecting the accuracy of HER2 t...
Testing for HER2/neu in breast cancer at the time of primary diagnosis is now the standard of care. Accurate and standardized testing methods are of prime importance to ensure the proper classification of the patient’s HER2/neu status. A meeting of p...
In 2010, the genetic testing criteria was changed to allow women diagnosed ≤ 60 years old with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) to undergo germline testing. In the same year, estrogen receptor (ER) positivity was defined as having ≥1% ER st...
The article discusses the importance of accurately distinguishing HER2-low from HER2-negative breast cancer, as novel ADCs have demonstrated activity in a large population of patients with HER2-low-expressing BC. While current guidelines recommend a...
Background/Objectives: Genetic testing in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-negative (HER2−) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) is necessary to enable optimal treatment choices including poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitors (PARPis). The pr...
Background/Objectives: The introduction of biomarker-guided therapies, including PI3K, AKT and PARP inhibitors as well as Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders (SERDs), has expanded treatment options and delayed the need for chemotherapy in hormone r...
HER2-targeted therapies have transformed the management of advanced or recurrent serous endometrial cancer (EC), leading to an increased clinical demand for HER2 testing. Despite its adoption in select academic centers, the global extent of such tumo...
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in Malaysia. Recently, a new nomenclature was introduced for breast cancers with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) 1+, or 2+ with negative in situ hybridization...
HER2-Low is defined as low levels of HER2 expression, based on a score of 1+ on immunohistochemical (IHC) assay or as an IHC score of 2+ and negative results on in situ hybridization (ISH or FISH). They are a heterogeneous population of breast cancer...
Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are approved to treat patients harboring a germline breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 mutation (BRCA1/2mut) with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2—negative (HER2−) adv...
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a molecular target of interest in prostate cancer due to its association with poor prognosis and its potential role in androgen receptor signaling. However, earlier clinical trials investigating HER2...
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are powerful tools for translational cancer research. Here, we established PDX models from different molecular subtypes of breast cancer for in vivo drug tests and compared the histopathologic features of PDX model t...
Despite the OlympiA trial demonstrating that early-stage, high-risk, HER2- germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation (gBRCAm) positive breast cancer patients can benefit from PARPi in the adjuvant setting, the gBRCA testing rate in early-stage HR+/HER2&minus...
Various software testing techniques have been shown to be successful in producing high-quality test suites for software where the code is not accessible (black-box approach). Nevertheless, no method has been found to guide combining some of these in...
Several reproducibility probability (RP)-estimators for the binomial, sign, Wilcoxon signed rank and Kendall tests are studied. Their behavior in terms of MSE is investigated, as well as their performances for RP-testing. Two classes of estimators ar...
In this work, we use statistical concepts to evaluate the joint probability distribution of manufacturing and test parameters and estimate the future trend of wafer test yield. Owing to the difference between the development speeds of testing technol...
Population-scale and rapid testing for SARS-CoV-2 continues to be a priority for several parts of the world. We revisit the in vitro technology platforms for COVID-19 testing and diagnostics—molecular tests and rapid antigen tests, serology or antibo...
Mechanical mining is a widely used method of separating materials from the face to obtain a useful mineral (e.g., coal, metal ores, salts, and diamonds), to make underground workings (e.g., mine galleries, tunnels, and underground garages), level roa...
Product line testing is significant because any faults in a product line platform can lead to widespread impacts on multiple products configured from that platform within a product line. Due to the shared platform, certain testing can be repeatedly p...
Mobile applications are developed and released to the market every day. Due to the intense usage of mobile applications, their quality matters. End users’ rejection of mobile apps increases from time to time due to their low quality and lack of...
In high-bandwidth memory (HBM) testing through the direct access (DA) port, the response-path bandwidth is far lower than the internal data bandwidth. Because most read responses are fault-free, transferring every response incurs substantial transfer...
There are many methods for evaluating the bond behavior between rebar and concrete. For certain experimental purposes, selecting the ideal method for testing the rebar–concrete bonding properties is often a controversial problem. The most representat...
Heterogeneous test processes with respect to test script languages are an integral part of the development process of mechatronic systems that are carried out in supply chains. Up to now, test cases are not exchangeable between test processes because...
This paper utilizes the digital integrated circuit testing model to compute the test yield curve of future wafers and explore the influence of test guardband (TGB) on quality and yield. With the passage of three years since the COVID-19 pandemic disr...
The digital integrated circuit (IC) testing model module is applied in this study to simulate the fabrication and testing of integrated circuits. The yield and quality of ICs are analyzed by assuming that the wafer devices under test conditions are n...
Software testing is essential for software engineering practices, as it ensures that the final software product is reliable and satisfies all requirements before delivery. However, manually designing black-box testing test cases is time-consuming, in...
Regression testing for software product lines (SPLs) is challenging because it must ensure that all the products of a product family work correctly whenever changes are made. One approach to reducing the cost of regression testing is the regression t...
9 December 2011
Minimizing power consumption during functional operation and during manufacturing tests has become one of the dominant requirements for the semiconductor designs in the past decade. From commercial design-for-test (DFT) tools’ point of view, this pap...
Standard mechanical tests have long guided material testing, ensuring reproducibility and comparability. Tests like tensile, shear, and bulge, analyzed by a classical approach, require standard geometries and test procedures, being limited to simple...
In the context of software product line (SPL) engineering, test cases can be reused for testing a family of products that share common parts of source code. An approach to test the products of a product family is to exhaustively execute each test cas...
As time continues to advance, the need for robust security threat mitigation has become increasingly vital in software. It is a constant struggle to maximize test coverage through optimal data generation. We conducted explanatory research to maximize...
This paper presents an innovative testing framework, testFAILS, designed for the rigorous evaluation of AI Linguistic Systems (AILS), with particular emphasis on the various iterations of ChatGPT. Leveraging orthogonal array coverage, this framework...
Background: Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is one of the most diagnosed elbow pathologies. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic test accuracy of a new test (selfie test) for the diagnosis of LE. Methods: Medical data were collected f...
It has long been known that one of the most effective study techniques is to be tested on the to-be-remembered material, a phenomenon known as the testing effect. Recent research has also shown that testing of previous materials promotes the learning...
20 November 2025
Objectives: An objective evaluation of balance abilities is crucial in research, rehabilitation, sport, and daily life. With ongoing technical advancements, the number of innovative evaluation tools is continuously increasing. This study assessed the...
The main aim of this study was to determine the test–retest reliability of an experimental functional test battery: Y-balance test (YBT), single-leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), single-leg hop for distance (SLH), side-hop (SH), speedy-jump (SJ), agi...
Several graphical methods for testing univariate composite normality from an i.i.d. sample are presented. They are endowed with correct simultaneous error bounds and yield size-correct tests. As all are based on the empirical CDF, they are also consi...
Automated tests are often considered an indicator of project quality. In this paper, we performed a large analysis of 6.3 M public GitHub projects using Java as the primary programming language. We created an overview of tests occurrence in publicly...
As part of its System Performance initiative, the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer released Breast Cancer Control in Canada: A System Performance Special Focus Report in September 2012, presenting a broad range of system performance indicators tha...
A new virus was identified in late December 2019 when China reported the first cases of pneumonia in Wuhan, and a global COVID-19 pandemic followed. The world was not late to respond, with a number of sweeping measures ranging from social distancing...
In meta-analyses, unlike model-based methods, such as fixed- or random-effect models, the p-value combining methods are distribution-free and robust. How to appropriately and powerfully combine p-values obtained from various sources remains an import...
In this research, the normal distribution is assumed to be the product characteristic, and the DITM (Digital Integrated Circuit Test Model) model is used to evaluate the integrated circuits (IC) test yield and test quality. Testing technology lags fa...
Intelligence test scores underpin high-stakes educational, clinical, and occupational decisions, which makes the metric quality of these instruments a central concern for professional practice. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric and docume...
In recent years, spacecraft have been developed to support higher data-rate communication systems and accommodate a wider range of payloads. These advancements have led to the generation of large volumes of data and increased system complexity. In pa...
Statistical power analyses are used in the design of experiments to determine the required number of specimens, and thus the expenditure, of a test. Commonly, when analyzing and planning life tests of technical products, only the confidence level is...
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) have become common in contemporary software development. Many automated API recommendation methods have been proposed. However, these methods suffer from a deficit of using domain knowledge, giving rise to ch...
Background: This study aims to determine test–retest reliability and to calculate minimal detectable change (MDC) scores for the functional capacity of the 6-minute step test (6MST) and 1 min sit-to-stand test (1-min-STST), and compare these ou...
The article proposes a new model for defining and implementing performance tests used in the process of designing and operating IT systems. By defining the objectives, types, topological patterns, and methods of implementation, a coherent description...
Many metaheuristic approaches are inherently stochastic. In order to compare such methods, statistical tests are needed. However, choosing an appropriate test is not trivial, given that each test has some assumptions about the distribution of the und...
Background: Self-testing technology allows people to test themselves for chlamydia without professional support. This may result in reassurance and wider access to chlamydia testing, but anxiety could occur on receipt of positive results. This study...
of 7,332