Advances in Respiratory Medicine

15 pages, 588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Imaging and Laboratory Results as Predictors of the Course of COVID-19

by Ewelina Tobiczyk, Hanna Maria Winiarska, Daria Springer, Aleksandra Ludziejewska, Ewa Wysocka, Szymon Skoczyński and Szczepan Cofta

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(4), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93040022 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: COVID-19 most often affects the respiratory system and may manifest as acute respiratory failure requiring the use of non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS). The aim of this study was to find predictors based on laboratory results and chest computed tomography (CT) scans performed [...] Read more.

Background: COVID-19 most often affects the respiratory system and may manifest as acute respiratory failure requiring the use of non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS). The aim of this study was to find predictors based on laboratory results and chest computed tomography (CT) scans performed on admission to the hospital indicating the need for NIRS and predicting mortality after hospital discharge. Methods: We retrospectively analysed data from consecutive patients hospitalised in the Pulmonology Department of the Temporary COVID Hospital in Poznan from 1 February 2021 to 31 March 2022. Upon admission to the department, the patients underwent a series of laboratory blood tests and high-resolution chest CT scan. Results: The study group included 282 patients, with an average age of 60.0 ± 15.0 years. In total, 54 (53%) patients of 101 requiring NIRS died from various causes or required intubation. Patients who required NIRS were significantly older and had more severe changes in the lung parenchyma. They had higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts and lower lymphocyte counts, as well as higher concentrations of D-dimer, CRP, PCT, and IL-6 and greater activities of LDH and AST. Conclusions: Laboratory tests and chest CT performed on hospital admission may be useful to rapidly identify patients at higher risk for severe disease. Full article

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20 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Comparative Effectiveness of Mepolizumab and Benralizumab in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Asthma

by Aleksandra Niemiec-Górska, Olga Branicka, Paula Olszewska, Sylwia Mielcarska, Joanna Glück, Barbara Rymarczyk and Radosław Gawlik

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(4), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93040021 - 20 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Severe asthma is associated with significant morbidity and risk of complications. Some patients, suffering from eosinophilic asthma, may benefit from biological therapies, especially anti IL-5 (anti-interleukin-5). The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy evaluation of mepolizumab and benralizumab in [...] Read more.

Background: Severe asthma is associated with significant morbidity and risk of complications. Some patients, suffering from eosinophilic asthma, may benefit from biological therapies, especially anti IL-5 (anti-interleukin-5). The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy evaluation of mepolizumab and benralizumab in the treatment of eosinophilic asthma. Methods: A retrospective, single-centre study including 59 patients with severe eosinophilic asthma treated with biologics (mepolizumab and benralizumab). Clinical outcomes, including peripheral blood morphotic characteristics, spirometry parameters, asthma control questionnaire (ACQ), mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (mini-AQLQ) scores, daily oral corticosteroid use, body mass index, exacerbation rate, and exercise tolerance, were examined at the beginning and after 6 months of biological treatment. Results: A total of 38 patients were treated with mepolizumab and 21 with benralizumab. Significant improvements (p < 0.05) in eosinophil count, required daily dose of glucocorticoids, ACQ, mini-AQLQ scores, and exacerbation rate were observed in both groups after six months of treatment. There was no statistical difference (p < 0.05) in the abovementioned parameters between the groups. Conclusions: In patients with severe eosinophilic asthma, mepolizumab and benralizumab were associated with significant improvements in clinical state. Patients with type 2 asthma will benefit from the therapy with both anti-IL5 biologic drugs. Full article

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7 pages, 398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Obstructive Sleep Apnea Utilizing Arterial Tonometry in Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis

by Michelle Chiu, Bethany Bartley, Elizabeth Gootkind, Salma Batool-Anwar, Donald G. Keamy, Thomas Bernard Kinane, Lael M. Yonker and Kevin S. Gipson

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030020 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness are commonly reported by individuals with cystic fibrosis. The potential impact of comorbid sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), has not been extensively studied in the CF population. At present, there are no specific [...] Read more.

Poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness are commonly reported by individuals with cystic fibrosis. The potential impact of comorbid sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), has not been extensively studied in the CF population. At present, there are no specific recommendations available to help clinicians identify patients with CF who are at increased risk of sleep disorders. Home sleep apnea testing using a validated peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) device may offer an accurate diagnosis of OSA in a more convenient and low-cost method than in-lab polysomnography. In this single-center study of 19 adults with CF, we found an increased prevalence of OSA among individuals with CF compared to general population estimates. Although associations with an FEV < 70% predicted and a modified Mallampati score ≥ 3 were observed, these odds ratios did not reach statistical significance, likely reflecting limited power in this small pilot sample. There was no association found between the self-reported presence of nocturnal cough or snoring and OSA. We also found no association between OSA and abnormal scores on commonly used, validated sleep questionnaires, suggesting that CF-specific scales may be needed for effective screening in the CF clinic. Full article

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18 pages, 3326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Natural Product Compounds to Target Dormancy Survival Regulator (DosR) in Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI): An In Silico Strategy Against Dormancy

by Mandeep Chouhan, Mukesh Kumar, Vivek Dhar Dwivedi, Vivek Kumar Kashyap, Himanshu Narayan Singh and Sanjay Kumar

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030019 - 16 Jun 2025

Abstract

Dormancy occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) enters a non-replicating and metabolically inactive state in response to hostile environment. During this state, it is highly resistant to conventional antibiotics, which increase the urgency to develop new potential drugs against dormant bacilli. In view of [...] Read more.

Dormancy occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) enters a non-replicating and metabolically inactive state in response to hostile environment. During this state, it is highly resistant to conventional antibiotics, which increase the urgency to develop new potential drugs against dormant bacilli. In view of this, the dormancy survival regulator (DosR) protein is thought to be an essential component that plays a key role in bacterial adaptation to dormancy during hypoxic conditions. Herein, the NP-lib database containing natural product compounds was screened virtually against the binding site of the DosR protein using the MTiopen screen web server. A series of computational analyses were performed, including redocking, intermolecular interaction analysis, and MDS, followed by binding free energy analysis. Through screening, 1000 natural product compounds were obtained with docking energy ranging from −8.5 to −4.1 kcal/mol. The top four lead compounds were then selected for further investigation. On comparative analysis of intermolecular interaction, dynamics simulation and MM/GBSA calculation revealed that M3 docked with the DosR protein (docking score = −8.1 kcal/mol, RMSD = ~7 Å and ΔG Bind = −53.51 kcal/mol) exhibited stronger stability than reference compound Ursolic acid (docking score = −6.2 kcal/mol, RMSD = ~13.5 Å and ΔG Bind = −44.51 kcal/mol). Hence, M3 is recommended for further validation through in vitro and in vivo studies against latent tuberculosis infection. Full article

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22 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medication Recommendation, Counseling, and Pricing for Nasal Sprays in German Community Pharmacies: A Simulated Patient Investigation

by Bernhard Langer, Christian Kunow, Tim Dethloff and Sarah George

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030018 - 13 Jun 2025

Abstract

For the self-medication of nasal congestion following a common cold, decongestant nasal sprays can be recommended according to the medicine guidelines. In Germany, these are only available in community pharmacies (CPs) with free pricing. The aim was to analyze the medication recommendation, counseling, [...] Read more.

For the self-medication of nasal congestion following a common cold, decongestant nasal sprays can be recommended according to the medicine guidelines. In Germany, these are only available in community pharmacies (CPs) with free pricing. The aim was to analyze the medication recommendation, counseling, and pricing. A covert simulated patient study, internationally recognized as the “gold standard”, was conducted in all CPs of two medium-sized cities in north-eastern Germany. Each CP was visited twice (86 visits) with the identical scenario by one female and one male simulated patient. At the beginning, they asked for a nasal spray and, when asked, stated that they had had nasal congestion for three days. Slightly more than half (54.7%, 47/86) of the recommended nasal sprays were free of preservatives. The median counseling score was 2.0 out of 8 points, with a significantly higher score observed for the female SP (p = 0.004). Information on the maximum intake duration of five days recommended in the German pharmacy guideline was not provided during any visits. The prices varied in total from EUR 1.95 to EUR 6.22. Therefore, measures by the legislator and the chambers of pharmacists are necessary to sustainably improve the medication recommendation, the counseling, and the price transparency. Full article

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16 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review

by Kamil Makar, Agata Wróbel, Adam Antczak and Damian Tworek

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030017 - 12 Jun 2025

Abstract

Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) is genetic material released from various cells into bodily fluids. Among its fractions, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) originates from tumor cells and reflects their genetic material, including mutations and epigenetic changes. Methods commonly employed for detecting ctDNA in blood [...] Read more.

Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) is genetic material released from various cells into bodily fluids. Among its fractions, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) originates from tumor cells and reflects their genetic material, including mutations and epigenetic changes. Methods commonly employed for detecting ctDNA in blood include next-generation sequencing (NGS) and various types of PCR. The presence of ctDNA can be utilized in liquid biopsies for many diagnostic purposes related to various cancers. It is a minimally invasive method of sampling molecular compounds from tumor cells. In this paper, we focus on current knowledge regarding the liquid biopsy of blood ctDNA in the context of lung cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Currently, as a clinically approved method, liquid biopsy serves as a complementary technique in NSCLC diagnostic and genetic profiling. Other applications of liquid biopsy that are still being investigated include the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) after curative treatment and response monitoring to systemic treatment. This review discusses current and future potential directions for the development and implementation of ctDNA for patients with NSCLC. Full article

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2 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessReply

Reply to Shafaei B. Comment on “Giraldo-Ocampo et al. B Cell Subsets in Colombian Adults with Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies, Bronchiectasis or Recurrent Pneumonia. Adv. Respir. Med. 2022, 90, 254–266”

by Andres F. Zea-Vera

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030016 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

I am writing in response to the thoughtful observations [...] Full article

2 pages, 154 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comment on Giraldo-Ocampo et al. B Cell Subsets in Colombian Adults with Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies, Bronchiectasis or Recurrent Pneumonia. Adv. Respir. Med. 2022, 90, 254–266

by Behnam Shafaei

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030015 - 9 Jun 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

I am writing regarding the article titled “B Cell Subsets in Colombian Adults with Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies, Bronchiectasis or Recurrent Pneumonia” [...] Full article

13 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Factors Affecting Sleep Quality in Intensive Care Unit Patients in Southern Morocco: An Assessment Study

by Abdelmajid Lkoul, Keltouma Oumbarek, Youssef Bouchriti, Asmaa Jniene and Tarek Dendane

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030014 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Sleep disturbances are a common and often underestimated complication during intensive care unit (ICU) stays. These disturbances can significantly impact patients’ recovery and overall well-being. This study aimed to assess the sleep quality of ICU patients and investigate the environmental and clinical [...] Read more.

Introduction: Sleep disturbances are a common and often underestimated complication during intensive care unit (ICU) stays. These disturbances can significantly impact patients’ recovery and overall well-being. This study aimed to assess the sleep quality of ICU patients and investigate the environmental and clinical factors that affect sleep quality during their ICU stay. Methods: We conducted a six-month cross-sectional study involving patients who had stayed in the ICU for at least three nights and were oriented to time and place upon discharge. Sleep quality was assessed using the Arabic version of the Freedman Sleep Questionnaire. Both environmental factors (e.g., noise, light, and nursing interventions) and clinical variables (illness severity and pain) were examined. The differences across three time periods were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and Spearman’s correlation. Multiple regression analysis identified the factors influencing sleep quality. Statistical analyses were performed using JAMOVI software (version 2.3.28). Results: The study enrolled 328 patients, with an average age of 49.74 ± 17.89 years. Of the participants, 75.3% were adults. The primary reasons for admission were circulatory distress (45.73%) and metabolic disorders (24.09%). Sleep quality was significantly lower in the ICU compared to patients’ sleep at home (Z = −14.870, p < 0.001). The EVA and APACHE II scores had a statistically significant effect on sleep quality (p < 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively). In contrast, the Charlson and Quick SOFA scores did not show significant effects (p = 0.128 and p = 0.894). Environmental factors, including noise (p = 0.008), light (p = 0.009), and nursing interventions (p = 0.009), significantly impacted sleep quality. Conclusions: Patients in the ICU generally reported poor sleep quality. Our findings suggest that improving pain management, minimizing environmental noise, and reducing staff-related disturbances could significantly enhance sleep quality for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Full article

14 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy and Safety of P. hybridus Leaf Extract Ze 339 for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis

by Verena M. Merk, Georg Boonen, Veronika Butterweck and Andreas Schapowal

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030013 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem on the rise. More and more people are affected, and climate change is exacerbating this health problem in the long term. The quality of life of those affected is often severely compromised, and the financial [...] Read more.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem on the rise. More and more people are affected, and climate change is exacerbating this health problem in the long term. The quality of life of those affected is often severely compromised, and the financial burden on healthcare systems cannot be disregarded. Therefore, effective and safe medicines are needed to counteract this trend. P. hybridus (butterbur) leaf extract (Ze 339) displays a promising alternative to antihistamines in the treatment of AR symptoms. More than two decades after the first market launch it is now possible to draw a meaningful conclusion on its safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data, real-world data (RWD) as well as data from post-marketing pharmacovigilance monitoring about the herbal medicinal drug Ze 339. It focusses on the current knowledge about the mode of action as well as the evaluation of its efficacy and safety in the treatment of AR. Given its favourable safety profile and lack of sedative side effects, Ze 339 offers a valuable alternative to antihistamines and should therefore continue to be considered by medical practitioners for the treatment of allergic rhinitis symptoms. Full article

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11 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases Admitted to Intensive Care in a Low-Resource Setting

by Amun Mustafa, Asifa Karamat, Wajeeha Mustansar Toor and Tehmina Mustafa

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030012 - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Depression and anxiety are common in patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), but their prevalence in intensive care settings, particularly in low-resource regions, remains underexplored. Objective: To assess the prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety in patients with CRDs admitted to [...] Read more.

Background: Depression and anxiety are common in patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), but their prevalence in intensive care settings, particularly in low-resource regions, remains underexplored. Objective: To assess the prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety in patients with CRDs admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and identify associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Adult patients with CRDs admitted to the ICU were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Statistical analyses included Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney/Kruskal–Wallis tests, and logistic regression. Results: Depression was highly prevalent across all CRD categories: 83%, 89%, 84%, and 93% in obstructive, restrictive, infectious, and other respiratory disease categories, and severe depression in 16%, 18%, 14%, and 37%, respectively. Anxiety symptoms were also widespread (77–100%), with no significant differences across disease groups. Depression was significantly associated with older age (p < 0.001, OR 1.08) and anxiety symptoms (p < 0.001, OR 47.07). Female gender was linked to anxiety (p = 0.034, OR 4.17). Conclusion: The high burden of depression and anxiety in ICU patients with CRDs underscores the need for routine psychiatric screening and integrated mental health care in critical-care settings. Full article

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14 pages, 482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Malnutrition, Sarcopenia, and Malnutrition Sarcopenia Syndrome in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

by Eva Cabrera-César, Rocío Fernández-Jiménez, Javier Lopez-Garcia, Alicia Sanmartín-Sánchez, Miguel Benítez Cano-Gamonoso, Isabel Asschert Agüero, Francisco Espíldora-Hernández, Luis Fernandez de Rota Garcia, Isabel Vega-Aguilar, Maria del Mar Amaya-Campos, Francisco J. Tinahones, Jose Manuel Garcia-Almeida and Jose Luis Velasco-Garrido

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030011 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonaryy fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. While comorbidities like pulmonary hypertension and lung cancer have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to the implications of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with IPF. [...] Read more.

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonaryy fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. While comorbidities like pulmonary hypertension and lung cancer have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to the implications of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with IPF. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and the combined malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome in patients with IPF using the latest diagnostic criteria from the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Methods: A prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted, focusing on patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). All participants provided informed consent, and the study followed ethical guidelines. Malnutrition was diagnosed based on the GLIM criteria, requiring one phenotypic and one etiological criterion, with muscle mass assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Sarcopenia was screened following the EWGSOP2 recommendations. The statistical analysis was performed using JAMOVI version 2.3.22, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The findings revealed that 77.65% of the participants were malnourished, and 20% had sarcopenia. The malnourished patients had significantly lower body weight, height, and muscle mass compared to the non-malnourished patients. Furthermore, the patients with malnutrition exhibited poorer health-related quality of life scores. This study also identified the malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome in 8.23% of the participants. Conclusions: Malnutrition, based on the GLIM criteria was identified in three out of four patients with IPF, while sarcopenia according to the EWGSOP2 was present in one out of five. This study underscores the necessity for routine screening for malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with IPF. Full article

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10 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inspiratory Muscle Training Improved Cardiorespiratory Performance in Patients Undergoing Open Heart Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Chitima Kulchanarat, Suphannee Choeirod, Supattra Thadatheerapat, Dusarkorn Piathip, Opas Satdhabudha and Kornanong Yuenyongchaiwat

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030010 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle training on inspiratory muscle strength and cardiorespiratory performance in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Method: This study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with two groups. Fifty-eight patients who underwent open [...] Read more.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle training on inspiratory muscle strength and cardiorespiratory performance in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Method: This study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with two groups. Fifty-eight patients who underwent open heart surgery were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group 29 in the control group and 29 in the intervention group. Patients in the intervention group participated in a physical therapy program combined with inspiratory muscle training using the Thammasat University (TU) Breath Trainer. Patients in the control group received only the standard physical therapy program. The maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure and 6 min walk test distance were assessed both before surgery and prior to hospital discharge. Results: The intervention group had a significant increase in maximum inspiratory pressure (p < 0.001), maximum expiratory pressure (p < 0.001) and 6 min walk test distance (p = 0.013). The control group had a significant decrease in maximum inspiratory pressure (p < 0.001), maximum expiratory pressure (p = 0.002) and 6 min walk test distance (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Inspiratory muscle training can be performed using maximum pressure resistors, such as the TU-Breath Trainer device. This training has been shown to effectively improve inspiratory muscle strength and cardiorespiratory performance in patients undergoing open heart surgery, as well as reduce pulmonary complications and shorten the length of hospital stay. Full article

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10 pages, 1366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Lung Ultrasound in Systemic Sclerosis Before and After Rehabilitation: A Comparative Study Between People with and Without Interstitial Lung Disease

by Samantha Gomes de Alegria, Matheus Mello da Silva, Jéssica Gabriela Messias Oliveira, Beatriz Luiza Pinheiro Alves de Azevedo, Nathália Alves de Oliveira Saraiva, Isabelle da Nóbrega Ferreira, Joana Acar Silva, Thiago Thomaz Mafort, Cláudia Henrique da Costa and Agnaldo José Lopes

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030009 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

There is limited research on the impact of a physiotherapy-guided rehabilitation program (PGRP) on lung structure in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Lung ultrasound (LUS) has been used for over a decade to identify interstitial lung disease associated with SSc (SSc-ILD). This study aims to [...] Read more.

There is limited research on the impact of a physiotherapy-guided rehabilitation program (PGRP) on lung structure in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Lung ultrasound (LUS) has been used for over a decade to identify interstitial lung disease associated with SSc (SSc-ILD). This study aims to evaluate the impact of a PGRP on LUS signals in women with SSc-ILD and women without ILD (SSc-wILD). This is a longitudinal quasi-experimental study that included 33 women with SSc. The results show that changes in LUS were observed in 22 participants, especially B-lines > two. Before the PGRP the median of B-lines > two was three (0–7), while after the PGRP it was three (0–6) (p = 0.020). The aeration score was eight (0–16.5) pre-PGRP and three (0–16) post-PGRP (p = 0.013). Analyzing the impact of the PGRP on LUS signals in SSc-ILD and SSc-wILD groups, the main change observed was a reduction in B-lines > two between pre-PGRP and post-PGRP in the SSc-ILD group (p = 0.0004). The SSc-ILD group had a higher aeration score than the SSc-wILD group both pre-PGRP (p < 0.0001) and post-PGRP (p = 0.0001)]. In conclusion, LUS may be a complementary tool for assessing pre- and post-PGRP changes in people with SSc-ILD and SSc-wILD. Our data also suggest that the PGRP can elicit measurable changes in LUS findings in SSc, particularly in SSc-ILD. These findings support the inclusion of LUS in the routine monitoring of SSc and the use of a PGRP as a non-pharmacologic adjunctive strategy in SSc. Full article

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14 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mobile Phone-Mediated Interventions to Improve Adherence to Prescribed Treatment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review

by Andrea Paleo, Catalina Carretta, Francisca Pinto, Estefanno Saltori, Joaquín González Aroca and Álvaro Puelles

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93020008 - 18 Apr 2025

Abstract

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder that poses significant challenges in treatment adherence. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of mobile health (mHealth) interventions compared to conventional therapy in improving treatment adherence among COPD patients. A total of 13 [...] Read more.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder that poses significant challenges in treatment adherence. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of mobile health (mHealth) interventions compared to conventional therapy in improving treatment adherence among COPD patients. A total of 13 randomized controlled trials and comparative cohort studies published up to July 2023 were included, analyzing interventions such as medication reminders and remote monitoring in adult COPD patients. Studies involving participants under 18 years of age or with severe comorbidities were excluded. This review identified 4688 records from MEDLINE, WEB OF SCIENCE, and SCOPUS. Of these, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. The selection process was conducted by two independent reviewers, with discrepancies resolved by consensus with a third reviewer. The results showed that mHealth interventions improved treatment adherence in some studies, particularly in exercise and symptom monitoring; however, the evidence was inconsistent, and results varied across studies. This review concludes that mHealth interventions have the potential to improve adherence but higher-quality studies and more robust designs are needed to confirm these findings and support their clinical implementation. Full article

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9 pages, 6058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterozygous Men1(+/T) Knockout Mice Do Not Develop Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Hyperplasia or Neoplasia but Bronchial Adenocarcinoma

by Max B. Albers, Ludger Fink, Jerena Manoharan, Caroline L. Lopez, Carmen Bollmann and Detlef K. Bartsch

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93020007 - 31 Mar 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NEN) occur in 2–7% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Precursor lesions have been identified for MEN1-related pancreatic, duodenal, and gastric NEN. The aim of the current study using a MEN1 mouse model was to define [...] Read more.

Introduction: Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NEN) occur in 2–7% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Precursor lesions have been identified for MEN1-related pancreatic, duodenal, and gastric NEN. The aim of the current study using a MEN1 mouse model was to define the precursor lesions of bronchopulmonary NEN and evaluate the potential prophylactic antitumor effects of somatostatin analogues in a transgenic MEN1 mouse model. Methods: Fifteen mice, germline heterozygous for Men1(+/T), were treated with subcutaneous injections of lanreotide autogel (Somatuline Autogel^®, IPSEN Pharma), while 15 mice were treated with subcutaneous injections of physiologic sodium chloride as the control group. Five mice from each group were euthanized after 12, 15, and 18 months, respectively. The complete lungs were resected and evaluated after hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin and chromogranin A. Results: In the lungs of the 30 evaluated mice, whether treated or placebo treated, no bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia nor neuroendocrine neoplasia was detected through histopathology. However, pulmonary adenocarcinoma developed in 2 (13%) of the 15 untreated mice and in 1 (7%) of the 15 lanreotide-treated mice. Conclusions: Heterozygous Men1(+/T) knockout mice do not develop bronchopulmonary NEN or precursor lesions, but pulmonary adenocarcinoma. This surprising result needs to be investigated in more detail. Full article

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10 pages, 2111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Corticosteroids on Mortality in Acute Exacerbations of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Meta-Analysis

by Pier-Valerio Mari, Angelo Coppola, Lorenzo Carriera and Francesco Macagno

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93020006 - 28 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Acute exacerbation (AE) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most challenging events in the disease course due to the high mortality despite treatment. The role of corticosteroid treatment in AE-IPF has never been defined, even though it is [...] Read more.

Background: Acute exacerbation (AE) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most challenging events in the disease course due to the high mortality despite treatment. The role of corticosteroid treatment in AE-IPF has never been defined, even though it is used in current clinical practice. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the effects of steroid treatment on the acute exacerbation outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Objectives: To evaluate the impact of steroids on mortality in patients affected by an acute exacerbation of IPF. Methods: This meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement. A systemic literature search was conducted through Google Scholar, Scopus, WoS, PubMed, and JSTOR. Manuscripts from January 2014 to September 2024 were included in the analysis. Articles were included on whether participants had an acute exacerbation of IPF. Regarding the intervention performed, we evaluated the studies in which patients underwent treatment with corticosteroids. As outcomes, studies were included if they analyzed the overall mortality. Results: A total of 2156 records were initially identified. Nineteen studies (3277 patients) were ultimately included in the final analysis, comparing 1552 patients who received steroids to 1725 patients without steroids. Steroid treatment poses a higher risk, as suggested by the summary measures (RR of 1.78; CI 1.29–2.76, p = 0.00001). Conclusions: This meta-analysis investigated the debated role of corticosteroid treatment during acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Overall, steroid therapy is associated with increased risk. Clinicians should carefully weigh the risks and benefits of corticosteroid therapy in acute exacerbation of IPF. Full article

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14 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are There Differences in Postural Control and Muscular Activity in Individuals with COPD and with and Without Sarcopenia?

by Walter Sepúlveda-Loyola, Alejandro Álvarez-Bustos, Juan José Valenzuela-Fuenzalida, Carla María Ordinola Ramírez, Carol Saldías Solis and Vanessa Suziane Probst

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93010005 - 18 Feb 2025

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare balance performance and electromyographic activity in individuals with COPD, with and without sarcopenia. Method: Thirty-five patients with COPD were classified with and without sarcopenia according to EWGSOP criteria. Balance was assessed using a force [...] Read more.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare balance performance and electromyographic activity in individuals with COPD, with and without sarcopenia. Method: Thirty-five patients with COPD were classified with and without sarcopenia according to EWGSOP criteria. Balance was assessed using a force platform under four conditions: standing with feet apart and eyes opened (FHEO), eyes closed (FHEC), on an unstable surface (US), and on one leg (OLS). The surface electromyography activity of lower limb muscles and trunks was recorded. Additionally, the timed up and go test (TUG) and the Brief Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Brief-BESTest) were also utilized. Results: Under the FHEO, FHEC, and US conditions, individuals with sarcopenia demonstrated increased velocities, larger oscillation amplitudes, and greater center of pressure displacements under the US condition (p ≤ 0.02). They also showed a higher activation of the scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and abdominal muscles during OLS, along with a reduced activation of the tibialis anterior during OLS and US, and a decreased activation of the vastus medialis during FHEC and US (p ≤ 0.04). Furthermore, sarcopenic COPD patients exhibited poorer performance on the TUG and Brief-BESTest compared to their non-sarcopenic counterparts (p ≤ 0.02). Conclusions: Individuals with COPD and sarcopenia demonstrated greater instability in both bipedal stances and on unstable surfaces, as well as poorer performance in both dynamic and static balance assessments. Furthermore, these individuals exhibited reduced muscular activation in the lower limbs compared to those without sarcopenia. Full article

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22 pages, 4246 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Using Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) on Mortality, Severity, and Healthcare Resource Utilization in Patients with COVID-19

by Ruijuan Li, Jie Zhang and Liang Ren

Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93010004 - 18 Feb 2025

Abstract

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to explore the potential link between the utilization of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and its impact on mortality, disease severity, and healthcare resource utilization in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. [...] Read more.

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to explore the potential link between the utilization of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and its impact on mortality, disease severity, and healthcare resource utilization in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. We aim to establish a solid theoretical foundation for safe and effective clinical medications. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of various databases, including CNKI, PubMed, Science, Cell, Springer, Nature, Web of Science, and Embase. We also traced the literature of the included studies to ensure a thorough analysis of the available evidence. After applying a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria, we ultimately included a total of 41 articles in our analysis. To determine the overall effect size for dichotomous variables, we used the Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio in random effect models. For continuous variables, we calculated the inverse variance SMD using random effect models. To assess the outcomes and heterogeneity, we considered p-values (p < 0.05) and I² values for all outcomes. We performed multivariate and univariate meta-regression analyses using the maximum likelihood approach with the CMA 3.0 software. Results: The results of our analysis indicated that the use of ACEIs or ARBs did not significantly influence mortality (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.83–1.46, p = 0.43, I² = 84%), severity (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.68–1.45, p = 0.98, I² = 84%), or healthcare resource utilization (SMD = 0.03, 95% CI 0.06–0.12, p = 0.54, I² = 37%) in patients with COVID-19 compared to those not taking ACEIs or ARBs. The multivariate meta-regression analysis model explained 63%, 31%, and 100% of the sources of heterogeneity for the three outcome indicators. Conclusions: The use of ACEIs and ARBs is not significantly correlated with mortality, severity, or healthcare resource utilization in patients with COVID-19, indicating safe clinical use of the medications. Full article

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Advances in Respiratory Medicine

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