Current Oncology

13 pages, 710 KB

Open AccessReview

Outpatient Surgery in Neuro-Oncology—Advancing Patient Access and Care

by Patrick E. Steadman and Mark Bernstein

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010040 - 12 Jan 2026

Outpatient neurosurgical oncology has expanded with advances in anesthesia, imaging, and minimally invasive techniques, enabling safe same-day discharge for selected patients undergoing procedures such as stereotactic biopsy and craniotomy. In this review, we find that across multiple international series, same-day discharge rates in [...] Read more.

Outpatient neurosurgical oncology has expanded with advances in anesthesia, imaging, and minimally invasive techniques, enabling safe same-day discharge for selected patients undergoing procedures such as stereotactic biopsy and craniotomy. In this review, we find that across multiple international series, same-day discharge rates in several studies ranging from 85 to 95%, with low complication (3–6%) and readmission rates when structured pathways, including standardized selection criteria, enhanced recovery protocols, and routine 4-h postoperative CT imaging, are used. Studies on economic analyses demonstrate substantial cost savings driven by reduced inpatient bed utilization, with no increase in adverse events. Key challenges identified include medicolegal concerns amongst physicians, patient education, and limitations in organization adoption. Telemedicine and remote monitoring are increasingly incorporated to streamline preoperative evaluation and postoperative follow-up, improving access and continuity of care. Emerging technologies such as laser interstitial thermal therapy and focused ultrasound may further expand the outpatient neuro-oncology repertoire. Overall, current evidence supports outpatient neurosurgical oncology as a safe, efficient, and patient-centered model when applied with structured clinical pathways and patient selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in the Surgical Treatment of Brain Tumors—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4181 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interobserver Variation Within Planning Target Volume and Organs at Risk in a Patient with Oropharyngeal Carcinoma: A Contouring Study with Anatomical Analysis

by Fabian Baier, Oliver Koelbl, Felix Steger, Isabella Gruber and Christoph Suess

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010039 - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Despite the availability of contouring guidelines and advanced imaging modalities, interobserver variability (IOV) in the delineation of the planning target volume and organs at risk remains a critical factor influencing treatment quality in radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the availability of contouring guidelines and advanced imaging modalities, interobserver variability (IOV) in the delineation of the planning target volume and organs at risk remains a critical factor influencing treatment quality in radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine variations in contour delineation with respect to anatomical landmarks, as well as differences in the inclusion of lymph node levels within the PTV. Methods: Ten senior radiation oncologists from six different institutions participated in the study and contoured PTV1, PTV2 and 16 OARs in a patient with oropharyngeal carcinoma. Interobserver variation was quantified by volume statistics such as mean, standard deviation (SD) and ranges, as well as using coefficient of variance (CoV) and conformity index (CI). Results: High agreement was observed in the inclusion of the ipsilateral lymph node levels Ib–IVa and VIIa+b, whereas notable discrepancies were identified in the delineation inclusion of the cervical triangle group and lateral supraclavicular nodes. Regarding OARs, the greatest variability was observed in the delineation of the left and right inner ear, with volume ranges of 0.12–2.84 cm³ and 0.11–2.38 cm³, respectively. Conclusions: This study reaffirms the presence of significant interobserver variability in the delineation of PTVs and OARs in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma. Especially inclusion of elective lymph node levels and definition of margins around the gross tumor volume are substantial factors for IOV. By emphasizing structured anatomical assessment as a standard approach, variability can be minimized, treatment consistency enhanced, and ultimately, patient outcomes improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 447 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Advances in End-of-Life Care in Canada: Implications for Oncology Nursing

by Reanne Booker, Stephanie Lelond and Kalli Stilos

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010038 - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper explores recent advancements in end-of-life (EOL) care in Canada, focusing on palliative care (PC) in oncology, advance care planning (ACP), and medical assistance in dying (MAiD). Despite improvements in cancer treatment, cancer remains a leading cause of death in Canada, with [...] Read more.

This paper explores recent advancements in end-of-life (EOL) care in Canada, focusing on palliative care (PC) in oncology, advance care planning (ACP), and medical assistance in dying (MAiD). Despite improvements in cancer treatment, cancer remains a leading cause of death in Canada, with patients facing significant physical, psychosocial, and emotional challenges throughout the illness trajectory. Over the past few decades, PC has evolved to address serious illness from diagnosis onward, enhancing symptom management, quality of life, and patient satisfaction, while reducing hospital admissions and unnecessary treatments. However, barriers such as misconceptions about PC, late PC referrals, and limited access to PC, particularly in rural and remote areas, still exist. This perspective paper draws on the authors’ collective clinical and research experience in oncology and PC, complemented by a focused review of key literature. Ongoing education for oncology nurses on EOL care, including on PC, ACP, and MAiD, as well as continued efforts to expand access to PC for all Canadians, are imperative in order to improve the EOL experience for people affected by cancer nationwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Section "Oncology Nursing")

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4241 KB

Open AccessArticle

Discovery of a Ferroptosis-Related lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA Gene Signature in Endometrial Cancer Through a Comprehensive Co-Expression Network Analysis

by Hikaru Murakami, Junlong Wang and Herbert Yu

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010037 - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: As a newly recognized type of cell death implicated in cancer, ferroptosis plays multiple roles in tumor biology. Here, we sought to construct a prognostic framework for EC on the basis of ferroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (FerlncRNAs), microRNAs (FermiRNAs), and mRNAs [...] Read more.

Background: As a newly recognized type of cell death implicated in cancer, ferroptosis plays multiple roles in tumor biology. Here, we sought to construct a prognostic framework for EC on the basis of ferroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (FerlncRNAs), microRNAs (FermiRNAs), and mRNAs (FRGs) for endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: Transcriptomic profiles of tumors and matched clinical data for 544 EC patients were retrieved from TCGA-UCEC. A prognostic framework was generated through Cox regression, integrating ferroptosis-linked lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. EC cases were stratified into groups with high or low predicted risk based on ferroptosis-related gene expression. The model’s prognostic utility was examined through Kaplan–Meier (K–M) analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: A prognostic model based on 16 RNAs, including 10 FerlncRNAs, 2 FermiRNAs, and 4 FRGs, was developed. Analysis using K–M plots showed that high-risk patients experienced shorter overall survival than their low-risk counterparts (p < 0.001). The model’s area under curve (AUC) values were 0.731, 0.749, and 0.768 at 1-, 3-, and 5-year time points, surpassing those of standard clinical parameters. Furthermore, in an external validation cohort, these signature RNAs were associated with EC prognosis. Conclusions: The novel ferroptosis-related lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA prognostic model provides a basis to assess clinical prognosis in EC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 2428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors Extending Primarily Below the Sella and into the Clivus: A Distinct Growth Pattern with Specific Challenges

by Lennart W. Sannwald, Nina Kreße, Nadja Grübel, Andreas Knoll, Johannes Roßkopf, Michal Hlavac, Christian R. Wirtz and Andrej Pala

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010036 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

Evaluation of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors remains complex depending on the exact growth pattern, involvement of critical neurovascular structures, pituitary function and endocrinological activity of the tumor. A predominant growth into the sphenoid sinus and clivus poses specific challenges. We reviewed 557 surgeries for [...] Read more.

Evaluation of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors remains complex depending on the exact growth pattern, involvement of critical neurovascular structures, pituitary function and endocrinological activity of the tumor. A predominant growth into the sphenoid sinus and clivus poses specific challenges. We reviewed 557 surgeries for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors in an endonasal endoscopic technique performed between 1 January 2015 and 31 August 2025 to identify 13 cases (2.3%). Clinical, radiological and surgical data were selected by chart review. Thirteen cases aged from 31 to 68 years with almost exclusively non-functioning or clinically silent tumors (92%) were identified. Clival infiltration was restricted to the dorsum sellae in 2/13 (15%), spread to the floor of the sphenoid in 6/13 (46%) and extended inferior to the sphenoid in 5/13 (38%) cases with a high rate of cavernous sinus (62%) and sphenoid sinus infiltration (69%). Complete resection was achieved in 31%, and the residual tumor was clival/sphenoidal in 5/13 cases or within the cavernous sinus in 6/13 cases. The diaphragma sellae was reported to be intact in 92% of cases, and postoperative transient arginine vasopressin deficiency did not occur. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors predominantly growing below the sella and infiltrating the clivus and sphenoid present specific challenges with a high rate of preoperative pituitary insufficiency, frequent cavernous sinus infiltration and postoperative tumor residuals in the cavernous sinus, sphenoid bone and clivus which are sometimes difficult to delineate. The surgical approach must be tailored specifically to treat the clival infiltration zone to reduce the risk of recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovations in Brain Tumor Surgery: Techniques and Outcomes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2586 KB

Open AccessArticle

An AI-Based Radiomics Model Using MRI ADC Maps for Accurate Prediction of Advanced Prostate Cancer Progression

by Kexin Wang, Pengsheng Wu, Yuke Chen and Huihui Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010035 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

The use of deep learning radiomics to predict whether advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will progress within two years after treatment has been validated, yet there remains a lack of research on estimating time to progression. Patients were enrolled from October 2017 to March [...] Read more.

The use of deep learning radiomics to predict whether advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will progress within two years after treatment has been validated, yet there remains a lack of research on estimating time to progression. Patients were enrolled from October 2017 to March 2024. One hundred and eighty-two patients with advanced PCa diagnosed through ultrasound-guided systematic prostate biopsy were enrolled. A deep learning-based radiomics model for predicting progression was firstly developed using pretreatment MR apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, and the performance of manual (ROIref) versus AI-derived (ROIai) tumor segmentations was compared. Then, survival analysis was performed to compare ROIref-based and ROIai-based radiomics-predicted probabilities in the risk stratification. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was used to estimate the model efficacy. The model achieved high AUC values for progression prediction in test sets (ROIref: 0.840, ROIai: 0.852). No significant difference was observed between ROIai-based and ROIref-based approaches (ΔAUC = 0.012, p = 0.870) in the test set. Both ROIref-predicted and ROIai-predicted probabilities independently predicted progression in multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models (p < 0.001) and stratified patients into distinct survival groups (log-rank p < 0.001). Decision curve analysis confirmed equivalent clinical utility across thresholds (0.1–0.6), with net benefit exceeding the “treat all” and “treat none” strategies. In conclusion, deep learning-based radiomics models could effectively predict advanced PCa progression, with AI-derived tumor annotations performing equally to manual expert ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping the Future of Oncology: The Role of Generative AI in Clinical and Research Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1326 KB

Open AccessReview

MR-Guided Radiotherapy in Oesophageal Cancer: From Principles to Practice—A Narrative Review

by Su Chen Fong, Eddie Lau, David S. Liu, Niall C. Tebbutt, Richard Khor, Trevor Leong, David Williams, Sergio Uribe and Sweet Ping Ng

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010034 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

Oesophageal cancer remains a significant global health burden with poor survival outcomes despite multimodal treatment. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have opened opportunities to improve radiotherapy delivery. This review examines the role of MRI and MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) in oesophageal cancer, [...] Read more.

Oesophageal cancer remains a significant global health burden with poor survival outcomes despite multimodal treatment. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have opened opportunities to improve radiotherapy delivery. This review examines the role of MRI and MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) in oesophageal cancer, focusing on applications in staging, treatment planning, and response assessment, with particular emphasis on magnetic resonance linear accelerator (MR-Linac)-based delivery. Compared to computed tomography (CT), MRI offers superior soft-tissue contrast, enabling more accurate tumour delineation and the potential for reduced treatment margins. Real-time MR imaging during treatment can facilitate motion management, while daily adaptive planning can accommodate anatomical changes throughout the treatment course. Functional MRI sequences, including diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, offer quantitative data for treatment response monitoring. Early clinical and dosimetric studies demonstrate that MRgRT can significantly reduce radiation dose to critical organs while maintaining target coverage. However, clinical evidence for MRgRT in oesophageal cancer is limited to small early-phase studies, with no phase II/III trials demonstrating improvements in survival, toxicity, or patient-reported outcomes. Long-term clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness remain unproven, highlighting the need for prospective outcome-focused studies to define the role for MRgRT within multimodality treatment pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Radiotherapy: Advanced Imaging for Personalised Treatment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 684 KB

Open AccessReview

Pancreatic Cancer Education: A Scoping Review of Evidence Across Patients, Professionals and the Public

by Olivia Watson, Gary Mitchell, Tara Anderson, Fadwa Al Halaiqa, Ahmad H. Abu Raddaha, Ashikin Atan, Susan McLaughlin and Stephanie Craig

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010033 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the least survivable malignancy, with five-year survival below 10%. Its vague, non-specific symptoms contribute to late diagnosis and poor outcomes. Targeted education for healthcare professionals, students, patients, carers, and the public may improve awareness, confidence, and early help-seeking. [...] Read more.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the least survivable malignancy, with five-year survival below 10%. Its vague, non-specific symptoms contribute to late diagnosis and poor outcomes. Targeted education for healthcare professionals, students, patients, carers, and the public may improve awareness, confidence, and early help-seeking. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesize peer-reviewed evidence on pancreatic cancer education, identifying intervention types, outcomes, and gaps in knowledge. Methods: A scoping review was undertaken using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework and the Arksey and O’Malley framework and reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework. Four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO) were searched for English-language, peer-reviewed studies evaluating educational interventions on pancreatic cancer for healthcare students, professionals, patients, carers, or the public. Grey literature was excluded to maintain a consistent methodological standard. Data were charted and synthesised narratively. Results: Nine studies (2018–2024) met inclusion criteria, predominantly from high-income countries. Interventions targeted students and professionals (n = 3), patients (n = 2), the public (n = 2), or mixed groups (n = 2), using modalities such as team-based learning, workshops, virtual reality, serious games, and digital animations. Four interrelated themes were identified, encompassing (1) Self-efficacy; (2) Knowledge; (3) Behavior; and (4) Acceptability. Digital and interactive approaches demonstrated particularly strong engagement and learning gains. Conclusions: Pancreatic cancer education shows clear potential to enhance knowledge, confidence, and engagement across diverse audiences. Digital platforms offer scalable opportunities but require quality assurance and long-term evaluation to sustain impact. The evidence base remains limited and fragmented, highlighting the need for validated outcome measures, longitudinal research, and greater international representation to support the integration of education into a global pancreatic cancer control strategy. Future studies should also evaluate how educational interventions influence clinical practice and real-world help-seeking behaviour. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 870 KB

Open AccessReview

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Around the Clock

by Mariana Verdelho Machado

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010032 - 7 Jan 2026

Abstract

The dramatic shift in human behavior from hunter-gatherer to modern lifestyles has led to a systematic disruption of the human circadian cycle. Contributors include night-shift work, jet lag, and less intuitive but widespread factors, such as exposure to artificial light at night and [...] Read more.

The dramatic shift in human behavior from hunter-gatherer to modern lifestyles has led to a systematic disruption of the human circadian cycle. Contributors include night-shift work, jet lag, and less intuitive but widespread factors, such as exposure to artificial light at night and irregular eating schedules. Circadian disruption is classified as a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most deadly cancer worldwide, with a rising prevalence in Western countries, largely driven by increasing rates of obesity and steatotic liver disease-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that circadian disruption plays a significant role in HCC pathogenesis. Several genes involved in metabolism, cell survival, and immunosurveillance are under the control of circadian rhythms. Experimental preclinical data and epidemiological studies have indicated a strong association between circadian disruption and HCC development. Moreover, molecular signatures related to circadian regulation appear to accurately predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. The concept of chronotherapy is also gaining interest, with studies suggesting improved immunotherapy effectiveness when immune checkpoint inhibitors are administered in the morning. This review summarizes the current literature on the impact of circadian disruption on HCC pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Therapeutic Strategies, Biomarkers, and Molecular Pathways in Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Cancers)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 374 KB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning in Biomarker-Driven Precision Oncology: Automated Immunohistochemistry Scoring and Emerging Directions in Genitourinary Cancers

by Matthew Yap, Ioana-Maria Mihai and Gang Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010031 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker assessment in oncology, but manual interpretation is limited by subjectivity and inter-observer variability. Machine learning (ML), a computational subset of AI that allows algorithms to recognise patterns and learn from annotated datasets to [...] Read more.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker assessment in oncology, but manual interpretation is limited by subjectivity and inter-observer variability. Machine learning (ML), a computational subset of AI that allows algorithms to recognise patterns and learn from annotated datasets to make predictions or decisions, has led to advancements in digital pathology by supporting automated quantification of biomarker expression on whole-slide images (WSIs). This review evaluates the role of ML-assisted IHC scoring in the transition from validated biomarkers to the discovery of emerging prognostic and predictive IHC biomarkers for genitourinary (GU) tumours. Current applications include ML-based scoring of routinely used biomarkers such as ER/PR, HER2, mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, PD-L1, and Ki-67, demonstrating improved consistency and scalability. Emerging studies in GU cancers show that algorithms can quantify markers including androgen receptor (AR), PTEN, cytokeratins, Uroplakin II, Nectin-4 and immune checkpoint proteins, with early evidence indicating associations between ML-derived metrics and clinical outcomes. Important limitations remain, including limited availability of training datasets, variability in staining protocols, and regulatory challenges. Overall, ML-assisted IHC scoring is a reproducible and evolving approach that may support biomarker discovery and enhance precision GU oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

15 pages, 1790 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Prognostic Prediction in Head and Neck Cancer Through a Combined Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Prognostic Nutritional Index Score

by Takuya Miura, Hisashi Kessoku, Masato Nagaoka, Yohei Morishita, Toshiki Kobayashi and Hiromi Kojima

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010030 - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated whether a composite index combining the systemic immune–inflammation index (SII) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), the coSII–PNI score, enhances prognostic prediction in head and neck cancer. We retrospectively evaluated 166 patients who underwent curative surgery between 2015 and 2023. Patients [...] Read more.

This study evaluated whether a composite index combining the systemic immune–inflammation index (SII) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), the coSII–PNI score, enhances prognostic prediction in head and neck cancer. We retrospectively evaluated 166 patients who underwent curative surgery between 2015 and 2023. Patients were stratified into three groups according to the coSII–PNI score (range, 0–2) derived from preoperative blood data. The optimal cutoff values for SII and PNI were 743 and 49, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between the SII and PNI (r = −0.386, p < 0.01). Patients with a high coSII–PNI score (low SII + high PNI) showed significantly better disease-free and overall survival than those with lower scores (both p < 0.01). The areas under the curve for predicting prognosis were 0.649 for SII, 0.717 for PNI, and 0.730 for the coSII–PNI score. These findings indicate that integrating systemic inflammation and nutritional status improves prognostic accuracy compared with either index alone. Therefore, the coSII–PNI score may serve as a simple, practical preoperative biomarker for risk stratification in patients with head and neck cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Postoperative Survival Analysis of Elective Colorectal Cancer Surgery with Liver Cirrhosis: A Propensity-Matched Study

by Tsung-Jung Tsai, Kai-Jyun Syu, Xuan-Yuan Huang, Yu Shih Liu, Chang-Wei Chen, Yu-Yao Chang, Yen-Hang Wu and Tsung Chuang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010029 - 5 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Liver cirrhosis increases perioperative risk in colorectal cancer surgery, yet data on long-term outcomes remain limited. In this study, we evaluated postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival in cirrhotic patients. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort, 53 cirrhotic patients undergoing elective colectomy or [...] Read more.

Background: Liver cirrhosis increases perioperative risk in colorectal cancer surgery, yet data on long-term outcomes remain limited. In this study, we evaluated postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival in cirrhotic patients. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort, 53 cirrhotic patients undergoing elective colectomy or proctectomy (2011–2022) were propensity score-matched 1:1 with non-cirrhotic controls. Perioperative variables, complications, and survival were analyzed. Subgroup analyses were performed for right hemicolectomy and non-right hemicolectomy procedures. Kaplan–Meier and logistic regression analyses were implemented to assess outcomes and risk factors. Results: Cirrhotic patients had higher preoperative MELD-Na scores and lower albumin and hemoglobin levels. They experienced greater blood loss, longer operative times, more ICU admissions, and higher rates of major complications (18.9% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.01). Mortality was higher at in-hospital (7.5% vs. 0%), 3-month (9.4% vs. 0%), and 60-month (66% vs. 28.3%) intervals, and these patients’ overall survival was shorter (70.7 vs. 116.8 months, p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis showed that the adverse impact of cirrhosis persisted for both right hemicolectomy and non-right hemicolectomy procedures, with significantly worse long-term survival in cirrhotic patients. Postoperative complications after right hemicolectomy did not differ significantly between groups. Among cirrhotic patients, Child–Turcotte–Pugh class B predicted worse survival than class A (40.1 vs. 84.8 months, p = 0.006). Preoperative hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dL) independently predicted long-term mortality (HR = 3.93). Conclusions: Elective colorectal surgery in patients with cirrhosis is associated with increased perioperative complications and significantly reduced long-term survival. However, postoperative outcomes after right hemicolectomy in cirrhotic patients were comparable to those of non-cirrhotic patients, despite their persistently poorer long-term survival. Optimization of nutritional status and careful preoperative assessment of hepatic reserve are essential to improving outcomes in this high-risk population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgical Advances in the Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1254 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Multiple Endocrinology Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs) Related to Pembrolizumab as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Two Cases of TNBC Patients: Case Reports and Literature Review

by Khashayar Yazdanpanah Ardakani, Gaia Passarella, Andrea Gerardo Antonio Lania, Thoma Dario Clementi, Alessandro Fanti, Francesca Fulvia Pepe, Serena Capici and Marina Elena Cazzaniga

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010028 - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, showed promising results in the treatment of different types of solid tumors and generally an improvement in overall survival and patients’ outcome. However, as a drug that targets the immune system to enhance the anti-tumor response, it simultaneously [...] Read more.

Pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, showed promising results in the treatment of different types of solid tumors and generally an improvement in overall survival and patients’ outcome. However, as a drug that targets the immune system to enhance the anti-tumor response, it simultaneously increases the risk of autoimmune reactions, producing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These irAEs might involve any body organ, and in some cases may lead to treatment discontinuation. In this article, we discuss two cases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, who developed irAEs during the course of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab, highlighting the mechanism of the reactions, possible clinical manifestations, and potential management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3098 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Olanzapine Plus Triple Antiemetic Therapy for the Prevention of Platinum-Based Delayed-Phase Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Meta-Analysis

by Wenlin Gong, Hongxin Qie, Yuxiang Xu, Peiyuan Wang, Jinglin Gao and Mingxia Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010027 - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common treatment-related side effect that has a detrimental effect on the quality of life of patients with cancer and may lead to dose reductions or discontinuation of chemotherapy. This meta-analysis aims to explore the efficacy [...] Read more.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common treatment-related side effect that has a detrimental effect on the quality of life of patients with cancer and may lead to dose reductions or discontinuation of chemotherapy. This meta-analysis aims to explore the efficacy and safety of olanzapine plus triple antiemetic therapy for prevention of delayed-phase platinum-based CINV. Methods: Electronic databases (five English databases: (I) PubMed, (II) ScienceDirect, (III) The Cochrane Library, (IV) Scopus, and (V) EMBASE, and two Chinese databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Database) were searched for trials that evaluated the effectiveness and safety of olanzapine plus triple antiemetic in preventing platinum-based CINV. Efficacy was no nausea, complete control, and complete response (CR) rates in the acute, delayed, and overall phases after chemotherapy. Data were analyzed using the random effects model and fixed effects model. Results: A total of 18 trials involving 3110 patients were identified, including 9 controlled trials and 9 single-arm trials. The meta-analysis of nine studies, which showed significant heterogeneity (p = 0.002, I² = 67%), demonstrated that the olanzapine (OLN) group had a significantly higher rate of delayed CR compared to the control group (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.57–3.46, p < 0.00001). Compared with the Without OLN group, the With OLN group had a significant overall CR (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.80–2.63, p < 0.00001, heterogeneity: p < 0.00001, I² = 69%), and a significant acute CR (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.45–3.58, p < 0.00001, heterogeneity: p = 0.04, I² = 51%). The meta-analysis revealed that the With OLN group could significantly increase the risk of dry mouth compared to the Without OLN group (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.73–3.91). In terms of insomnia, the odds ratio for the With OLN group was significantly lower than that for the Without OLN group (OR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.41–0.89). Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis provide robust evidence that adding olanzapine to standard triple therapy significantly improves the prevention of platinum-based delayed-phase CINV, a setting where current antiemetic regimens often prove suboptimal. However, it also increases the risk of certain adverse events, especially dry mouth. Clinical decisions should be made based on a thorough assessment of the therapeutic benefits and safety risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Palliative and Supportive Care)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolving Practices in Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Impact of the 2015 ATA Guidelines

by Benard Gjeloshi, Leonardo Rossi, Carlo Enrico Ambrosini, Chiara Becucci, Piermarco Papini, Andrea De Palma, Luigi De Napoli, Marco Puccini and Gabriele Materazzi

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010026 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The extent of initial surgical resection for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains debated. Traditionally, total thyroidectomy (TT) has been the standard approach, although the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines endorsed a more conservative strategy. The real-world adoption of these [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The extent of initial surgical resection for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains debated. Traditionally, total thyroidectomy (TT) has been the standard approach, although the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines endorsed a more conservative strategy. The real-world adoption of these recommendations, however, is unclear. This study evaluated changes in the surgical management of low-risk PTC in a high-volume center following the implementation of the ATA guidelines and analyzed the impact on postoperative outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 1644 patients who underwent surgery for localized low-risk PTC < 4 cm between 2014 and 2023. Temporal trends in the initial surgical procedure (TT vs. thyroid lobectomy [TL]) were analyzed overall and by tumor size and patient demographics. The need for completion thyroidectomy after TL and postoperative outcomes were also assessed. Results: The use of TL increased from 0% in 2014 to 59.4% in 2023 (p < 0.001). For microcarcinomas, TL rose from 17.5% in 2016 to 78% in 2023, with similar but less pronounced trends for 1–2 cm tumors. TT remained predominant for nodules > 2 cm. The completion thyroidectomy rate declined from 32% in 2016 to 4% in 2022. Patients undergoing TT experienced higher rates of postoperative complications (12.4% vs. 3.0%), particularly transient hypoparathyroidism (8.9% vs. 0%), and permanent hypoparathyroidism (1.8% vs. 0%), as well as longer operative time and hospital stay (all p < 0.001). The incidence of hypoparathyroidism decreased over time as TL use increased. Conclusions: Adoption of the 2015 ATA guidelines has progressively increased the use of TL in the management of low-risk PTC. This shift in surgical practice is associated with a reduction in the overall postoperative complication burden at the population level, largely driven by decreased hypoparathyroidism. Although guideline uptake has been gradual, current trends suggest increasing acceptance of less aggressive surgical strategies in routine clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Thyroid Cancer Management)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

39 pages, 825 KB

Open AccessReview

Reawakening Differentiation Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Comprehensive Review of ATRA-Based Combination Strategies

by Shinichiro Takahashi

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010025 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

(1) Background: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has transformed the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by inducing terminal myeloid differentiation. However, its efficacy in non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is limited. Exploring combination strategies that enhance ATRA-induced differentiation may broaden its therapeutic potential. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has transformed the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by inducing terminal myeloid differentiation. However, its efficacy in non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is limited. Exploring combination strategies that enhance ATRA-induced differentiation may broaden its therapeutic potential. (2) Methods: A literature search of PubMed using the keywords “ATRA,” “myeloid,” and “differentiation inducer or enhancer” identified more than 500 published papers as of November 2025. Pre-clinical and clinical studies were reviewed, with a focus on mechanisms, combination partners, and translational relevance. (3) Results: Clinical evidence confirms that ATRA combined with arsenic trioxide or epigenetic modulators achieves high remission rates in APL and selected AML subtypes. Pre-clinical studies show synergistic differentiation effects when ATRA is combined with CDK and kinase inhibitors, nucleotide synthesis inhibitors, DNA-damaging agents, Bcl-2/MDM2 inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, cytokines, glycosylation modifiers, natural products, and antibiotic-derived compounds. Mechanistically, these combinations modulate key signaling pathways (MAPK, Akt, JAK/STAT), stabilize RARα, remodel chromatin, and perturb nucleotide metabolism. Although translation to non-APL AML remains limited, these findings provide a rational basis for future clinical trials. (4) ATRA-based combination therapies represent a promising strategy to extend differentiation therapy beyond APL. This review, authored solely by the investigator, highlights molecular targets and potential enhancers warranting further clinical evaluation in AML. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 345 KB

Open AccessReview

Is Moderately Hypofractionated Radiotherapy a Safe and Effective Strategy for Cervical Cancer?—A Review of Current Evidence

by Hui Xiao, Fuxin Guo, Zhenyu Wang, Kangjia Pei, Shuhua Wei, Ang Qu, Junjie Wang and Ping Jiang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010024 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite advancements in HPV vaccination and screening. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a critical role in managing CC, but conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) is limited by long treatment [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite advancements in HPV vaccination and screening. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a critical role in managing CC, but conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) is limited by long treatment durations, which reduce patient adherence, increase the risk of treatment interruptions, and impair healthcare access in LMICs. Moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy (MHRT) may offer a promising alternative, delivering higher doses per fraction with fewer total fractions, thus shortening treatment duration and alleviating the burden on both patients and healthcare systems. Early clinical data suggest that MHRT achieve acceptable short- to medium-term tumor control with manageable toxicity. However, the small sample sizes and limited follow-up in published studies preclude definitive conclusions about long-term efficacy and safety. This review synthesizes the existing clinical evidence to outline the potential benefits and inherent limitations of MHRT in CC management and highlight the need for future large-scale, long-term randomized controlled trials with rigorous quality assurance protocols. These findings also have implications for the potential implementation of MHRT in LMICs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

16 pages, 795 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Self-Esteem and Self-Perceived Burden on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients with Ovarian Cancer: Does Age Matter?

by Lei Dou, Li Liu, Zhichen Liu, Yajing Wang, Hui Guo, Yiqun Xiao, Meizhu Pan, Yuli Song, Hui Wu and Yi Zhang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010023 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, is characterized by a poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The present study examined the mediating role of self-perceived burden (SPB) in the impact of self-esteem on HRQoL and whether age moderated the associations among [...] Read more.

Background: Ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, is characterized by a poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The present study examined the mediating role of self-perceived burden (SPB) in the impact of self-esteem on HRQoL and whether age moderated the associations among ovarian cancer patients. Methods: 203 patients effectively completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and SPB scale, respectively. For the FACT-G, physical (PWB), social/family (SFWB), emotional (EWB), and functional well-being (FWB) were scored separately. Results: Significant mediation of SPB in the impacts of self-esteem on PWB (a × b = 0.074, 95% CI: 0.018, 0.153), EWB (a × b = 0.048, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.125), and FWB (a × b = 0.056, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.114) were revealed. Age positively moderated the impact of self-esteem on SPB (β = 0.159, p < 0.05), and the associations of SPB with PWB (β = 0.173, p < 0.05) and EWB (β = 0.240, p < 0.01), indicating a moderated mediation. Conclusions: Ovarian cancer patients’ self-esteem could improve the PWB, EWB, and FWB domains of HRQoL by reducing SPB. Age could attenuate SPB’s mediation in the impacts of self-esteem on PWB and EWB, indicating stronger impacts in younger patients. Clinical programs integrating components that strengthen self-esteem and reduce SPB may be particularly beneficial for younger women with ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 248 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychosocial Barriers and Social Perceptions in Oncology Patients with Tracheostomy: Case–Control Study

by Tomasz Jurys, Milena Orzażewska, Karolina Klimek, Eliza Działach, Jarosław Markowski and Mateusz Grajek

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010022 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Patients with respiratory tract malignancies who undergo tracheostomy often experience profound psychosocial challenges related to visible anatomical changes and altered communication. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychosocial barriers and perceived social acceptance in patients living with a tracheostomy, compared with [...] Read more.

Patients with respiratory tract malignancies who undergo tracheostomy often experience profound psychosocial challenges related to visible anatomical changes and altered communication. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychosocial barriers and perceived social acceptance in patients living with a tracheostomy, compared with patients treated for similar cancers without requiring a tracheostomy. A matched case–control study with frequency matching at the group level was conducted including 150 patients with permanent tracheostomies and 150 matched controls treated with organ-preserving approaches. Groups were frequency-matched at the group level based on age, sex, primary tumor site, and disease stage at diagnosis. Participants completed a study-specific questionnaire assessing social withdrawal, self-consciousness, and perceived reactions of others using a five-point Likert scale. A composite Psychosocial Barrier Score was calculated, and subgroup analyses examined differences according to gender and age. Patients with tracheostomies demonstrated significantly higher psychosocial burden than controls, with markedly elevated composite scores and higher endorsement of stigma-related items. Female and younger patients within the tracheostomy group reported the greatest psychosocial difficulties, including increased social avoidance and reduced confidence in public settings. In contrast, gender- and age-related differences were minimal in the control group. These findings indicate that tracheostomy is strongly associated with heightened psychosocial barriers and perceived social stigma, particularly among younger and female patients. Integrating targeted psychosocial support into routine post-treatment care may be essential to improve social reintegration and quality of life in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

Journal Description

Current Oncology

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI