Current Oncology

21 pages, 857 KB

Open AccessReview

Prostate Cancer Biomarkers with a Focus on Galectin-3: Emerging Clinical and Therapeutic Implications

by Hiba Narvel, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Adnan Gulam Nabi, Aman Goyal, Rohan Garje, Sanjay Srinivasan, Hafiz Ahmed and Deepak Kilari

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050280 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2026

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) management has evolved with biomarker-driven strategies, yet biological heterogeneity, adaptive resistance, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment limit their efficacy. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has emerged as a central node in PCa pathobiology, influencing tumor survival, metastasis, and immune escape. This review comprehensively reviews [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer (PCa) management has evolved with biomarker-driven strategies, yet biological heterogeneity, adaptive resistance, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment limit their efficacy. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has emerged as a central node in PCa pathobiology, influencing tumor survival, metastasis, and immune escape. This review comprehensively reviews Gal-3’s dual role as a biomarker and a therapeutic target. We first delineate the limitations of the current diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in PCa, establishing the unmet need. We then elucidate the multifunctional biology of Gal-3, detailing its compartment-specific roles in anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and, notably, its function as a master regulator of immunosuppression. The interaction between Gal-3 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is explored as a key regulatory interface. Furthermore, we catalog and analyze emerging Gal-3-targeted therapies, emphasizing their rationale for combination with immune checkpoint blockade to reverse therapeutic resistance. Finally, we outline a translational roadmap, advocating for standardized Gal-3 biomarker assays and biomarker-enriched clinical trials. Integrating Gal-3 into the PCa precision medicine toolkit offers a novel strategy to address heterogeneity and improve therapeutic durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

14 pages, 1283 KB

Open AccessReview

The Contemporary Role of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Radiation Oncology: A Review

by Saad Mohssine, Marie-Ève Pelland, Stephane Bedwani and David Roberge

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050279 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2026

Abstract

Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are increasingly being explored as tools with potential applications in radiation oncology, with applications in education, patient care, and workflow optimization. This review evaluates the current landscape and future potential of immersive technologies in clinical [...] Read more.

Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are increasingly being explored as tools with potential applications in radiation oncology, with applications in education, patient care, and workflow optimization. This review evaluates the current landscape and future potential of immersive technologies in clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted via PubMed and Scopus (search date: January 2026) using a Boolean search strategy combining terms for virtual/augmented/mixed reality, radiotherapy, and education/anxiety/training; articles published between 2010 and 2026 were screened independently by two reviewers. An online survey assessed experience with and perceptions of VR among Canadian radiation oncologists. Semi-structured interviews with physicians, residents, therapists, physicists, and a staff psychologist at a large academic tertiary-care center in Canada explored qualitative insights into current use and attitudes toward immersive technologies. Results: VR and AR show utility across multiple domains. In education, platforms such as the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) enable therapists to practice in simulated treatment environments, while VR-based contouring tools reduce segmentation time by 41–58% and improve spatial understanding. For patient care, immersive VR interventions reduce pre-treatment anxiety by 26–56%, enhance understanding of procedures, and may decrease sedation in pediatric populations. AR-guided positioning systems demonstrate feasibility with acceptable accuracy, offering radiation-free setup verification. Survey findings revealed limited adoption (>80% reported no use), though 40% believed VR could enhance patient education and 39% desired expanded integration over the next decade. Barriers included cost, limited institutional awareness, and lack of training infrastructure. Conclusions: VR and AR show early potential for improving education, reducing patient anxiety, and enhancing positioning accuracy in radiation oncology. Despite implementation barriers, ongoing trials and technological advances are gradually building the evidence needed to clarify the role of immersive technologies in clinical practice. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 835 KB

Open AccessArticle

Significant Correlation of Dynamic Pan-Immune Inflammation Value and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated with Total Neoadjuvant Therapy

by Sukran Celikarslan, Duygu Karahacioglu, Bengi Gurses, Fatih Selcukbiricik, Emre Balik, Derya Salim Uymaz, Ahmet Rencuzogullari, Dursun Bugra, Sahin Lacin, Kerim Kaban, Perran Fulden Yumuk, Nil Molinas Mandel, Ayse Armutlu, Burcu Saka, N. Volkan Adsay, Metin Vural, Merve Duman, Caglayan Selenge Beduk Esen, Nulifer Kilic Durankus, Duygu Sezen, Saliha Ezgi Oymak, Yasemin Atagun and Ugur Selek Show full author list Hide full author list

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050278 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Accurate identification of complete or near-complete responders after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is critical for selecting candidates for non-operative management in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). While static inflammatory biomarkers have been widely investigated, the predictive value of dynamic changes in [...] Read more.

Background: Accurate identification of complete or near-complete responders after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is critical for selecting candidates for non-operative management in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). While static inflammatory biomarkers have been widely investigated, the predictive value of dynamic changes in systemic inflammation during TNT remains unclear. This study evaluated whether changes in the Pan-Immune Inflammation Value (PIV) correlate with magnetic resonance imaging tumor regression grade (mrTRG) and regrowth risk. Methods: Seventy-three patients with LARC treated with TNT between 2018 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified as complete/near-complete responders (C-NCRG; mrTRG1–2) or residual disease group (RDG; mrTRG3–5). The PIV was calculated as (platelet × monocyte × neutrophil)/lymphocyte at treatment initiation (first-PIV), three weeks after completion of chemotherapy (last-PIV), and at regrowth (Rg-PIV). Dynamic changes were defined as Δ-PIV (last-PIV minus first-PIV) and ΔRg-PIV (Rg-PIV minus first-PIV). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified optimal cutoffs, and logistic regression assessed independent associations. Results: The baseline PIV did not differ between groups. Last-PIV and Δ-PIV were significantly lower in the C-NCRG compared with RDG (p = 0.006). A Δ-PIV cutoff of −36.9 discriminated responders (AUC = 0.705; sensitivity 53.7%; specificity 84.4%) and remained independently associated with MRI response in multivariate analysis. In the non-operative management cohort, ΔRg-PIV was significantly lower in patients without regrowth (p = 0.001), with a cutoff of −77.72 (AUC = 0.794; sensitivity 88.9%; specificity 66.7%). Overall survival was superior in the C-NCRG (p = 0.01). Conclusions: A dynamic reduction in the PIV during TNT is significantly associated with favorable MRI response and lower regrowth risk in LARC. PIV dynamics may serve as a noninvasive complementary biomarker to support response assessment and stratification in organ-preservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 589 KB

Open AccessArticle

Docetaxel in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multi-Centre Real-World Evidence Analysis in the Immunotherapy Era

by Christopher F. Theriau, Yuchen Li, Deborah Akurang, Sara M. Moore, Rosalyn A. Juergens, Natasha B. Leighl and Paul Wheatley-Price

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050277 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Docetaxel has been a standard second-line or later (2L+) treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for more than two decades and remains recommended in current treatment algorithms. However, real-world outcomes in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are limited. This [...] Read more.

Docetaxel has been a standard second-line or later (2L+) treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for more than two decades and remains recommended in current treatment algorithms. However, real-world outcomes in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are limited. This multicenter retrospective study included patients with advanced NSCLC treated with 2L+ docetaxel monotherapy between January 2011 and December 2020. The primary endpoint was median overall survival (mOS) from docetaxel initiation. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify predictors of OS. A total of 285 patients were analyzed. Median age was 62 years; 43% female, 75% ECOG performance status (PS) 0–1, and 65% adenocarcinoma. Molecular alterations included EGFR (20%) and KRAS (15%). PD-L1 status was available in 66% of patients. Median docetaxel exposure was three cycles, administered as 2L (48%), 3L (35%), or 4L+ (17%). Prior therapies included chemotherapy (96%), ICI (38%), targeted therapy (21%), and chemo-immunotherapy (10%). mOS was 6.5 months (95% CI, 5.9–7.3). On multivariate analysis, KRAS alteration (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.37–0.94; p = 0.026) and ECOG PS (1 vs. 0 HR 2.26; 95% CI 1.15–4.43; p = 0.018, ≥2 vs. 0 HR 2.62; 95% CI 1.27–5.41; p = 0.0091) remained independent predictors of OS. Real-world OS with docetaxel is consistent with historical trial data, irrespective of prior ICI, targeted therapy, or chemo-immunotherapy. KRAS mutation and a favourable ECOG PS were associated with improved survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

19 pages, 744 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Forecasting Trends in Androgen Deprivation Therapy Intensification for Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort and Time-Series Analysis

by Ealia Khosh Kish, Erind Dvorani, Refik Saskin, Andrew S. Wilton, Raj Satkunasivam, Khatereh Aminoltejari, Amanda Hird, Kasey Berscheid, Soumyajit Roy, Scott C. Morgan, Michael Ong, Di Maria Jiang, Geoffrey T. Gotto, Bobby Shayegan, Girish S. Kulkarni, Rodney H. Breau, Aly-Khan A. Lalani, David-Dan Nguyen and Christopher J. D. Wallis

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050276 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Treatment intensification with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) and/or docetaxel in addition to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves survival for men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), yet real-world uptake has historically been low. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of Ontario [...] Read more.

Treatment intensification with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) and/or docetaxel in addition to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves survival for men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), yet real-world uptake has historically been low. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of Ontario men aged ≥66 years diagnosed with de novo mHSPC between 2014 and 2022 using linked administrative health data, defining treatment intensification as initiation of an ARPI and/or docetaxel with ADT within six months of diagnosis. Quarterly intensification rates were modeled using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time-series methods with nonlinear trend specifications, and competing models were compared using information criteria, out-of-sample hold-out forecast accuracy, and long-horizon extrapolation behaviour to project uptake through 2030. Among 6099 men, 24% received treatment intensification, with quarterly intensification rates increasing from 3% in 2014 to 56% in 2022. A restricted cubic spline ARIMA model (ARIMA(1,0,1) + RCS3) was selected as the primary base-case forecast because it showed superior out-of-sample hold-out accuracy and more tempered long-horizon extrapolation. The cubic specification was retained as an upper-bound scenario, reflecting the possibility of continued aggressive momentum in treatment adoption. Both specifications captured a marked inflection after 2020 that temporally coincided with guideline updates and funding expansions. Near-term base-case projections (through 2026) suggest continued growth in intensification toward 80–85%, with the upper-bound scenario approaching saturation more quickly. Projections beyond 2026 are exploratory and presented for methodological completeness, given the eight-year horizon relative to a nine-year observation window and the widening prediction intervals at extended horizons. Despite substantial growth over time, treatment intensification remains incomplete in routine practice. These findings are temporally consistent with the impact of policy and funding changes on the adoption of evidence-based therapy and underscore the need for ongoing implementation efforts to address persistent clinical and system-level barriers to equitable access. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 996 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Clinical Practice for Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey

by Tatiana Dragan, Niclas Hubel, Jens Lehmann, Katherine J. Taylor, Renée Bultijnck, Tihana Gašpert, Luigi Lorini, Vincent Bourbonne, Arnaud Beddok, Bartłomiej Tomasik, Daan Nevens, Stefano Cavalieri, Ruth Gabriela Herrera Gómez, Esmée Lauren Looman, Iyizoba-Ebozue Zsuzsanna, Fatjona Kraja, Emma Lidington, Csongor György Lengyel, Marc Oliva, Gerardo Petruzzi, Ana Varges Gomes, Maria Pilar Solis Hernandez, Sophie Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Jesus Brenes Castro, Francesca Caparrotti, Giuseppe Fanetti, Yannick G. Eller, Chiara Gottardi, Laurelie R. Wishart and Petr Szturz Show full author list Hide full author list

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050275 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) and its multimodal treatment substantially impair speech, swallowing, breathing, appearance, and psychosocial well-being. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) improve symptom monitoring and quality of life in oncology, yet their integration into routine HNC care remains inconsistent. This study [...] Read more.

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) and its multimodal treatment substantially impair speech, swallowing, breathing, appearance, and psychosocial well-being. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) improve symptom monitoring and quality of life in oncology, yet their integration into routine HNC care remains inconsistent. This study assessed patterns of PROM use, perceived value, and barriers to implementation among healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved in HNC care. Methods: A 30-item cross-sectional survey was distributed to HCPs treating HNC patients between June 2024 and April 2025. The questionnaire explored PROM use in clinical practice and trials, perceived relevance across care phases, and implementation barriers. Respondents were classified as non-users, occasional users, or regular users. Data were analyzed descriptively with comparisons between groups. Results: Among 133 respondents, 33.8% were non-users, 29.3% occasional users, and 36.8% regular users of PROMs. Users reported inviting half of patients to complete PROMs, predominantly via paper-based questionnaires (67.8%). PROMs were mainly applied during active treatment and early follow-up to monitor symptoms, overall health, and emotional well-being, and were less frequently used to guide treatment decisions. The EORTC QLQ-C30 and HNC-specific tools were most commonly reported. Compared with users, non-users more often cited lack of time, limited training in interpreting PROM data, insufficient institutional support, resource constraints, and lack of appropriate instruments (all p < 0.05). PROM use in clinical trials was associated with routine use (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Although PROMs are widely valued in HNC care, their integration into clinical decision-making remains limited. Addressing organizational, educational, and digital barriers is essential to support sustainable implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 847 KB

Open AccessReview

A Consensus Approach to the Incorporation of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in a Treatment Algorithm for Stage I–III Resectable Rectal Cancer

by Sami A. Chadi, Karineh Kazazian, Paul Savage, Christine Brezden-Masley, Ron Burkes, Eric Chen, Anand Govindarajan, Ali Hosni, Raymond Jang, Erin Kennedy, John Kim, Jelena Lukovic, Aruz Mesci, Catherine O’Brien, Fayez Quereshy, Abdulazeez Salawu, Peter K. Stotland and Carol J. Swallow

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050274 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Advances in surgical techniques, radiographic imaging capabilities, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have led to improved outcomes for patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Treatment strategies have correspondingly evolved, as seen with total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) and organ preservation approaches. TNT is a treatment strategy for primary, [...] Read more.

Advances in surgical techniques, radiographic imaging capabilities, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have led to improved outcomes for patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Treatment strategies have correspondingly evolved, as seen with total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) and organ preservation approaches. TNT is a treatment strategy for primary, non-metastatic, resectable mismatch repair proficient rectal cancer where the intent is to administer all appropriate adjuvant therapy in the preoperative phase, including both systemic therapy and chemoradiotherapy/radiotherapy. In this setting, TNT is increasingly administered for the purposes of maximizing tumour response to facilitate resection, improving treatment compliance, thus increasing the likelihood of a complete response to allow for organ preservation and for the possibility of improving survival. While several recent randomized controlled trials have described the role of TNT in the contemporary treatment of rectal cancer, there is significant heterogeneity in sequencing of treatments, dosing, allowance for non-operative management, and the potential for over-treatment. Our objective here was to incorporate current evidence to develop a consensus-based institutional treatment algorithm to be used in the ambulatory and multidisciplinary team setting for the treatment of stage I–III rectal cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 7159 KB

Open AccessReview

Intraoperative Margin Control in Eyelid Tumor Surgery: Current Standards, Imaging Advances, and Emerging Techniques

by Michele Nardella, Anna Argentesi, Claudia Pirro, Claudia Quaranta Leoni and Francesco M. Quaranta Leoni

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050273 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Eyelid malignancies require accurate intraoperative margin control to achieve complete tumor excision while preserving the functional and aesthetic integrity of the periocular region. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is widely regarded as the reference standard for margin-controlled excision, whereas frozen section–controlled excision (FSC) [...] Read more.

Background: Eyelid malignancies require accurate intraoperative margin control to achieve complete tumor excision while preserving the functional and aesthetic integrity of the periocular region. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is widely regarded as the reference standard for margin-controlled excision, whereas frozen section–controlled excision (FSC) represents a reliable and widely used alternative in oculoplastic practice. In parallel, several emerging imaging technologies are being investigated to improve real-time tumor detection and surgical precision. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted to summarize current evidence on intraoperative margin control in eyelid tumor surgery. The review focused on established surgical techniques, including MMS and FSC, as well as emerging imaging modalities such as fluorescence confocal microscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, line-field confocal optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis. Results: MMS provides complete circumferential peripheral and deep margin assessment and remains the benchmark for high-risk, recurrent, and poorly defined periocular tumors, particularly basal cell carcinoma. FSC offers favorable oncologic outcomes, allows immediate reconstruction, and remains an effective option when MMS is not available. Emerging imaging modalities have shown promising diagnostic performance for tumor detection, presurgical mapping, and intraoperative support, particularly in basal cell carcinoma, although evidence in periocular tumors remains limited for most techniques. AI-assisted approaches have also demonstrated high accuracy in the interpretation of frozen sections and optical imaging data, suggesting potential to improve workflow efficiency and diagnostic consistency. Conclusions: MMS and FSC remain the current standards for intraoperative margin control in eyelid tumor surgery. Emerging imaging technologies and AI-based tools may further enhance surgical precision and tissue preservation, but most remain investigational in the periocular setting. Further prospective studies are needed to validate their clinical utility, define standardized workflows, and clarify their role alongside established histopathologic techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surgical Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 300 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of a Web-Based App for Adverse Effect Management in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Oral Targeted Therapy or Chemotherapy: Findings from a Pilot Study

by Julie Lemieux, Isabelle Côté, Martine Lemay, Sophie Lauzier, Philippe Després, Christine Desbiens, Catherine Doyle, Brigitte Poirier, Amel Baghdadli, Leonardo Di Schiavi Trotta and Hermann Nabi

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050272 - 7 May 2026

Abstract

This pilot study (NCT05743686) evaluated the feasibility of a web-based application enabling patients with breast cancer (BC) receiving oral therapy to self-report and manage treatment-related adverse effects (AEs). Patients were enrolled between January and August 2023. Historical controls were used for comparison. Participants [...] Read more.

This pilot study (NCT05743686) evaluated the feasibility of a web-based application enabling patients with breast cancer (BC) receiving oral therapy to self-report and manage treatment-related adverse effects (AEs). Patients were enrolled between January and August 2023. Historical controls were used for comparison. Participants used the web-app to self-report AEs daily for 13 weeks, completed the PRO-CTCAE weekly, and completed a questionnaire assessing psychosocial precursor factors associated with treatment adherence. Some patients and healthcare professionals participated in semi-structured interviews. The study included 28 participants and 185 historical controls. Compared with controls, participants had fewer interactions with hospital pharmacists (0 [0–1] vs. 0 [0–7], p = 0.04), with no significant differences in the number of visits, hospitalizations, or modifications to treatment. Concordance between AEs reported via the web-app and PRO-CTCAE was 66.2%. No statistically significant changes were observed in psychosocial precursor factors of treatment adherence following the intervention (all p > 0.05). The qualitative data underscored the generally positive reception of the web-based application among both patients and healthcare professionals. In conclusion, in this small mixed-methods pilot study, monitoring oral cancer therapy-related adverse effects using the web-app was feasible and acceptable, and was associated with a lower frequency of telephone contacts with hospital pharmacists compared with historical usual care. These preliminary findings are exploratory and warrant confirmation in larger, prospectively designed studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

10 pages, 3175 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Durable Response to Selpercatinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Harboring a Novel TIMM23B::RET Fusion: A Case Report

by Ziyan Tong, Mengyuan Yang, Shanshan Weng and Ying Yuan

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050271 - 7 May 2026

Abstract

RET fusions are rare but actionable oncogenic drivers in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), occurring in a small molecular subset with limited clinical evidence for selective RET inhibition. We report a 77-year-old woman with mCRC harboring a rare TIMM23B::RET fusion who achieved durable benefit [...] Read more.

RET fusions are rare but actionable oncogenic drivers in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), occurring in a small molecular subset with limited clinical evidence for selective RET inhibition. We report a 77-year-old woman with mCRC harboring a rare TIMM23B::RET fusion who achieved durable benefit from selpercatinib after progression on capecitabine. Molecular profiling showed RAS/BRAF wild-type, microsatellite-stable disease with a TIMM23B::RET fusion. Selpercatinib induced a marked decline in tumor markers and a sustained partial response on serial imaging. Treatment was complicated by grade 3 hepatotoxicity, requiring temporary interruption and dose reduction to 80 mg twice daily. Despite this, disease control was maintained without further grade ≥ 3 toxicity. At the time of writing, the patient remains on treatment with progression-free survival exceeding 14 months. To our knowledge, this is among the first detailed reports of mCRC harboring a TIMM23B::RET fusion with documented clinical benefit from selpercatinib. This case highlights the value of comprehensive genomic profiling and individualized toxicity management in rare molecular subsets of mCRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sexuality in Adult Cancer Patients Living with Enterostomy or Urostomy: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study

by Nicolò Panattoni, Giulia Manzon, Alessia Campoli, Valentina Anselmi, Francesca Laurenza, Chiara Giammaria, Aurora De Leo, Alessandro Spano, Fabrizio Petrone, Emanuele Di Simone and Laura Iacorossi

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050270 - 7 May 2026

Abstract

Cancer patients with an enterostomy or urostomy face significant physical and psychological challenges that impact their sexuality and quality of life. Despite its importance, this topic is often overlooked in clinical settings. This study explores the lived experiences of these patients regarding their [...] Read more.

Cancer patients with an enterostomy or urostomy face significant physical and psychological challenges that impact their sexuality and quality of life. Despite its importance, this topic is often overlooked in clinical settings. This study explores the lived experiences of these patients regarding their sexual health. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, researchers performed face-to-face interviews with 33 adult cancer patients living with enterostomy or urostomy at Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome, Italy. Data were analyzed according to Giorgi’s method to identify core themes. Four primary themes emerged: the emotional weight of surgery, fear of rejection or disgust, the influence of partner reactions on intimacy, and the struggle to find professional guidance. Participants reported reduced desire and altered body image, though many utilized coping strategies like personal resilience and partner support. Stoma surgery profoundly affects sexuality, yet professional support remains inadequate. The study highlights a critical need for multidisciplinary care and proactive communication. Integrating sexual health into routine oncological practice is essential for providing person-centred care and improving overall quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology Nursing)

16 pages, 703 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Propeller Flaps in Extremity Sarcoma Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Reconstructive Outcomes and Oncologic Considerations

by Sara Matarazzo, Beatrice Corsini, Claudia Lauricella, Elisa Bascialla, Luigi Valdatta and Ferruccio Paganini

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050269 - 6 May 2026

Abstract

Extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection often results in complex defects requiring reconstruction to preserve function and support multidisciplinary treatment. Propeller flaps have emerged as a local alternative to free flaps in selected cases, but their role in sarcoma reconstruction remains incompletely defined. This [...] Read more.

Extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection often results in complex defects requiring reconstruction to preserve function and support multidisciplinary treatment. Propeller flaps have emerged as a local alternative to free flaps in selected cases, but their role in sarcoma reconstruction remains incompletely defined. This systematic review aimed to assess the current evidence on the indications, reconstructive outcomes, and oncologic reporting of propeller flaps in extremity sarcoma reconstruction. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library in accordance with PRISMA 2020. Studies reporting perforator-based propeller flaps after extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection were included. Data were synthesized descriptively because of the heterogeneity of study design, patient populations, and outcome reporting. Nineteen studies were included. Across the published literature, 656 patients were described overall, including 185 propeller flaps used after sarcoma resection. Most reconstructions involved the lower extremity, accounting for more than 95% of reported cases. Flap survival was generally high; among studies providing extractable numerical data, complete flap survival was 92.7% (115/124), total flap loss was 3.8% (2/52), and partial necrosis occurred in 9.6% (5/52) of flaps. Venous congestion was the most frequently reported complication. Oncologic outcomes were inconsistently reported, and comparative recurrence-related data were very limited. Available data suggest that propeller flaps can provide reliable coverage with acceptable complication rates in selected cases. Oncologic outcomes were sparsely and inconsistently reported, and the current literature does not show a clear signal of increased local recurrence; however, the available evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding oncologic safety or equivalence compared with other reconstructive strategies. These findings support consideration of propeller flaps as a complementary reconstructive option in carefully selected patients, although higher-quality studies with standardized oncologic outcomes are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surgical Oncology)

12 pages, 1651 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Overlapping Toxicities of Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib: A Case of Capillary Leak Syndrome with Severe Erythroblastosis

by Aikaterini Gkoufa, Iraklis Patsialos, Christos Stafylidis, Amalia Anastasopoulou, Dimitra Adamou, Helen Gogas and Panagiotis T. Diamantopoulos

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050268 - 6 May 2026

Abstract

Combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) improve outcomes in advanced melanoma, especially in heavily pretreated patients, but introduce complex, overlapping toxicities. Although immune-related adverse events and TKI-specific toxicities are well characterized individually, their concurrent presentation is uncommon and [...] Read more.

Combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) improve outcomes in advanced melanoma, especially in heavily pretreated patients, but introduce complex, overlapping toxicities. Although immune-related adverse events and TKI-specific toxicities are well characterized individually, their concurrent presentation is uncommon and can obscure diagnosis. Capillary leak syndrome (CLS), a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of ICIs, further complicates recognition due to nonspecific features and variable onset. A 43-year-old woman with metastatic BRAF wild-type melanoma, in complete metabolic response on lenvatinib and pembrolizumab, presented with generalized edema, hypotension, thrombocytopenia, and marked erythroblastosis. Extensive evaluation, including bone marrow analysis, excluded malignancy, infection, and autoimmune disease, but revealed multilineage dysplasia with pronounced erythroid stress. Imaging confirmed sustained remission with pleural effusions and ascites. Dual toxicity was suspected: lenvatinib-related hematologic toxicity and pembrolizumab-associated CLS. Both agents were discontinued, and corticosteroids followed by IVIG for steroid-refractory edema led to gradual recovery. This case underscores the diagnostic challenge of overlapping ICI–TKI toxicities. Mechanistically, VEGF pathway inhibition may disrupt marrow endothelial integrity and hematopoietic homeostasis, promoting cytopenias and erythroid precursor release, while immune activation drives cytokine-mediated endothelial dysfunction and vascular hyperpermeability. Early recognition and prompt immunomodulatory management are critical to improving outcomes. Full article

14 pages, 4308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes and Immune-Related Adverse Events in Metastatic Non-Squamous NSCLC Treated with First-Line Pembrolizumab–Chemotherapy: A Real-World Study from Serbia

by Zlatan Bojić, Filip Marković and Milica Kontić

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050267 - 6 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Pembrolizumab combined with pemetrexed–platinum chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for patients with metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) of 1–49%. Real-world data on treatment outcomes and the prognostic relevance of immune-related adverse events [...] Read more.

Background: Pembrolizumab combined with pemetrexed–platinum chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for patients with metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) of 1–49%. Real-world data on treatment outcomes and the prognostic relevance of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in this population remain limited, particularly in Eastern Europe. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center real-world study including patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC and PD-L1 TPS of 1–49% treated with first-line pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed–platinum chemotherapy between June 2024 and May 2025. Progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate factors associated with PFS, including baseline clinical characteristics and organ-specific irAEs graded according to CTCAE v5.0. Results: A total of 107 patients were included. Median PFS for the entire cohort was 7.03 months (95% CI, 4.81–9.26). Immune-related adverse events occurred in 52 patients (48.6%), with thyroid (21.5%) and skin (13.1%) irAEs being the most frequent. The majority of irAEs were grade 1–2, while grade 3–4 events were rare (4.7%) and limited to hepatic toxicity and pneumonitis, all leading to treatment discontinuation. In multivariate analysis, ECOG performance status 2 was independently associated with inferior PFS (HR 3.09, 95% CI 1.74–5.48; p < 0.001). Conversely, the occurrence of thyroid irAEs (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17–0.78; p = 0.009) and skin irAEs (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.10–0.79; p = 0.016) was independently associated with prolonged PFS, whereas pulmonary, hepatic, and gastrointestinal irAEs were not. Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC treated with first-line pembrolizumab–chemotherapy, clinical outcomes were consistent with prior real-world experience. These findings suggest that low-grade, manageable immune toxicities may serve as pragmatic on-treatment markers of benefit. However, given the retrospective design, limited sample size, and the absence of time-dependent analyses, these associations should be interpreted with caution and considered hypothesis-generating rather than causal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 307 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Life and Healthcare Experiences of Patients with Anal Cancer: A Mixed-Methods Study

by Andreia F. Moura, Catarina S. Padilla, Samuel M. Vorbach, Emily I. Holthuis, Baukelien van Triest, Cristiane D. Bergerot, Vassilios Vassiliou, Emir Celik, Kübra Akkaya, Irfan Cicin, Winette T. A. van der Graaf, Olga Husson and Samantha C. Sodergren

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050266 - 5 May 2026

Abstract

Anal cancer is a rare and under-researched malignancy, leading to limited understanding of patients’ experiences and potentially insufficiently tailored care. This study explored the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare interactions of people with anal cancer. Patients with confirmed diagnosis took part [...] Read more.

Anal cancer is a rare and under-researched malignancy, leading to limited understanding of patients’ experiences and potentially insufficiently tailored care. This study explored the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare interactions of people with anal cancer. Patients with confirmed diagnosis took part in semi-structured interviews, supplemented by two European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) HRQoL questionnaires. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and organized into themes. Twenty-one patients (71% female; mean age of 62 years) from five countries were included. HRQoL challenges were identified across four phases: illness onset, diagnosis, treatment, and life beyond treatment. Key themes included misdiagnosis, not being taken seriously, and emotional and social disruptions. Additional themes involved stigma, embarrassment, strain on loved ones, and healthcare experiences. Defecation problems were especially burdensome, beginning at onset, intensifying during treatment, and persisting as a chronic issue affecting well-being. Patients described coping strategies and sometimes reframed their experiences positively, expressing gratitude for support received. Questionnaire findings aligned with patients’ reports of prominent physical symptoms. Anal cancer remains highly stigmatized, creating complex physical, emotional, and social challenges. Individualized care and extended psychosocial and practical support beyond treatment are essential to improve HRQoL and dignity in survivorship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

11 pages, 939 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) with Therapy Response and Clinical Outcomes in HPV-Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Preliminary Report

by Janki Naidugari, Shruti Wadhwa, Benjamin Xie, Sarah Taheri, Indraneel Kulkarni, Luke Johnson, Heehwa G. Son, John Strickley, Shadmehr Demehri, Joongho J. Joh, Robert Mitchell and Rebecca Redman

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050265 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a critical modulator of the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). Its clinical significance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains controversial because of HPV-dependent tumor biology and the limitations of single-timepoint biomarker assessments. This preliminary [...] Read more.

Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a critical modulator of the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). Its clinical significance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains controversial because of HPV-dependent tumor biology and the limitations of single-timepoint biomarker assessments. This preliminary study evaluates whether dynamic changes in circulating MIF (ΔMIF) in an HPV-stratified longitudinal cohort reflect disease severity and treatment response. Methods: Ninety-six serial serum samples were analyzed from 27 HNSCC patients (22 HPV-positive, 5 HPV-negative) from diagnosis through therapy and follow-up. Serum MIF and anti-HPV16 E7 IgG were quantified by ELISA, and ΔMIF was defined as the change in MIF concentration between consecutive visits. Results: Baseline MIF did not correlate with clinical stage in the total cohort (p = 0.63). However, 56% of HPV-positive patients exhibited a positive correlation between elevated MIF and advanced stage. Following chemoradiotherapy, the HPV-negative group showed a consistent and significant decline in MIF (mean ΔMIF = −1.23, p = 0.031), corresponding with no evidence of disease (NED). In contrast, the HPV-positive group showed heterogeneous trajectories (mean ΔMIF = +0.21, p = 0.94), with several patients demonstrating paradoxical declines in MIF during active disease or relapse, followed by recovery upon reaching NED. In select cases, MIF dynamics were closely synchronized with anti-E7 IgG levels. Conclusions: Serum MIF dynamics are strongly dependent on HPV status. While MIF serves as a reliable therapy-monitoring marker in HPV-negative HNSCC, it may play a complex and paradoxical immunomodulatory role in HPV-positive disease. These preliminary findings support the need for larger prospective, HPV-stratified trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1230 KB

Open AccessReview

Retinoblastoma and Its Tumor Microenvironment

by Ashwinaa M. Vaithianathan and George Zanazzi

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050264 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood and is most often driven by loss of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. While current treatments achieve high survival rates, they are frequently associated with significant morbidity, highlighting the need for more precise, biology-driven [...] Read more.

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood and is most often driven by loss of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. While current treatments achieve high survival rates, they are frequently associated with significant morbidity, highlighting the need for more precise, biology-driven therapeutic methods. Increasing evidence suggests that retinoblastoma progression is not dictated by neoplastic cells alone, but rather by complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment, including stromal and immune components. In this review, we examine the cellular and molecular landscape of retinoblastoma with a particular focus on the immune microenvironment, including the spatial distribution and functional roles of innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4. We discuss how tumor- and treatment-induced immune suppression shapes disease progression and therapeutic response, and how chemotherapy alters immune infiltration and checkpoint expression. Finally, we explore emerging immunotherapeutic and cell-based approaches, emphasizing the potential for combination therapies that integrate immune modulation to improve outcomes and reduce long-term toxicity in retinoblastoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Tumor Microenvironment on Therapeutic Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2071 KB

Open AccessArticle

Educational Needs Regarding Mental Health of Professionals Working with Young Adults with Cancer: A European Survey

by Sid Morsink, Leonieke W. Kranenburg, Johanna Berg, Evangeli Bista, Saintuya Dashondog, Siret Kivistik, Mari Lahti, Carmen Monge-Montero, Joaquim Oliveira Lopes, Evanthia Sakellari, Duygu Sezgin, Margarida Rodrigues Tomás, Merle Varik and Wendy H. Oldenmenger

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050263 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Worldwide, an increase in cancer diagnosis has been identified, especially in people under 50 years and in young adults (YAs, age group 18–39 years) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Routine Screening for Distress, Depression and Anxiety in Oncology: Where Are We Now?)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 260 KB

Open AccessArticle

Greek Physicians’ Skills and Factors Affecting Breaking Bad News to Cancer Patients

by Georgios Goumas, Theodoros I. Dardavesis, Konstantinos Syrigos, Nikolaos Syrigos, Dimitra S. Mouliou and Effie Simou

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(5), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33050262 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Breaking bad news is crucial for patient-centered care. This study aimed to assess physicians’ skills and investigate the possible factors affecting their ability to communicate bad news. Methods: This web-based cross-sectional survey of 633 Greek physicians included demographic and other breaking bad [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Breaking bad news is crucial for patient-centered care. This study aimed to assess physicians’ skills and investigate the possible factors affecting their ability to communicate bad news. Methods: This web-based cross-sectional survey of 633 Greek physicians included demographic and other breaking bad news related questions to evaluate their skills and practices in breaking bad news to patients with cancer. Results: Most physicians defined bad news (91.5%) and frequently used both verbal and non-verbal communication (82.6%). About three-quarters rated their ability to communicate bad news as good to very good (75%) and about half (50.4%) disclosed bad news in a private and comfortable setting. Emotional responses, like sadness (53.4%) and compassion (49.6%), were common, while fears mainly focused on diminishing patients’ hope (60.8%) or managing patients’ reactions (53.9%). Female physicians showed higher anxiety (15.9% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.0005) and sadness (53.4% vs. 43.5%, p = 0.018) and lower self-perceived competence (p = 0.001) compared to males. Specialists and physicians with formal training demonstrated greater competence (p < 0.0005) and were more likely to choose private and comfortable settings (p < 0.0005). Multivariable logistic regression identified increased age (OR = 1.03; p = 0.018), male sex (OR = 1.63; p = 0.015), formal training in breaking bad news (OR = 9.34; p < 0.0005), residence outside Athens (OR = 2.27; p = 0.002), working in oncology (OR = 1.90; p = 0.043), and employment in private hospitals (OR = 1.81; p = 0.014) as statistically significant predictors of good to very good ability to communicate bad news to cancer patients. Conclusions: These findings highlight the value of structured training, targeted practice and institutional support in fostering physicians’ communication skills and boosting patient-centered care. Full article

Journal Description

Current Oncology

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI