Current Oncology

12 pages, 1305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling Survival Determinants in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with EGFR Exon 20 Insertions

by Kung-Yang Wang, Shih-Chieh Chang, Yu-Feng Wei, Jui-Chi Hung, Chung-Yu Chen and Cheng-Yu Chang

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030174 - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in Taiwan. It is often associated with mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, with common mutations accounting for approximately 85% of all EGFR-related cases. However, the remaining [...] Read more.

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in Taiwan. It is often associated with mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, with common mutations accounting for approximately 85% of all EGFR-related cases. However, the remaining 15% are caused by uncommon mutations in EGFR, mainly insertions in exon 20 (about 4%). The response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can vary markedly with exon 20 insertions. However, few prior large-scale studies have examined patients with these EGFR mutations. Methods: This study combines the databases of several large hospitals in Taiwan to analyze the effects and clinical significance of rare EGFR mutations on responses to EGFR-TKIs, considering the changes in medication. Results: This study enrolled 38 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and EGFR exon 20 insertions. It assessed the correlations of various predictors with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). It showed that among those with EGFR exon 20 insertions, the median PFS was 5.15 months, and OS reached 13 months. The median PFS was 5.4 months for afatinib, 5.7 months for chemotherapy, and 4.3 months for first-generation EGFR-TKIs. Conclusions: EGFR-TKIs may be considered as an alternative treatment option for patients with EGFR exon 20 insertions in cases where the currently recommended therapies, such as chemotherapy with or without amivantamab, are either unavailable or intolerable. The potential use of afatinib for specific patients in this context depends on the precise characteristics of their mutation and remains to be determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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13 pages, 709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing CAR-T Efficacy in Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Radiation Bridging Therapy: A Real-World Single-Center Experience

by Eva Laverdure, Luigina Mollica, Imran Ahmad, Sandra Cohen, Silvy Lachance, Olivier Veilleux, Maryse Bernard, Eve-Lyne Marchand, Jean-Sébastien Delisle, Lea Bernard, Mélissa Boileau, Tony Petrella, Sarah-Jeanne Pilon, Philippe Bouchard, Denis-Claude Roy, Lambert Busque and Isabelle Fleury

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030173 - 17 Mar 2025

Abstract

One challenge of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) for relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) is achieving disease control during manufacturing. We report real-word outcomes of 100 patients treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel, n = 50) or tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel, n = [...] Read more.

One challenge of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) for relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) is achieving disease control during manufacturing. We report real-word outcomes of 100 patients treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel, n = 50) or tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel, n = 50) at our center. Most patients received bridging therapy (BT) with 48 undergoing radiation BT (RBT) and 32 receiving systemic BT (SBT). The best overall response rate (ORR) was 84% (78% complete response (CR)) for axi-cel and 60% (42% CR) for tisa-cel. At a median follow-up of 16 months, 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 72% and 82% for axi-cel, compared to 35% and 57% for tisa-cel. By the bridging approach, 12-month PFS was 60% with RBT, 59% without BT and 35% with SBT (p = 0.06). Notably, axi-cel patients without lymphoma progression during manufacturing (n = 24) achieved 12-month PFS and OS rates of 91% and 96%, respectively. Axi-cel was associated with more cytokine release syndrome (92% vs. 66%, p = 0.003) and neurotoxicity (all-grade 56% vs. 10%, p < 0.001, grade ≥ 328% vs. 4%, p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis identified RBT as independently associated with improved PFS (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22–0.96). Pending prospective validation, RBT shows promise for improving CAR-T outcomes in LBCL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Therapy)

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12 pages, 3122 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region Identified by DNA Methylation Leads to the Incidental Finding of Germline Mutation PTEN G132D Associated with PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome: A Case Report and Systematic Review

by Nikole O’Neal, Eric Goold, Fatemeh Zarei Haji Abadi, Jeffrey Okojie and Jared Barrott

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030172 - 17 Mar 2025

Abstract

Distinct subgroups of rare brain tumors can be molecularly classified using whole genome DNA methylation profiling and next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, these tools can identify germline mutations contributing to carcinogenesis. Access to molecular testing in the clinical setting is vital for pathology laboratories to [...] Read more.

Distinct subgroups of rare brain tumors can be molecularly classified using whole genome DNA methylation profiling and next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, these tools can identify germline mutations contributing to carcinogenesis. Access to molecular testing in the clinical setting is vital for pathology laboratories to make an accurate diagnosis. One molecularly unique brain tumor requiring such tools is the papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR). Herein, we present a case report of a 21-year-old male presenting with macrocephaly and obstructive hydrocephalus due to the PTPR. Next-generation sequencing identified a pathogenic PTEN p.G132D mutation in the tumor and matched germline findings further identified PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS). The case report tumor was initially misdiagnosed as ependymoma while methylation profiling classified it more specifically as a PTPR, Group B. To better understand the current status of PTPRs, we conducted a systematic review of recent cases reporting on the diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes for PTPR patients. To our knowledge, this is the first case report for PTPRs revealing an association with PHTS. Our review revealed inconsistencies in diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes for PTPR, and an underutilization of definitive molecular testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

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14 pages, 629 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunotherapy and the Tumor Microenvironment in Brain Metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Challenges and Future Directions

by Meng Wang, Jihua Yang, Shuai Wang, Harjot Gill and Haiying Cheng

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030171 - 16 Mar 2025

Abstract

Brain metastases (BMs) are a relatively common and severe complication in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), significantly affecting patient prognosis. Metastatic tumor cells can alter the brain tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote an immunosuppressive state, characterized by reduced infiltration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [...] Read more.

Brain metastases (BMs) are a relatively common and severe complication in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), significantly affecting patient prognosis. Metastatic tumor cells can alter the brain tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote an immunosuppressive state, characterized by reduced infiltration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), diminished expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and changes in other proinflammatory factors and immune cell populations. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, play a pivotal role in modulating the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment through interactions with metastatic cancer cells, astrocytes, and infiltrating T cells. The M2 phenotype of microglia contributes to immunosuppression in BM via the activation of signaling pathways such as STAT3 and PI3K-AKT-mTOR. Recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the immune landscape of BMs in NSCLC, particularly regarding immune evasion within the CNS. Current immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, have shown promise for NSCLC patients with BM, demonstrating intracranial activity and manageable safety profiles. Future research is warranted to further explore the molecular and immune mechanisms underlying BM, aiming to develop more effective treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current State of Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer: Focusing on Real-World Evidence)

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18 pages, 1863 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of SBRT Boost for Cervical Cancer Patients Who Cannot Benefit from Brachytherapy

by Iozsef Gazsi and Loredana G. Marcu

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030170 - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

Stereotactic body radiation therapy has emerged as a promising alternative to brachytherapy, delivering high doses to tumors with precision while sparing surrounding organs. This systematic review evaluates the role of SBRT as a boost for patients who are ineligible for brachytherapy. A total [...] Read more.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy has emerged as a promising alternative to brachytherapy, delivering high doses to tumors with precision while sparing surrounding organs. This systematic review evaluates the role of SBRT as a boost for patients who are ineligible for brachytherapy. A total of 17 studies, involving 288 patients, were analyzed, focusing on dosimetric parameters and toxicity. The radiation regimens varied in dose and fractionation schedules, with external beam doses ranging from 44 to 61.6 Gy, and SBRT boost doses ranging from 5 to 30 Gy. The total EQD₂ doses were between 50.5 and 92.4 Gy. The results indicate adequate tumor control with SBRT, with local control rates ranging from 57% to 95.5%. The acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicities were mostly grade 1 or 2, while late toxicities were less common. The overall survival rates varied between 34% and 96%. These results suggest that SBRT boost offers a viable option for cervical cancer patients ineligible for brachytherapy, with acceptable toxicity and promising survival outcomes. Nevertheless, the scarcity of data, which mainly originate from small studies with patients having varied stages of disease, as well as the lack of long-term follow up with SBRT, should encourage clinicians to utilize brachytherapy whenever suitable as a boost in these patient cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Cervical Cancer)

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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Q-TWiST Analysis of Sacituzumab Govitecan vs. Chemotherapy in Previously Treated Patients with HR+/HER2− Metastatic Breast Cancer

by Hope S. Rugo, Aditya Bardia, Peter Schmid, Sara M. Tolaney, Anandaroop Dasgupta, Ankita Kaushik, Wendy Verret, Marine Gosset, Adam Brufsky, Javier Cortés and Frederik Marmé

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030169 - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

In TROPiCS-02, sacituzumab govitecan (SG) demonstrated significantly longer overall survival and progression-free survival with improved quality of life vs. chemotherapy treatment of physician’s choice (TPC) in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer (mBC). The safety profile was consistent with previous studies of SG. [...] Read more.

In TROPiCS-02, sacituzumab govitecan (SG) demonstrated significantly longer overall survival and progression-free survival with improved quality of life vs. chemotherapy treatment of physician’s choice (TPC) in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer (mBC). The safety profile was consistent with previous studies of SG. We assessed the benefit-–risk profile of SG vs. TPC by integrating patient preferences with clinical benefits using Quality-adjusted Time Without Symptoms of disease progression or Toxicity of treatment (Q-TWiST) analysis in this study population. Survival time was partitioned into three health states: TOX (grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events [TEAEs] after randomization/before disease progression), REL (disease progression until death or end of follow-up), and TWiST (time without progression or grade ≥3 TEAEs). Health state utility weights were obtained from the published literature. The established threshold for clinically important Q-TWiST gain is 10%. SG demonstrated significantly improved Q-TWiST vs. TPC (mean 9.7 vs. 8.1 months; difference 1.6 months; 95% CI, 0.5–2.7; p = 0.0067), which increased with longer follow-up. Relative Q-TWiST improvement met the threshold for clinical importance at 10.8%. Time in TOX was numerically higher with SG than TPC, and the difference stabilized over time. Q-TWiST supports a positive benefit–risk profile for SG over TPC in patients with pretreated HR+/HER2− mBC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 2188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Clinical Parameters Associated with Response and Resistance to Cemiplimab in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Cohort Study

by Joseph Edward Haigh, Sam Rack, Ruiyang Yan, Sherin Babu, Olly Donnelly, Harriet Walter, Guy Faust, Shradha Bhagani, Patrick Isola and Robert Metcalf

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030168 - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common cancer with increasing incidence and 5% of patients develop incurable disease, often resistant to chemotherapy. The anti-PD-1 therapy cemiplimab has shown high efficacy in clinical trials. This retrospective study evaluated the real-world effectiveness of cemiplimab [...] Read more.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common cancer with increasing incidence and 5% of patients develop incurable disease, often resistant to chemotherapy. The anti-PD-1 therapy cemiplimab has shown high efficacy in clinical trials. This retrospective study evaluated the real-world effectiveness of cemiplimab in incurable cSCC and examined factors influencing response and toxicity. Data from 86 patients across three UK healthcare providers were analysed. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were not reached, with 38% showing durable responses beyond 12 months. The overall response rate was 60.8% (95% CI 49–71), and the clinical benefit rate was 74.3% (95% CI 63–83). A head and neck primary site was associated with improved PFS (p = 0.008) and OS (p = 0.023), while concurrent immunosuppression was associated with worse PFS (p < 0.001). These findings align with clinical trials, suggesting cemiplimab is effective and safe in the recurrent/metastatic setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dermato-Oncology)

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20 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Obesity and Risk of Pre- and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in Africa: A Systematic Review

by Najia Mane, Aya Fouqani, Siham Mrah, Majid Omari, Oumnia Bouaddi, Elodie Faure, El Mostafa El Fahime, Sihame Lkhoyaali, Saber Boutayeb, Karima El Rhazi, Chakib Nejjari, Inge Huybrechts and Mohamed Khalis

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030167 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background and Aims: Several epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between anthropometric factors and breast cancer (BC), but the results, particularly for premenopausal BC, remain inconsistent and contradictory. The aim of this systematic review is to present an overview of studies examining [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Several epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between anthropometric factors and breast cancer (BC), but the results, particularly for premenopausal BC, remain inconsistent and contradictory. The aim of this systematic review is to present an overview of studies examining the association between obesity and BC risk in African women, by menopausal status. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched until 17 February 2025 to identify published articles. The review included original studies, with no restrictions on publication date or language. The exposures studied were height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The quality of the studies was assessed using the National Institute of Health (NIH). Study selection and data extraction were carried out by two authors separately. Results: A total of fifteen case–control studies were included in this systematic review, comprising 45,056 subjects (7221 cases and 37,835 controls). Among them, fourteen studies reported stratified results for pre- and postmenopausal women, and one reported findings for only premenopausal BC. We found that BMI was associated with an increased risk of BC in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, though the associations varied across studies. Height was associated with an increased risk of pre- and postmenopausal BC. WHR was positively associated with BC in pre- and postmenopausal women, while WC showed a positive association with the risk of postmenopausal BC, and inconsistent results with premenopausal BC. Finally, a higher HC was positively associated with premenopausal and postmenopausal BC. Conclusions: The risk of developing BC is higher in obese postmenopausal women. The protective role of BMI has not been demonstrated in African premenopausal women. WHR is a risk factor for premenopausal and postmenopausal BC. There is a need to study the influence of stages of overweight and obesity on BC risk in a large sample of African women in-depth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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22 pages, 2258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Cancer and Work Scale (CAWSE): Assessing Return to Work Likelihood and Employment Sustainability After Cancer

by Christine Maheu, Mina Singh, Wing Lam Tock, Jennifer Robert, Andrea Vodermaier, Maureen Parkinson and Naomi Dolgoy

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030166 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Returning to and sustaining employment after cancer presents significant challenges for individuals touched by cancer (ITBC). While vocational rehabilitation and workplace accommodations are critical, existing return to work (RTW) assessments lack cancer-specific considerations, limiting their clinical and occupational utility. Purpose: This study [...] Read more.

Background: Returning to and sustaining employment after cancer presents significant challenges for individuals touched by cancer (ITBC). While vocational rehabilitation and workplace accommodations are critical, existing return to work (RTW) assessments lack cancer-specific considerations, limiting their clinical and occupational utility. Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate the Cancer and Work Scale (CAWSE), a psychometrically robust tool designed to assess RTW likelihood and employment sustainability among ITBC, while also providing avenues for targeted interventions. Methods: A two-phase cross-sectional study was conducted. Study I (n = 130) assessed content validity and construct development, leading to a refined 43-item CAWSE. Study II (n = 216) employed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to establish structural validity, reliability, and responsiveness. Additional validation included correlations with fatigue, cognitive difficulties, depression, and anxiety. Results: Factor analysis supported a seven-factor structure with 31 final items. The CAWSE demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.787), construct validity, and moderate responsiveness (AUC = 0.659). High sensitivity allowed for accurate identification of RTW difficulties, with an established cut-off score of 123.5 on the total CAWSE. Implications: The CAWSE fills a critical gap in oncology-specific vocational rehabilitation, offering healthcare providers a validated tool for targeted interventions to enhance RTW outcomes and long-term employment sustainability for ITBC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Palliative and Supportive Care)

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19 pages, 1159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chest Wall Perforator Flaps in Breast Conservation: Versatile, Affordable, and Scalable: Insights from the Largest Single-Surgeon Audit from India

by C. B. Koppiker, Rupa Mishra, Vaibhav Jain, Priya Sivadasan, Chetan Deshmukh, Beenu Varghese, Upendra Dhar, Anushree Vartak, Namrata Athavale, Neerja Gupta, Laleh Busheri, Vishesha Lulla, Sneha Bhandari and Sneha Joshi

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030165 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Chest wall perforator flaps (CWPFs) are a promising option for partial breast reconstruction but are underutilized, particularly in resource-limited settings. This retrospective observational study explores the feasibility and impact of CWPFs in breast-conserving surgery at our single-surgeon center, where 203 procedures were performed [...] Read more.

Chest wall perforator flaps (CWPFs) are a promising option for partial breast reconstruction but are underutilized, particularly in resource-limited settings. This retrospective observational study explores the feasibility and impact of CWPFs in breast-conserving surgery at our single-surgeon center, where 203 procedures were performed between 2018 and 2023. We evaluate 200 cases treated after multidisciplinary tumor board discussions and shared decision-making, assessing clinicopathological data, surgical outcomes, oncological results, cosmetic outcomes, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The median age of patients was 52.5 years. Single CWPFs were used in 75.9% and dual flaps in 24.1%. Sentinel node biopsy was performed in 76.9% of malignant cases, with no positive margins. Minor complications occurred in 11%, and no major complications were reported. At a 27-month median follow-up, the overall survival rate was 97.5%, with a disease-free survival of 92.1%. Cosmetic outcomes were good-to-excellent, and PROMs indicated high satisfaction. This largest single-surgeon study from Asia demonstrates the transformative role of CWPFs in breast conservation surgery for Indian women with sizable, locally advanced tumors. The technique offers excellent oncological and cosmetic outcomes, reduced costs, and a shorter operative time, highlighting the need for oncoplastic algorithms in resource-limited settings to improve breast conservation accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oncoplastic Breast Conserving Surgery: Functional Outcomes and Quality of Life)

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9 pages, 1259 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Challenging Scenario of Cancer Treatment for People with HIV: Clinical Experience with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

by Tindara Franchina, Patrizia Carroccio, Ylenia Russotto, Mariapia Marafioti, Paola Muscolino, Francesco Monaco, Antonio Bottari, Silvana Parisi, Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò and Massimiliano Berretta

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030164 - 13 Mar 2025

Abstract

Over the past decade, there has been a notable increase in the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer care, transforming the therapeutic landscape for several types of solid tumors. This development has not only expanded the indications for treatment but has also [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, there has been a notable increase in the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer care, transforming the therapeutic landscape for several types of solid tumors. This development has not only expanded the indications for treatment but has also significantly influenced management strategies and prognostic outcomes for specific subsets of cancer patients. In contrast to the general population of cancer patients, individuals diagnosed with both HIV and cancer encounter significant differences in treatment approaches and outcomes. Consequently, this population demonstrates a significantly increased rate of specific mortality for several common types of cancer. Recent studies have reported significant insights into the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors among this patient group. However, the data remain insufficient, and there are still recognized barriers and limitations regarding the use of these agents in cancer patients. Real-world data and reports from clinical practice offer critical perspectives, enabling the sharing of clinical experiences and assisting in navigating complex management decisions. This report outlines two cases of patients with concurrent HIV and cancer who were administered ICIs in diverse clinical settings, highlighting the necessity of cooperation between oncologists and HIV specialists to provide patients with cutting-edge and increasingly tailored treatment options. Full article

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10 pages, 7524 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Recurrent Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Harboring an EML4–ALK Fusion Mutation with Sustained Response to Ensartinib: A Case Report

by Hao Jiang, Tengfei Zhu, Zenghao Chang, Ziyu Liu, Wei Ou and Siyu Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030163 - 13 Mar 2025

Abstract

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor. Lung cancer patients with ALK and EML4 fusions respond significantly to ALK inhibitors. The EML4-ALK fusion gene mutation is the result of an inversion of chromosome 2, which juxtaposes the 5 end of [...] Read more.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor. Lung cancer patients with ALK and EML4 fusions respond significantly to ALK inhibitors. The EML4-ALK fusion gene mutation is the result of an inversion of chromosome 2, which juxtaposes the 5 end of the EML4 gene with the 3 end of the ALK gene. In SCLC, the frequency of fusion genes is very low, and to the best of our knowledge, only four cases of ALK fusion gene mutations in SCLC have been reported. In this report, we describe the treatment of a 74-year-old female patient with SCLC who developed recurrence of hilar lymph node metastasis three years after surgical resection. Postoperative NGS showed that this patient is a SCLC patient harboring a rare EML4-ALK fusion mutation, and a satisfactory 43-month overall survival (OS) was achieved after treatment with ensartinib targeting the EML4-ALK fusion gene mutation. The ALK-TKI may be a new treatment option for these patients. This article provides a therapeutic reference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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13 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Reports on Late Effects and Follow-Up Needs: A Single-Center Assessment of Childhood Cancer Survivorship Care in Kenya

by Susan Nyabate Mageto, Jesse P. M. Lemmen, Festus Muigai Njuguna, Nancy Midiwo, Sandra Cheptoo Langat, Terry Allan Vik and Gertjan J. L. Kaspers

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030162 - 12 Mar 2025

Abstract

The WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer will likely increase the number of childhood cancer survivors in resource-poor countries. This study explored survivorship care in Kenya through parental reports on late effects and the follow-up needs of childhood cancer survivors. Parents of Kenyan [...] Read more.

The WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer will likely increase the number of childhood cancer survivors in resource-poor countries. This study explored survivorship care in Kenya through parental reports on late effects and the follow-up needs of childhood cancer survivors. Parents of Kenyan childhood cancer survivors (under 18 years old) who completed treatment for at least one year were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires from 2021 to 2022. Parents of 54 survivors were interviewed. Survivors had solid tumors (52%) and hematological tumors (48%). Most (52%) received chemotherapy combined with either surgery or radiotherapy. Many survivors (72%) experienced symptoms according to their parents. The most prevalent symptoms were pain (37%), fatigue (26%), and ocular problems (26%). Eleven percent of parents observed limitations in the daily activities of the survivors. Parents of survivors with two or more symptoms were more likely to rate symptoms as moderate to severe (p = 0.016). Parents expressed concern about late effects (48%). Only 28% were informed about late effects at the hospital, despite 87% indicating they would have welcomed this information. Follow-up care was deemed important by 98%. Recommendations included providing education about late effects and organizing survivor meetings. Survivorship clinics should be established to ensure that follow-up information and care are accessible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Late Effects in Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Survivors)

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11 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Life Efficacy of Palbociclib and Ribociclib in Advanced Breast Cancer

by Tugay Avci, Mustafa Sahbazlar, Ferhat Ekinci and Atike Pinar Erdogan

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030161 - 12 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Clinical trials in metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+) human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-negative patients have shown that cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK 4/6) inhibitors both increase response rates and provide survival benefits. The efficacy of these therapies needs to be supported by real-life [...] Read more.

Background: Clinical trials in metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+) human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-negative patients have shown that cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK 4/6) inhibitors both increase response rates and provide survival benefits. The efficacy of these therapies needs to be supported by real-life data. In this study, we aimed to evaluate treatment response, survival and affecting factors in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer (MBC) who were followed up with CDK 4/6 inhibitors in our center. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 120 patients with HR+/HER2− MBC treated with ribociclib or palbociclib in combination with letrozole or fulvestrant was performed. Results: Median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 24 months in the general population, 27 months in the ribociclib arm and 20 months in the palbociclib arm, with no significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS) in both arms (p = 0.25). The mPFS was longer in the ribociclib + letrozole arm compared to palbociclib + letrozole (27 vs. 20 months, respectively). PFS was also longer in patients receiving ribociclib + fulvestrant compared to palbociclib + fulvestrant but not statistically significant (33 vs. 21 months, respectively). Median overall survival (mOS) was not reached, but 3-year overall survival (OS) was statistically significantly longer in the ribociclib arm (87% vs. 55.5%, respectively, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Palbociclib and ribociclib are first-line treatment options for metastatic HR+/HER2− disease and have similar efficacy. In our study, while the mPFS was not statistically significant in both arms, the 3-year OS rate was higher in the ribociclib arm and statistically significant. Our findings were confirmed in randomized studies comparing both agents head-to-head. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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10 pages, 660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anxiety Levels Among Women Undergoing Mammogram Screening

by Wedad M. Almutairi and Salwa Hassan Alzahrani

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030160 - 12 Mar 2025

Abstract

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women around the world. In Saudi Arabia, breast cancer remains a challenging health problem which accounted for 31.7% of all cancer cases in Saudi females, with an age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of 29.7 and [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women around the world. In Saudi Arabia, breast cancer remains a challenging health problem which accounted for 31.7% of all cancer cases in Saudi females, with an age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of 29.7 and an estimated death rate of 9.67 per 100,000 Saudi women in 2022. Early detection is confirmed to be the best practice for better prognosis. Mammography screening is one of the most effective methods of early detection. However, anxiety about mammogram screening may affect early detection. There is a lack of studies regarding the psychological impact, such as anxiety, on women who undergo mammogram screening in Saudi Arabia. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the level of anxiety and its contributing factors in women who undergo mammogram screening at Breast Cancer Screening Centers in Saudi Arabia. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional design was conducted. Setting: Mammogram clinics in East Jeddah Hospital and King Fahad Hospital. Sample: A convenience sample of 218 was collected. The data were collected from March 2023 to July 2023. Tools: The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and the Psychological Consequence Questionnaire (PCQ). Result: Based on the PSWQ scale, the total mean of the anxiety level in our sample was mild anxiety (mean = 43.4, SD = 11.4). Based on the PCQ, the results demonstrated that physical, emotional, and social factors were significantly associated with the anxiety level, respectively (r = 0.4, p = 0.001; r = 0.489, p = 0.001; r = 0.337, p = 0.001). Conclusions and recommendations: Saudi women showed mild anxiety levels during mammogram screening. The physical, emotional, and social factors impact the anxiety level in women undergoing mammogram screening, which might explain the low rate of mammogram screening adherence in Saudi Arabia. Full article

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27 pages, 2403 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting m⁶A RNA Modification in Tumor Therapeutics

by Zhenwei Mao, Min Li and Shengjun Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030159 - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

The prevalent eukaryotic RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A), which is distributed in more than 50% of cases, has demonstrated significant implications in both normal development and disease progression, particularly in the context of cancer. This review aims to discuss the potential efficacy [...] Read more.

The prevalent eukaryotic RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A), which is distributed in more than 50% of cases, has demonstrated significant implications in both normal development and disease progression, particularly in the context of cancer. This review aims to discuss the potential efficacy of targeting tumor cells through modulation of m⁶A RNA levels. Specifically, we discuss how the upregulation or downregulation of integral or specific targets is effective in treating different tumor types and patients. Additionally, we will cover the factors influencing the efficacy of m⁶A RNA targeting in tumor treatment. Our review will focus on the impact of targeting m⁶A mRNA on genes and cells and assess its potential as a therapeutic strategy for tumors. Despite the challenges involved, further research on m⁶A RNA in tumors and its integration with existing tumor therapy approaches is warranted. Full article

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18 pages, 1916 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioelectromagnetism for Cancer Treatment—Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia

by Andras Szasz

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030158 - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

Bioelectromagnetism has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment by providing a noninvasive, targeted, and potentially more effective complement to traditional therapies. Among bioelectromagnetic techniques, modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) stands out due to its unique characteristics, which have been supported by experimental evidence and clinical [...] Read more.

Bioelectromagnetism has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment by providing a noninvasive, targeted, and potentially more effective complement to traditional therapies. Among bioelectromagnetic techniques, modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) stands out due to its unique characteristics, which have been supported by experimental evidence and clinical validation. Unlike conventional hyperthermia methods, mEHT leverages nonthermal bioelectromagnetic processes, offering a distinct and promising approach in oncology. This differentiation underscores the broader potential for bioelectromagnetic applications in cancer treatment, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies. Full article

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15 pages, 3250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mark3 a Prognostic Marker for the Endometrial Cancer

by Yudan Wang and Liyuan Guo

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030157 - 10 Mar 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecologic cancers, with an increasing incidence due to variables such as aging and lifestyle changes. Current biomarkers exhibit limited prognostic value, despite advancements in understanding their molecular basis, underscoring the necessity for new [...] Read more.

Introduction: Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecologic cancers, with an increasing incidence due to variables such as aging and lifestyle changes. Current biomarkers exhibit limited prognostic value, despite advancements in understanding their molecular basis, underscoring the necessity for new molecular markers. Microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 3 (MARK3) has been identified as a potential candidate owing to its established prognostic significance in various cancers; however, its function in endometrial cancer (EC) is not yet well understood. Methods: This study investigates the function of MARK3 in endometrial cancer through the analysis of Ishikawa and HEC-1B cell lines. A series of assays were conducted, including colony formation, CCK-8 viability, EDU proliferation assays, scratch wound healing tests, and Transwell migration assays, to investigate the effects of MARK3 overexpression. We conducted RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays to evaluate the molecular mechanisms influencing cell proliferation and migration. Bioinformatics analysis utilized publicly available datasets to examine the gene enrichment and co-expression networks. Results: The overexpression of MARK3 markedly reduced colony formation in both Ishikawa (p = 0.0039) and HEC-1B (p = 0.0014) cell lines. Furthermore, the overexpression of MARK3 led to decreased cell viability, as demonstrated by the EDU assay results (Ishikawa-OE p = 0.0302; HEC-OE p = 0.0037). The molecular analysis supported these findings, indicating an increase in phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), thereby suggesting MARK3’s role in regulating cell survival pathways. Gene enrichment analysis revealed pathways associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, whereas co-expression analysis pinpointed critical interacting genes that may play a role in EC progression. Conclusions: MARK3 is essential in the regulation of cell proliferation and migration in endometrial cancer, positioning it as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. This study represents the inaugural investigation into the functional role of MARK3 in endothelial cell progression, thereby enhancing our comprehension of its mechanistic influence on cancer biology and its implications for personalized therapy. Bioinformatics analysis reinforces the relevance of MARK3 in endometrial cancer, offering new insights into its clinical significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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7 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Adrenal Insufficiency Induced by Continued Abiraterone Acetate Use in a Prostate Cancer Patient in Remission: The Dangers of Unmonitored Long-Term Therapy Without Corticosteroids

by Ahmed S. Mohamed, Ahmad R. Awwad, Angel Ann Chacko, Shraboni Dey, Brianna Braithwaite, Ruchi Bhuju and Sameh Elias

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030156 - 10 Mar 2025

Abstract

This case report presents a rare occurrence of adrenal insufficiency induced by Zytiga (abiraterone acetate) in a patient with high-risk localized prostatic adenocarcinoma. Abiraterone acetate is a potent, selective and irreversible CYP17A1 inhibitor and is commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer, [...] Read more.

This case report presents a rare occurrence of adrenal insufficiency induced by Zytiga (abiraterone acetate) in a patient with high-risk localized prostatic adenocarcinoma. Abiraterone acetate is a potent, selective and irreversible CYP17A1 inhibitor and is commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer, but it can cause various endocrine side effects, especially if not used concurrently with the appropriate treatment. The clinical implications of this adverse event and management strategies are discussed here in this case report to raise awareness about this potential risk in patients with prostate cancer undergoing treatment with abiraterone acetate, especially when used in an erroneous manner without monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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