Current Oncology

9 pages, 1649 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Concurrent Mold, Mycobacterial, and Viral Infections in a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient Undergoing Lung Transplantation for Graft-Versus-Host Disease

by Layan Akkielah, Wayne Leung, Serena Wang, Lili Ataie, Anargyros Xenocostas, Asma Syed, Ying-Han R. Hsu, Michael Silverman, Fatimah AlMutawa and MohammadReza Rahimi Shahmirzadi

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030145 - 2 Mar 2026

Abstract

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at high risk for opportunistic infections due to profound immunosuppression and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Molds and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, especially when infections overlap. A 42-year-old woman with prior allogeneic HSCT for [...] Read more.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at high risk for opportunistic infections due to profound immunosuppression and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Molds and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, especially when infections overlap. A 42-year-old woman with prior allogeneic HSCT for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) developed pulmonary infections with Microascus spp. and Mycobacterium chimaera, later complicated by Aspergillus calidoustus and RSV infection. Initial therapy included voriconazole, amphotericin B, and a macrolide-based multidrug regimen for NTM. Modifications were required for drug resistance and hepatotoxicity. Despite partial response, recurrent fungal infection necessitated prolonged antifungal therapy, including adjunctive inhaled amphotericin B and terbinafine. Ultimately, progressive bronchiolitis obliterans prompted bilateral lung transplantation. Explant pathology revealed necrotizing granulomas positive for NTM and Microascus spp. Post-transplant prophylaxis with voriconazole, rifabutin, azithromycin, and inhaled amikacin prevented recurrence, and the patient remained clinically stable at 6-month follow-up. This case illustrates the complexity of managing overlapping mold and NTM infections in HSCT recipients, highlighting the need for individualized, multidisciplinary care. Therapeutic drug monitoring, careful adjustment for drug–drug interactions, and the use of adjunctive inhaled antifungals were critical to achieving a favorable outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

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13 pages, 1048 KB

Open AccessArticle

PD-L1 Negative Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Practice Patterns and Real-World Outcomes

by Audrey-Ann Bégin, Maude Dubé-Pelletier, Catherine Labbé, Vicky Mai, Michaël Maranda-Robitaille and Marie-Hélène Denault

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030144 - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

The standard first-line treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without oncogenic alterations and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression < 1% is a combination of chemotherapy (CT) and immunotherapy (IO). However, real-world overall survival (OS) appears more modest than in clinical trials, [...] Read more.

The standard first-line treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without oncogenic alterations and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression < 1% is a combination of chemotherapy (CT) and immunotherapy (IO). However, real-world overall survival (OS) appears more modest than in clinical trials, averaging 10–13 months. This retrospective study aimed to assess treatment patterns and real-world outcomes at the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ). Patients diagnosed between January 2019 and December 2023 with advanced PD-L1 <1% NSCLC and treated with palliative intent at IUCPQ were included and categorized by first-line treatment. Progression-free survival (PFS) and OS of the CT + IO and CT groups were compared using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analyses. Data regarding regimen selection, adverse events and subsequent treatment lines were collected. Among 217 eligible patients, 82 (37.8%) received CT + IO, 32 (14.7%) CT alone, 16 (7.4%) targeted therapy, and 87 (40.1%) supportive care. Median PFS was 5.3 vs. 4.7 months (p = 0.5) and OS 14.4 vs. 13.5 months (p = 0.2) for CT + IO and CT alone, respectively. In the CT + IO group, treatment discontinuation was mainly due to disease progression (59.4%) or adverse events (36.2%). Immune-related adverse events occurred in 29.3%, most frequently pneumonitis (8.5%). Therefore, in this cohort, no statistically significant survival difference was observed between CT + IO and CT alone. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously given the non-randomized design, baseline imbalances between groups, and the limited sample size of the CT alone cohort. Tolerability of CT + IO was consistent with that observed in clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

18 pages, 1110 KB

Open AccessReview

The Rising Power of Electrochemotherapy in Musculoskeletal Oncology

by Nicolas Papalexis, Giuliano Peta, Simone Quarchioni, Laura Campanacci, Alessandro Gasbarrini, Giuseppe Tedesco, Michela Carta, Maddalena Di Carlo, Marco Miceli and Giancarlo Facchini

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030143 - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

Electrochemotherapy is a minimally invasive treatment based on the principle of reversible electroporation of target cells in pathologic tissues in order to increase the local effect of chemotherapeutic agents. The mechanism of action relies on temporarily increasing cell permeability to increase the uptake [...] Read more.

Electrochemotherapy is a minimally invasive treatment based on the principle of reversible electroporation of target cells in pathologic tissues in order to increase the local effect of chemotherapeutic agents. The mechanism of action relies on temporarily increasing cell permeability to increase the uptake of cytotoxic drugs in the intracellular space. Originally developed for the treatment of cutaneous malignancies, electrochemotherapy has significantly evolved over the past few decades, thanks to advancements in electrode design and image guidance, finding fertile ground in musculoskeletal oncological pathologies, such as bone and soft tissue tumors and different kinds of vascular malformations. Moreover, initial experiences have reported on the treatment of other soft tissue tumors such as desmoid fibromatosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the literature on the role of electrochemotherapy across a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, starting from established oncologic indications, such as metastatic bone or soft tissue tumors, to emerging evidence on primary musculoskeletal pathology, with particular attention paid to the results of the leading studies relating to the efficacy, complications, and recurrence rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology)

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15 pages, 309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Gender and Income on Concerns Reported by Cancer Survivors Aged ≥85 Years in Canada: A Secondary Analysis of the Canadian Transitions Survey

by Lorelei Newton, Irene Nicoll, Fay J. Strohschein and Margaret I. Fitch

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030142 - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study describes concerns, positive experiences and suggestions for improvement in survivorship care from the perspectives of cancer survivors aged ≥85 years based on gender and income levels. A national Canadian survey was conducted in 2016 focusing on cancer survivors’ needs and experiences [...] Read more.

This study describes concerns, positive experiences and suggestions for improvement in survivorship care from the perspectives of cancer survivors aged ≥85 years based on gender and income levels. A national Canadian survey was conducted in 2016 focusing on cancer survivors’ needs and experiences with follow-up care after treatment. This paper reports a secondary analysis drawn from the survey data reported qualitatively. In total, 581 respondents aged ≥85 years responded, of which 399 confirmed gender and annual household income. Within this group, 201 were male, and 198 were female. Two-thirds of the males (n = 134 males, 66.7%) and 80.8% of the females (n = 160) reported annual household income under $50K (CAD). Limited differences were noted between survivors’ responses according to sex and/or income levels. Concerns focused on physical challenges and body changes. Positive comments reflected appreciation of the care provided by attentive healthcare professionals. Suggestions for improvement addressed the need for improved person-centred care and availability of services for older adults. The survivors faced a range of physical, emotional and practical challenges following cancer treatment. The study highlights the importance of considering how living alone or with others, community connection, and the burden of co-morbidities compounding physical challenges after cancer intersect to create unique situations for this age group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology Nursing)

20 pages, 1331 KB

Open AccessReview

Systemic Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence After Liver Transplantation

by Chiara Mazzarelli, Francesco Berardi, Alessandra Bonfichi, Marina Clemente, Michele Orlando, Marina Strollo and Luca Saverio Belli

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030141 - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and liver transplantation (LT) remains the only curative treatment addressing both tumor burden and underlying liver disease. Despite an adequate candidate selection, HCC recurrence after LT occurs in 8–20% of cases and [...] Read more.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and liver transplantation (LT) remains the only curative treatment addressing both tumor burden and underlying liver disease. Despite an adequate candidate selection, HCC recurrence after LT occurs in 8–20% of cases and is associated with a poor prognosis, particularly in patients who experience an early relapse. The management of HCC recurrence remains particularly challenging due to the lifelong immunosuppression required after LT, which may promote tumor progression and restrict therapeutic options. This review synthesizes the current evidence on systemic therapies for recurrent HCC after LT, focusing on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), immunotherapy, and the current available immunosuppression strategies. Unfortunately, in this setting, robust prospective studies are lacking, and clinical decision-making remains based on retrospective data and expert consensus. Future research should prioritize the prospective evaluation of systemic regimens, integration of immunosuppression modulation, and careful exploration of immunotherapy or new target therapies in this special population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systemic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Challenges and Future Directions)

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12 pages, 831 KB

Open AccessReview

Salvage or Second Autologous SCT in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma (2016–2026): A Decade in Review

by Marwa Nassar, Nourah Alzaidy, Abdulrahman Nasiri, Amr Hanbali, Mahmoud A. Aljurf and Mostafa F. Mohammed Saleh

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030140 - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: The role of second or salvage autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT2) in relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) has evolved substantially over the past decade with the introduction of novel agents, maintenance strategies, and cellular immunotherapies. The clinical value of ASCT2 in the contemporary [...] Read more.

Background: The role of second or salvage autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT2) in relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) has evolved substantially over the past decade with the introduction of novel agents, maintenance strategies, and cellular immunotherapies. The clinical value of ASCT2 in the contemporary era requires reappraisal based on modern real-world and prospective data. Methods: We conducted a targeted literature review of PubMed-indexed studies published between January 2016 and January 2026 evaluating second or salvage autologous transplantation in adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Retrospective registry analyses, real-world cohorts, and prospective randomized trials were included, focusing on feasibility, toxicity, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and prognostic determinants. Fourteen key studies formed the core evidence base, supplemented by guideline statements and comparative immunotherapy data. Results: Across large registry and institutional series, ASCT2 was consistently feasible with low non-relapse mortality (≤5% at day 100–1 year). The median PFS ranged from 9.8 to 30.2 months and the median OS from approximately 30 to >80 months, with outcomes strongly influenced by duration of remission after first ASCT. Patients relapsing ≥24 months after ASCT1 derived the greatest benefit, achieving a median PFS of 17–45 months and OS exceeding 60 months in favorable-risk subgroups. Post-ASCT2 maintenance, particularly with lenalidomide or carfilzomib-based regimens, significantly prolonged disease control in randomized and real-world studies. Conversely, the phase III GMMG ReLApsE trial did not demonstrate a survival advantage for routine salvage ASCT over continuous lenalidomide-based therapy, highlighting the importance of patient selection. In heavily refractory or cytopenic populations, ASCT2 provided modest disease control but enabled hematopoietic recovery and access to subsequent therapies. Conclusions: In the modern treatment landscape, second or salvage autologous transplantation remains a valid, safe, and effective strategy for carefully selected patients with relapsed multiple myeloma, particularly those with chemosensitive disease and prolonged initial remissions. ASCT2 should be integrated in a risk-adapted manner alongside maintenance therapy and emerging immunotherapies, serving as a durable consolidation or bridging approach rather than routine therapy for all relapsed patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

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11 pages, 561 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Early Neurosurgical Workflow and Survival in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

by Emre Ozkara, Eray Horoz, Zuhtu Ozbek, Deniz Arik, Funda Canaz, Suzan Saylisoy, Hava Uskudar Teke and Murat Vural

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030139 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive malignancy for which early management decisions frequently occur within neurosurgical workflows prior to oncologic treatment. In this retrospective single-center study, we aimed to explore whether early neurosurgical workflow characteristics are associated with survival outcomes [...] Read more.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive malignancy for which early management decisions frequently occur within neurosurgical workflows prior to oncologic treatment. In this retrospective single-center study, we aimed to explore whether early neurosurgical workflow characteristics are associated with survival outcomes in patients with PCNSL. Consecutive adult patients diagnosed with PCNSL between 2012 and 2022 were included, and the variables of interest comprised pre-biopsy corticosteroid exposure, the interval between diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and stereotactic biopsy, and the time from biopsy to initiation of high-dose methotrexate–based induction therapy. All patients were treated under a standardized hematology protocol to limit systemic treatment heterogeneity. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated from the date of diagnostic biopsy, and survival analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier methods and log-rank testing. Twenty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. Median OS and PFS were not reached in steroid-naïve patients, whereas pre-biopsy corticosteroid exposure was associated with consistently shorter survival trajectories, with a clear separation of the survival curves, despite conventional statistical significance not being reached. Similarly, median OS and PFS were not reached in patients undergoing biopsy within 7 days of MRI, and an MRI-to-biopsy interval exceeding 7 days demonstrated an unfavorable survival trajectory compared with earlier biopsy; biopsy-to-induction timing did not show a measurable association with early survival outcomes. Established prognostic stratification using Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center classes showed expected survival discrimination within the cohort, supporting internal validity. Given the limited sample size and retrospective design, all findings should be interpreted as exploratory associations rather than evidence of causality. These results suggest that early neurosurgical workflow characteristics, particularly empiric pre-biopsy corticosteroids avoidance and diagnostic delay minimization, may be associated with early survival trajectories in PCNSL and warrant further evaluation in larger prospective studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

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12 pages, 1242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Outcomes with Avelumab Maintenance Treatment for Advanced Urothelial Cancer in a US Patient Cohort

by Kenneth Carson, Seyed Hamidreza Mahmoudpour, Chiemeka Ike, Sebastian Monzon, Stamatina Fragkogianni and Mairead Kearney

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030138 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: This study describes treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) in the US following the approval of avelumab for first-line maintenance treatment. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used deidentified patient data from the Tempus database. Eligible patients [...] Read more.

Background: This study describes treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) in the US following the approval of avelumab for first-line maintenance treatment. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used deidentified patient data from the Tempus database. Eligible patients had completed first-line systemic anticancer treatment for aUC between July 2020 and March 2023. Results: In total, 974 eligible patients were identified; most (72%) were male. Median age at diagnosis was 70 years. Among patients who completed first-line platinum-based chemotherapy (644 [66%]), 574 (89%) had no evidence of disease progression. Of 219 patients who received first-line maintenance, 135 (62%) received avelumab. Median (95% CI) overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) from avelumab maintenance start were 14.9 months (13.1—not estimable [NE) and 6.4 months (4.6—NE), respectively. Enfortumab vedotin (EV) was the most common second-line treatment after avelumab (70%). Median (95% CI) OS and PFS from second-line EV start were 11.6 months (6.1—NE) and 6.6 months (4.1—NE), respectively. Conclusions: Results provide insights into the impact of avelumab first-line maintenance treatment in patients with aUC in the US. Effectiveness data are consistent with previous findings, supporting the use of avelumab maintenance in patients without disease progression following first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Second-line EV after progression on avelumab maintenance had similar effectiveness to results from other real-world studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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15 pages, 574 KB

Open AccessReview

by Maya Basbous, Keyi Yang, Volker Arndt and Melissa S. Y. Thong

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030137 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Prostate cancer accounts for the largest group of cancer survivors in men. Hormone therapy is essential, especially in advanced disease. While its short-term effects are well studied, research into the long-term effects on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) remains limited. Therefore, this review [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer accounts for the largest group of cancer survivors in men. Hormone therapy is essential, especially in advanced disease. While its short-term effects are well studied, research into the long-term effects on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) remains limited. Therefore, this review aims to synthesize and identify key gaps in the literature on HRQOL and symptom burden in long-term prostate cancer survivors who underwent hormone therapy. After searching four databases until 15 April 2025, we identified 14 observational studies that reported on general and prostate cancer-specific HRQOL in prostate cancer survivors ≥ 5 years post-diagnosis. Survivors who underwent hormone therapy reported worse global health status and physical, emotional, and social functioning compared to those treated with local therapies like prostatectomy or radiation. These survivors also experienced greater symptom burdens, alongside worse vitality and mental health. Prostate cancer-specific issues, such as bowel and urinary bother and sexual dysfunction, were also more pronounced in hormone therapy recipients. Nevertheless, outcomes beyond 15 years remain under-researched. The findings of this review highlight the importance of discussing long-term HRQOL compromises with patients who consider hormone therapy. However, they warrant cautious interpretation, particularly due to limited details on hormone therapy regimens and inadequate control for stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology Nursing)

23 pages, 24889 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Derived Pathomic Features Predict NCIT Efficacy in Resectable Locally Advanced ESCC: Clinical Utility and Mechanistic Insights

by Kunrui Zhu, Jie Tong, Yaqi Duan, Yiming Li, Yanqi Feng, Yuelin Han, Xiangtian Xiao, Zhuoyan Han and Shu Xia

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030136 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer, with poor outcomes following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT). Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NCIT) has emerged as a promising strategy, but reliable predictive biomarkers remain lacking. This study aimed to develop an AI-driven [...] Read more.

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer, with poor outcomes following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT). Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NCIT) has emerged as a promising strategy, but reliable predictive biomarkers remain lacking. This study aimed to develop an AI-driven pathomic model for NCIT response prediction and explore its biological mechanisms. Methods: We analyzed 269 H&E-stained whole-slide images (WSIs) from 198 ESCC patients (104 from Tongji Hospital, 94 from TCGA). Using ResNet152, we segmented WSIs into four tissue categories (tumor cells, stroma, lymphocytes, and necrosis), extracted spatially weighted pathomic features, and constructed the ECiT score via logistic regression. An integrated model combining the ECiT score with clinical variables (T stage, P53 status) was developed. Mechanistic analyses were performed using TCGA-ESCA and GSE160269 datasets. Results: The integrated model achieved AUCs of 0.897 (training) and 0.809 (temporal validation), outperforming clinical (AUC = 0.624) and pathomic-only (AUC = 0.751) models. Mechanistically, a high ECiT score correlated with enhanced immune activation (elevated CD4⁺ memory T cell infiltration), while low scores were linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-unfolded protein response (UPR) activation. EIF2S3 was identified as a key molecular mediator, correlating with three pathomic features, UPR activation, and poor prognosis. Conclusions: This study may offer a preliminary indicator that could assist in personalized clinical decision-making. Correlative evidence suggests that the EIF2S3-mediated ER stress–UPR axis represents a potential candidate therapeutic target to overcome NCIT resistance, generating testable hypotheses to advance precision oncology for resectable locally advanced ESCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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19 pages, 369 KB

Open AccessArticle

Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with Daily Low-Dose Carboplatin in Older Patients with Unresectable Locally Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Significance of Systemic Inflammation Markers

by Yu Miura, Hisao Imai, Satoshi Endo, Kosuke Hashimoto, Ou Yamaguchi, Atsuto Mouri, Ken Masubuchi, Takeshi Masubuchi, Yuka Fujita, Shingo Kato, Hiroshi Kagamu and Kyoichi Kaira

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030135 - 25 Feb 2026

Abstract

Older patients with unresectable locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) frequently receive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with daily low-dose carboplatin; however, real-world data on its efficacy, safety, and prognostic factors remain limited. We aimed to retrospectively evaluate the clinical outcomes of this regimen and [...] Read more.

Older patients with unresectable locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) frequently receive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with daily low-dose carboplatin; however, real-world data on its efficacy, safety, and prognostic factors remain limited. We aimed to retrospectively evaluate the clinical outcomes of this regimen and examined whether systemic inflammation-based indices predict prognosis in this setting. We reviewed 52 consecutive patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated with first-line CCRT using daily low-dose carboplatin at three Japanese institutions between April 2007 and December 2019. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 11.5 and 40.1 months, respectively. Twenty patients received durvalumab as consolidation therapy. In the overall cohort, multivariate analysis identified the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) as an independent predictor of PFS. A GPS of 0–1 was also associated with a significantly longer OS in univariate analysis. CCRT with daily low-dose carboplatin provided durable disease control with acceptable toxicity in older patients with unresectable stage II/III NSCLC. The GPS appears to be a simple marker for PFS in this population and may aid in pretreatment risk stratification alongside histology and consolidation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

14 pages, 1002 KB

Open AccessArticle

Expression of Serum Adenosine Deaminase in Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Its Association with Clinical Outcomes and Survival

by Xiuli Zhu, Yuqiao Diao and Yan Chen

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030134 - 25 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous malignancy with variable outcomes. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), a key enzyme in purine metabolism, has been implicated in tumor progression and immune evasion, yet its role in pediatric NHL remains underexplored. Methods: This retrospective study included [...] Read more.

Background: Pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous malignancy with variable outcomes. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), a key enzyme in purine metabolism, has been implicated in tumor progression and immune evasion, yet its role in pediatric NHL remains underexplored. Methods: This retrospective study included 215 pediatric NHL patients categorized into precursor cell lymphoma (n = 88) and mature cell lymphoma (n = 127) groups based on pathology. Patients were further defined into good (n = 143) and poor prognosis (n = 72) groups according to international response criteria. Serum ADA and other laboratory parameters were measured at diagnosis. Results: Precursor cell lymphomas showed higher rates of bone marrow involvement, peripheral blood involvement, and clinical stage IV disease compared to mature cell lymphomas. ADA levels were significantly elevated in precursor cell lymphomas and in the poor prognosis group. Elevated ADA was strongly correlated with a poor prognosis. Multivariable analysis identified precursor cell lymphoma, fever, bone marrow involvement, elevated LDH, and elevated ADA as independent predictors of poor prognosis (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Serum ADA is significantly elevated in pediatric NHL, particularly in precursor cell subtypes and poor prognosis cases, and serves as a potential prognostic marker. ADA may help improve risk stratification and guide personalized treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

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16 pages, 267 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fear of Cancer Recurrence Among Parents of Children with Cancer Who Underwent Germline Genetic Testing

by Emily A. Flesher, Gabrielle M. Armstrong, Jessica S. Flynn, Leila Sachner, Alise Blake, Anna M. Jones, Rachel Webster, Carolyn E. Humphrey, Niki Jurbergs, Chia-Wei Hsu, Haitao Pan, Kim E. Nichols, Belinda N. Mandrell and Katianne M. Howard Sharp

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030133 - 25 Feb 2026

Abstract

Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a significant but understudied concern among parents of childhood cancer survivors. This study quantitatively characterized parental FCR and explored potential demographic and clinical correlates among parents of children treated for cancer. Parents (N = 192) completed [...] Read more.

Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a significant but understudied concern among parents of childhood cancer survivors. This study quantitatively characterized parental FCR and explored potential demographic and clinical correlates among parents of children treated for cancer. Parents (N = 192) completed the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory-Parent Short Form (FCRI-Parent) and provided demographic information. Clinical variables were obtained from medical chart review. Associations between FCR and demographic or clinical variables were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVAs, and Pearson’s correlations. Parents reported a mean FCR score of 18.64 (SD = 8.73), with 42.2% of parents endorsing FCR above a score of 22. Parental FCR significantly varied by parent race, education, and spirituality. Higher FCR was also significantly negatively correlated with child age, time since diagnosis, and time since treatment completion. Parents of children with central nervous system tumors or hematological malignancies endorsed significantly higher FCR compared to parents of children with solid tumors. Findings build on previously identified psychosocial needs for parents of children treated for cancer by quantitatively describing parental FCR and exploring subgroups that may be at increased risk for FCR. Tailored interventions, including strategies that support spiritual coping, may help mitigate FCR among at-risk parents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

12 pages, 818 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Profiling and Treatment Outcomes in Uterine Serous Carcinoma: Prognostic Role of Estrogen Receptor Expression

by Anna Svarna, Michalis Liontos, Kallirroi Goula, Konstantina Pardali, Konstantinos Koutsoumpogeras, Katerina Aravantinou, Konstantina Christina Perdikari, Ioanna Kollarou, Maria Kaparelou, Dimitrios Haidopoulos, Constantine Dimitrakakis, Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos and Flora Zagouri

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030132 - 24 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) represents a rare but aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer, accounting for a disproportionate number of disease-related deaths. Although molecular classification has improved risk stratification, prognostic heterogeneity highlights the need for new prognostic markers. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 83 [...] Read more.

Background: Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) represents a rare but aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer, accounting for a disproportionate number of disease-related deaths. Although molecular classification has improved risk stratification, prognostic heterogeneity highlights the need for new prognostic markers. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 83 patients with USC treated at our institution between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2023. Clinicopathological characteristics, treatment strategies, molecular biomarkers accessed by immunohistology (TP53, ER, PR, HER2, and MMR status), and survival outcomes were collected. Patients were first staged by FIGO 2009 and retrospectively reclassified by FIGO 2023. Disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results: The majority of patients were presented with advanced disease (FIGO stage IIIC-IV). TP53 mutations were found in 88% of cases, HER2 amplification in 18%, and ER expression in 57.8%. ER-positive patients showed significantly improved DFS in the adjuvant setting compared with ER-negative patients, whereas no significant associations were observed for first-line PFS or OS in multivariable analyses. HER2 amplification was not associated with inferior survival in our cohort. The advanced stage remained an independent predictor of worse OS. Conclusions: USC is a biologically heterogeneous disease, and its treatment should be guided by its molecular profile. ER expression identifies a subset of patients with improved DFS, suggesting potential prognostic relevance in this high-risk histology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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1 pages, 128 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Penati et al. High Outcome-Reporting Bias in Randomized-Controlled Trials of Acupuncture for Cancer Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Epidemiological Study. Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32, 462

by Rachele Penati, Riccardo Vecchio, Roberto Gatto, Anna Odone and Silvia Deandrea

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(3), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33030131 - 24 Feb 2026

Abstract

The authors inadvertently omitted to indicate a second affiliation of Anna Odone in the original publication [...] Full article

15 pages, 493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Training Practices and Gaps for Staff Involved in the Delivery of Oncology Financial Navigation: A Qualitative Study

by Gaby Cordero, Maria Pisu, Shu-Fan Chen, Elizabeth Ward and Margaret I. Liang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020130 - 23 Feb 2026

Abstract

Financial hardship affects 30–70% of cancer patients and is associated with worse quality-of-life outcomes and higher mortality. In response, many health systems have implemented financial navigation teams to mitigate financial hardship and provide financial guidance to cancer patients. Currently, there is a lack [...] Read more.

Financial hardship affects 30–70% of cancer patients and is associated with worse quality-of-life outcomes and higher mortality. In response, many health systems have implemented financial navigation teams to mitigate financial hardship and provide financial guidance to cancer patients. Currently, there is a lack of standardization in financial navigation training. Our primary objective was to assess current training practices and gaps that may exist in critical information and tools for day-to-day operations for individuals providing financial navigation services. Our secondary objective was to supplement findings from the interviews with a web-based search for training resources that would be helpful in these roles. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted over a video-based conferencing platform in the United States of America with nine individuals in varying roles related to financial navigation. Thematic analysis was conducted by investigators to identify common themes using a constant comparative method. Current financial navigation training practices were found to be less structured and comprehensive than desired, largely relying on experiential “on the job” learning. Participants expressed the need for more multi-dimensional training that covers insurance, cancer treatment and associated costs, financial resources, and an emphasis on developing soft skills to navigate the sensitive topics of cancer and cancer costs. The findings contribute to the development of more standardized trainings that incorporate dissemination of crucial financial information in a compassionate manner. A web-based search was also performed to create a compilation of available financial navigation training resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Economics in Oncology: Addressing Financial Toxicity, Value-Based Care, and Equity)

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34 pages, 1527 KB

Open AccessReview

Metabolic Vulnerabilities as a Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer

by Sabrina Guo and Christina L. Addison

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020129 - 23 Feb 2026

Abstract

Metabolic reprogramming is a defining feature of breast cancer, enabling tumor cells to sustain rapid proliferation, survive under stress, and resist therapy. Key pathways including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid metabolism, and one-carbon metabolism, play central roles in meeting the energetic and biosynthetic demands of [...] Read more.

Metabolic reprogramming is a defining feature of breast cancer, enabling tumor cells to sustain rapid proliferation, survive under stress, and resist therapy. Key pathways including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid metabolism, and one-carbon metabolism, play central roles in meeting the energetic and biosynthetic demands of malignant cells. Enhanced glycolytic flux supports ATP generation and lactate production, while glutamine metabolism fuels the tricarboxylic acid cycle and provides nitrogen for nucleotide synthesis. Lipid metabolic pathways, particularly fatty acid synthesis, contribute to membrane biogenesis and signaling, and one-carbon metabolism driven by serine and glycine supplies methyl groups for epigenetic regulation and nucleotide production. These metabolic adaptations not only promote tumor growth but also create vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. Inhibiting these pathways has shown promise in preclinical models; however, challenges such as metabolic plasticity, tumor heterogeneity, and potential toxicity in normal tissues underscore the need for biomarker-driven strategies and rational combination therapies. Herein, we describe current knowledge of the role of these pathways in breast cancer progression, highlighting the role of key enzymes in promoting breast cancer tumor cell growth and in breast cancer prognoses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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15 pages, 485 KB

Open AccessArticle

BLOSSOM Dietary Habits and 1-Year Intravesical Recurrence in High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with BCG

by Carlo Buonerba, Raffaele Baio, Felice Crocetto, Dario Bruzzese, Francesco Del Giudice, Antonio Nacchia, Francesco Chiancone, Concetta Ingenito, Oriana Strianese, Antonio Verde, Ferdinando Costabile, Luca Scafuri, Roberto Sanseverino, Elena Sorrentino, Vittorio Riccio, Dalila Carino, Margherita Bertoni, Federica Monaco, Paolo Verze, Teresa Di Lauro, Sisto Perdonà, Celeste Manfredi, Antonio Ruffo, Gabriele Barbato, Serena Rizzano, Sara Rizzano, Armando Pisapia, Marina Pisapia, Rossella Di Trolio, Emanuela Sergianni, Giuseppe Romeo, Francesca Cappuccio, Gennaro Sosto and Giuseppe Di Lorenzo Show full author list Hide full author list

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020128 - 22 Feb 2026

Abstract

Evidence on modifiable post-diagnosis factors influencing outcomes after intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is limited. In this exploratory, feasibility-focused prospective multicenter cohort (March 2023–November 2024), BCG-naïve patients completed repeated interviewer-administered 24 h dietary recalls; prespecified food groups, [...] Read more.

Evidence on modifiable post-diagnosis factors influencing outcomes after intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is limited. In this exploratory, feasibility-focused prospective multicenter cohort (March 2023–November 2024), BCG-naïve patients completed repeated interviewer-administered 24 h dietary recalls; prespecified food groups, selected foods, and nutrients were screened for associations with 1-year intravesical recurrence using Firth’s penalized logistic regression adjusted a priori for age, sex, and total energy intake, with false discovery rate control within each exposure family. Forty-six patients were enrolled; 41 had evaluable recurrence status, including 8 recurrences (19.5%). Participants were predominantly overweight (mean body mass index (BMI) 28.4 kg/m²) and had low adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern (median Mediterranean Adequacy Index 2.25). No dietary exposure met the within-family false discovery rate threshold; the smallest q-value was 0.361. Nominal inverse associations were observed for leafy green vegetables (OR per 1 SD 0.385; 95% CI 0.101–0.972) and for energy-adjusted zinc (OR 0.280; 95% CI 0.069–0.802) and magnesium intakes (OR 0.260; 95% CI 0.045–0.872), but these did not remain significant after FDR adjustment. These exploratory signals warrant replication in larger, biomarker-informed cohorts incorporating dietary biomarkers and immune profiling during BCG. Given the limited sample size and low number of recurrence events, these findings are strictly hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as evidence of definitive protective or risk dietary factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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13 pages, 1279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adult Patients with Philadelphia-Positive B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated with a Pediatric-Inspired Multiagent Chemotherapy Regimen, in Combination with a TKI, Do Not Require Routine alloSCT

by Donna Zhe Sian Eng, Fatima Khadadah, Maria Agustina Perusini, Eshrak Al-Shaibani, Eshetu G. Atenafu, Aniket Bankar, Marta Davidson, Guillaume Richard-Carpentier, Dawn Maze, Karen Yee, Aaron Schimmer, Vikas Gupta, Steven Chan, Dennis Dong Hwan Kim, Andre Schuh, Mark Minden and Hassan Sibai

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020127 - 22 Feb 2026

Abstract

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) added to chemotherapy have improved outcomes of adult patients with Philadelphia-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ B-ALL). These improvements initially led to a larger proportion of patients realizing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), long considered essential for cure, but [...] Read more.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) added to chemotherapy have improved outcomes of adult patients with Philadelphia-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ B-ALL). These improvements initially led to a larger proportion of patients realizing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), long considered essential for cure, but there has been a re-evaluation of alloSCT. At Princess Margaret Hospital (PM), adult patients with Ph+ B-ALL have been treated with a pediatric-inspired chemotherapy protocol with mostly imatinib. In the last two decades, we have witnessed many iterative changes in our approach. Here, we examine the outcomes of all Ph+ B-ALL patients treated at our institution from 2001 to 2019. During this time, there were two major protocol changes—omission of asparaginase in 2009 and discontinuation of routine referral for first complete remission (CR1) alloSCT from the early 2010s. Median follow-up was 41.13 months (range, 0.46–228.79). In total, 141 patients (91.56%) achieved CR1. Patient outcomes improved iteratively, with the best results seen in the final (2016–2019) cohort: no asparaginase, no routine alloSCT referral in CR1; 4-year overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) were 87.0% and 69.3%, respectively. The long-term OS in this patient group retained statistical significance in the multivariable analysis (p = 0.0176) when BCR::ABL1 molecular measurable residual disease (MRD) was considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

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