Current Oncology

17 pages, 4167 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Two-Stage Surgical Management of Intramedullary Holocord Astrocytoma in an Adult: A Case Report and Literature Review

by Trong Huy Mai, Firat Taskaya, Sifian Al-Hamid, Julius Reiser, Vanessa Magdalena Swiatek, Ardeshir Ardeshiri, Ali Rashidi, Klaus-Peter Stein, Christian Mawrin, Belal Neyazi and I. Erol Sandalcioglu

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010062 - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Holocord astrocytomas are exceptionally rare intramedullary tumors, especially in adults, and often present with extensive longitudinal growth. Because only a small number of cases have been described, management strategies remain insufficiently defined. This report presents an adult patient treated with a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Holocord astrocytomas are exceptionally rare intramedullary tumors, especially in adults, and often present with extensive longitudinal growth. Because only a small number of cases have been described, management strategies remain insufficiently defined. This report presents an adult patient treated with a staged surgical approach and provides an updated review of the literature. Methods: A 31-year-old male presented with progressive paraparesis, sensory deficits, and sphincter dysfunction. MRI demonstrated an intramedullary tumor extending from T3 to the conus medullaris. The patient underwent a planned two-stage resection with intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. Histopathological and DNA-methylation analyses were performed. Additionally, a systematic review of previously reported holocord astrocytoma cases was conducted. Results: The two-stage surgical strategy enabled extensive debulking across multiple spinal segments while preserving neurological function. The patient demonstrated marked postoperative improvement, including restoration of sphincter control, improved motor function, and better mobility. Histopathological analyses confirmed a high-grade astrocytoma with piloid features. The literature review identified 28 previously reported cases, including only 5 in adults. Reported neurological outcomes across adult cases are variable, reflecting the heterogeneity and rarity of this tumor entity. Conclusions: Holocord astrocytomas in adults are extremely rare and pose particular diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This case demonstrates that a carefully planned, staged surgical approach can achieve meaningful neurological recovery, even in patients presenting with severe preoperative deficits. The report expands the limited body of evidence available for adult holocord astrocytomas and may support future management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

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21 pages, 1215 KB

Open AccessReview

SOGUG Multidisciplinary Expert Panel Consensus on Updated Diagnosis and Characterization of Prostate Cancer Patients

by Enrique Gallardo, Alfonso Gómez-de-Iturriaga, Jesús Muñoz-Rodríguez, Isabel Chirivella-González, Enrique González-Billababeita, Claudio Martínez-Ballesteros, María José Méndez-Vidal, Mercedes Mitjavila-Casanovas, Paula Pelechano Gómez, Aránzazu González-del-Alba and Fernando López-Campos

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010061 - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

A group of experts of different specialties involved in the care of prostate cancer (PCa) patients participated in the ENFOCA2 project, promoted by the Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group (SOGUG), with the aim to review, discuss, and summarize current relevant aspects related to screening, [...] Read more.

A group of experts of different specialties involved in the care of prostate cancer (PCa) patients participated in the ENFOCA2 project, promoted by the Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group (SOGUG), with the aim to review, discuss, and summarize current relevant aspects related to screening, diagnosis, imaging, risk-based approach, and molecular characterization of PCa. A multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach is essential to ensure that patients receive evidence-based care, promoting shared decision-making, and tailoring treatment to the patient’s unique values and preferences. Population-based screening based on risk-stratified algorithms is needed to overcome the limitations of opportunistic screening for detecting clinically significant PCa. Next-generation imaging (NGI) methods, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT alone or combined with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), have a promising role in different scenarios of the diagnostic process due to their high sensitivity. The diagnostic yield of mpMRI should be improved, especially for assessing extraprostatic extension. The use of specific molecular probes as imaging markers for MRI could improve the staging of metastatic disease. Protocols for germline testing developed by international societies, such as the European Association of Urology (EAU) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), should be adapted at local levels, with BRCA1/2, ATM, PALB2, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM, and HOXB13 as the genes to be investigated. Genomic classifier tools help identifying aggressiveness of cancers and aid in personalized treatment decision-making. Joint efforts of multidisciplinary physicians are crucial to improve health outcomes for patients with PCa across the spectrum of this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New and Emerging Trends in Prostate Cancer)

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23 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parent Perspectives on Physical Therapy for Their Child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: The Light at the End of the Tunnel

by Paula A. Ospina, Palana Shah, Livleen Dhaliwal, Sara Fisher, Beverly A. Wilson, Lesley Pritchard, David D. Eisenstat and Margaret L. McNeely

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010060 - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

Many children with cancer referred to physical therapy (PT) do not attend the service. We conducted a pilot study, comprising a cross-sectional survey and interviews with parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The survey explored parents’ (1) views on PT service delivery [...] Read more.

Many children with cancer referred to physical therapy (PT) do not attend the service. We conducted a pilot study, comprising a cross-sectional survey and interviews with parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The survey explored parents’ (1) views on PT service delivery for their child, (2) perspectives on barriers and facilitators, (3) preferred timing to introduce PT, and (4) views on virtual services. Questions were designed based on the Theoretical Domains Framework, and responses were mapped onto the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation–Behavior Change Model. Twenty parents participated in the survey. Although all parents would consider their child accessing PT if deficits were present, access depended on a convenient location (70%) and availability of virtual delivery (45%). While half of the parents preferred PT treatment to be introduced during the maintenance phase of chemotherapy, findings also support earlier introduction during the consolidation phase when services are framed as part of standard care. While most parents perceived that it would be manageable to support home-based PT, barriers included a lack of child’s motivation without therapist support. Seven parents participated in semi-structured interviews. They identified time constraints, distance, and costs as common barriers. Most parents responded positively to hybrid PT models and connections with community locations to mitigate these challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology Nursing)

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Graphical abstract

21 pages, 3116 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Tumor Microenvironment and Their Impact on Ovarian Cancer Survival and Therapy

by Alena A. McQuarter, Joseph Cruz, Celina R. Yamauchi, Mariem Chouchen, Cody S. Carter, Tonya J. Webb and Salma Khan

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010059 - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer, mainly because it is often diagnosed late and resists standard treatments. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a major role in disease progression and therapy failure. Two key components of the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer, mainly because it is often diagnosed late and resists standard treatments. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a major role in disease progression and therapy failure. Two key components of the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), create conditions that facilitate tumor growth and immune evasion. CAFs are highly diverse and originate from sources like fibroblasts and stem cells. They support cancer by remodeling the extracellular matrix, promoting angiogenesis, and releasing cytokines and growth factors that aid tumor survival. TAMs, which are usually in an M2 state, also promote metastasis and suppress immune responses by secreting immunosuppressive molecules. Together, CAFs and TAMs interact with cancer cells to activate pathways such as the TGF-β, IL-6, and PI3K/AKT pathways, which drive resistance to therapy. New treatments aim to block these interactions by targeting CAFs and TAMs through depletion, reprogramming, or pathway inhibition, often combined with immunotherapy. Advances such as single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics now enable more precise identification of CAF and TAM subtypes, enabling more targeted therapies. This review summarizes their roles in epithelial ovarian cancer and explores how targeting these cells could improve outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antibody-Mediated Therapy and Other Emerging Therapies in Cancer Treatment)

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16 pages, 446 KB

Open AccessReview

Frailty in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Unsettled Clinical Challenge

by Antonio Bonato, Pietro Guerra, Alessandro Vitale and Andrea Martini

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010058 - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Frailty is a clinical syndrome originally described in geriatrics but increasingly recognized across multiple medical fields. A wide variety of clinical tools have been developed to identify and quantify frailty in different contexts. In oncology, the Performance Status (PS) has long guided therapeutic [...] Read more.

Frailty is a clinical syndrome originally described in geriatrics but increasingly recognized across multiple medical fields. A wide variety of clinical tools have been developed to identify and quantify frailty in different contexts. In oncology, the Performance Status (PS) has long guided therapeutic decisions; however, with the evolution of cancer treatments and the aging of the patient population, a more comprehensive assessment of frailty is emerging as a valuable clinical tool. In patients with cirrhosis, frailty may manifest earlier than in the general population, and the Liver Frailty Index (LFI) has gained prominence as a validated measure among liver transplant candidates. Individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may exhibit frailty due to both the underlying cirrhosis and tumor burden. Nonetheless, evidence on the role of frailty in guiding treatment decisions for HCC remains limited, and standardized assessment tools are still lacking to optimize patient stratification and therapeutic allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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12 pages, 653 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes of Pembrolizumab in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Subsites Excluded from the KEYNOTE-048 Trial

by Gai Yamashita, Takuro Okada, Isaku Okamoto, Takahito Kondo, Tatsuya Ito, Shota Fujii, Takuma Kishida, Yusuke Aihara, Kenji Hanyu, Yuri Ueda, Kunihiko Tokashiki, Hiroki Sato, Yuki Harada, Kaho Momiyama, Takashi Matsuki, Yukiomi Kushihashi, Tatsuo Masubuchi, Yuichiro Tada, Taku Yamashita and Kiyoaki Tsukahara

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010057 - 18 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN) carries a poor prognosis; however, immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as critical therapeutic options. Although the KEYNOTE-048 trial established the efficacy of pembrolizumab, the population was restricted to major sites [...] Read more.

Recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN) carries a poor prognosis; however, immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as critical therapeutic options. Although the KEYNOTE-048 trial established the efficacy of pembrolizumab, the population was restricted to major sites (e.g., oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx), excluding subsites such as the paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. To evaluate outcomes in these populations, we conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 167 patients with R/M SCCHN treated with pembrolizumab between December 2019 and February 2022. The cohort comprised 127 patients with tumors in included sites and 27 in excluded subsites. Primary endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). In the excluded subsite group, median OS was 15.2 months (1-year rate: 70.6%), and median PFS was 4.9 months (1-year rate: 21.2%). The ORR was 22.2% and the DCR was 59.3%. The incidence of irAEs was 25.9%, with Grade ≥ 3 events in 3.7%. Survival outcomes did not differ significantly from those in included sites. These findings suggest the potential efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in subsites excluded from KEYNOTE-048, warranting validation in prospective trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

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11 pages, 702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metastasis-Free Survival in Patients with Biochemical Recurrence After Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study in Japan (MSUG94 Group)

by Minori Nezasa, Masayuki Tomioka, Tomoyuki Tatenuma, Takeshi Sasaki, Yoshinori Ikehata, Akinori Nakayama, Masahiro Toide, Tatsuaki Yoneda, Kazushige Sakaguchi, Kazuhide Makiyama, Takahiro Inoue, Hiroshi Kitamura, Kazutaka Saito, Fumitaka Koga, Shinji Urakami and Takuya Koie

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010056 - 18 Jan 2026

Abstract

Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is the definitive surgical treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa). Some patients with post-RARP biological recurrence (BCR) eventually develop distant metastases and subsequent PCa-related mortality. The objective of this study was to clarify the predictive factors for the risk [...] Read more.

Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is the definitive surgical treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa). Some patients with post-RARP biological recurrence (BCR) eventually develop distant metastases and subsequent PCa-related mortality. The objective of this study was to clarify the predictive factors for the risk of metastatic disease after BCR in patients with PCa who underwent RARP. This multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in nine Japanese institutions and enrolled 491 men with BCR, detected between 2011 and 2024. During the median 59-month follow-up period, 44 patients (9.0%) had radiological confirmation of distant metastasis. Patients with developed metastases after BCR exhibited higher biopsy Gleason grade and pathological T stage, increased lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in the surgical specimen, and a shorter interval from RARP to BCR. In univariate analysis, LVI and a time to BCR after RARP of ≤14.9 months were significant predictors of distant metastasis. In the multivariate analysis, LVI constituted a significant independent predictor of distant metastasis (p = 0.011). The 3-year metastasis-free survival (MFS) rates were 85.5% and 94.1% in patients with and without LVI, respectively. The MFS was significantly prolonged in patients with negative LVI compared to those with positive LVI (p = 0.007). In Japanese males with BCR after RARP, LVI was identified as an independent predictor of metastatic progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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15 pages, 2583 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Targeting the Uncommon: A Case Report of Osimertinib Response in Advanced NSCLC Patient with Dual EGFR (E701fs and L702fs) Frameshift Deletions

by Angel Kwan Qi Wong, Saqib Raza Khan, Danial Khan Hadi, Daniel Breadner and Mark David Vincent

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010055 - 18 Jan 2026

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancers with adenocarcinoma being the most common subtype. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically have poor prognosis. In these patients, identification of actionable genomic alterations allows for the selection of targeted therapy [...] Read more.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancers with adenocarcinoma being the most common subtype. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically have poor prognosis. In these patients, identification of actionable genomic alterations allows for the selection of targeted therapy rather than chemotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy. EGFR mutations are a common oncogenic driver in NSCLC and are targetable by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, most of the studies primarily focus on common mutations, which are exon 19 deletions (Ex19del) and exon 21 (L858R) point mutations, and there is inconsistent data on efficacy in the treatment of patients with uncommon EGFR mutations. Currently, the first-line treatment for patients with common EGFR mutations involves a third-generation TKI, typically osimertinib. This case describes a 66-year-old gentleman with two uncommon EGFR frameshift deletions (E701fs and L702fs). His tumor staging was denoted as cT3N2M1b, stage IVA. The patient demonstrated a radiological and biochemical response to osimertinib as part of the OCELOT clinical trial (supported by a grant from AstraZeneca), with evidence of tumor marker decline and radiographic improvement within two months of osimertinib treatment initiation. This response has been durable with continued radiological stability and biochemical improvement at 11 months and ongoing. This case will help guide management for patients with this uncommon EGFR mutations and contribute to the scarce literature of EGFR frameshift deletions in advanced NSCLC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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14 pages, 238 KB

Open AccessReview

Amivantamab Plus Lazertinib and Platin-Based Chemotherapy Plus Osimertinib in EGFR-Mutant NSCLC: How to Choose Among Them and When Is Monotherapy with Osimertinib Still the Best Option?

by Paolo Maione, Francesco Jacopo Romano and Cesare Gridelli

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010054 - 17 Jan 2026

Abstract

In the last year, great advances in the treatment outcomes of advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC have been achieved. Two combination regimens, amivantamab plus lazertinib and platin-based chemotherapy plus osimertinib, have yielded, in the phase III randomized trials named MARIPOSA and FLAURA 2, statistically and [...] Read more.

In the last year, great advances in the treatment outcomes of advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC have been achieved. Two combination regimens, amivantamab plus lazertinib and platin-based chemotherapy plus osimertinib, have yielded, in the phase III randomized trials named MARIPOSA and FLAURA 2, statistically and clinically significant improvements in overall survival compared with monotherapy with osimertinib. However, translation to clinical practice of these relevant results is challenging for two main reasons. The first is that we have no evidence-based tools to choose among the two combinations, except their different safety profiles. The second is that combinations are significantly more toxic than osimertinib alone. Thus, osimertinib remains an effective treatment with an excellent safety profile, perhaps to be considered as still the best option in the majority of elderly patients and in all patients that do not intend to trade-off an excess of toxicity with survival prolongment. The safety and efficacy characteristics of the three treatment options are the basis for a patient-tailored treatment choice, but in a significant proportion of patients, a personal and intimate approach to quality of life and survival prolongment is to be considered the main driver within a well-structured shared decision-making process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

18 pages, 3974 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Model Based on Multiparametric MRI for Distinguishing HER2 Expression Level in Breast Cancer

by Yongxin Chen, Weifeng Liu, Wenjie Tang, Qingcong Kong, Siyi Chen, Shuang Liu, Liwen Pan, Yuan Guo and Xinqing Jiang

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010053 - 16 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to develop machine learning models based on conventional MRI features to classify HER2 expression levels in invasive breast cancer and explore their association with disease-free survival (DFS). A total of 678 patients from two centers were included, with Center 1 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop machine learning models based on conventional MRI features to classify HER2 expression levels in invasive breast cancer and explore their association with disease-free survival (DFS). A total of 678 patients from two centers were included, with Center 1 divided into training and internal test sets and Center 2 serving as an external test set. Random Forest models were trained to distinguish HER2-positive vs. HER2-negative (Task 1) and HER2-low vs. HER2-zero tumors (Task 2) using BI-RADS–based MRI features. SHapley Additive exPlanations were applied to rank feature importance, assist feature selection, and enhance model interpretability. DFS was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests. In Task 1, key features included tumor size, axillary lymph nodes, fibroglandular tissue, peritumoral edema, and multifocal, achieving AUCs of 0.75 and 0.73 in the internal and external test sets, respectively. In Task 2, tumor size, peritumoral edema, and multifocal yielded AUCs of 0.73 and 0.72, respectively. Higher task-specific model scores were associated with shorter DFS in Task 1 (p = 0.037) and longer DFS in Task 2 (p = 0.046). MRI-based machine learning models can noninvasively stratify HER2 expression levels, with potential for prognostic stratification and clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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10 pages, 344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Cervical Cancer Elimination: Insights from an In-Depth Regional Review of Patients with Cervical Cancer

by Anna N. Wilkinson, Kristin Wright, Colleen Savage, Dana Pearl, Elena Park, Wilma Hopman and Tara Baetz

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010052 - 16 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease, with over 90% of cases caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Despite the availability of HPV vaccination and cervical screening, incidence rates in Canada have been rising since 2015, particularly among underserved populations. This [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease, with over 90% of cases caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Despite the availability of HPV vaccination and cervical screening, incidence rates in Canada have been rising since 2015, particularly among underserved populations. This study investigates contributing factors behind cervical cancer diagnoses in Eastern Ontario over a two-year period to identify gaps leading to failures in prevention and screening. A retrospective chart review was conducted for cervical cancer cases diagnosed between January 2022 and December 2023 at two regional cancer centres in Eastern Ontario. Cases were categorized as screen-detected, inadequately screened, or system failure, based on prior screening history and care processes. Data was collected on patient, screening, and cancer characteristics. Of 132 cases, 22 (16.7%) were screen-detected, 73 (55.3%) were inadequately screened, and 37 (28.0%) were attributed to healthcare system failure. Later-stage disease was significantly more common in the latter two groups. Thirty-one (23.5%) cases presented with palliative diagnoses, and 18 (13.6%) individuals died within 2.5 years. Inadequate screening was associated with rurality, deprivation, and lack of a primary care provider. System failures included false-negative Pap tests, loss to follow-up, and misapplication of screening guidelines. This study evaluated failures in cervical cancer prevention, which led to cervical cancer diagnoses in Eastern Ontario. Gaps included suboptimal screening participation, lack of access to care, health care system breakdowns, and limitations of the Pap test. Findings provide concrete suggestions for eliminating cervical cancer in Canada. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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12 pages, 1278 KB

Open AccessArticle

Palbociclib in Combination with Endocrine Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer in a Real-World Population: Impact of Dose-Intensity, Dose Reductions and Cycle Delays on Efficacy

by Julie Coussirou, Julien Grenier, Alice Mege, Antoine Arnaud, Françoise De Crozals, Emmanuel Bonnet and Léa Vazquez

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010051 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Purpose: With the addition of palbociclib to endocrine therapy, many hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients experience toxicities that can lead to dose reductions and cycle delays. We examined the actual doses of palbociclib received by patients and their treatment [...] Read more.

Purpose: With the addition of palbociclib to endocrine therapy, many hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients experience toxicities that can lead to dose reductions and cycle delays. We examined the actual doses of palbociclib received by patients and their treatment responses. These dose adjustments, made at the physician’s discretion, are not always consistent with pharmaceutical company recommendations. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of dose adjustments on dose intensity and treatment response in our patients. Methods: Records of patients with HR+ mBC treated with palbociclib between December 2016 and January 2019 at the Sainte-Catherine Institute were retrospectively reviewed. Dose intensity was defined as the total dose of palbociclib received by each patient during the first six months of treatment. Anticipated dose reductions and extended cycle delays were recorded. Treatment response at six months and survival were assessed using statistical analyses. Results: A total of 131 women were included; the median age was 67 years. Forty-six patients (35%) experienced an anticipated dose reduction or an extended cycle delay during the first six months of treatment. Logistic regression analysis showed that factors correlated with six-month treatment response included anticipated dose reduction or extended cycle delay (OR = 14.6, 95% CI 3.74–97.4, p < 0.001), cycle delay > 4 weeks (OR = 5.94, 95% CI 1.58–21, p = 0.01), initial dosage < 125 mg (OR = 4.09, 95% CI 1.13–13.7, p = 0.034), and six-month dose intensity < 14,250 mg (OR = 26.0, 95% CI 4.91–481, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this real-world assessment of clinical outcomes in French patients with HR+ mBC treated with palbociclib, a palbociclib dose intensity lower than recommended—particularly due to cycle delays longer than four weeks—was associated with an increased risk of six-month disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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9 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lung Carcinoids—Time to Change Practices

by Ana Rodrigues, Nuno Coimbra, Inês Lucena Sampaio, Isabel Azevedo, Marta Soares, Carmen Jerónimo and Rui Henrique

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010050 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Lung carcinoids—typical and atypical—are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) representing 1–2% of lung cancers. Despite clinicopathological differences, their clinical management often mirrors lung cancer protocols rather than NET-specific recommendations. Objectives: Portray a 12-year real-world experience with lung carcinoids at a Comprehensive [...] Read more.

Background: Lung carcinoids—typical and atypical—are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) representing 1–2% of lung cancers. Despite clinicopathological differences, their clinical management often mirrors lung cancer protocols rather than NET-specific recommendations. Objectives: Portray a 12-year real-world experience with lung carcinoids at a Comprehensive Cancer Center, identifying gaps in diagnostic work-up, treatment decision-making, and follow-up. Methods: Retrospective observational cohort study of adult patients with histologically confirmed lung carcinoids diagnosed at IPO Porto between January 2013 and December 2024. Demographic, clinical, imaging, and treatment data were collected from electronic patient records. Analyses were descriptive. Results: Among 179 identified cases, 129 met eligibility criteria. Median age was 62 years (range 18–84); 53.6% were women and 53.5% were non-smokers; 84.5% had ECOG-PS 0–1. The most frequent presentation was respiratory symptoms (34.1%), followed by incidental findings (43.4%, of which ~20% were during staging or surveillance of other cancers). Typical carcinoids accounted for 49.6% and atypical for 43.4%. FDG-PET/CT was requested in 70.9% of cases, including many with typical carcinoid, and SSTR-PET/CT in 64.6% (dual PET in 38.8%). Most patients (65.1%) presented with stage I disease; 17.1% were stage IV. Mean time-to-first treatment was 83 days (range 1–259). Surgery was the first treatment option for 78.3% of patients. Conclusions: This real-world series highlights heterogeneity in diagnostic pathways, excessive FDG-PET use in typical carcinoids, and non-standardized follow-up. Dedicated multidisciplinary lung-NET boards and national reference centers are needed to homogenize and streamline patient management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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13 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Radiation Oncology Follow-Up of Prostate Cancer Survivors Following Completion of Radiotherapy: A Population-Based Study

by Joshua O. Cerasuolo, Jonathan Sussman, Ian S. Dayes, Rinku Sutradhar, Manaf Zargoush and Hsien Seow

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010049 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Prostate cancer survivors require coordinated long-term care after treatment. We examined patterns of follow-up care and identified characteristics associated with the frequency of radiation oncology (RO) visits during survivorship. We conducted a population-based cohort study of men diagnosed with prostate cancer between April [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer survivors require coordinated long-term care after treatment. We examined patterns of follow-up care and identified characteristics associated with the frequency of radiation oncology (RO) visits during survivorship. We conducted a population-based cohort study of men diagnosed with prostate cancer between April 2010 and March 2019 in Ontario, Canada, who underwent first-line radiotherapy. Survivorship began three years following radiation. Using a recurrent event framework, we identified demographic and clinical characteristics associated with the rate of RO follow-up. Survivors seeking RO follow-up declined by 46.2% over five years of survivorship. Higher-risk characteristics, such as higher ISUP grade, higher stage, detectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) score, and receipt of brachytherapy and/or hormones, were associated with more frequent RO visits. For instance, relative to International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade 1, those with Grades 3 through 5 experienced follow-up rates that were 20%, 25%, and 34% higher, respectively. Despite concordance between patient risk and rate of RO follow-up, 23.6% of survivors continued to visit their RO providers into their fifth year of survivorship, more than half of whom were ISUP grades 1–2. Primary care follow-up remained stable. While frequency of RO follow-up appropriately reflected patient risk profile, many low-risk survivors still sought long-term RO-led care. This suggests an opportunity to encourage lower-risk prostate cancer survivors to seek follow-up care with their general practitioner. Full article

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23 pages, 327 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Screening, Immunotherapy, Targeted Agents, and Precision Surgery in Cervical Cancer: A Comprehensive Clinical Review (2018–2025)

by Priyanka Nagdev and Mythri Chittilla

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010048 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health burden, disproportionately affecting women in low- and middle-income countries despite being preventable. Since 2018, rapid advances in molecular profiling, immunotherapy, refinement of minimally invasive surgery, and targeted therapeutics have transformed diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. This narrative [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health burden, disproportionately affecting women in low- and middle-income countries despite being preventable. Since 2018, rapid advances in molecular profiling, immunotherapy, refinement of minimally invasive surgery, and targeted therapeutics have transformed diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. This narrative review synthesizes clinical and translational progress across the continuum of care from 2018 to 2025. We summarize the evolving landscape of precision screening—including HPV genotyping, DNA methylation assays, liquid biopsy, and AI-assisted cytology—and discuss their implications for global elimination goals. Surgical management has shifted toward evidence-based de-escalation with data from SHAPE, ConCerv, and ongoing RACC informing fertility preservation and minimally invasive approaches. For locally advanced disease, KEYNOTE-A18 establishes pembrolizumab plus chemoradiation as a new curative standard, while INTERLACE underscores the benefit of induction chemotherapy. In the metastatic setting, survival outcomes have improved with the integration of checkpoint inhibitors (KEYNOTE-826, BEATcc, EMPOWER-Cervical 1), vascular-targeted therapies, and antibody–drug conjugates, including tisotumab vedotin and emerging HER2 and TROP-2–directed agents. We further highlight emerging biomarkers—PD-L1, TMB, MSI status, HPV integration patterns, APOBEC signatures, methylation classifiers, ctHPV-DNA—and their evolving role in treatment selection and surveillance. Future directions include neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibition, PARP-IO combinations, HER3-directed ADCs, DDR-targeted radiosensitizers, HPV-specific cellular therapies, and AI-integrated precision medicine. Collectively, these advances are reshaping cervical cancer care toward biologically individualized, globally implementable strategies capable of accelerating WHO elimination targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Cervical Cancer)

14 pages, 890 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unique Clinical Features of Imaging-Stage I Peripheral Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study

by Chengzhang Xiong, Wenjing Zhang, Qing Wang, Hao Yin, Jibin Chen, Wenjun Jiang and Xu Han

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010047 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The incidence of peripheral lung squamous cell carcinoma (p-LUSC) has increased in recent years, but the clinical features of early-stage p-LUSC remain unclear. In the present study, we aim to elucidate the general clinical features of p-LUSC by comparing it with peripheral lung [...] Read more.

The incidence of peripheral lung squamous cell carcinoma (p-LUSC) has increased in recent years, but the clinical features of early-stage p-LUSC remain unclear. In the present study, we aim to elucidate the general clinical features of p-LUSC by comparing it with peripheral lung adenocarcinoma (p-LUAD). Patients with p-LUSC or p-LUAD who were at an early imaging stage and underwent complete lobectomy with systematic lymph node dissection were included. The clinical characteristics of p-LUSC were elucidated through comparative analysis with p-LUAD, and independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival were identified. A total of 103 patients with p-LUSC and 600 patients with p-LUAD were included. Compared with p-LUAD, all p-LUSC cases appeared as solid nodules (SDNs) on imaging, and p-LUSC was associated with the male sex, older age, smoking history, lobulation sign, interstitial pneumonia, and a shorter volume doubling time. In terms of malignant aggressiveness, p-LUSC demonstrated a significantly lower lymph node metastasis rate than SDNs of p-LUAD in the >2.0 to ≤3.0 cm group, while no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in the 0–2.0 cm group. As for prognosis, tumor size and lymph node metastasis were found as independent risk factors for tumor recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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11 pages, 250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parenchymal-Sparing Strategy in Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Single-Center Experience

by Eleonora Pozzi, Giuliano La Barba, Fabrizio D’Acapito, Riccardo Turrini, Giulia Elena Cantelli, Giulia Marchetti, Valentina Zucchini and Giorgio Ercolani

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010046 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Major hepatectomy (MH) has traditionally been associated with higher R0 rates in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), but at the cost of increased morbidity. Parenchymal-sparing hepatectomy (PSH) has emerged as an alternative approach aimed at reducing perioperative complications while preserving functional liver parenchyma without [...] Read more.

Major hepatectomy (MH) has traditionally been associated with higher R0 rates in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), but at the cost of increased morbidity. Parenchymal-sparing hepatectomy (PSH) has emerged as an alternative approach aimed at reducing perioperative complications while preserving functional liver parenchyma without compromising oncological outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed 248 consecutive patients undergoing liver resection for CRLM between 2016 and 2025, classified as PSH (n = 215, 86.7%) or MH (n = 33, 13.3%). MH was performed more frequently in patients with greater tumor burden, including larger lesions, more numerous metastases, and bilobar disease (all p < 0.001). PSH was associated with shorter hospital stay, fewer postoperative complications, and lower 30-day readmission rate. In multivariable Cox analyses, surgical strategy was not associated with recurrence-free survival or overall survival, which were primarily driven by tumor burden. Among patients who developed liver recurrence, repeat hepatectomy was more often feasible after PSH than MH (p = 0.026), emphasizing the long-term value of preserving functional parenchyma. Overall, PSH was associated with lower postoperative morbidity, enabling earlier recovery, while facilitating future liver resections when needed in this chronically evolving disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surgical Strategies for Managing Metastatic Colorectal Cancer)

13 pages, 995 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Treatment Patterns and Outcomes of Intraluminal Ablative Therapies in Noninvasive Urethral Carcinoma: A National Cancer Database Analysis

by Eusebio Luna Velasquez, Vatsala Mundra, Renil S. Titus, Jiaqiong Xu, Carlos Riveros, Dharam Kaushik, Amar Singh, Suran Somawardana, Christopher J. D. Wallis and Raj Satkunasivam

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010045 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate treatment patterns, predictors of treatment selection, and overall survival (OS) in patients with noninvasive (Ta–Tis) urothelial carcinoma of the urethra (UUC). Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with noninvasive UUC (stage Ta or [...] Read more.

Objective: To evaluate treatment patterns, predictors of treatment selection, and overall survival (OS) in patients with noninvasive (Ta–Tis) urothelial carcinoma of the urethra (UUC). Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with noninvasive UUC (stage Ta or Tis, N0, M0) between 2018 and 2021 using the National Cancer Database. Patients were categorized into prostatic and non-prostatic urethral cohorts. Treatment groups included endoluminal ablation alone, ablation combined with topical intraluminal therapy, urethrectomy, and no subsequent treatment. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of treatment selection. The OS was assessed using Kaplan–Meier and multivariable Cox regression, with separate models for each anatomical cohort. Results: A total of 436 patients were included (185 non-prostatic, 251 prostatic); 91.9% (n = 401) were male. Ablation alone was the most common treatment in both cohorts (non-prostatic: 57.3%; prostatic: 62.6%), followed by urethrectomy (non-prostatic: 21.1%) and ablation plus topical therapy (prostatic: 20.3%). In the non-prostatic cohort, high-grade histology (OR 15.15; 95% CI, 3.82–60.04) and Tis stage (OR 3.27; 95% CI, 1.10–9.69) were associated with increased odds of urethrectomy. In the prostatic cohort, high-grade histology was associated with increased use of urethrectomy (OR 59.29; 95% CI, 4.61–763.17) and ablation plus topical therapy (OR 3.09; 95% CI, 1.21–7.90). Tis stage was also associated with ablation plus topical therapy (OR 2.53; 95% CI, 1.14–5.62). This treatment approach was associated with improved OS compared with ablation alone (HR 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05–0.60; p = 0.005). Conclusions: Treatment selection differed substantially by tumor location, stage, and grade, reflecting both treatment selection in noninvasive UUC varied by tumor location, grade, and stage. In prostatic tumors, ablation plus topical therapy was associated with improved survival, supporting its role as a risk-adapted, organ-sparing strategy in selected patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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13 pages, 636 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of an Interdisciplinary Integrative Group-Based Program for Patients with Cancer: Prospective, Nonrandomized Intervention Study with a Waiting-List Control

by Burcu Babadağ Savaş, Bettina Märtens, Yvonne Ziert and Diana Steinmann

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010044 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cancer is a disease with a rising global incidence each year, and an interdisciplinary approach for both its treatment and care is needed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 10-week interdisciplinary integrative oncology group-based program for patients with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cancer is a disease with a rising global incidence each year, and an interdisciplinary approach for both its treatment and care is needed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 10-week interdisciplinary integrative oncology group-based program for patients with cancer on quality of life, fatigue, resilience, well-being, anxiety and depression. Methods: This prospective, nonrandomized intervention, waiting-list control group study evaluated the quality of life, fatigue, resilience, anxiety, depression and well-being of a total of 128 patients with cancer (intervention group: n = 86; waiting-list control group: n = 42) at baseline (week 0) and at the end of the observation period (week 10). Results: Compared with patients in the waiting-list group, patients who participated in a 10-week interdisciplinary integrative group program during or after cancer treatment had positive effects on quality of life, social/family well-being, functional well-being, resilience, fatigue, and anxiety. Specifically, significant time × group effects were observed on (FACT-G: p = 0.002, η² = 0.73; FACIT-Fatigue: p = 0.014, η² = 0.47; FACIT-F: p = 0.002, η² = 0.74), social/family well-being (p = 0.015, η² = 0.46), functional well-being (p < 0.001, η² = 0.102), with a large effect size and resilience mean scores (p = 0.003, η² = 0.069), and anxiety mean scores (p = 0.005, η² = 0.060), with a medium effect size. Conclusions: This study revealed that compared with nonparticipants, participants in the 10-week interdisciplinary program benefited more from the program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

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