Current Oncology

17 pages, 707 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Exploring the Efficacy of Combining Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation or Microwave Ablation with Vertebroplasty for Pain Control and Disease Management in Metastatic Bone Disease—A Systematic Review

by Eliodoro Faiella, Federica Vaccarino, Giuseppina Pacella, Domiziana Santucci, Elva Vergantino, Amalia Bruno, Raffaele Ragone, Bruno Beomonte Zobel and Rosario Francesco Grasso

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5422-5438; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090401 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Interventional radiology techniques have become pivotal in recent years in managing metastatic bone disease, which frequently results in skeletal complications such as fractures and severe pain. Thermoablative methods like radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), when combined with vertebroplasty (VP), are [...] Read more.

Background: Interventional radiology techniques have become pivotal in recent years in managing metastatic bone disease, which frequently results in skeletal complications such as fractures and severe pain. Thermoablative methods like radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), when combined with vertebroplasty (VP), are proving increasingly beneficial for these patients. Methods: The search was independently conducted by two radiologists on MEDLINE databases, using specified strings up to April 2024. Methodological quality was assessed using PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria investigated thermoablation techniques (RFA and/or MWA) combined with VP, focusing on pain management and disease control outcomes in adults. Results: Among 147 results, 42 articles met the criteria, with varied prospective and retrospective designs and sample sizes averaging 49 patients, predominantly involving RFA (30 studies), MWA (11 studies), and one comparative study. Our review highlights significant pain reduction, effective local tumor control, and favorable safety of combined RFA or MWA with VP, supporting its potential in managing vertebral pathologies and warranting further clinical integration. Conclusions: The combined treatment of RFA/MWA with VP demonstrates significant pain reduction and local tumor control, with a rapid onset of analgesic effect. These findings support its crucial role in clinical practice for managing vertebral metastases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Treatment of Bone Metastasis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1381 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Mogamulizumab and Concomitant Hypofractionated Low-Dose Total Skin Electron Beam Therapy (2 × 4 Gy) in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Proof of Principle, Report of Two Cases

by Mathias Oymanns, Michael Daum-Marzian and Chalid Assaf

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5412-5421; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090400 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Patients with advanced-stage mycosis fungoides (MF IIB–IVB) and Sézary syndrome (SS) have poor prognoses, with survival ranging from 4.7 to 1.4 years depending on the disease stage. There is a need for therapeutic approaches that lead to long-lasting responses and improved quality of [...] Read more.

Patients with advanced-stage mycosis fungoides (MF IIB–IVB) and Sézary syndrome (SS) have poor prognoses, with survival ranging from 4.7 to 1.4 years depending on the disease stage. There is a need for therapeutic approaches that lead to long-lasting responses and improved quality of life and survival. Mogamulizumab, a humanized antibody against the CCR4 molecule, and low-dose total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT) are two known established treatments for MF and SS as a monotherapy. However, little is known about the potential additive effect on the combination of both treatments. We report here for the first time the concurrent use of low-dose hypofractionated TSEBT (2 × 4 Gy) with mogamulizumab. Based on two relapsed/refractory and advanced-stage CTCL patients, we show that this combination may be well tolerated in advanced-stage MF or SS and may potentially lead to an additive treatment effect on response times, particularly in the skin and blood within two weeks. We propose that this combination may be a treatment option for patients with SS. Further research is needed to understand the efficacy and tolerability profile of this therapeutic combination and to determine if there is an additive effect of the combination on the response rates when compared with the monotherapy. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Screening for Cervical Cancer Offered through a Digital Platform in a Region of British Columbia with Lower Screening Rates

by Laurie W. Smith, Amy Booth, C. Sarai Racey, Brenda Smith, Ashwini Prabhakaran, Smritee Dabee, Quan Hong, Nazia Niazi and Gina S. Ogilvie

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5399-5411; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090399 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Cervical cancer is highly preventable through vaccination, early detection, and treatment, yet is the fourth most common cancer globally. HPV testing is superior to cytology for the detection of cervical pre-cancer, and jurisdictions around the world are implementing HPV primary screening, which offers [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer is highly preventable through vaccination, early detection, and treatment, yet is the fourth most common cancer globally. HPV testing is superior to cytology for the detection of cervical pre-cancer, and jurisdictions around the world are implementing HPV primary screening, which offers the opportunity for self-screening, an important self-care intervention. Digital health solutions are also increasingly important components of self-care. In this study, we assessed the acceptability and completion of self-screening for cervical cancer offered through a digital platform within a low screening uptake region of British Columbia. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptability of self-screening for cervical cancer offered through a digital platform as measured by return rates of self-screening kits. Patients due or overdue for cervix screening were invited to participate. Eligible participants registered online to receive a self-screening kit, which included a device for vaginal self-screening, instructions, and a return envelope, sent to their home. After self-screening using the vaginal device, HPV testing was conducted. HPV-negative participants were returned to routine screening, and HPV-positive participants were recommended for cytology or colposcopy. Attendance rates at follow-up were evaluated. Participants were invited to complete an acceptability survey. From April 2019 to December 2023, 283 participants were sent kits, with 207 kits returned for a completion rate of 73%. Of valid samples (n = 202), 15 were HPV positive, and 93% attended follow-up care. Most respondents found the CervixCheck website easy to use, informative, and secure and were satisfied with receiving their results online. CervixCheck had a high completion rate among participants who were sent a self-screening kit. High compliance with recommended follow-up and high acceptability of self-screening for cervical cancer was observed. Most participants indicated they would self-screen again in the future. Innovative approaches to cervical screening, including self-screening and the use of digital health interventions, are ways to enhance equity and improve uptake of cervical screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Action and Impact: Prevention and Screening Strategies Contributing to the Elimination of Cervical Cancer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1627 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Cardiac Metastasis from Myxoid Liposarcoma Managed Successfully with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

by Georgios M. Stergiopoulos, Brittany L. Siontis, Ivy A. Petersen, Matthew T. Houdek, Thanh P. Ho, Scott H. Okuno and Steven I. Robinson

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5384-5398; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090398 - 12 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Liposarcoma, one of the most prevalent sarcoma histologies, is recognized for its tendency for extra-pulmonary metastases. While oligometastatic cardiac disease is rarely reported, it poses a unique challenge as oligometastatic sarcomas are often managed with surgical resection. Case Report: We present a [...] Read more.

Background: Liposarcoma, one of the most prevalent sarcoma histologies, is recognized for its tendency for extra-pulmonary metastases. While oligometastatic cardiac disease is rarely reported, it poses a unique challenge as oligometastatic sarcomas are often managed with surgical resection. Case Report: We present a case of a 62-year-old man diagnosed with an oligometastatic myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS) to the heart 19 years after the primary tumor resection from the lower limb. The metastatic mass, situated in the pericardium adjacent and infiltrating the left ventricle, was not managed surgically but with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient’s disease remains stable to date, for more than 10 years. Literature Review: We conducted a review of the literature to determine the preferred management approach for solitary cardiac metastases of sarcomas. We also conducted an in-depth analysis focusing on reported cases of MLPS metastasizing to the heart, aiming to extract pertinent data regarding the patient characteristics and the corresponding management strategies. Conclusions: Although clinical diagnoses of solitary or oligometastatic cardiac metastases from sarcomas are infrequent, this case underscores the significance of aggressive management employing chemotherapy and radiotherapy for chemosensitive and radiosensitive sarcomas, especially when surgical removal is high-risk. Furthermore, it challenges the notion that surgery is the exclusive therapeutic option leading to long-term clinical benefit in patients with recurrent sarcomas. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1937 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Prospects of Abemaciclib for Patients with Endometrial Cancer

by Ahmad Awada and Sarfraz Ahmad

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5374-5383; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090397 - 12 Sep 2024

Abstract

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynecologic malignancy with a rising incidence due to obesity, comorbid conditions, and related lifestyle factors. The standard of care for primary disease consists of surgical resection with/without chemotherapy ± radiotherapy for select patients. Recurrence is common in [...] Read more.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynecologic malignancy with a rising incidence due to obesity, comorbid conditions, and related lifestyle factors. The standard of care for primary disease consists of surgical resection with/without chemotherapy ± radiotherapy for select patients. Recurrence is common in patients with advanced-stage disease and/or high-risk features, who primarily are treated with systemic therapy. The identification of novel targets in malignant EC has led to the development of wide-range inhibitors. Abemaciclib is an orally active unique cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, selective for the CDK4 and CDK6 cell cycle pathways. This agent has potential anti-neoplastic activity and is indicated in combination with various therapies such as endocrine therapy, aromatase inhibitors, and hormone therapies, primarily in breast cancer (BC). Herein, we sought to summarize the biochemical/pharmacological properties of abemaciclib and its therapeutic potential in EC. While the therapeutic role(s) of abemaciclib was fairly established in a subset of patients with advanced/metastatic BC through the pivotal MONARCH trials, its attributes and clinical utility in EC are limited. Thus, based on some promising pre-clinical/translational insights and a recent phase II study, we highlight abemaciclib’s properties and potential clinical usefulness in patients with EC, particularly in recurrent estrogen-receptor-positive cases. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Disparities in Clinical Trial Participation: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Cancer Patients at a Midwest Academic Medical Center

by Katie Moreland, Melinda Butsch Kovacic, Shesh Rai and Davendra Sohal

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5367-5373; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090396 - 11 Sep 2024

Abstract

Research conducted on homogenous populations can lead to biased and misleading findings, impeding the development of effective interventions and treatments for diverse populations. Low participation among minority groups further leads to disparities in access to innovative cancer care and treatment outcomes associated with [...] Read more.

Research conducted on homogenous populations can lead to biased and misleading findings, impeding the development of effective interventions and treatments for diverse populations. Low participation among minority groups further leads to disparities in access to innovative cancer care and treatment outcomes associated with trial participation. To better understand cancer patients’ attitudes and willingness to participate in clinical trials, solid tumor patients attending their clinic visits were invited to complete a survey. The survey included questions on demographics, previous trial participation, and future trial interest. Responses were analyzed with frequency tables and chi-square tests. Of 300 participants, only 96 (32%) were asked to participate in a clinical trial. Of these, 81 (84%) chose to participate and 15 (16%) did not. There were notable differences by race but not gender or education level. Of the 204 who had never been asked to participate, 70% indicated that they would be willing to participate in future, and there was a strong sex–race interaction. Non-White males were the most hesitant group. Of 204, 99% indicated that they would participate to access new treatments, and 57% would participate to contribute to research overall. This study shows that many solid tumor patients undergoing treatment are not offered clinical trials. Racial differences in attitudes toward trial participation are evident. Nonetheless, many patients are willing to participate in trials to access innovative treatments and to support research. Culturally relevant outreach to build trust with minority groups is needed to increase overall participation in clinical trials. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biopsychosocial Associates of Psychological Distress and Post-Traumatic Growth among Canadian Cancer Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Karen M. Zhang, Som D. Mukherjee, Gregory Pond, Michelle I. Roque, Ralph M. Meyer, Jonathan Sussman, Peter M. Ellis and Denise Bryant-Lukosius

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5354-5366; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090395 - 10 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objective: Understanding both the positive and negative psychological outcomes among cancer patients during the pandemic is critical for planning post-pandemic cancer care. This study (1) examined levels of psychological distress and post-traumatic growth (PTG) among Canadian cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and [...] Read more.

Objective: Understanding both the positive and negative psychological outcomes among cancer patients during the pandemic is critical for planning post-pandemic cancer care. This study (1) examined levels of psychological distress and post-traumatic growth (PTG) among Canadian cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) explored variables that were associated with psychological distress and PTG during the pandemic using a biopsychosocial framework. Method: A cross-section survey was undertaken of patients receiving ongoing care at a regional cancer centre in Ontario, Canada, between February and December 2021. Self-reported questionnaires assessing sociodemographic information, social difficulties, psychological distress (depression, anxiety fear of recurrence, and emotional distress), PTG, illness perceptions, and behavioural responses to the pandemic were administered. Disease-related information was extracted from patient health records. Results: Prevalences of moderate to severe levels of depression, anxiety, fear of recurrence and emotional distress were reported by 26.0%, 21.2%, 44.2%, and 50.0% of the sample (N = 104), respectively. Approximately 43% of the sample reported experiencing high PTG, and these positive experiences were not associated with levels of distress. Social factors, including social difficulties, being female, lower education, and unemployment status were prominent associative factors of patient distress. Perceptions of the pandemic as threatening, adopting more health safety behaviours, and not being on active treatment also increased patient likelihood to experience severe psychological distress. Younger age and adopting more health safety behaviours increased the likelihood of experiencing high PTG. The discriminatory power of the predictive models was strong, with a C-statistic > 0.80. Conclusions: Examining both the positive and negative psychological patient outcomes during the pandemic has highlighted the complex range of coping responses. Interventions that adopt a multi-pronged approach to screen and address social distress, as well as to leverage health safety behaviours, may improve the adjustments in the pandemic aftermath. Full article

10 pages, 1735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low CD8+ Density Variation and R1 Surgical Margin as Independent Predictors of Early Post-Resection Recurrence in HCC Patients Meeting Milan Criteria

by Rokas Stulpinas, Ieva Jakiunaite, Agne Sidabraite, Allan Rasmusson, Dovile Zilenaite-Petrulaitiene, Kestutis Strupas, Arvydas Laurinavicius and Aiste Gulla

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5344-5353; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090394 - 10 Sep 2024

Abstract

Our study included 41 patients fulfilling the Milan criteria preoperatively and aimed to identify individuals at high risk of post-resection HCC relapse, which occurred in 18 out of 41 patients (43.9%), retrospectively. We analyzed whole slide images of CD8 immunohistochemistry with automated segmentation [...] Read more.

Our study included 41 patients fulfilling the Milan criteria preoperatively and aimed to identify individuals at high risk of post-resection HCC relapse, which occurred in 18 out of 41 patients (43.9%), retrospectively. We analyzed whole slide images of CD8 immunohistochemistry with automated segmentation of tissue classes and detection of CD8+ lymphocytes. The image analysis outputs were subsampled using a hexagonal grid-based method to assess spatial distribution of CD8+ lymphocytes with regards to the epithelial edges. The CD8+ lymphocyte density indicators, along with clinical, radiological, post-surgical and pathological variables, were tested to predict HCC relapse. Low standard deviation of CD8+ density along the tumor edge and R1 resection emerged as independent predictors of shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS). In particular, patients presenting with both adverse predictors exhibited 100% risk of relapse within 200 days. Our results highlight the potential utility of integrating CD8+ density variability and surgical margin to identify a high relapse-risk group among Milan criteria-fulfilling HCC patients. Validation in cohorts with core biopsy could provide CD8+ distribution data preoperatively and guide preoperative decisions, potentially prioritizing liver transplantation for patients at risk of incomplete resection (R1) and thereby improving overall treatment outcomes significantly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Biomarkers and Liver Cancer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessReview

COVID-19 and Cancer Care: A Review and Practical Guide to Caring for Cancer Patients in the Era of COVID-19

by Simon Claveau, Farhan Mahmood, Baraa Amir, Jennifer Jing Wah Kwan, Cheryl White, Joe Vipond and Lisa Iannattone

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5330-5343; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090393 - 10 Sep 2024

Abstract

COVID-19, a novel infectious disease caused by the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2020, has had a profound impact on healthcare, both at the individual and population level. The impact at the population level was felt most acutely during the emergency phase [...] Read more.

COVID-19, a novel infectious disease caused by the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2020, has had a profound impact on healthcare, both at the individual and population level. The impact at the population level was felt most acutely during the emergency phase of the pandemic, with hospital capacity issues leading to widespread disruptions and delays in the delivery of healthcare services such as screening programs and elective surgeries. While hospitals are no longer being acutely overwhelmed by COVID-19 patients, the impact of the virus on vulnerable patient populations such as cancer patients continues to be of ongoing consequence. Cancer patients remain at high risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death due to COVID-19, even in the era of vaccination. Infection prevention and risk mitigation strategies such air quality control, masking, testing, vaccination, and treatment should therefore be integrated into the usual care and counseling of cancer patients moving forward to avoid preventable morbidity and mortality from this infection and ensure the safety of this vulnerable cohort as they navigate their cancer diagnosis and treatment in the era of COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023–2024 Article Series of the Canadian Association of General Practitioners in Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors that Affect Outcome of Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation of Renal Masses

by Galyna Zinko, Marianna Hrebenyuk, Anders Kjellman, Yngve Forslin and Martin Delle

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5318-5329; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090392 - 10 Sep 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing the efficacy and safety of the ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors. Between January 2010 and December 2018, 159 patients with renal tumors treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation at our institution [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing the efficacy and safety of the ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors. Between January 2010 and December 2018, 159 patients with renal tumors treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation at our institution were included in this study. Biopsies were performed for histopathological analysis prior to each ablation. Patients underwent computed tomography follow-ups at 3, 6, and 12 months and were subsequently observed on an annual basis. The primary efficacy rate (i.e., residual tumor), local tumor progression, morbidity and mortality, and possible outcome predictors (age, body mass index, gender, tumor size, tumor location, tumor characteristics, ablation temperature, and reported technical problems) were analyzed using binary logistic regression. At the first follow-up, 3 months after ablation, the primary efficacy rate was 79%. Two percent of the tumors showed local tumor progression during the whole follow-up. Tumor proximity to the collecting system and the final temperature in the ablation region were associated with the occurrence of residual tumor (OR = 2.85, p = 0.019 and OR = 4.23, p = 0.006, respectively). A similar trend was shown for tumors larger than 3 cm (p = 0.066). A short distance to the collecting system and the ablation temperature were significantly related to the occurrence of residual tumors after the radiofrequency ablation of small renal masses. The ultrasound guidance used in our study has a lower primary efficacy rate than the computed tomography guidance used in comparable studies. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between D’Amico and ISUP Risk Classifications and ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT SUVmax Values in Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancers

by Ozge Ulas Babacan, Zekiye Hasbek and Kerim Seker

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5307-5317; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090391 - 8 Sep 2024

Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between pathological and clinical risk classifications in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients, and ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT data and serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) values. Method: A total of 203 patients who were diagnosed with prostate [...] Read more.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between pathological and clinical risk classifications in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients, and ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT data and serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) values. Method: A total of 203 patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2019 and 2023, who had not yet received treatment and who underwent ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT for staging purposes were included in this study. Results: There was a substantial correlation between D’Amico risk classification, Gleason score, ISUP classification, and the presence or absence of metastasis (p < 0.0001). The median SUVmax value of the prostate gland and the D’Amico risk classification were statistically significantly correlated. (p < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant correlation between the ISUP classification and the PSA value and prostate gland SUVmax value (p < 0.0001). There was a significant correlation between the median SUVmax values of the prostate gland at the time of diagnosis and the patients with and without metastases (p < 0.0001). According to the data obtained from ROC analysis, patients with prostate gland SUVmax values of 8.75 and above were found to have a high probability of metastasis with a sensitivity of 78.9% and a specificity of 59.05%. Conclusion: Our study showed that ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT is a highly effective method for staging newly diagnosed high-risk prostate cancer. The probability of metastasis was found to be dramatically increased in Gleason 8 and above. According to D’Amico risk classification, metastasis was detected in at least half of high-risk patients. Since the sensitivity of metastasis was 78.9% in patients with prostate gland SUVmax value above 8.75, we think that these patients should be carefully reported in terms of metastasis. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Internal Consistency and Floor/Ceiling Effects of the Gross Motor Function Measure for Use with Children Affected by Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Francesca Rossi, Monica Valle, Giovanni Galeoto, Marco Tofani, Paola Berchialla, Veronica Sciannameo, Daniele Bertin, Annalisa Calcagno, Roberto Casalaz, Margherita Cerboneschi, Marta Cervo, Annalisa Cornelli, Chiara Di Pede, Maria Esposito, Miriana Ferrarese, Paola Imazio, Maria Lorenzon, Lucia Longo, Andrea Martinuzzi, Gabriella Naretto, Nicoletta Orsini, Daniele Panzeri, Chiara Pellegrini, Michela Peranzoni, Fabiola Picone, Marco Rabusin, Federica Ricci, Claudia Zigrino, Giulia Zucchetti and Franca Fagioli Show full author list Hide full author list

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5291-5306; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090390 - 6 Sep 2024

Abstract

Children/adolescents with cancer can develop adverse effects impacting gross motor function. There is a lack of gross motor function assessment tools that have been validated for this population. The aim of this multicenter cross-sectional study was to preliminary validate the 88-item Gross Motor [...] Read more.

Children/adolescents with cancer can develop adverse effects impacting gross motor function. There is a lack of gross motor function assessment tools that have been validated for this population. The aim of this multicenter cross-sectional study was to preliminary validate the 88-item Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) for use in children/adolescents with cancer, exploring internal consistency and floor/ceiling effect. Inclusion criteria regarded children/adolescents diagnosed with cancer on treatment or <1 year off therapy. The internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s α, and the floor–ceiling effects were calculated through percentage. This study involved 217 participants with heterogeneous neoplasm conditions. Internal consistency was good, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.989. Floor–ceiling effect analysis reveals that several items obtained a dichotomous scoring distribution in each of the five sub-scales of the GMFM-88. This can be explained by the heterogeneous clinical characteristics of the target population. The preliminary validation of GMFM-88 in a group of children/adolescents affected by cancer suggests that some items are not able to discriminate between different gross motor function levels, and therefore it does not represent an informative tool to measure gross motor function in children with cancer. Future research is needed to define which ones could be more useful for clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Advancements in Section "Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology")

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 6144 KiB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence in Head and Neck Cancer: Innovations, Applications, and Future Directions

by Tuan D. Pham, Muy-Teck Teh, Domniki Chatzopoulou, Simon Holmes and Paul Coulthard

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5255-5290; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090389 - 6 Sep 2024

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing head and neck cancer (HNC) care by providing innovative tools that enhance diagnostic accuracy and personalize treatment strategies. This review highlights the advancements in AI technologies, including deep learning and natural language processing, and their applications in HNC. [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing head and neck cancer (HNC) care by providing innovative tools that enhance diagnostic accuracy and personalize treatment strategies. This review highlights the advancements in AI technologies, including deep learning and natural language processing, and their applications in HNC. The integration of AI with imaging techniques, genomics, and electronic health records is explored, emphasizing its role in early detection, biomarker discovery, and treatment planning. Despite noticeable progress, challenges such as data quality, algorithmic bias, and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration remain. Emerging innovations like explainable AI, AI-powered robotics, and real-time monitoring systems are poised to further advance the field. Addressing these challenges and fostering collaboration among AI experts, clinicians, and researchers is crucial for developing equitable and effective AI applications. The future of AI in HNC holds significant promise, offering potential breakthroughs in diagnostics, personalized therapies, and improved patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging-Based Early Diagnosis of Cancers Using Artificial Intelligence)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (STUMP): A Systematic Review of the Literature in the Last 20 Years

by Carmen Elena Bucuri, Razvan Ciortea, Andrei Mihai Malutan, Valentin Oprea, Mihai Toma, Maria Patricia Roman, Cristina Mihaela Ormindean, Ionel Nati, Viorela Suciu and Dan Mihu

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5242-5254; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090388 - 5 Sep 2024

Abstract

Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (STUMP) is a rare uterine tumor primarily affecting perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, typically aged between 45 and 55 years. Characterized by ambiguous histological features, STUMPs present diagnostic challenges as they cannot be definitively classified as benign [...] Read more.

Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (STUMP) is a rare uterine tumor primarily affecting perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, typically aged between 45 and 55 years. Characterized by ambiguous histological features, STUMPs present diagnostic challenges as they cannot be definitively classified as benign or malignant based on morphology alone. This systematic review aims to elucidate the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical, and treatment-related characteristics of STUMPs through an analysis of the literature from the past 20 years. The study follows PRISMA guidelines, utilizing comprehensive searches of PubMed and Scopus databases, yielding 32 studies that meet the inclusion criteria. From the analysis of these studies, it was revealed that the clinical presentations vary from common symptoms such as abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain to incidental detection of uterine mass. Histologically, STUMPs demonstrate features overlapping with both leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, including mild nuclear atypia, low mitotic indices, and focal necrosis. Immunohistochemical markers such as p16 and p53 have been investigated for prognostic significance. Elevated p16 expression, often associated with aggressive behavior, was observed in a subset of STUMPs. Surgical management, typically involving hysterectomy or tumorectomy, is the primary treatment, though the extent of resection is variable. Adjuvant therapies are not routinely recommended, but long-term surveillance is advised, especially for high-risk patients. Recurrence rates for STUMPs are approximately 12%, with factors such as high mitotic counts and coagulative necrosis indicating higher risk. This review highlights the complexity of STUMP diagnosis and management, emphasizing the need for more precise diagnostic criteria and individualized treatment strategies. Understanding the morphological, immunohistochemical, and clinical behavior of STUMPs can improve patient outcomes and guide future research in this diagnostically challenging area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2017 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Transglabellar Butterfly Incision for Anterior Cranial Vault Access: Case Report

by Jure Urbančič, Roman Bošnjak and Domen Vozel

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5233-5241; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090387 - 5 Sep 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: The transglabellar approach, a type of transfacial technique, typically involves glabellar resection and opening the frontal sinus via a bicoronal incision, providing access to the anterior cranial vault. To prevent complications, the frontal sinus is typically obliterated. However, the success of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The transglabellar approach, a type of transfacial technique, typically involves glabellar resection and opening the frontal sinus via a bicoronal incision, providing access to the anterior cranial vault. To prevent complications, the frontal sinus is typically obliterated. However, the success of transnasal endoscopic techniques has prompted a re-evaluation of these traditional methods. (2) Methods: This paper provides a brief literature review and discusses the removal of an elongated glioma of the left gyrus rectus (4.4 × 1.9 × 2.2 cm) in a 63-year-old male using a transglabellar subfrontal approach via a butterfly incision, with frontal sinus preservation. (3) Results: An uneventful gross-total resection of a WHO grade II oligodendroglioma was achieved. There is a paucity of literature describing a transglabellar subfrontal approach via a butterfly incision with frontal sinus preservation. (4) Conclusions: The described approach could be utilized in selected cases such as small intra-axial lesions oriented longitudinally along the inferomedial frontal lobe from the posterior wall of the frontal sinus to the anterior communicating artery complex in patients with pre-existing glabellar rhytids. Since this is merely a case presentation, we cannot conclude that this represents established clinical practice. The outcomes of this approach should be investigated in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1570 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Customized 3D-Printed Bolus for High-Risk Breast Cancer with Skin Infiltration: A Pilot Study

by Silvia Takanen, Anna Ianiro, Paola Pinnarò, Erminia Infusino, Laura Marucci, Antonella Soriani, Giuseppe Sanguineti and Giuseppe Iaccarino

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5224-5232; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090386 - 5 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: In high-risk breast cancer patients with skin infiltration, the administration of a uniform dose to superficial tissues is fundamental in order to reduce local skin relapse. A personalized bolus may prevent the potential inadequate dose distribution of a standard bolus due to [...] Read more.

Background: In high-risk breast cancer patients with skin infiltration, the administration of a uniform dose to superficial tissues is fundamental in order to reduce local skin relapse. A personalized bolus may prevent the potential inadequate dose distribution of a standard bolus due to air gaps between the bolus and the skin. In this pilot study, we introduced into clinical practice the use of a personalized 3D-printed bolus filled with ultrasound transmission gel. Methods: Seven patients undergoing radiotherapy after mastectomy were selected. A 3D-printed bolus dosimetric assessment was performed with MOSFET dosimeters on an anthropomorphic phantom and, subsequently, on three selected cases with increasing bolus shape irregularity. Acute/late toxicity and local control were assessed. Results: Overall, for the clinical cases, the percentage median difference between the measured and calculated doses was −2.7% (−7.0–4.9%). The median follow-up was 21 months. After two years, one patient showed G2 pain, one patient manifested G1 telangiectasia, one patient showed G1 hyperpigmentation, and two patients had no relevant toxicity. Conclusions: A personalized 3D-printed bolus filled with ultrasound gel may easily reproduce the standard bolus’ consistency and provide accurate coverage of the target area with tolerable acute/late toxicity grades. This is a pilot study, and further investigations are needed. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessReview

Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer—Current Landscape and Future Directions

by Daniel Netto, Melissa Frizziero, Victoria Foy, Mairéad G. McNamara, Alison Backen and Richard A. Hubner

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5206-5223; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090385 - 4 Sep 2024

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a significant cause of cancer-associated mortality, with a rising global incidence. A paucity of strong predictive risk factors mean screening programmes are difficult to implement. Historically, a lack of identifiable and actionable driver mutations, coupled with a relatively [...] Read more.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a significant cause of cancer-associated mortality, with a rising global incidence. A paucity of strong predictive risk factors mean screening programmes are difficult to implement. Historically, a lack of identifiable and actionable driver mutations, coupled with a relatively immunosuppressed tumour microenvironment, has led to a reliance on cytotoxic chemotherapy. The NAPOLI-3 trial has reported data supporting consideration of NALIRIFOX as a new first-line standard of care. Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Virus (KRAS) G12D mutations are present in >90% of all PDAC’s; exciting breakthroughs in small molecule inhibitors targeting KRAS G12D may open new modalities of treatment, and therapies targeting multiple KRAS mutations are also in early clinical trials. Although immunotherapy strategies to date have been disappointing, combination with chemotherapy and/or small molecule inhibitors hold promise and warrant further exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Treatments in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma)

11 pages, 1579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Cytoreductive Nephrectomy Improve Outcomes of Nivolumab Treatment in Patients with Metastatic Clear-Cell Renal Carcinoma?

by Birol Ocak, Ahmet Bilgehan Sahin, Ismail Ertürk, Mustafa Korkmaz, Dilek Erdem, Umut Cakıroglu, Mustafa Karaca, Ahmet Dirican, Omer Fatih Olmez, Sabin Goktas Aydın, Ali Gökyer, Ahmet Kücükarda, Ahmet Gülmez, Perran Fulden Yumuk, Nazim Can Demircan, Abdilkerim Oyman, Teoman Sakalar, Fatih Karatas, Hacer Demir, Ayse Irem Yasin, Adem Deligonul, Bahar Dakiki, Mehmet Refik Goktug, Okan Avcı, Seher Yildiz Tacar, Nazım Serdar Turhal, Gülhan Ipek Deniz, Turgut Kacan, Erdem Cubukcu and Türkkan Evrensel Show full author list Hide full author list

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5195-5205; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090384 - 4 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) on the survival outcomes of nivolumab used as a subsequent therapy after the failure of at least one anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) on the survival outcomes of nivolumab used as a subsequent therapy after the failure of at least one anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: We included 106 de novo metastatic ccRCC patients who received nivolumab after progression on at least one anti-VEGF agent. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors affecting survival in patients receiving nivolumab. Results: Of the 106 de novo metastatic ccRCC patients, 83 (78.3%) underwent CN. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, tumor size, International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk group, number of previous treatment lines, first-line anti-VEGF therapy, or metastasis sites (p = 0.137, p = 0.608, p = 0.100, p = 0.376, p = 0.185, p = 0.776, p = 0.350, and p = 0.608, respectively). The patients who received nivolumab with CN had a longer time to treatment discontinuation (TTD) [14.5 months, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.6–20.3] than did those without CN 6.7 months (95% CI: 3.9–9.5) (p = 0.001). The median overall survival (OS) was 22.7 months (95% CI: 16.1–29.4). The patients with CN had a median OS of 22.9 months (95% CI: 16.3–29.4), while those without CN had a median OS of 8.1 months (95% CI: 5.6–10.5) (p = 0.104). In the multivariate analysis, CN [hazard ratio (HR): 0.521; 95% CI: 0.297–0.916; p = 0.024] and the IMDC risk score (p = 0.011) were statistically significant factors affecting TTD; however, the IMDC risk score (p = 0.006) was the only significant factor for overall survival. Conclusions: Our study showed that the TTD of nivolumab was longer in metastatic ccRCC patients who underwent cytoreductive nephrectomy. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Systematic Biopsy in the Era of Targeted Biopsy: A Review

by Wojciech Malewski, Tomasz Milecki, Omar Tayara, Sławomir Poletajew, Piotr Kryst, Andrzej Tokarczyk and Łukasz Nyk

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(9), 5171-5194; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31090383 - 3 Sep 2024

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major public health issue, as the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men. Many PCa cases are indolent and pose minimal risk, making active surveillance a suitable management approach. However, clinically [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major public health issue, as the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men. Many PCa cases are indolent and pose minimal risk, making active surveillance a suitable management approach. However, clinically significant prostate carcinoma (csPCa) can lead to serious health issues, including progression, metastasis, and death. Differentiating between insignificant prostate cancer (inPCa) and csPCa is crucial for determining appropriate treatment. Diagnosis of PCa primarily involves trans-perineal and transrectal systematic biopsies. Systematic transrectal prostate biopsy, which typically collects 10–12 tissue samples, is a standard method, but it can miss csPCa and is associated with some complications. Recent advancements, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsies, have been suggested to improve risk stratification and reduce overtreatment of inPCa and undertreatment of csPCa, thereby enhancing patient quality of life and treatment outcomes. Guided biopsies are increasingly recommended for their ability to better detect high-risk cancers while reducing identification of low-risk cases. MRI-targeted biopsies, especially when used as an initial biopsy in biopsy-naïve patients and those under active surveillance, have become more common. Utilization of MRI-TB alone can decrease septic complications; however, the combining of targeted biopsies with perilesional sampling is recommended for optimal detection of csPCa. Future advancements in imaging and biopsy techniques, including AI-augmented lesion detection and robotic-assisted sampling, promise to further improve the accuracy and effectiveness of PCa detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Aspects in Prostate Cancer Imaging)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Current Oncology

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI