Sports

18 pages, 2254 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Physical and Biomechanical Relationships with Countermovement Jump Performance in Team Sports: Implications for Athletic Development and Injury Risk

by Moses K. Bygate-Smith, C. Martyn Beaven and Mark Drury

Sports 2025, 13(8), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080277 - 20 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Several physical qualities have been linked to countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. However, the relative importance of each of these factors is unclear. (1) Objectives: The present systematic review sought to evaluate the characteristics associated with CMJ performance in adult team-sport athletes. (2) [...] Read more.

Background: Several physical qualities have been linked to countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. However, the relative importance of each of these factors is unclear. (1) Objectives: The present systematic review sought to evaluate the characteristics associated with CMJ performance in adult team-sport athletes. (2) Methods: A comprehensive search of three databases and the grey literature yielded 18 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess statistically significant relationships and interpreted as negligible (0.00–0.10), weak (0.10–0.39), moderate (0.40–0.69), strong (0.70–0.89), and very strong (0.90–1.00). (3) Results: Eighteen articles remained eligible, with an average quality score of 76% ± 14 on the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal index. The strongest correlations reported included time-to-bottom, time-to-peak force, knee extension peak power at 180 °/s, and squat jump height. (4) Conclusions: The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that, to maximize CMJ performance, priority should be given to movement biomechanics and lower-body power whilst considering individual braking-phase strategies. These findings may inform training programs aimed not only at enhancing athletic performance but also at reducing injury risks associated with poor jumping mechanics in team sports. Full article

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17 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stretching Before Resistance Training as a Strategy to Improve Stair Descent Performance in Older Women

by Vittoria Ferrando, Marco Panascì, Ambra Bisio, Valentina Chiarotti, Federica Marmondi, Matteo Bonato, Piero Ruggeri and Emanuela Faelli

Sports 2025, 13(8), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080276 - 20 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Aging is associated with reduced joint flexibility and balance, which increases the risk of falls, especially during stair descent where motor control is critical. Stretching has been shown to improve ankle range of motion and gait speed. This study investigated the [...] Read more.

Background: Aging is associated with reduced joint flexibility and balance, which increases the risk of falls, especially during stair descent where motor control is critical. Stretching has been shown to improve ankle range of motion and gait speed. This study investigated the effects of a 4-week training program combining stretching plus resistance training (RT) with elastic bands on functional capacity and ankle stability during stair descent in older women. Methods: Twenty-four active older women (mean age: 73.1 ± 0.97 years) were randomly assigned to static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS) and control (CG) groups. All participants completed two weekly 60 min sessions consisting of progressive RT preceded by three different warm-ups. The SS and DS groups completed static or dynamic stretching, while the CG walked. Assessments included 30s-Chair Stand (30s-CS), Handgrip Strength (HGS), Time Up and Go (TUG), Chair Sit and Reach (CSR), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), and ankle kinematics during stair descent. Results: All groups improved 30s-CS and TUG (p < 0.05). Only the SS group improved CSR in both legs and the ankle dorsiflexion angle during stair descent at final foot contact (p = 0.002). RPE increased over time across all groups (p < 0.0001); however, the SS and DS groups reported lower exertion than the CG group in first–second weeks (p = 0.0001–0.003). Conclusions: SS prior to progressive RT improved flexibility and ankle kinematics during stair descent, thus reducing the perception of effort particularly during the initial training phase. These findings indicate the effectiveness of SS as a warm-up strategy for increasing ROM and potentially reducing the risk of falls in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Stretching on Performance)

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15 pages, 2576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superiority of Dynamic Stretching over Static and Combined Stretching Protocols for Repeated Sprint Performance in Elite Male Soccer Players

by Ridha Aouadi, Mohamed Amine Ltifi, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Mohamed Chedly Jlid and Nicola Luigi Bragazzi

Sports 2025, 13(8), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080275 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effects of different stretching techniques on repeated sprint performance and to assess the influence of the sequence in which static and dynamic stretching are performed. Ten male Division II soccer players (age: 22.80 ± 1.13 years; height: [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine the effects of different stretching techniques on repeated sprint performance and to assess the influence of the sequence in which static and dynamic stretching are performed. Ten male Division II soccer players (age: 22.80 ± 1.13 years; height: 180.60 ± 3.59 cm; body mass: 70.60 ± 6.04 kg) completed a repeated sprint test consisting of 6 × 30 m sprints after five different warm-up protocols in a randomized, counterbalanced design: (1) general warm-up without stretching (NS), (2) static stretching (SS), (3) dynamic stretching (DS), (4) SS followed by DS (SS-DS), and (5) DS followed by SS (DS-SS). Stretching was performed during the recovery periods between sprints: ~6 min for SS and DS, and ~12 min for combined protocols. Sessions were spaced 72 h apart. Performance metrics included mean sprint time, best sprint time, and total sprint time. ANOVA and Cohen’s d were used for statistical analysis. Repeated sprint test performance was significantly enhanced after DS compared to SS, DS-SS, and SS-DS (p = 0.042–0.002; ES = 0.31–2.26), but not significantly different from NS (p > 0.05). SS had a detrimental effect when compared to DS and NS (p < 0.05; ES = 1.86–2.26). Improvements were observed in mean sprint time and total sprint time across all six sprints (p = 0.042–0.006; ES = 0.31–2.26) and in best sprint time (p = 0.006–0.002; ES = 0.89–1.86). In conclusion, DS prior to repeated sprint test improves performance compared to SS and combined methods. NS also supports strong performance but shows a slight advantage over SS and combinations. Incorporating DS into warm-up routines is recommended to optimize sprint performance, reduce injury risk, and support athlete preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Stretching on Performance)

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14 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Sport Education Model and Physical Fitness on Motivation and Prosociality for a Healthy Approach in Secondary Students Using an Experimental Design

by Augusto Hoyo-Guillot, Francisco Tomás González Fernández and Pedro Jesús Ruíz-Montero

Sports 2025, 13(8), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080274 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to demonstrate the value of physical education (PE) in fostering prosociality and academic motivation through active approaches derived from the sports education model (SEM), in contrast with the traditional methodology (TM). One of the new features introduced is based [...] Read more.

Purpose: This study aims to demonstrate the value of physical education (PE) in fostering prosociality and academic motivation through active approaches derived from the sports education model (SEM), in contrast with the traditional methodology (TM). One of the new features introduced is based on an approach focused on physical fitness and health that goes beyond sports practice. Method: A 10-week intervention was conducted with a sample of 127 students (n = 127). In total, 63 students (n = 63) received an SEM-based intervention and 64 (n = 64) received traditional teaching. The effect of these methodologies on motivation, prosocial climate, and the perceived importance of PE has been verified, based on a fitness-oriented proposal. Results: The findings indicate improvements in the SEM group’s prosociality (giving, p = 0.015; verbal comfort, p = 0.019; solidarity, p = 0.039). Additionally, the TM group showed increased importance attributable to PE, though a deterioration in prosocial values was also observed. No evidence was found regarding changes in motivation. Discussion/Conclusion: The implementation of SEM has positive effects on students’ prosociality, whereas the opposite effect can be observed when employing TM. The non-inclusion of sports activities can affect the motivation variable Full article

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17 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for Fitness-Based Cardiometabolic Risk Classification in Adolescents

by Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Rodrigo Olivares, Pablo Olivares, Juan Pablo Zavala-Crichton, Claudio Hinojosa-Torres, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, Josivaldo de Souza-Lima, Matías Monsalves-Álvarez, Marcelo Tuesta, Jacqueline Páez-Herrera, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia, Tomás Reyes-Amigo, Guillermo Cortés-Roco, Juan Hurtado-Almonacid, Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Nicole Aguilera-Martínez, José Francisco López-Gil and Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez

Sports 2025, 13(8), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080273 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Cardiometabolic risk in adolescents represents a growing public health concern that is closely linked to modifiable factors such as physical fitness. Traditional statistical approaches often fail to capture complex, nonlinear relationships among anthropometric and fitness-related variables. Objective: To develop and evaluate supervised [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiometabolic risk in adolescents represents a growing public health concern that is closely linked to modifiable factors such as physical fitness. Traditional statistical approaches often fail to capture complex, nonlinear relationships among anthropometric and fitness-related variables. Objective: To develop and evaluate supervised machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural networks and ensemble methods, for classifying cardiometabolic risk levels among Chilean adolescents based on standardized physical fitness assessments. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using a large representative sample of school-aged adolescents. Field-based physical fitness tests, such as cardiorespiratory fitness (in terms of estimated maximal oxygen consumption [VO_2max]), muscular strength (push-ups), and explosive power (horizontal jump) testing, were used as input variables. A cardiometabolic risk index was derived using international criteria. Various supervised machine learning models were trained and compared regarding accuracy, F1 score, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Results: Among all the models tested, the gradient boosting classifier achieved the best overall performance, with an accuracy of 77.0%, an F1 score of 67.3%, and the highest AUC-ROC (0.601). These results indicate a strong balance between sensitivity and specificity in classifying adolescents at cardiometabolic risk. Horizontal jumps and push-ups emerged as the most influential predictive variables. Conclusions: Gradient boosting proved to be the most effective model for predicting cardiometabolic risk based on physical fitness data. This approach offers a practical, data-driven tool for early risk detection in adolescent populations and may support scalable screening efforts in educational and clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fostering Sport for a Healthy Life)

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11 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experiences and Functional Health Outcomes Associated with a Walking Football Program in Rural Older Adults: A Pilot Study

by Stephen Cousins, Kylie McIntyre, Philip Lyristakis, Keanu Padula, Jane McCaig and Brett Gordon

Sports 2025, 13(8), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080272 - 15 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: This pilot study aimed to investigate the experiences of participating in a brief walking football intervention among rural older adults and explore the functional health outcomes of participation. Methods: This multi-methods study saw 13 older adults (7 males/6 females, 63.2 ± 9.4 [...] Read more.

Background: This pilot study aimed to investigate the experiences of participating in a brief walking football intervention among rural older adults and explore the functional health outcomes of participation. Methods: This multi-methods study saw 13 older adults (7 males/6 females, 63.2 ± 9.4 years) complete 1-h of walking football per week for six weeks. Pre- and post-intervention, participants underwent assessments of body composition, as well as functional assessments using the Senior Fitness Testing Battery. On completion of the walking football intervention, all participants joined in a semi-structured focus group interview to explore their experiences of participation. Results: Thematic analysis of focus group data identified three themes that captured participant’s experiences, including: (1) “Opportunity to jump back in with what we can physically do”, (2) Social connection and feeling “part of something bigger”, and (3) “It’s how our brain is engaged”. Trivial changes were observed in assessments of body composition (0.07–0.08) and flexibility (0.02–0.19). Furthermore, small-to-large magnitude changes were observed for several functional health outcomes suggestive of improved walking capacity (0.72–1.6), agility (−0.9) and upper and lower body muscular strength (0.49). Conclusions: Rural older adults reported experiencing perceived health and well-being improvements from participation in a brief walking football intervention, with functional health benefits also evident; however, further suitably powered evidence is highly warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Walking Football: A Strategy for Promoting Physical Activity Among Older People)

13 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Marked Differences in Lower-Limb Muscle Strength and Motor Performance Between Japanese and Chinese Children Aged 9–12: A Cross-National Study

by Kun Niu and Kaoru Tsuyama

Sports 2025, 13(8), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080271 - 15 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: This study includes an investigation of lower-limb muscle strength and physical activity among children in Japan and China, with the aim of promoting children’s health. Methods: A total of 564 children (300 boys, 264 girls) aged 9–12 years from public primary schools [...] Read more.

Background: This study includes an investigation of lower-limb muscle strength and physical activity among children in Japan and China, with the aim of promoting children’s health. Methods: A total of 564 children (300 boys, 264 girls) aged 9–12 years from public primary schools in Tokyo, Japan, and Jiangxi Province, China, were included. Height, body weight (BW), hip adductor and abductor strength, and toe grip strength were measured. The side-step test (SST) and timed-up-and-go test (TUGT) were performed. Exercise habits were assessed via a questionnaire. Results: Japanese students produced significantly higher values than Chinese students in SST (23.3–37.1%) and TUGT (6.6–8.0%), except among 11-year-old girls. Japanese boys aged 10–11 and girls aged 10–12 had significantly greater hip adductor strength/BW and toe grip strength/BW. Japanese students also showed significantly higher hip abductor strength/BW at all ages. Additionally, the proportion of children engaging in vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) was significantly higher in Japanese boys aged 10–12 and girls aged 9–11 than in their Chinese counterparts. Conclusions: Chinese students showed diminished lower-limb strength and agility compared to Japanese students. These findings highlight the importance of promoting outdoor play, particularly VPA, to improve children’s physical fitness and health, especially in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Motor Behavior and Child Health)

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9 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Basketball Referee Decision-Making Using the DMQ-II Questionnaire

by Raúl Nieto-Acevedo, Carlos García-Sánchez, Moisés Marquina Nieto, Daniel Mon-Lopez, Andrea Hortiguela-Herradas and Jorge Lorenzo-Calvo

Sports 2025, 13(8), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080270 - 15 Aug 2025

Abstract

Basketball is a sport whose regulations require quick and complex refereeing decisions. Since the inception of sports, research on sports judgment and refereeing has been consistently present in the scientific literature. However, decision-making and the psycho-emotional factors that influence it remain somewhat unexplored [...] Read more.

Basketball is a sport whose regulations require quick and complex refereeing decisions. Since the inception of sports, research on sports judgment and refereeing has been consistently present in the scientific literature. However, decision-making and the psycho-emotional factors that influence it remain somewhat unexplored in studies. The decision-making of the basketball referee has been analyzed using the DMQ II questionnaire. To achieve this, 58 referees from the Spanish Basketball Federation collaborated, comprising 45 men and 13 women, all between the ages of 18 and 38 (M = 26.5, SD = 5.5). Participants completed the 31-question DMQ II questionnaire online, yielding results with significant differences based on age and gender about stress in decision-making. A modification of the referee’s teaching methodology that includes psychological strategies is proposed both in the initiation course and throughout the refereeing career. The findings highlight the need for mental health support systems for referees, particularly addressing stress management in young and female officials. This aligns with global efforts to safeguard psychological well-being in sports professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)

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32 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Juice-Based Supplementation Strategies for Athletic Performance and Recovery: A Systematic Review

by Biljana Vitošević, Milica Filipović, Ljiljana Popović, Katarzyna Sterkowicz-Przybycień and Tijana Purenović-Ivanović

Sports 2025, 13(8), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080269 - 14 Aug 2025

Abstract

The application of natural juices in sports nutrition is attracting growing interest due to their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and ergogenic properties. Exercise, especially when prolonged or intense, increases oxidative stress and muscle damage, leading athletes to explore dietary strategies that support recovery and [...] Read more.

The application of natural juices in sports nutrition is attracting growing interest due to their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and ergogenic properties. Exercise, especially when prolonged or intense, increases oxidative stress and muscle damage, leading athletes to explore dietary strategies that support recovery and enhance performance. This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of five widely studied juices—beetroot, pomegranate, cherry, watermelon, and pickle juice—in the context of athletic supplementation and recovery. A thorough search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify studies published between 2010 and 2025. Fifty peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria, examining various physiological, biochemical, and performance-related outcomes linked to juice consumption. Given the methodological diversity among studies, a qualitative synthesis was employed. The juices were compared across four key outcomes—inflammation, oxidative stress, delayed onset of muscle soreness, and exercise performance—to determine their most consistent benefits. Beetroot juice, noted for its high nitrate content, consistently enhanced oxygen efficiency and submaximal endurance, although benefits in elite or sprint athletes were less evident. Both pomegranate and cherry juices were effective in reducing muscle soreness and inflammatory markers, particularly when consumed over several days surrounding exercise. Watermelon juice, primarily through its L-citrulline content, offered antioxidant and recovery support, although performance outcomes varied. Evidence for pickle juice was limited, with no notable ergogenic effects beyond anecdotal cramp relief. Overall, natural juices can support recovery and occasionally improve performance, depending on the specific juice, dosage, and athlete characteristics. Beetroot juice stands out as the most reliable in enhancing performance, while pomegranate and cherry juices are more beneficial for recovery. Future research with standardized protocols is essential to determine optimal application across diverse athletic contexts. Full article

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13 pages, 932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Segmental External Load in Linear Running in Elite Futsal Players: A Multifactorial and Individual Variability Analysis Using Linear Mixed Models

by Diego Hernán Villarejo-García, Carlos Navarro-Martínez and José Pino-Ortega

Sports 2025, 13(8), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080268 - 13 Aug 2025

Abstract

Limited evidence exists on how segmental external load is distributed during linear running and how it varies with speed, training intensity, and individual differences. This study examines the external load profile across six body segments in elite female futsal players during linear treadmill [...] Read more.

Limited evidence exists on how segmental external load is distributed during linear running and how it varies with speed, training intensity, and individual differences. This study examines the external load profile across six body segments in elite female futsal players during linear treadmill running, focusing on the effects of speed and training zone, as well as individual variability. Eight elite players, including six outfield players and two goalkeepers (mean age 23.9 ± 3.4 years, height 164.96 ± 4.22 cm, body mass 60.31 ± 4.56 kg), performed an incremental test and were measured using six WIMU PRO™ inertial sensors. The sensors recorded segmental PlayerLoad, speed, and training zones. Data were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models. The most important results show significant interactions between body location and speed and between body location and training zone (p < 0.001), with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from 0.437 to 0.515. These results indicate variability among players and specific and asymmetrical segmental load patterns. These findings offer practical insights for tailoring individualized training strategies that optimize performance and reduce segment specific overuse injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)

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13 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiac Autonomic Function in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: The Impact of Exercise Training and Detraining

by Maria Anifanti, Andriana Teloudi, Alexandros Mitropoulos, Niki Syrakou, Eleni Pagkopoulou, Eva Triantafyllidou, Carina Boström, Louise Pyndt Diederichsen, Tiziana Nava, Theodoros Dimitroulas, Markos Klonizakis and Evangelia Kouidi

Sports 2025, 13(8), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080267 - 13 Aug 2025

Abstract

Adverse cardiovascular events and increased mortality are associated with cardiac autonomic nervous system dysfunction in the early stages of the systemic sclerosis (SSc), even prior to the development of cardiac fibrosis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of a [...] Read more.

Adverse cardiovascular events and increased mortality are associated with cardiac autonomic nervous system dysfunction in the early stages of the systemic sclerosis (SSc), even prior to the development of cardiac fibrosis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of a three-month exercise training regimen and a subsequent comparable period of detraining on the activity of the cardiac autonomic nervous system in patients with SSc. A total of forty patients with SSc were randomized to either the control group (Group COΝ) or the exercise training group (Group ET). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed at baseline, three months later, and six months later to assess peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak). They also had 24 h electrocardiogram monitoring for heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence analysis. The following time-domain indices were evaluated in the context of HRV analysis: the standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (rMSSD), and the percentage of successive RR intervals that differ by more than 50 ms (pNN50). Additionally, regarding the frequency-domain indicators, the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components, as well as the LF/HF ratio, were evaluated. Independent t-tests and Chi-square tests were used for baseline comparisons, while two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests assessed changes over time and between groups. Linear and multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore relationships among variables and identify predictors of HRV indices and VO₂peak. Group ET implemented a three-month mixed-type exercise training program, while Group COΝ received standard care. Group ET improved indices of vagal activity [rMSSD by 32.6% (p = 0.017), pNN50 by 57.1% (p = 0.01) and HF by 20.1% (p = 0.01)] and sympathovagal activity [SDNN by 15.5% (p = 0.002) and LF/HF by 12.03% (p = 0.004)] after three months. Exercising patients also increased their VO₂peak by 20.8% (p = 0.001). A robust positive correlation was observed between ΔVO₂peak and ΔSDNN (r = 0.754, p < 0.001). After three months, there was no statistically significant difference in the VO₂peak or any HRV index in the group COΝ. Compared to the baseline values, there was no statistically significant difference in group ET at 6 months, whereas the control group exhibited a decline. In summary, a three-month mixed-type exercise training program can enhance the cardiorespiratory efficiency and cardiac autonomic nervous system function of patients with SSc, as well as alleviate the deterioration that arises following the detraining period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)

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18 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Moderate-Intensity Physical Exercise and Yoga Interventions on Stress in Hispanic College Students: A Pilot Study

by Hongxing Lu, Florentino Saenz, Preethi Raju, Ednia N. Gutierrez, Sue Anne Chew and Saraswathy Nair

Sports 2025, 13(8), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080266 - 13 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Hispanic college students face high stress, which may increase their risk for chronic stress-related health issues. Effective and accessible stress management strategies for this population remain limited. Objective: This pilot study filled a gap by studying the effects of psychological stress on [...] Read more.

Background: Hispanic college students face high stress, which may increase their risk for chronic stress-related health issues. Effective and accessible stress management strategies for this population remain limited. Objective: This pilot study filled a gap by studying the effects of psychological stress on diet and physical activity habits and evaluating the impact of moderate-intensity physical exercise (MIPE) and yoga interventions on chronic psychological stress and acute stress responses among Hispanic college students. Methods: A total of 18 Hispanic college students participated in a 6-week intervention consisting of either MIPE or yoga, conducted twice weekly. Anthropometric measurements and lifestyle data were collected at both pre- and post-intervention timepoints. Psychological stress was evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), morning salivary cortisol concentrations, and the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Results: Before the intervention, both perceived stress scores and morning salivary cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with the frequency of sweetened beverage intake and negatively correlated with attitudes toward exercise. Psychological stress was not significantly reduced after MIPE or yoga interventions. The salivary cortisol response to TSST was significantly improved after the yoga intervention. Conclusions: Although this pilot exploratory study suggests that short-term yoga may have beneficial effects in managing acute stress response in Hispanic college students, the efficacy of the interventions needs to be tested and replicated in a fully powered trial. Full article

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12 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pedagogical Progression in Youth Basketball: Impacts on Training Load, Development and Health Outcomes

by Lívia Costa dos Reis Souza, Dilson Borges Ribeiro Júnior, Sergio José Ibáñez, Matheus Neves Rufino Pereira, Gabriel Torres da Silva, Francisco Zacaron Werneck and Maurício Gattás Bara Filho

Sports 2025, 13(8), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080265 - 13 Aug 2025

Abstract

The progression of content during the training and development of young athletes is essential, while considering the developmental stages of the students/athletes. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor training sessions to ensure that content progression is followed and to assess how it is [...] Read more.

The progression of content during the training and development of young athletes is essential, while considering the developmental stages of the students/athletes. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor training sessions to ensure that content progression is followed and to assess how it is implemented. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations between different male categories of sports development in basketball through pedagogical variables and external loads planned by the coaches. The sample consisted of 148 sessions and 896 tasks, and the SIATE tool was used to observe both the pedagogical variables and the primary external load variables. Significant differences were observed primarily in the U16 category compared to the U12 and U14 categories. In examining the pedagogical variables, three key aspects were highlighted: content type, training methods, and level of opposition. The external load variables were aligned with the pedagogical variables, suggesting a progression of content. This indicates that instruction should follow an order, in which tactical load evolves from the simplest to the most complex, in accordance with the development and training stage of the students/athletes. The analyzed male basketball team demonstrated a content progression focused on the comprehensive development of the student/athlete, encouraging decision-making, and creating a complex, unpredictable, and random environment that closely resembles the dynamics of the real game. Full article

14 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Nutritional Status, Health Parameters, Body Composition, and Their Predictors in Lebanese Taekwondo Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Maha Hoteit, Maroun Khattar, Jennifer Derassoyan, Yara Abou Khalil, Amal Haidar, Rana Baroud, Habib Zarifeh, Fadi Kibbeh, Nathalie Jbeily, Hassan Karaki, Nikolaos Tzenios and Zahra Sadek

Sports 2025, 13(8), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080264 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Taekwondo (TKD) athletes’ nutritional and health statuses and body composition are critical to their physical performance and overall fitness. In Lebanon, TKD is widely practiced; however, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding the nutritional and health profiles of its [...] Read more.

Background: Taekwondo (TKD) athletes’ nutritional and health statuses and body composition are critical to their physical performance and overall fitness. In Lebanon, TKD is widely practiced; however, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding the nutritional and health profiles of its athletes. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status, anemia prevalence, body composition, and other health-related characteristics, among Lebanese TKD athletes. Additionally, it explored the determinants of normal hemoglobin (Hb) levels, blood pressure, normal muscle mass, and normal fat mass. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and July 2023, involving 110 TKD athletes. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were measured to assess anemia, while body composition was evaluated using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Blood pressure was also recorded. Household dietary diversity was assessed using the Food Consumption Score, and additional data on sociodemographic factors, training frequency, and supplement or medication use were gathered through a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression models were applied to identify predictors of normal Hb levels, hypertension, and optimal muscle and fat mass. Results: Results showed that male athletes had significantly higher rates of normal Hb (p-value = 0.013) and muscle mass percentages (p-value < 0.001), while females had higher rates of normal blood pressure (p-value = 0.002) and were more likely to use iron supplements (p-value = 0.002) and painkillers (p-value = 0.041). Normal fat mass was positively associated with normal Hb levels (aOR: 11.98, p-value = 0.033). Female gender was linked to a lower likelihood of normal muscle mass (aOR: 0.13, p-value < 0.001) and hypertension (aOR: 0.19, p-value = 0.009). Higher training duration (10 h or more per week) (aOR: 3.46, p-value = 0.04) and normal BMI (aOR: 4.93, p-value = 0.003) were positively associated with normal muscle mass. Normal BMI (aOR: 14.68, p-value < 0.001) was positively associated with normal fat mass. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of individualized dietary interventions to enhance athletes’ overall health and performance, through the optimization of athletes’ body composition, and the prevention of deficiencies, especially iron deficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research in Applied Sports Nutrition)

14 pages, 519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Change-of-Direction Deficit and Positional Physical Profiles in Youth Futsal Players: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Oscar Villanueva-Guerrero, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, Rafael Albalad-Aiguabella and Elena Mainer-Pardos

Sports 2025, 13(8), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080263 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to describe and assess differences among playing positions, to determine playing position profiles, and to analyze the relationships between the change-of-direction deficit (CODD) percentage and the other anthropometric and performance variables. A total of 98 young futsal players (age: 17 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to describe and assess differences among playing positions, to determine playing position profiles, and to analyze the relationships between the change-of-direction deficit (CODD) percentage and the other anthropometric and performance variables. A total of 98 young futsal players (age: 17 ± 1 years) from the highest national level in Spain were assessed using a cross-sectional design. Anthropometric variables such as height and body mass were recorded. The performance tests included countermovement jumps; horizontal jumps; sprint tests (10 m and 25 m); change-of-direction (COD) tests, including a 10 m test with one COD of 180° (COD180) and a 25 m test with 4 CODs (V-cut); and the percentage CODD. Furthermore, asymmetries were recorded. The group comparisons were considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05 and were supported by the effect sizes and mean differences. Significant differences were found among playing positions, showing that pivots and goalkeepers were significantly taller than left- and right-wingers and defenders (p < 0.05, effect size (ES) = −1.42 to 0.72). Goalkeepers were significantly slower than the rest of the positions in COD180 to the left (p < 0.05, ES = 1.32 to 1.89). A very large association was found between the CODDs of 25 m and 25 m (p < 0.001; r = −0.72). These results suggest that pivots and goalkeepers are taller and larger than the other players. However, aside from goalkeepers, no differences in performance variables were observed among the outfield players. In addition, a lower %CODD is associated with a faster COD performance, highlighting its importance in training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Research to Optimize Performance and Reduce Injury Risk in Team Sports)

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23 pages, 2357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heart Rate Variability Alterations During Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness-Inducing Exercise—With Piezo2 Interpretation

by Gergely Langmár, Tekla Sümegi, Benjámin Fülöp, Lilla Pozsgai, Tamás Mocsai, Miklós Tóth, Levente Rácz, Bence Kopper, András Dér, András Búzás and Balázs Sonkodi

Sports 2025, 13(8), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080262 - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

Heart rate variability (HRV) is often modulated by pain; therefore, the objective of this study was to assess whether the induction of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is already affected by HRV alterations during exercise, in spite of the fact that pain evolves only [...] Read more.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is often modulated by pain; therefore, the objective of this study was to assess whether the induction of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is already affected by HRV alterations during exercise, in spite of the fact that pain evolves only post-exercise. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to induce DOMS in this study on 19 young male elite handball players who were subjected to HRV measurements throughout a DOMS-inducing exercise session. The result of this study indicated that the heart rate (HR) dependence of time–frequency domain parameters could be described by an exponential-like function, while entropy showed a V-shaped function, with a minimum “turning point” separated by descending and ascending intervals. The DOMS protocol upshifted the time–frequency domain HRV parameters in the entire HR range, contrary to the sample entropy values that were systematically downshifted, indicative of an upregulated sympathetic tone. The group-averaged HR-dependent sample entropy function showed a nonlinear character under exercise, with lower values for higher DOMS than for the group with lower DOMS below the turning-point HR, and vice versa above it. The differences between the respective HRV(HR) point sets representing the low-DOMS and high-DOMS groups were quantified using a statistical method and found to be significant at the current sample size for all the HRV parameters used. Since oxidative stress is implicated in DOMS, we are the first to report that nonlinear alterations may impact HRV in a HR-dependent manner in DOMS using a Piezo2 interpretation. This finding provides further indirect evidence for an initiating neural microdamage that prevails under DOMS-inducing exercise, and the diagnostic detection of this point may provide control for avoiding further injury risk in sports and exercise activities. Full article

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27 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Physical-Activity-Based Programs on School Children’s Cognitive Competence-Related Variables: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Gorka Brioa Saez, Markel Rico-González and Natalia Monge Gómez

Sports 2025, 13(8), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080261 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Aimed at improving school children’s motor, social, emotional, and cognitive competence (CC), the effects of physical activity (PA) have been widely investigated. However, investigations into the effects of PA during Physical Education (PE) on children’s CC have only been subject to [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Aimed at improving school children’s motor, social, emotional, and cognitive competence (CC), the effects of physical activity (PA) have been widely investigated. However, investigations into the effects of PA during Physical Education (PE) on children’s CC have only been subject to growing interest among researchers in recent years. To bring it, the present article aims to systematically summarize the PE intervention programs whose effects on school children’s CC have been evaluated through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. (2) Methods: This systematic review follows the PRISMA guidelines and has been registered in PROSPERO: CRD420251083924. A systematic literature search was conducted across four electronic databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and ProQuest Central. The articles were included based on the following inclusion criteria: (i) primary education children, (ii) children practicing PE, (iii) outcomes related to CC, and (iv) articles providing evaluations through RCTs. The quality assessment of all included articles was performed using the PEDro scale. (3) Results: Out of 219 initially identified studies, 25 met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized qualitatively. (4) Conclusions: The main outcomes highlighted that PE has a positive effect on primary school children’s cognitive ability, including attention, creativity, memory, academic performance, and inhibitory control. Thus, elementary school teachers are encouraged to implement these intervention programs to foster children’s CC. However, different types of interventions should be analyzed to highlight their effects on different variables of CC. Full article

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16 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Positional Physical Demands in Tier 2 Rugby Union: A Multivariate Approach over Speed Ranges

by Angel Lino-Samaniego, Adrián Martín-Castellanos, Ignacio Refoyo, Mar Álvarez-Portillo, Matthew Blair and Diego Muriarte Solana

Sports 2025, 13(8), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080260 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Rugby union involves intermittent high- and low-intensity activities, making it essential for strength and conditioning practitioners to understand specific physical demands. While GPS technology has enhanced this understanding, limited research focuses on Tier 2 national teams. This study aimed to describe the speed-related [...] Read more.

Rugby union involves intermittent high- and low-intensity activities, making it essential for strength and conditioning practitioners to understand specific physical demands. While GPS technology has enhanced this understanding, limited research focuses on Tier 2 national teams. This study aimed to describe the speed-related physical demands of a Tier 2 national rugby union team. This retrospective observational study analyzed 230 GPS files from 55 professional male players of an international Tier 2 national rugby union team, collected across 17 international matches. Speed-related performance variables were analyzed. Players who played ≥55 min were included. A Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc comparisons was used to examine positional differences. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified four main components explaining 84.65% of the variance, while a two-step cluster analysis grouped players into Low-, Mid-, and High-Demand profiles based on these components. Backs showed greater high-intensity running demands compared to forwards. This study’s results provide novel insights into the physical demands of Tier 2 international rugby union, highlighting differences among player positions and clustering players based on their specific speed demands. These findings can help strength and conditioning practitioners design position-specific training loads, implement tailored recovery strategies, and reduce injury risk in Tier 2 international rugby union. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Profile and Injury Prevalence in Sports)

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11 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Mental Fatigue on the Accuracy of Penalty Kicks in College Soccer Players

by Qingguang Liu, Ruitian Huang, Zhibo Liu, Caiyu Sun, Linyu Qi and Antonio Cicchella

Sports 2025, 13(8), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080259 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the impact of mental fatigue on the shooting accuracy and movement timing in the instep kick of Asian high-level soccer players. Methods: Eight male collegiate soccer players (age 22.00 ± 0.93 years) were tested before and after mental fatigue induction. [...] Read more.

Purpose: To investigate the impact of mental fatigue on the shooting accuracy and movement timing in the instep kick of Asian high-level soccer players. Methods: Eight male collegiate soccer players (age 22.00 ± 0.93 years) were tested before and after mental fatigue induction. Mental fatigue was induced via a 30 min Stroop task. The effectiveness of fatigue induction was assessed using heart rate variability (HRV), a visual analog scale (VAS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Shooting performance was evaluated before and after mental fatigue using the Loughborough Soccer Shooting Test (LSST) and by evaluating timing by means of high-speed imaging. Results: Following mental fatigue induction, HRV decreased. Subjects’ motivation (VAS) to exercise significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while VAS mental fatigue level (p < 0.001) and mental effort level (p < 0.002) significantly increased. Significant differences were observed after completing the Stroop task for ABQ Emotional/Physical Exhaustion (p < 0.007), Reduced Sense of Accomplishment (p < 0.007), Sport Devaluation (p < 0.006), and overall burnout level (p < 0.002). LSST showed that the subjects’ left foot test scores (−4.13, p < 0.013), right foot test scores (−3, p < 0.001), and total scores (−3.16, p < 0.001) significantly decreased. Although movement times increased slightly after fatigue, they did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Mental fatigue significantly impairs the shooting accuracy of collegiate soccer players, as evidenced by decreased LSST scores. However, it has no significant effect on event duration during shooting execution. Mental fatigue affected decision-making but not shooting movement timing. More cognitively challenging tasks are more affected by mental fatigue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Football Science: Integrating Technology, Performance, and Well-Being)

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