Sports

16 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Dark Chocolate Consumption on Arterial Function in Endurance Male Runners: Prospective Cohort Study

by Zacharias Vordos, Ifigeneia Deli, Maria Anifanti, Stefan Kluzek, Nikolaos Koutlianos, Evangelia Kouidi and Asterios Deligiannis

Sports 2024, 12(12), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120344 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Foods rich in polyphenols have beneficial effects on health. This study aimed to examine the impact of dark chocolate on endurance runners’ arterial function. Forty-six male amateur runners, aged 25–55, participated. The initial assessments included clinical testing, arterial stiffness measurements, and a cardiopulmonary [...] Read more.

Foods rich in polyphenols have beneficial effects on health. This study aimed to examine the impact of dark chocolate on endurance runners’ arterial function. Forty-six male amateur runners, aged 25–55, participated. The initial assessments included clinical testing, arterial stiffness measurements, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test. The participants then consumed 50 g of dark chocolate (70% cocoa) daily for two weeks, maintaining their usual training routine. After this period, the baseline assessment was repeated. The results showed significant improvements. Pulse wave velocity decreased by 11.82% (p < 0.001), and augmentation index by 19.47% (p < 0.001). Systolic brachial blood pressure reduced by 2.12% (p < 0.05), diastolic by 2.79% (p < 0.05), and mean pressure by 2.41% (p < 0.05). Central arterial pressure also decreased, with systolic by 1.24% (p < 0.05), diastolic by 2.80% (p < 0.05), and mean pressure by 2.43% (p < 0.05). Resting heart rate increased by 4.57% (p < 0.05) and left ventricular ejection time decreased by 4.89% (p < 0.05), particularly in athletes over 40. Exercise time increased by 2.16% (p < 0.05), heart rate (max) by 1.15% (p < 0.05), VO₂max by 2.31% (p < 0.05), and anaerobic threshold shifted by 6.91% (p < 0.001) in exercise time and 6.93% (p < 0.001) in VO₂max. In conclusion, dark chocolate improves arterial function in endurance runners, enhancing vascular health. Full article

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15 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Risk of Disordered Eating in Fitness Club Members—A Cross-Sectional Study

by Christina Gjestvang, Therese F. Mathisen, Solfrid Bratland-Sanda and Lene A. H. Haakstad

Sports 2024, 12(12), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120343 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Fitness clubs may be environments where abnormal eating behaviors and excessive exercise are socially accepted, potentially putting individuals at risk for disordered eating (DE). This study examined the DE risk prevalence among gym members, comparing body appreciation, exercise motivation, frequency, BMI, and age [...] Read more.

Fitness clubs may be environments where abnormal eating behaviors and excessive exercise are socially accepted, potentially putting individuals at risk for disordered eating (DE). This study examined the DE risk prevalence among gym members, comparing body appreciation, exercise motivation, frequency, BMI, and age across DE risk levels, and assessed the associated factors. A sample of 232 gym members (age: 39.6 ± 13.7) completed an online survey measuring DE risk (Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP)), body appreciation (Body Appreciation Scale version 2), and exercise motivation (Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2). One out of five (19.4%) were at risk of DE, while 15.5% and 11.6% reported having secretive eating behaviors and a history of eating disorders, respectively. Body weight impacted self-perception for 62.5% of the respondents. Those at DE risk had a higher mean BMI (26.23 ± 4.36 vs. 24.68 ± 3.61, p = 0.032) with a higher proportion of those with a BMI of 25–29.9 (46.67% vs. 29.41%, p = 0.027) compared to non-at-risk individuals. DE risk was associated with lower body appreciation (3.00 ± 3.60 versus 4.00 ± 3.70, p = ≤0.001), with body appreciation being the only factor associated with DE risk (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.39, p = ≤0.001). Full article

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16 pages, 4154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Youth Soccer Heading Exposure and Its Effects on Clinical Outcome Measures

by Victoria E. Wahlquist, Thomas A. Buckley, Jaclyn B. Caccese, Joseph J. Glutting, Todd D. Royer and Thomas W. Kaminski

Sports 2024, 12(12), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120342 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Purposeful heading, in which players may use their heads to advance the ball in play, is a unique part of soccer. Clinical outcome measures used to aid in the diagnosis of a concussion have long been a cornerstone of the contemporary measurements associated [...] Read more.

Purposeful heading, in which players may use their heads to advance the ball in play, is a unique part of soccer. Clinical outcome measures used to aid in the diagnosis of a concussion have long been a cornerstone of the contemporary measurements associated with the short- and long-term effects of monitoring repetitive head impacts (RHI) and soccer heading exposure. The effects of RHI in the youth population are still unknown, therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine if heading exposure is predictive of changes in self-reported symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, gait, and balance in female youth soccer players over the course of one soccer season. Small improvements in neurocognitive functioning and gait and slight deficits in balance were observed from pre- to post-season. All changes were not clinically relevant and likely due to a practice effect. The low heading exposure in our cohort of youth soccer players was likely not enough to elicit any changes in clinical measures. In general, our clinical outcomes did not change after a season of soccer play and change scores were not predicted by heading exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity, and Adolescent Health: Challenges and Opportunities)

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9 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature-Related Variations in Physical Performance During Elite Soccer Matches

by Vladimir Pavlinovic, Ryland Morgans and Toni Modric

Sports 2024, 12(12), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120341 - 7 Dec 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the differences in match running performance (MRP) according to the ambient temperature during UEFA Champions League (UCL) matches. Data were collected using an optical tracking system from all teams (n = 32) in all [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to examine the differences in match running performance (MRP) according to the ambient temperature during UEFA Champions League (UCL) matches. Data were collected using an optical tracking system from all teams (n = 32) in all UCL matches (n = 125) during the 2022/23 season, and classified according to the ambient temperature at which matches were played: <5 °C, 6–10 °C, 11–20 °C, and >21 °C. The results revealed the following: (i) less total distance was covered in matches played at ≥21 °C compared to the matches played at 6–10 °C (d = 0.58), (ii) less high-speed running and high-intensity running were covered in matches played at ≥21 °C compared to the matches played at 11–20 °C (d = 0.54 and 0.43, respectively), 6–10 °C (d = 0.89 and 0.8, respectively), and ≤5 °C (d = 0.62 and 0.57, respectively), and (iii) less sprinting was covered in matches played at ≥21 °C compared to the matches played at 6–10 °C (d = 0.22). These findings indicated the significant differences in MRP when UCL matches were played at different ambient temperatures, with notable reductions in overall and high-intensity efforts in warmer conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)

11 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship of Individual Athlete External Load, Session Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Athlete Playing Status Across a Collegiate Women’s Basketball Season

by Faith S. A. Brown, Jennifer B. Fields, Andrew R. Jagim, Erica L. King, Robert E. Baker, Angela Miller and Margaret T. Jones

Sports 2024, 12(12), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120340 - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

External (EL) and internal (IL) load are commonly used methods used to quantify training load in team sports. Playing time and playing position may influence the training loads for specific athletes throughout a season. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate [...] Read more.

External (EL) and internal (IL) load are commonly used methods used to quantify training load in team sports. Playing time and playing position may influence the training loads for specific athletes throughout a season. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of athlete playing status and individual in-season practices on EL and IL across a collegiate women’s basketball season. Female basketball athletes were classified as high-minute (HMA; ≥15 min/game) or low-minute (LMA; <15 min/game) and wore microsensors during 53 practices for a total of 583 data points. EL was obtained via an inertial measurement unit (IMU) device that contained a triaxial accelerometer to obtain three-dimensional positioning data. IL and strength training (ST) load were determined via session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) to create a daily summated value. Descriptive statistics indicate that athletes experienced individual differences in EL, ST, and IL throughout the season. A growth model showed that HMAs experienced higher EL than LMAs at the start of the season for practices (90.21 AU). Across all athletes, IL increased across the season (40.11 AU) and for each 1 unit of change in EL, IL increased by 1.04 AU. Repeated measures correlations identified a large relationship between IL and EL (r = 0.51, p < 0.001). A location-scale model indicated that the within-person variability of IL across all athletes was 3.29 AU but was not due to athlete playing status. It is recommended to base in-season training on individual loads and game demands to promote athlete readiness and improved sport performance. Full article

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8 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Vertical Jump Force–Time Metrics Between ACL-Injured and Healthy Semi-Professional Male and Female Soccer Players

by Dimitrije Cabarkapa, Damjana V. Cabarkapa, Andrew C. Fry, Yu Song, Thordis Gisladottir and Milos Petrovic

Sports 2024, 12(12), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120339 - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Given the increasing use of innovative force plate systems in applied sports settings and the impact that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have on team success, the purpose of the present study was to compare the lower-body neuromuscular performance characteristics of athletes who [...] Read more.

Given the increasing use of innovative force plate systems in applied sports settings and the impact that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have on team success, the purpose of the present study was to compare the lower-body neuromuscular performance characteristics of athletes who underwent ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and their non-injured counterparts (i.e., healthy controls). Forty-five male (thirteen injured) and twenty-six female (ten injured) semi-professional soccer players volunteered to participate in the present study. Each athlete performed three countermovement vertical jumps (CMJs) while standing on a uniaxial force plate system sampling at 1000 Hz. The injured athletes completed a nine-month recovery protocol and were screened 11–13 months post-ACLR. The dependent variables included the force–time metrics within both the eccentric and concentric phases of the CMJ. Independent t-tests or Mann–Whitney U-test were used to examine statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences in each variable (i.e., ACL-injured vs. healthy controls). The results revealed no significant between-group differences in any CMJ force–time metrics of interest (e.g., concentric peak force, eccentric mean power, countermovement depth) between ACL-injured and non-injured athletes, including inter-limb asymmetry measures (i.e., peak takeoff and landing force). Besides implying the effectiveness of the implemented rehabilitation protocol, these findings suggest that the CMJ may not present a sufficient neuromuscular performance stimulus needed to expose lower-limb asymmetries and strength and power deficiencies 11–13 months post-ACLR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Strategies)

14 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Efficacy of Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review

by Andrea Demeco, Giulia Bartocci, Noemi Astore, Beatrice Vignali, Antonello Salerno, Stefano Palermi, Ruben Foresti, Chiara Martini and Cosimo Costantino

Sports 2024, 12(12), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120338 - 5 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) prevalence reaches the 80% rate in female athletes involved in high-impact sports. In this context, although conservative treatment represents the first therapeutic choice, there is still a lack of knowledge on the efficacy of conservative programs in [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) prevalence reaches the 80% rate in female athletes involved in high-impact sports. In this context, although conservative treatment represents the first therapeutic choice, there is still a lack of knowledge on the efficacy of conservative programs in young female athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of pelvic floor rehabilitation in the treatment of UI in young nulliparous female athletes. We performed a literature search using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. The selection of articles was conducted using a specific search string: “[((pelvic floor dysfunction) OR (urinary incontinence) OR (dyspareunia) OR (dysuria)) AND ((sport) OR (sports)) AND ((female) OR (woman) OR (women) OR (girl)) AND ((rehabilitation) OR (rehab) OR (pelvic rehabilitation) OR (exercise))]”. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO with the ID CRD42024559990. A total of 1018 articles were found in all searches of the databases. After removing duplicates, 663 papers were reviewed in terms of title and abstract. Finally, a total of six studies were included in the present review. The results of this review show that conservative treatment with a personalised pelvic floor muscle training program (PFMTP) represents an effective treatment for UI, decreasing urine loss and improving maximum voluntary pelvic contraction; this is linked with an improvement in quality of life and sports performance, in particular when supervised by a physical therapist. Moreover, due to the reluctance of athletes to talk about UI, an educational program should be considered as part of a prevention programme in pre-season training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength and Conditioning Society 2024: Sports Performance, Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Health Improvement)

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12 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The 100-Days: Physical Exercise and Challenges to Assess, Maintain and Improve Physical Fitness During Lockdown

by Tommaso Di Libero, Annalisa D’Ermo, Beatrice Tosti, Stefano Corrado, Pierluigi Diotaiuti and Angelo Rodio

Sports 2024, 12(12), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120337 - 5 Dec 2024

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behavior, raising health risks. To combat this, a 100-day training program was designed to maintain and improve fitness during lockdown. This program, which included a challenge with physical assessments and online sessions, aimed to [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behavior, raising health risks. To combat this, a 100-day training program was designed to maintain and improve fitness during lockdown. This program, which included a challenge with physical assessments and online sessions, aimed to enhance fitness and motivation. Methods: Twenty participants (mean age 45.2 ± 12.7 years) with good baseline fitness completed strength, endurance, coordination, and flexibility exercises over 100 days, with monthly challenges. Fitness was assessed at baseline (T0), mid-program (T1), and completion (T2). Results: Males initially showed higher BMI and mild cardiovascular risks. Flexibility improved for both genders, with females increasing from 12.5 ± 4.51 cm to 14.8 ± 6.65 cm and males from 4.4 ± 6.33 cm to 8.8 ± 10.69 cm. Males’ vertical jump height increased from 20.7 ± 13.05 cm to 28.2 ± 10.49 cm. In the challenge, push-up repetitions rose for both genders, achieving excellent scores (>24 reps for females, >25 for males). Males advanced in the repeated crunch test, while females consistently excelled in the repeated squat. Weight and BMI reductions were also observed, particularly in overweight males. Conclusions: The 100-day training program, combined with the challenge, effectively sustained physical fitness and motivation among participants during pandemic-related restrictions. Notable strength and endurance improvements were observed across both genders, reinforcing the potential of interactive, remote training programs to promote physical health in periods of limited activity. Full article

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16 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Drop Jump Training on Physical Fitness in Highly Trained Young Male Volleyball Players: Comparing Maximal Rebound Height and Standard Drop Height Training

by Raouf Hammami, Karim Ben Ayed, Yassine Negra, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Michael Duncan, Haithem Rebai and Urs Granacher

Sports 2024, 12(12), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120336 - 5 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Drop height has previously been used as an effective programming parameter in plyometric jump training. Less is known about the usage of maximal rebound jump height from a distinct drop height as a parameter for individualized plyometric jump training. Hence, the aim [...] Read more.

Background: Drop height has previously been used as an effective programming parameter in plyometric jump training. Less is known about the usage of maximal rebound jump height from a distinct drop height as a parameter for individualized plyometric jump training. Hence, the aim of this study was to contrast the effects of two different drop jump (DJ) training modalities using either the individualized maximal rebound height (MRHT) or a standard (SDHT) drop height on selected measures of physical fitness in young volleyball players. Methods: Thirty male young volleyball players aged 14 to 16 years were randomly assigned to an MRHT (n = 15) or an SDHT (n = 15) group. The MRHT group performed DJ exercises using a drop height according to the individual’s maximal rebound jump height from 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm drop heights. The SDHT group performed DJs following a standardized drop height (30 cm) across the 8-week intervention period. The overall training volume was similar between MRHT and SDHT with one to three sets of 8 to 10 repetitions of DJ exercises per session. Before and after training, jump height and the reactive strength index (RSI) were taken as dependent variables from 30, 40, and 50 cm drop heights. In addition, dynamic balance (Y-balance test) as well as linear sprint and change-of-direction (CoD) speed were assessed. Results: Significant group × time interactions were found for jump height, balance, RSI, and linear sprint (p < 0.001; d = 0.12–3.42) but not CoD speed. Post hoc tests showed significant jump height improvements in favor of the MRHT group for drop heights from 30 cm (Δ20.4%, p < 0.001, d = 3.69), 40 cm (Δ20.3%, p < 0.001, d = 2.90), and 50 cm (Δ18.3%, p < 0.001, d = 3.37) and RSI50 (Δ30.14%, p < 0.001, d = 2.29). MRHT but not SDHT resulted in significant 5 m (Δ9.2%, p < 0.001, d = 1.32) and 20 m (Δ7.4%, p < 0.01, d = 2.30) linear sprint speed improvements. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that MRHT but not SDHT improved DJ height, RSI, and linear sprint speed. Due to the importance of vertical jumps and short accelerations for overall competitive performance in volleyball, our results suggest that young male players should perform MRHT as part of plyometric jump training if the goal is to improve acceleration, reactive strength, and vertical jump performance. Full article

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12 pages, 842 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comparison of Physical Activity and Exercise Recommendations for Public Health: Inconsistent Activity Messages Are Being Conveyed to the General Public

by Vincent J. Dalbo and Michael A. Carron

Sports 2024, 12(12), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120335 - 4 Dec 2024

Abstract

We examined the similarities and differences between government-supported public health activity recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Health Service (NHS), the Department of Health and Aged Care (DHAC), and one of the [...] Read more.

We examined the similarities and differences between government-supported public health activity recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Health Service (NHS), the Department of Health and Aged Care (DHAC), and one of the most renowned public health activity recommendations, the 10,000 Steps Program. The findings derived from our evaluation suggest a lack of consistency in public health activity recommendations, including the nomenclature used to describe aerobic activity, the amount of time required per week to meet the minimum recommendation for moderate and vigorous activity, and variations in the intensities required to meet aerobic activity recommendations. We also found that moderate-intensity activity (3.0 to less than 6.0 METS) is achieved across the lifespan with normal (i.e., mean), rather than vigorous, walking speeds; this suggests the MET level for moderate-intensity activity may need to be re-examined. The suggested strength activities must also be considered to ensure that the activities maintain or improve strength in the general public. Among the reviewed recommendations, none distinguished between physical activity and exercise, which may contribute to the low levels of exercise participation among the general public. Since exercise is medicine, the most recognized government-supported public health activity recommendations should place a greater emphasis on exercise over physical activity. Moreover, given the low levels of activity in the general public, more care should be given to provide a consistent, clear, and direct message regarding activity recommendations. Full article

13 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Three Protocols for Determining Barbell Bench Press Single Repetition Maximum, Barbell Kinetics, and Subsequent Measures of Muscular Performance in Resistance-Trained Adults

by Matthew T. Stratton, Austin T. Massengale, Riley A. Clark, Kaitlyn Evenson-McMurtry and Morgan Wormely

Sports 2024, 12(12), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120334 - 3 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: One repetition maximum (1RM) is a vital metric for exercise professionals, but various testing protocols exist, and their impacts on the resulting 1RM, barbell kinetics, and subsequent muscular performance testing are not well understood. This study aimed to compare two previously established [...] Read more.

Background: One repetition maximum (1RM) is a vital metric for exercise professionals, but various testing protocols exist, and their impacts on the resulting 1RM, barbell kinetics, and subsequent muscular performance testing are not well understood. This study aimed to compare two previously established protocols and a novel self-led method for determining bench press 1RM, 1RM barbell kinetics, and subsequent muscular performance measures. Methods: Twenty-four resistance-trained males (n = 12, 24 ± 6.1 years) and females (n = 12, 22.5 ± 5.5 years) completed three laboratory visits in a randomized crossover fashion. During each visit, a 1RM was established using one of the three protocols followed by a single set to volitional fatigue using 80% of their 1RM. A Sex:Protocol repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effects of sex and differences between protocols. Results: No significant differences were observed between the protocols for any measure, except for 1RM peak power (p = 0.036). Post hoc pairwise comparisons failed to identify any differences. Males showed significantly higher 1RM, average, and peak power (ps < 0.001), while females demonstrated a greater average concentric velocity (p = 0.031) at 1RM. Conclusions: These data suggest the protocol used to establish 1RM may have minimal impact on the final 1RM, 1RM barbell kinetics, and subsequent muscular endurance in a laboratory setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Strategies in Resistance Training: Exploring Innovative Approaches)

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23 pages, 5077 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Bibliometric Study on the Evolution of Women’s Football and Determinants Behind Its Growth over the Last 30 Years

by Javier Ventaja-Cruz, Jesús M. Cuevas Rincón, Virginia Tejada-Medina and Ricardo Martín-Moya

Sports 2024, 12(12), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120333 - 3 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: The evolution of women’s football over the past three decades has been remarkable in terms of development, visibility, and acceptance, transforming into a discipline with growing popularity and professionalization. Significant advancements in gender equality and global visibility have occurred, and the combination [...] Read more.

Background: The evolution of women’s football over the past three decades has been remarkable in terms of development, visibility, and acceptance, transforming into a discipline with growing popularity and professionalization. Significant advancements in gender equality and global visibility have occurred, and the combination of emerging talent, increasing commercial interest, and institutional support will continue to drive the growth and consolidation of women’s football worldwide. Methods: The purpose of this study was to present a bibliometric analysis of articles on the evolution of women’s football in terms of scientific production as well as its causes and motivations over the past 30 years (1992–2024). A total of 128 documents indexed in the Web of Science database were reviewed. Outcome measures were analyzed using RStudio version 4.3.1 (Viena, Austria) software and the Bibliometrix data package to evaluate productivity indicators including the number of articles published per year, most productive authors, institutions, countries, and journals as well as identify the most cited articles and common topics. Results: Scientific production on women’s football has shown sustained growth, particularly since 2010. Key research areas have focused on injury prevention, physical performance, psychosocial factors, motivation, and leadership. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain have emerged as the most productive countries in this field, with strong international collaboration reflected in co-authorship networks. Conclusions: The study revealed a clear correlation between the evolution of women’s football and the increase in scientific production, providing a strong foundation for future research on emerging topics such as the importance of psychological factors, sport motivation and emotional well-being on performance, gender differences at the physiological and biomechanical levels, or misogyny in social networks, thus promoting comprehensive development in this sport modality. Full article

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16 pages, 2432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Well-Being and Self-Rated Health of Italian Public Health Medical Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The PHRASI Study

by Alessandro Catalini, Giuseppa Minutolo, Marta Caminiti, Angela Ancona, Claudia Cosma, Veronica Gallinoro and Vincenza Gianfredi

Sports 2024, 12(12), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120332 - 2 Dec 2024

Abstract

High workloads and extended work shift greatly limit the opportunities for medical residents to adopt a healthy lifestyle by practicing regular physical exercise. Using data from the Public Health Residents’ Anonymous Survey in Italy (PHRASI), this research assessed the associations between physical activity [...] Read more.

High workloads and extended work shift greatly limit the opportunities for medical residents to adopt a healthy lifestyle by practicing regular physical exercise. Using data from the Public Health Residents’ Anonymous Survey in Italy (PHRASI), this research assessed the associations between physical activity levels and sedentary behavior, well-being, and self-rated health among Italian public health residents (PHRs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing a cross-sectional design, this study utilized the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the WHO-5 Well-being Index, and the single-item self-rated health to measure physical activity, sedentary behavior, self-rated health, and well-being among PHRs. The study included 379 PHRs. Multiple logistic regressions adjusted for age and sex were applied to explore the associations among the variables of interest. While 74% of PHRs were sufficiently active, 50% reported good well-being. We found a positive association between physical activity (specifically walking and intense activities) and well-being (aOR 1.292, p = 0.032). At the same time, sedentary behavior was negatively associated with self-rated health (aOR 0.948, p = 0.022) and well-being (aOR 0.945, p = 0.005). This study contributes valuable insights into the role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in PHRs’ mental health, calling for targeted public health strategies to support their well-being. Full article

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10 pages, 489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Intraset Rest Periods on External and Internal Load During Small-Sided Games in Soccer

by Ioannis Ispirlidis, Dimitrios Pantazis, Athanasios Poulios, Alexandra Avloniti, Theodoros Stampoulis, Yiannis Michailidis, Konstantinos Troupkos, Evangelos Evangelou, Dimitrios Draganidis, Dimitrios Balampanos, Nikolaos-Orestis Retzepis, Maria Protopapa, Nikolaos Mantzouranis, Nikolaos Zaras, Maria Michalopoulou, Ioannis G. Fatouros and Athanasios Chatzinikolaou

Sports 2024, 12(12), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120331 - 2 Dec 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the internal and external load in continuous and intermittent small-sided games (SSG) formats. Eight semi-professional soccer players participated in the study, and they completed three protocols: (a) I-intermittent SSG protocol (Int-I, 4 sets of 4 [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to compare the internal and external load in continuous and intermittent small-sided games (SSG) formats. Eight semi-professional soccer players participated in the study, and they completed three protocols: (a) I-intermittent SSG protocol (Int-I, 4 sets of 4 min with a 3 min recovery); (b) Continuous SSG protocol (Con, 2 sets of 8 min with a 3 min recovery); (c) II-SSG protocol (Int-II, 4 sets of 4 min, where each set includes 1 min of exercise with varying recovery periods (10, 20, 30 s), with a 3 min recovery period between sets). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the dependent variables, with significance determined at p < 0.05. The three protocols differed in total distance covered and in distance covered at speeds >19 km/h, with the Int-II protocol resulting in the greatest distance covered (p < 0.05). Additionally, players in the Con protocol exercised at a higher percentage of their maximum heart rate (%HRmax) (p < 0.05), while the highest RPE value was observed in the Int-I interval protocol (p < 0.05). The external load experienced by players in intermittent SSG protocols is higher, while internal load (%HRmax) remains relatively low. This effect is especially notable in the new intermittent exercise model proposed in this study, which incorporates progressively increasing recovery times within each exercise set. Coaches can use this model to increase players’ external load without causing a heightened perception of fatigue. Full article

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13 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Three-Month Training Break on Swimming Performance in Athletes with Intellectual Disability

by Glykeria Kyriakidou, George Tsalis and Christina Evaggelinou

Sports 2024, 12(12), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120330 - 2 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to ascertain whether there were any differences in anthropometrics, heart rate, and swimming performance parameters in athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) before and after a three-month training break. A total of 21 athletes participated in the study, comprising 16 males [...] Read more.

This study aimed to ascertain whether there were any differences in anthropometrics, heart rate, and swimming performance parameters in athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) before and after a three-month training break. A total of 21 athletes participated in the study, comprising 16 males and 5 females, with a mean age of 28.3 ± 8.7 years. All participants had ID, and six of them had Down syndrome. The study participants were classified as S14 athletes from a local swimming club. All participants had a minimum of four years of swimming experience and attended two to three one-hour sessions per week for eight consecutive months. All athletes completed two trials of 25 m freestyle swimming, one at the end of a training session and the other at the beginning of a new session. The measurements included weight, body mass index (BMI), handgrip strength (HGS), heart rate (pre- and post-trial), performance (T25), stroke count (SC), stroke length (SL), stroke rate, and the SWOLF efficiency index. The results demonstrated statistically significant elevations in weight (80.2 ± 16.1 to 81.7 ± 15.9), BMI (26.8 ± 5.5 to 27.2 ± 5.5), T25 (33.1 ± 17.1 to 35.6 ± 18), SC (19.3 ± 6.1 to 20.7 ± 7.2), and SWOLF (52.4 ± 22.0 to 56.3 ± 25.2) and a reduction in SL (1.39 ± 0.48 to 1.27 ± 0.42). However, no significant differences were observed in the remaining parameters. Significant correlations were found for body weight, BMI, HGS, and SWOLF with T25 throughout the study. It was concluded that individuals with ID experienced a decline in 25 m swimming performance due to technical rather than physiological factors after three months of detraining. Full article

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11 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Running Surface Using Advanced Footwear Technology Spikes on Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance Measures

by Alejandro Alda-Blanco, Sergio Rodríguez-Barbero, Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza, Fernando Valero, Patricia Chico and Fernando González-Mohíno

Sports 2024, 12(12), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120329 - 2 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of advanced footwear technology (AFT) spikes on running performance measures, spatiotemporal variables, and perceptive parameters on different surfaces (track and grass). Methods: Twenty-seven male trained runners were recruited for this study. In Experiment 1, participants performed 12 [...] Read more.

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of advanced footwear technology (AFT) spikes on running performance measures, spatiotemporal variables, and perceptive parameters on different surfaces (track and grass). Methods: Twenty-seven male trained runners were recruited for this study. In Experiment 1, participants performed 12 × 200 m at a self-perceived 3000 m running pace with a recovery of 5 min. Performance (time in each repetition), spatiotemporal, and perceptive parameters were measured. In Experiment 2, participants performed 8 × 5 min at 4.44 m/s while energy cost of running (W/kg), spatiotemporal, and perceptive parameters were measured. In both experiments the surface was randomized and mirror order between spike conditions (Polyether Block Amide (PEBA) and PEBA + Plate) was used. Results: Experiment 1: Runners were faster on the track (p = 0.002) and using PEBA + Plate spike (p = 0.049). Experiment 2: Running on grass increased energy cost (p = 0.03) and heart rate (p < 0.001) regardless of the spike used, while PEBA + Plate spike reduced respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (p = 0.041). Step frequency was different across surfaces (p < 0.001) and spikes (p = 0.002), with increased performance and comfort perceived with PEBA + Plate spikes (p < 0.001; p = 0.049). Conclusions: Running on the track surface with PEBA + Plate spikes enhanced auto-perceived 3000 m running performance, showed lower RER, and improved auto-perceptive comfort and performance. Running on grass surfaces increased energy cost and heart rate without differences between spike conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Effects of Sports on the Cardiopulmonary System)

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18 pages, 3800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Children’s Individual Differences in the Responses to a New Method for Physical Education

by Sara Pereira, Carla Santos, José Maia, Olga Vasconcelos, Eduardo Guimarães, Rui Garganta, Cláudio Farias, Tiago V. Barreira, Go Tani, Peter T. Katzmarzyk and Fernando Garbeloto

Sports 2024, 12(12), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120328 - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Children’s fundamental movement skills (FMS) require planned and guided interventions to develop appropriately. We investigated the effect of a novel Physical Education (PE) method to develop children’s object control, locomotor skills, and motor competence. Further, we examined children’s trainability, i.e., their differential responses [...] Read more.

Children’s fundamental movement skills (FMS) require planned and guided interventions to develop appropriately. We investigated the effect of a novel Physical Education (PE) method to develop children’s object control, locomotor skills, and motor competence. Further, we examined children’s trainability, i.e., their differential responses to the new method, and identified low and high responders to the intervention. The study lasted three months and included six to seven-year-old children in two groups: control (the current, official PE program; n = 38) and experimental (the new method; n = 52). Twelve FMS [object control (OC), locomotor (LO)] were reliably assessed using the Meu Educativo^® app. Using a mixed-effects model, results showed that the experimental group experienced greater changes (p < 0.05) than the control group in OC and LO. Positive individual changes were more frequent with the new method, but children showed a similar pattern in their interindividual variability in both methods. There was a greater reduction in the number of children with lower proficiency in the experimental group. In sum, the new PE method proved superior to the current, official one. Individual responses to the new method showed considerable variation, highlighting the need for personalization in teaching strategies and necessary support for children with lower proficiency levels, ensuring that no child is left behind in their motor development process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Motor Behavior and Child Health)

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10 pages, 718 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Heading in Female Soccer: A Scoping Systematic Review

by Yinhao Shen, Shinting Chen, Qingguang Liu and Antonio Cicchella

Sports 2024, 12(12), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120327 - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Heading is a key skill in soccer, and it is few investigated in females. Research on heading focused mostly on males and on young players. Data on females’ soccer players are sparse and it is difficult to draw firm conclusions. Thus, little is [...] Read more.

Heading is a key skill in soccer, and it is few investigated in females. Research on heading focused mostly on males and on young players. Data on females’ soccer players are sparse and it is difficult to draw firm conclusions. Thus, little is known is known about heading in females. The most investigated aspects of heading are the relationship between heading and play state, training level and anthropometrics. The relationship between the frequency and intensity of headings and long-time outcomes in terms of vigilance, and neuro-cognitive status is also a topic of interest. Aim of this scoping review is to survey the available knowledge about heading in female football to identify possible weaknesses and issues for future research direction in the field. A structured literature search was performed in the main databases. Results show research on heading in female soccer is sparse and to draw firm conclusion on the investigated aspects (effect of play position, occurrence, cognitive impairment, influence of muscle strength, and player’s level) is difficult. It emerged mild intensity heading is not dangerous, helmet does not help, play state and player position influences the heading and that high rotational velocities are achieved. The survey identified new directions for research, that should focus on how to ameliorate heading training and skills and develop a more effective and safe heading technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)

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13 pages, 444 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Polarized Training Intensity Distribution on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Work Economy Among Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review

by Henrik Lyngstad Nøst, Morten Andreas Aune and Roland van den Tillaar

Sports 2024, 12(12), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120326 - 27 Nov 2024

Abstract

High-intensity training (HIT) has commonly been the most effective training method for improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) and work economy, alongside a substantial volume of low-intensity training (LIT). The polarized training model combines both low- and high-intensity training into a [...] Read more.

High-intensity training (HIT) has commonly been the most effective training method for improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) and work economy, alongside a substantial volume of low-intensity training (LIT). The polarized training model combines both low- and high-intensity training into a specific training intensity distribution and has gained attention as a comprehensive approach. The objective of this review was to systematically search the literature in order to identify the effects of polarized training intensity distribution on VO_2max, peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak), and work economy among endurance athletes. A literature search was performed using PubMed and SPORTDiscus. A total of 1836 articles were identified, and, after the selection process, 14 relevant studies were included in this review. The findings indicate that a polarized training approach seems to be effective for enhancing VO_2max, VO_2peak, and work economy over a short-term period for endurance athletes. Specifically, a training intensity distribution involving a moderate to high volume of HIT (15–20%) combined with a substantial volume of LIT (75–80%) appears to be the most beneficial for these improvements. It was concluded that polarized training is a beneficial approach for enhancing VO_2max, VO_2peak, and work economy in endurance athletes. However, the limited number of studies restricts the generalizability of these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)

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