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  • Article
  • Open Access
1,081 Views
32 Pages

19 September 2025

The contemporary world places a high degree of focus on the sustainable development of energy, with technological innovation in unconventional energy becoming a key driver of the global energy revolution. From a network analysis perspective, this pap...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Futures: Economic Policies and Market Trends)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
12,289 Views
28 Pages

The Human Right to Water and Unconventional Energy

  • Robert C Palmer,
  • Damien Short and
  • Walter E. Ted Auch

Access to water, in sufficient quantities and of sufficient quality is vital for human health. The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in General Comment 15, drafted 2002) argued that access to water was a condition for...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Health Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
53 Citations
17,482 Views
40 Pages

Critical Minerals and Energy–Impacts and Limitations of Moving to Unconventional Resources

  • Benjamin C. McLellan,
  • Eiji Yamasue,
  • Tetsuo Tezuka,
  • Glen Corder,
  • Artem Golev and
  • Damien Giurco

The nexus of minerals and energy becomes ever more important as the economic growth and development of countries in the global South accelerates and the needs of new energy technologies expand, while at the same time various important minerals are de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,486 Views
33 Pages

Fluid–Structure Interaction Study in Unconventional Energy Horizontal Wells Driven by Recursive Algorithm and MPS Method

  • Xikun Gao,
  • Dajun Zhao,
  • Yi Zhang,
  • Yong Chen,
  • Zhanzhao Gao,
  • Xiaojiao Zhang and
  • Shengda Wang

16 June 2025

With the unconventional energy sector (e.g., shale gas) increasingly focused on precision drilling and cost-effective extraction, slim-hole horizontal well technology is gaining prominence. However, drill string dynamics in narrow, complex fluid envi...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
6,834 Views
41 Pages

Research Progress on Nano-Confinement Effects in Unconventional Oil and Gas Energy—With a Major Focus on Shale Reservoirs

  • Guo Wang,
  • Rui Shen,
  • Shengchun Xiong,
  • Yuhao Mei,
  • Qinghao Dong,
  • Shasha Chu,
  • Heying Su and
  • Xuewei Liu

3 January 2025

Compared to conventional reservoirs, the abundant nanopores developed in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs influence fluid properties, with nano-confinement effects. The phase behavior, flow characteristics, and solid–liquid interactions of...

(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,736 Views
22 Pages

11 February 2025

Alternative scenarios where the Big Bang singularity of the standard cosmological model is replaced by a bounce, or by an early almost static phase (known as emergent universe) have been frequently studied. We investigate the role of the spinor degre...

(This article belongs to the Section Gravitation)
  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,796 Views
33 Pages

12 February 2025

The issue of gas permeability of porous beds is important for the development of a new generation of clean energy sources, especially in the context of unconventional energy storage. Detailed experimental studies were carried out to demonstrate the g...

(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
5,084 Views
18 Pages

Unconventional Excess Heat Sources for District Heating in a National Energy System Context

  • Steffen Nielsen,
  • Kenneth Hansen,
  • Rasmus Lund and
  • Diana Moreno

27 September 2020

District heating (DH) is an important technology in future smart energy systems as it allows for an efficient implementation of various renewable energy sources. As DH develops towards lower temperatures and renewable electricity production increases...

(This article belongs to the Section L: Energy Sources)
  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
23 Citations
9,365 Views
25 Pages

A Note on Medium- and Long-Term Global Energy Prospects and Scenarios

  • Carlo Andrea Bollino,
  • Francesco Asdrubali,
  • Paolo Polinori,
  • Simona Bigerna,
  • Silvia Micheli,
  • Claudia Guattari and
  • Antonella Rotili

The paper presents recent and future trends of the world energy market, as highlighted by medium- and long-term projections. Energy demand and energy consumptions projected by IEA (International Energy Agency) are examined, in comparison with project...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
11,418 Views
21 Pages

8 April 2014

Interest has rapidly grown in the use of unconventional resources to compensate for depletion of conventional hydrocarbon resources (“easy hydrocarbon”) that are produced at relatively low cost from oil and gas fields with large proven reserves. When...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
13,366 Views
20 Pages

Rogun Dam—Path to Energy Independence or Security Threat?

  • Bahtiyor R. Eshchanov,
  • Mona Grinwis Plaat Stultjes,
  • Sanaatbek K. Salaev and
  • Ruzumboy A. Eshchanov

22 September 2011

The revitalization of the Rogun hydropower station project and launch of an Initial Public Offering has led the water-energy disputes between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to a new stage. While two riparian states advocate their positions from their own...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
6,425 Views
22 Pages

Natural gas is considered an important bridge in the transition of energy in the world. However, the development and management of unconventional gas now face many challenges. This paper aims to provide an overview of what would be required to formul...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Making in Resources Management: Problems, Methods and Tools)
  • Article
  • Open Access
531 Views
30 Pages

25 May 2026

Amid the global transition to low-carbon energy systems, unconventional oil and gas resources play a key role in ensuring energy security. Hydraulic fracturing is a central technology for unconventional resource development, but it may also induce se...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,111 Views
21 Pages

Numerical Analysis of Enhanced Conductive Deep Borehole Heat Exchangers

  • Theo Renaud,
  • Lehua Pan,
  • Hannah Doran,
  • Gioia Falcone and
  • Patrick G. Verdin

19 June 2021

Geothermal energy is a reliable and mature energy source, but it represents less than 1% of the total renewable energy mix. While the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) concept faces technical validation challenges and suffers from public acceptance is...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
5,935 Views
13 Pages

RETRACTED: A Review on Insights for Green Production of Unconventional Protein and Energy Sources Derived from the Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly

  • Sabrina Hasnol,
  • Kunlanan Kiatkittipong,
  • Worapon Kiatkittipong,
  • Chung Yiin Wong,
  • Cheng Seong Khe,
  • Man Kee Lam,
  • Pau Loke Show,
  • Wen Da Oh,
  • Thiam Leng Chew and
  • Jun Wei Lim

28 April 2020

The purpose of this review is to reveal the lipid and protein contents in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for the sustainable production of protein and energy sources. It has been observed from studies in the literature that the larval lipid and prot...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Technologies: Bridging Conventional Practices and Industry 4.0)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,535 Views
22 Pages

Workshop with Hydrogen Cells: A Pedagogical and Motivating Experience for the Study of Unconventional Forms of Energy Generation in Pre-School Students in Panama City

  • Milena Linette Zambrano Hernández,
  • Jorge Serrano,
  • Elsa Flores,
  • Alejandrina Batista,
  • Reinhardt Pinzón,
  • Marta Álvarez and
  • Jose Rogelio Fábrega Duque

It is essential to promote the study of non-conventional forms of electrical energy generation to create a resilient society with awareness of, and the capacity for development and experimentation to face, environmental conservation challenges, espec...

  • Project Report
  • Open Access
26 Citations
9,852 Views
18 Pages

On the Sustainability and Progress of Energy Neutral Mineral Processing

  • Frederik Reitsma,
  • Peter Woods,
  • Martin Fairclough,
  • Yongjin Kim,
  • Harikrishnan Tulsidas,
  • Luis Lopez,
  • Yanhua Zheng,
  • Ahmed Hussein,
  • Gerd Brinkmann and
  • Eduardo D. Greaves
  • + 13 authors

17 January 2018

A number of primary ores such as phosphate rock, gold-, copper- and rare earth ores contain considerable amounts of accompanying uranium and other critical materials. Energy neutral mineral processing is the extraction of unconventional uranium durin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Waste Management and Sustainability of Nuclear Systems)
  • Retraction
  • Open Access
2,122 Views
2 Pages

RETRACTED: Hasnol et al. A Review on Insights for Green Production of Unconventional Protein and Energy Sources Derived from the Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly. Processes 2020, 8, 523

  • Sabrina Hasnol,
  • Kunlanan Kiatkittipong,
  • Worapon Kiatkittipong,
  • Chung Yiin Wong,
  • Cheng Seong Khe,
  • Man Kee Lam,
  • Pau Loke Show,
  • Wen Da Oh,
  • Thiam Leng Chew and
  • Jun Wei Lim

8 July 2024

The Processes Editorial Office retracts the article titled “A Review on Insights for Green Production of Unconventional Protein and Energy Sources Derived from the Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly” [...]

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,796 Views
13 Pages

17 April 2018

The hydraulic fracturing boom in Texas required massive water flows. Beginning in the summer of 2011, water became scarce as a prolonged heat wave and subsequent severe drought spread across the state. Oil and gas producers working in drought areas n...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,600 Views
19 Pages

24 February 2024

Energy transformation requires replacing power plants based on fossil raw materials with renewable energy. Energy harvesting plays an important, although not fully appreciated, role here. Distributed, local power supply systems for small receivers, b...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Energy Harvesting Systems and Methods from Uncommon Sources)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
8,990 Views
17 Pages

6 January 2015

In this study, horizontally periodic large eddy simulations (LES) are utilized to study turbulent atmospheric boundary-layer flow over wind turbines in the far-downstream portion of a large wind farm where the wakes have merged and the flow is fully...

(This article belongs to the Collection Wind Turbines)
  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,397 Views
29 Pages

Modern Methods of Obtaining Synthetic Oil from Unconventional Hydrocarbon Raw Materials: Technologies, Catalysts, and Development Prospects

  • Aisha Nurlybayeva,
  • Ainura Yermekova,
  • Raushan Taubayeva,
  • Nurbanu Sarova,
  • Ardak Sapiyeva,
  • Sulushash Mateeva,
  • Gulsim Matniyazova,
  • Kamila Bulekbayeva,
  • Gulim Jetpisbayeva and
  • Marzhan Tamabekova

14 March 2025

This article considers modern approaches to obtaining synthetic oil from unconventional hydrocarbon feedstocks, including plastic waste, tires, biomass, coal, and extra-heavy oil. Particular attention is paid to multi-stage technologies, such as pyro...

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,831 Views
12 Pages

Unconventional Energy from an Electric Impulse Heater Combined with a Wind Turbine

  • Volodimir Holovko,
  • Volodimir Kohanevich,
  • Mikola Shikhailov,
  • Artem Donets,
  • Mihailo Maksymeniuk,
  • Olena Sukmaniuk,
  • Savelii Kukharets,
  • Ryszard Konieczny,
  • Adam Koniuszy and
  • Grzegorz Wałowski
  • + 1 author

24 November 2022

The widespread use of wind power plants can provide full or partial energy supply to the consumer, taking into account certain investments and the instability of energy production. Modern wind energy technology involves the conversion of mechanical e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,140 Views
12 Pages

Hydraulic Experiments on a Small-Scale Wave Energy Converter with an Unconventional Dummy Pto

  • Luca Martinelli,
  • Matteo Volpato,
  • Chiara Favaretto and
  • Piero Ruol

29 March 2019

This paper investigates on a Wave Energy Converter (WEC) named Energy & Protection, 4th generation (EP4). The WEC couples the energy harvesting function with the purpose of protecting the coast from erosion. It is formed by a flap rolling with a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from SDEWES 2018 Conferences on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
8,233 Views
21 Pages

14 February 2019

Many aspects of the present and future effects on the UK economy, industry, and households, of Brexit have been researched. One thing which appears certain about Brexit is the shadow of uncertainty it casts on the future of business in the UK and its...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Policy and Policy Implications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,908 Views
14 Pages

Effective Low-Energy Hamiltonians and Unconventional Landau-Level Spectrum of Monolayer C3N

  • Mohsen Shahbazi,
  • Jamal Davoodi,
  • Arash Boochani,
  • Hadi Khanjani and
  • Andor Kormányos

8 December 2022

We derive low-energy effective k·p Hamiltonians for monolayer C3N at the Γ and M points of the Brillouin zone, where the band edge in the conduction and valence band can be found. Our analysis of the electronic band symmetries helps to b...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Semiconductor Nanomaterials and Heterostructures)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,556 Views
18 Pages

12 November 2025

Quantum energy teleportation (QET) has been proposed to overcome the restrictions of strong local passivity (SLP) and to facilitate energy transfer in quantum systems. Traditionally, QET has only been considered under strict constraints, including th...

(This article belongs to the Section Quantum Information)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,951 Views
11 Pages

17 September 2018

Since 2007, shale oil and gas production in the United States has become a significant portion of the global fossil fuel market. The main cause for the increase in production of shale oil and gas in the US is the adoption of new production technologi...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,014 Views
16 Pages

Small Unconventional Hydrocarbon Gas Reservoirs as Challenging Energy Sources, Case Study from Northern Croatia

  • Tomislav Malvić,
  • Uroš Barudžija,
  • Borivoje Pašić and
  • Josip Ivšinović

12 June 2021

Small possible hydrocarbon gas reservoirs were analysed in the Bjelovar Subdepression in Northern Croatia. This area includes the Neogene–Quaternary, mostly clastics, sequences, reaching 3000+ metres in the deepest part. The shallow south-eastern par...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives on Geothermal Energy Exploration and Evaluation of Geothermal Potential)
  • Editorial
  • Open Access
5 Citations
542 Views
5 Pages

Editorial: Reservoir Characteristics and Evolution Mechanisms of the Shale

  • Ruyue Wang,
  • Jianhua He,
  • Mengdi Sun and
  • Jianhua Zhao

21 January 2026

Shale reservoirs have emerged as a pivotal pillar of global unconventional hydrocarbon resources, driving a paradigm shift in the energy industry over the past two decades [...]

(This article belongs to the Topic Reservoir Characteristics and Evolution Mechanisms of the Shale)
  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
6,358 Views
12 Pages

24 February 2020

In this paper we describe the mechanism of light emission through thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF)—a process able to ideally achieve 100% quantum efficiencies upon fully harvesting the energy of triplet excitons, and thus minimiz...

(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemistry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,036 Views
21 Pages

Evaluating the Progress of Renewable Energy Sources in Poland: A Multidimensional Analysis

  • Stanisław Jaworski,
  • Mariola Chrzanowska,
  • Monika Zielińska-Sitkiewicz,
  • Robert Pietrzykowski,
  • Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle and
  • Piotr Zielonka

5 September 2023

Energy is a key driver of all modern economies. Sustainable development is playing an increasingly important role both at regional and local levels. It is a compromise between social and economic needs and the preservation of nature. In the policy of...

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)
  • Correction
  • Open Access
611 Views
3 Pages

5 November 2025

In our published paper [1], we have identified misprints and errors in the values of the k·p model parameters, which were obtained by fitting the results of the density function theory (DFT) band structure calculations [...]

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,766 Views
17 Pages

17 November 2022

This paper is designed to determine whether producing oil and gas via shale has an economically significant effect on population migration dynamics and on the labor market in terms of the number of employed individuals, the number of establishments,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Economics: Markets, Pricing and Policies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,146 Views
12 Pages

13 February 2023

The increasing need for fresh water in a climate change scenario requires remote monitoring of water bodies in high-altitude mountain areas. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of SMFC operation in the presence of low dissolved oxygen concent...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Wireless Sensor Networks in Environmental Monitoring)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,570 Views
15 Pages

15 November 2021

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) jets are a promising method to assist drilling, enhance oil–gas production, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To further improve the drilling efficiency of SCO2 jet-assisted drilling, organ-pipe nozzles were app...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
12,365 Views
26 Pages

22 December 2010

Gas hydrates have lately received increased attention as a potential future energy source, which is not surprising given their global and widespread occurrence. This article presents an integrated study of the Nyegga site offshore mid-Norway, where a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Gas Hydrate)
  • Review
  • Open Access
38 Citations
10,837 Views
24 Pages

Towards Commercial Gas Production from Hydrate Deposits

  • Jill Marcelle-De Silva and
  • Richard Dawe

25 January 2011

Over the last decade global natural gas consumption has steadily increased since many industrialized countries are substituting natural gas for coal to generate electricity. There is also significant industrialization and economic growth of the heavi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Gas Hydrate)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,405 Views
20 Pages

10 February 2025

This paper proposed a fracture propagation model of water-based fracturing based on seepage–stress–damage coupling, which was employed to analyse the effects of different water-based fracturing fluid properties and rock parameters on the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow Mechanisms and Enhanced Oil Recovery)
  • Article
  • Open Access
255 Views
24 Pages

Multiphysics Modeling and Microscopic Analysis of Water-Based Heat Extraction from Hot Dry Rock Reservoirs

  • Qiang Li,
  • Gan Zhang,
  • Hongqi Cao,
  • Qingchao Li,
  • Fuling Wang,
  • Jingjuan Wu,
  • Wuhua Chen and
  • Wanqing Ma

23 September 2026

Global geothermal exploitation has not yet adequately compensated for the shortage of fossil fuel resources, primarily owing to limited heat transfer efficiency and the adoption of inappropriate development strategies. This study develops a fluid&nda...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsurface Energy and Environmental Protection—2nd Edition)
  • Perspective
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,140 Views
14 Pages

Unconventional and Emerging Approaches to CO2 Reduction

  • Jeffrey G. Bell and
  • Thomas C. Underwood

13 January 2024

This perspective highlights unconventional and emerging approaches to CO2 reduction. These methods encompass the use of topological materials and 3D printing in electrochemistry and the broader fields of plasma- and magneto-electrochemistry. Sustaina...

(This article belongs to the Section Resources and Sustainable Utilization)
  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
7,722 Views
10 Pages

Positron emitting radionuclides are used to label different compounds, allowing the study of the major biological systems using PET (positron emission tomography) imaging. Although there are several radionuclides suited for PET imaging, routine clini...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Instruments and Methods for Cyclotron Produced Radioisotopes)
  • Editorial
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,436 Views
5 Pages

Recent Advances in Flow and Transport Properties of Unconventional Reservoirs

  • Jianchao Cai,
  • Zhien Zhang,
  • Qinjun Kang and
  • Harpreet Singh

16 May 2019

As a major supplement to conventional fossil fuels, unconventional oil and gas resources have received significant attention across the globe. However, significant challenges need to be overcome in order to economically develop these resources, and n...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow and Transport Properties of Unconventional Reservoirs 2018)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
6,428 Views
26 Pages

Unconventional Reservoir Characterization and Formation Evaluation: A Case Study of a Tight Sandstone Reservoir in West Africa

  • Amir Gharavi,
  • Karrar A. Abbas,
  • Mohamed G. Hassan,
  • Malik Haddad,
  • Hesam Ghoochaninejad,
  • Reham Alasmar,
  • Salam Al-Saegh,
  • Paria Yousefi and
  • Ihab Shigidi

14 November 2023

Unconventional reservoirs, including gas shales and tight gas sands, have gained prominence in the energy sector due to technological advancements and escalating energy demands. The oil industry is eagerly refining techniques to decipher these reserv...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Oil and Gas Recovery and Production Optimisation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,613 Views
17 Pages

General Properties of Conventional and High-Temperature Superconductors

  • Vasily R. Shaginyan,
  • Alfred Z. Msezane and
  • Stanislav A. Artamonov

21 September 2024

In our review, we analyze the scaling of the condensation energy EΔ divided by γ, EΔ/γ≃N(0)Δ12/γ, and quasiparticles of both conventional and unconventional superconductors, where N(0) is the density of state...

(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Energy Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
878 Views
21 Pages

21 December 2025

Polymers are effective agents for EOR due to their water solubility, which improves water viscosity, sweep volume, and displacement efficiency. To elucidate their mechanisms in EOR and optimize polymer–water synergistic flooding parameters, thi...

(This article belongs to the Topic Polymer Gels for Oil Drilling and Enhanced Recovery)
  • Editorial
  • Open Access
396 Views
5 Pages

5 August 2026

Against the backdrop of the ongoing transition of the global energy system toward cleaner, lower-carbon, and more diversified development, unconventional oil and gas resources remain essential for ensuring energy security and supporting energy-struct...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration and Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Latest Advances and Prospects: 3rd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,345 Views
18 Pages

Triaxial Creep Damage Model for Salt Rock Based on Fractional Derivative

  • Xinbo Zhao,
  • Heng Chen,
  • Jian Lv,
  • Xiaohong He,
  • Yiwei Qin and
  • Keming Sun

30 June 2023

The long-term stability of underground energy reserves is closely linked to salt rock creep. To study the creep behavior of salt rock, creep tests were conducted on salt rock specimens under various confining pressures and axial stresses. The test re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
765 Views
14 Pages

13 November 2025

Elemental gamma spectroscopy logging while drilling is crucial for assessing element content in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Unlike wireline elemental spectroscopy logging, the high cross section and high-density characteristics of the dril...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Advanced Nuclear Technologies and Application in the Energy Industry)

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