Resources

23 pages, 442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Resource Rents and Economic Growth in Tunisia: Assessing the Role of Resource Diversification in Sustainable Development

by Nesrine Gafsi

Resources 2025, 14(12), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120187 - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of natural resource rents on the economic growth of Tunisia between 1990 and 2023, emphasizing the aspect of resource diversification. The annual time-series data extracted from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators were analyzed using the Autoregressive Distributed [...] Read more.

This paper examines the impact of natural resource rents on the economic growth of Tunisia between 1990 and 2023, emphasizing the aspect of resource diversification. The annual time-series data extracted from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators were analyzed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model to outline both the short- and long-run dynamics. The results confirm the existence of a long-term relationship between economic growth and oil, natural gas, mineral, and forest rents. Among them, oil and forest rents have strong positive long-term impacts, whereas natural gas and mineral rents contribute relatively moderately due to the structural inefficiencies and absence of value-added activities in these sectors. It was also found that the labor force participation has been affecting growth adversely with continuous impacts, which are driven by skill mismatches, low productivity, and high unemployment, hence indicating structural labor market imbalance that weakens the growth effect of labor. On the other hand, capital formation is still one of the key drivers of long-term growth. The findings highlight the rationale for diversification of the economy, governance reforms, and sustainable management of resources. However, the study suffers from some limitations due to data availability and excluded institutional variables, apart from being narrowed to a single-country case study, which might affect the generalizability of the results. Future works could consider incorporating the indicators of governance, examining nonlinear effects, or expanding the analysis into a multi-country framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative and Critical Issues in Natural Resource Management and Exploitation)

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15 pages, 2262 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Efficiency of Natural Resource Use in the Context of ESG Integration and the Circular Economy Transition

by Dinara Mukhiyayeva, Aigul Alibekova, Lyazzat Sembiyeva, Nadiia Shmygol, Bakhytzhamal Zhumatayeva and Dariga Khamitova

Resources 2025, 14(12), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120186 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

The global shift towards sustainable development and low-carbon growth has intensified the need for efficient management of natural resources. This study proposes an integrated economic assessment framework to evaluate how ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) integration and circular economy strategies influence resource productivity [...] Read more.

The global shift towards sustainable development and low-carbon growth has intensified the need for efficient management of natural resources. This study proposes an integrated economic assessment framework to evaluate how ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) integration and circular economy strategies influence resource productivity and long-term economic performance. The research focuses on the water–energy–land nexus as a critical driver of global economic systems. Using a combination of multi-criteria decision analysis (AHP/TOPSIS), material flow analysis (MFA), life-cycle assessment (LCA), and panel econometric modeling on a broad dataset of countries (2018–2023), we examine the relationship between resource efficiency, ESG adoption, and economic competitiveness. The results indicate that circular business models and strong ESG practices significantly reduce resource intensity, enhance total factor productivity, and strengthen economic resilience. Scenario modeling demonstrates that transitioning from linear to circular resource flows can yield substantial economic and ecological benefits, including a ~1–3% rise in GDP and a ~15–20% drop in resource intensity under a high-circularity scenario. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and businesses, emphasizing that sustainable resource governance is not only an environmental necessity but also a key driver of global economic transformation. Full article

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16 pages, 702 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Alternatives and Benchmarking for Implementations of Waste-to-Energy from Municipal Solid Waste: A Systematic Review

by Maria Soares de Lima, André Gobbi Farina, Nelson Kadel, Jr. and Miguel Afonso Sellitto

Resources 2025, 14(12), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120185 - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

This article investigates technological choices for Waste-to-Energy (WtE) implementations in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management. It identified challenges and opportunities, thereby transforming the perspective of MSW from waste into a valuable resource. The methodology included a systematic literature review, following PICO and PRISMA [...] Read more.

This article investigates technological choices for Waste-to-Energy (WtE) implementations in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management. It identified challenges and opportunities, thereby transforming the perspective of MSW from waste into a valuable resource. The methodology included a systematic literature review, following PICO and PRISMA protocols. The analysis included 118 open-access review articles, published between 2018 and 2024, from Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, concerning thermochemical, biochemical, and chemical technologies. Key challenges for new implementations include economic barriers, social issues, and regulatory shortcomings. Opportunities arise from education, supportive policies, and lessons learned from developed countries such as Germany and Japan. Limitations include the focus on specific databases and the potential oversight of data from other sources or unexamined data. Implications for future research should expand coverage as well as assess longer periods to enhance MSW valorization. Implications also include guidance for public managers and policymakers in formulating MSW management strategies, including policies, WtE technology selection, public education, and reducing misinformation to boost implementation and social acceptance of WtE initiatives. Effective WtE implementation improves public health and the environmental performance of regions by reducing landfills and generating economic and employment opportunities for vulnerable communities. The study’s originality lies in bridging a significant research gap on WtE implementation through a comprehensive examination of its challenges and opportunities. By integrating international experiences and lessons learned, it generates guidance for the sustainable development of MSW management systems. Full article

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26 pages, 6702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Resources of Rivers in the Odra River Basin as a Potential Element Implement for Sustainable Development in Poland

by Mariusz Ptak, Mariusz Sojka, Muhammad Yousuf Jat Baloch and Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen

Resources 2025, 14(12), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120184 - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Seeking solutions that expand the energy market with new possibilities is a natural approach in the context of greenhouse gas emissions and associated climate change. One renewable energy source is water, which, in addition to kinetic energy, can also serve as a source [...] Read more.

Seeking solutions that expand the energy market with new possibilities is a natural approach in the context of greenhouse gas emissions and associated climate change. One renewable energy source is water, which, in addition to kinetic energy, can also serve as a source of heat. Having up-to-date hydrological data is crucial for assessing the scale and rate of water circulation in the environment, and subsequently its potential for economic use. This study reconstructs water temperature with the application of the hybrid air2water model for several dozens of rivers in the Odra basin (Central Europe) and, on this basis, estimates heat flux and subsequently its predictability across different temporal scales. The average annual heat flow of all the analyzed rivers was 3.36 × 10⁶ GJ and varied widely, from 0.09 to 51 × 10⁶ GJ, depending on the size of the river. On an annual scale, the heat flow corresponds to the distribution of seasonal changes in key variables (river discharge and water temperature) characteristic of rivers in the temperate zone. The lowest average heat flow was recorded in January (0.74 × 10⁶ GJ), and the highest in July (5.73 × 10⁶ GJ). Considering the obtained results and the spatial distribution of the river network in the analyzed area, it can be concluded that the energy transported by river systems may be regarded as a potential heat source. This is significant in the context of expanding opportunities for obtaining clean energy, which aligns with the current framework of the European Union’s policy aimed at achieving climate neutrality. Full article

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22 pages, 3015 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution, Health Risks and Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment of Surface Water Under Multiple Anthropogenic Stressors: Case Study in Middle Moulouya Watershed, Morocco

by Zarzouki Rachid, Nouayti Nordine, El Fadili Hamza, Krime Anas, Hasni Soufiane and Elisabete P. Carreiro

Resources 2025, 14(12), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120183 - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

The worldwide issue of surface water contamination by heavy metals is a matter of great concern, as it has the potential to affect human health. This study intended to compute heavy metal contamination and human health risks in surface water using the following [...] Read more.

The worldwide issue of surface water contamination by heavy metals is a matter of great concern, as it has the potential to affect human health. This study intended to compute heavy metal contamination and human health risks in surface water using the following pollution indices: heavy metal pollution index (HPI), contamination index (CI), metal index (MI), ecological risk index (ERI), human health risk and statistical analysis. For this purpose, eleven water samples were gathered and analyzed by ICP-AES for trace metals such as Pb, As, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations varied significantly throughout the study area, with Pb, As, and Cd levels exceeding the WHO limits for drinking purposes. Pollution indices indicated low to high water contamination, with HPI results ranging from 16.41 to 862.18 and from 12.76 to 774.03, above the critical value of 100, requiring serious interventions to reduce heavy metal pollution. MI results range from 0.90 to 20.92 and from 0.70 to 18.41 and CI values range from 0.34 to 20.38 and from 0.15 to 17.86 in the dry and wet periods, respectively, with different contamination levels observed throughout the study area; ERI showed low to considerable ecological risk. Nonetheless, the non-carcinogenic risk, THI < 1, indicates low health risks, while the carcinogenic risk for As and Cd was significantly higher than the negligible threshold of 10⁻⁶, suggesting tolerable health risks. However, managing the contaminated area and minimizing the metal concentrations and predominant routes through which metals impact human health should be priorities for long-term development and to establish a favorable environment. Full article

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39 pages, 14243 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential of the Vistula–Bug Interfluve Resources in the Context of the Sustainable Management of Non-Renewable Phosphorus Resources in Poland

by Beata Gebus-Czupyt, Miłosz Huber, Jacek Stienss, Greta Brancaleoni, Joanna Hryciuk, Urszula Maciołek, Krzysztof Siwek and Stanisław Chmiel

Resources 2025, 14(12), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120182 - 27 Nov 2025

Abstract

Phosphorus is one of the elements necessary for life and the proper growth of organisms, including humans, yet its natural resources are very limited. The bioavailability of phosphorus is especially critical during the initial phases of plant growth. A deficiency at this stage [...] Read more.

Phosphorus is one of the elements necessary for life and the proper growth of organisms, including humans, yet its natural resources are very limited. The bioavailability of phosphorus is especially critical during the initial phases of plant growth. A deficiency at this stage cannot be fully compensated for later, even despite increased phosphorous supplementation. Global reserves of phosphate rocks, the main source of phosphorus used in fertilizer production, are gradually being depleted. This situation prompts the need to search for alternative sources and to pay closer attention to the sustainable management of available resources. In this article, we focus on the Vistula–Bug interfluve in southeastern Poland, where relatively high phosphate concentrations have been documented. Our goal is to present geochemical and mineralogical data from bedrock in the areas richest in phosphorus and to discuss their significance in the context of domestic phosphorous management, with particular reference to southeastern Poland. We also discuss phosphate fertilizer production in Poland and its use in agriculture as well as phosphorus content in groundwater and surface water in the study area, with emphasis on the most readily assimilable forms, orthophosphates. Finally, we address the challenges of sustainable phosphorous management at both the local and global scale. Full article

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31 pages, 1720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Valley Retention as an Element of Water Management: The Opinion of Residents of Southeastern Poland

by Krzysztof Kud and Aleksandra Badora

Resources 2025, 14(12), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120181 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents the results of an analysis of public perceptions of flood safety and river valley management in southeastern Poland. The aim of the study was to identify sociodemographic and spatial factors influencing preferences for two distinct river valley management models: the [...] Read more.

This study presents the results of an analysis of public perceptions of flood safety and river valley management in southeastern Poland. The aim of the study was to identify sociodemographic and spatial factors influencing preferences for two distinct river valley management models: the traditional, technical model (a strategy to move water away from people, MWAfP), and the ecosystem-based model (leaving space for the river, LSfR). A diagnostic survey was employed using a custom-designed questionnaire completed by 563 respondents residing in southeastern Poland. The research tool enabled the identification of flood risk perceptions and attitudes toward retention and flood control solutions. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and exploratory analysis was conducted to identify clusters of respondents and to test for differences between groups. Correlation analysis between items was performed, and a model of determinants of river valley management strategy selection was calculated using logistic regression. The results enabled the identification of three dominant perception clusters, reflecting diverse approaches to hydrological safety and environmental adaptation. The calculated logistic regression model includes a number of factors, among which significant determinants of the LSfR strategy selection include level of education, belief in the need to slow water runoff from the catchment, and support for the cultivation of permanent meadows in floodplains. The applied methodological approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the social determinants of flood risk perception and supports the development of adaptive water management strategies in flood-prone areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Water and Soil Management Towards Climate Change Adaptation)

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25 pages, 1862 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Conventional and Conservation Tillage Systems for Energy Crop Cultivation in Northern Italy

by Elena Tamisari, Daniela Summa, Fabio Vincenzi, Marta Massolin, Marco Rivaroli, Giuseppe Castaldelli and Elena Tamburini

Resources 2025, 14(12), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120180 - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sustainable agriculture is a key pillar of the transition to agri-food systems that ensure global food security and the preservation of resources and ecosystems. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of different soil management practices in an agricultural system producing energy crops (maize [...] Read more.

Sustainable agriculture is a key pillar of the transition to agri-food systems that ensure global food security and the preservation of resources and ecosystems. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of different soil management practices in an agricultural system producing energy crops (maize and sorghum), using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, comparing conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no-tillage agricultural practices. The results show no significant differences between conventional and minimum tillage in most impact categories, while no-tillage shows a significant reduction in environmental impact of almost 50%. The hotspot analysis shows that organic fertilisation, especially the application of digestate, is the main contributor to environmental impacts, particularly in the Climate Change and Eutrophication categories. The results highlight key methodological challenges in LCA, such as the allocation of impacts between digestate and biogas production, and the need to integrate biological and chemical soil processes. While conservation agriculture can improve soil health, its environmental benefits are not fully captured by LCA. This study highlights the need to integrate LCA methodologies with complementary analyses to better assess the sustainability of agricultural practices and support informed decision-making. Full article

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28 pages, 9877 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Under Climatic Conditions of Isthmus of Tehuantepec

by Michel Vázquez Vázquez, Reynaldo Iracheta Cortez, Adán Acosta Banda, Joel Pantoja Enríquez, Hugo Jorge Cortina Marrero, José Rafael Dorrego Portela, Liliana Hechavarría Difur, Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo, David Muñoz-Rodriguez and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno

Resources 2025, 14(12), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120179 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

This article assesses the use of solar photovoltaic radiation as a renewable resource for a region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, where a 163.2 kW grid-connected photovoltaic system is located. The study aims to understand the system’s performance under the specific [...] Read more.

This article assesses the use of solar photovoltaic radiation as a renewable resource for a region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, where a 163.2 kW grid-connected photovoltaic system is located. The study aims to understand the system’s performance under the specific location conditions and to demonstrate the feasibility of installing photovoltaic systems in the Isthmus region. System monitoring was conducted for one year, with monthly and daily averages of normalized performance parameters determined. A three-month study of the power quality was conducted to assess compliance with interconnection and power quality requirements for power plants with a rated power Pn ≤ 500 kW. Results show higher energy production in the spring–summer months (138.946 MWh) than in autumn–winter (136.500 MWh), while the best overall performance occurred in autumn–winter (PR = 85% vs. 79.5% in spring–summer), probably due to cooler photovoltaic module temperatures. The final yield and PR indicate stable and predictable operation, even without maintenance, with PR = 82.3%. This supports the feasibility of photovoltaic installations in the southwestern region of Mexico. The present work is particularly relevant as it advances understanding of photovoltaic performance in understudied regions with substantial solar potential, such as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, where policy prioritizes wind resource exploitation over solar energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Optimization of Energy Efficiency)

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13 pages, 2722 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Emissions Associated with Organic Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Brazilian Case Study

by Monica Carvalho, Samara Gonçalves Fernandes da Costa, Raíssa Barreto Lins, Milca Laís da Luz Macieira, Julia Lessa Feitosa Virgolino, Claudia Coutinho Nóbrega and Raphael Abrahao

Resources 2025, 14(12), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120178 - 25 Nov 2025

Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Brazil faces significant challenges related to waste segregation, collection efficiency, and environmentally adequate disposal. This study quantifies the carbon emissions associated with organic solid waste management, from 2022 to 2034, in the city of João Pessoa (Northeast [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Brazil faces significant challenges related to waste segregation, collection efficiency, and environmentally adequate disposal. This study quantifies the carbon emissions associated with organic solid waste management, from 2022 to 2034, in the city of João Pessoa (Northeast Brazil). To this end, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology is applied to two scenarios: Scenario 1 (where all organic fraction is landfilled) and Scenario 2 (progressive implementation of composting for the domestic organic waste, starting in 2023, with increases each year until reaching 50% in 2034, and the remainder being landfilled). The latter is proposed based on the targets established in the Municipal Solid Waste Plan of João Pessoa. Projection for MSW considered a per capita rate of 0.86 kg/inhab.day, combined with a population growth rate of 1.92%/year. The results indicate that Scenario 1 emits 825 Mt CO₂-eq while Scenario 2 emits 704 Mt CO₂-eq for the study period (a reduction of 15%). A sensitivity analysis examined the effects of increasing transport distance (25–45 km) and the organic fraction of MSW (35–45%) on GHG emissions. Although total emissions rose under both conditions, the comparative environmental advantage of composting over landfilling remained stable. These results confirm the robustness of the analysis and reinforce composting as a low-carbon, effective strategy for managing urban waste. Full article

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16 pages, 3494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Soil Diagnostics and Life Cycle Assessment to Enhance Vineyard Sustainability on a Volcanic Island (Tenerife, Spain)

by Santiago M. Barroso Castillo, Ignacio de Martín-Pinillos Castellanos and Pablo Alonso González

Resources 2025, 14(12), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120177 - 21 Nov 2025

Abstract

Viticulture in insular and volcanic environments faces mounting pressures from land abandonment, limited mechanization, and climate-related stress on soil and water resources. This study develops an integrated framework combining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and soil diagnostics to evaluate the environmental and agronomic performance [...] Read more.

Viticulture in insular and volcanic environments faces mounting pressures from land abandonment, limited mechanization, and climate-related stress on soil and water resources. This study develops an integrated framework combining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and soil diagnostics to evaluate the environmental and agronomic performance of vineyards on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Fifteen representative vineyards located between 100 and 1000 m a.s.l. within the Tacoronte–Acentejo Denomination of Origin were assessed using the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) method and the Ecoinvent 3.8 database. The average carbon footprint reached 1.40 kg CO₂-eq kg⁻¹ of grapes, with diesel use for field access and transport contributing over 50% of total impacts and 64% of human toxicity. Copper-based fungicides accounted for ~11% of impacts, underscoring their environmental persistence. Soil analyses revealed widespread Ca/Mg imbalances and sporadic K deficiencies, while organic matter and pH levels were generally adequate. Importantly, vineyards with balanced nutrient ratios exhibited both higher yields and lower environmental burdens, suggesting that improved soil health can enhance eco-efficiency, primarily by supporting higher yields under similar input regimes. Targeted strategies—such as magnesium supplementation, reduced copper inputs, and low-carbon mobility practices—can therefore mitigate emissions while improving productivity. The proposed LCA–soil integration provides a replicable model for sustainable resource management and climate-resilient viticulture in other fragile and topographically constrained agricultural systems. Full article

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32 pages, 1918 KB

Open AccessReview

Biocatalytic Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate: From Conventional to Innovative Routes for Transforming Plastic and Textile Waste into Renewable Resources

by Damayanti Damayanti, David Septian Sumanto Marpaung, Abdul Rozak Kodarif, Andri Sanjaya, Desi Riana Saputri, Yunita Fahni, Lutfia Rahmiyati, Putri Zulva Silvia, Dewi Qurrota A’yuni, Calaelma Logys Imalia, Dikri Uzlifah Janah and Ho Shing Wu

Resources 2025, 14(11), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110176 - 20 Nov 2025

Abstract

The rapid accumulation of plastic and textile waste, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), has emerged as a global challenge for sustainable resource management. Conventional recycling methods, including mechanical and chemical routes, recover limited value and often degrade material quality while consuming substantial energy. Biocatalytic [...] Read more.

The rapid accumulation of plastic and textile waste, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), has emerged as a global challenge for sustainable resource management. Conventional recycling methods, including mechanical and chemical routes, recover limited value and often degrade material quality while consuming substantial energy. Biocatalytic recycling, by contrast, offers a resource-efficient alternative that transforms post-consumer PET into high-purity monomers under mild and environmentally benign conditions. This review examines advances in enzymatic PET depolymerization, focusing on hydrolases such as cutinases, PETases, MHETases, and lipases. The discussion highlights enzyme engineering, reactor design, and process integration that improve kinetics, thermostability, and yield. From a resource perspective, biocatalytic recycling redefines PET waste as a renewable carbon feedstock capable of re-entering industrial cycles, thereby reducing reliance on virgin petrochemicals and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Ultimately, this review positions biocatalytic PET recycling as a cornerstone technology for achieving circularity and advancing global resource sustainability. Full article

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21 pages, 1453 KB

Open AccessArticle

Circular Economy Framework for Plastic Waste Management: A Case Study from Coastal Hotels in Zanzibar

by Aziza Abdulkadir, Biubwa Ally, Arne Remmen, Stig Hirsbak and Fredrick Salukele

Resources 2025, 14(11), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110175 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Tourism-driven growth in Zanzibar has intensified solid waste generation, creating critical environmental and resource management challenges for the hotel sector. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the volume, composition, and management of solid waste in Zanzibar’s hotels, establishing a quantitative basis [...] Read more.

Tourism-driven growth in Zanzibar has intensified solid waste generation, creating critical environmental and resource management challenges for the hotel sector. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the volume, composition, and management of solid waste in Zanzibar’s hotels, establishing a quantitative basis for evidence-based sustainable practices beyond prior research on food waste. Ten hotels were examined through direct waste sampling, structured interviews, and field observations. Results show that hotels generate high levels of unsorted waste (2.45 kg/guest/day), with plastics posing major challenges under the prevailing linear disposal system. Findings reveal that waste patterns depend primarily on management, service, and collection practices, with no significant differences across hotel types or sizes. While the assessment covered the entire waste stream, a tailored circular economy framework is proposed for plastic waste, given its significant contribution to environmental pollution and ecological impact, providing a practical, structured guide for sustainable interventions across hotel operations. Achieving these outcomes requires collaboration, institutional support, and capacity building. By embedding waste audits, reduction strategies, and circular innovations into hotel operations, this framework charts a forward-looking pathway for coastal destinations to transform waste challenges into opportunities, promoting sustainable tourism, resource-use efficiency, and the transition toward a circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Management, Environment, Energy and Sustainability under a Circular Economy)

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23 pages, 2806 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Stabilisation of Expansive Clay with Shredded PET Fibers: Multi-Scale Performance and Microstructural Analysis

by Thatikonda Naresh, Sandeep Bandipally, Nannuta Satya Shiva Prasad, Krzysztof Skrzypkowski, Krzysztof Zagórski and Anna Zagórska

Resources 2025, 14(11), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110174 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Expansive clay soils present major challenges for infrastructure due to their high swelling potential and low bearing capacity. While conventional stabilisers, such as lime and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), are effective, they are environmentally unsustainable due to their high carbon footprint. This study [...] Read more.

Expansive clay soils present major challenges for infrastructure due to their high swelling potential and low bearing capacity. While conventional stabilisers, such as lime and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), are effective, they are environmentally unsustainable due to their high carbon footprint. This study examines the potential of shredded recycled polyethene terephthalate (PET) fibres as a low-carbon alternative for stabilising high-plasticity clays. PET fibres were incorporated at dosages ranging from 0% to 1.2% by dry weight, and their influence on compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), swelling behaviour, and microstructure was evaluated through laboratory testing and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Among the tested mixes, the 1.0% PET content exhibited the highest measured performance, resulting in a 37% increase in UCS, a 125% enhancement in unsoaked CBR, more than a two-fold increase in soaked CBR, and a 15% reduction in the Differential Free Swell Index (DFSI). SEM analysis indicated the formation of a three-dimensional fibre matrix, which improved particle interlock and reduced microcrack propagation. However, higher fibre dosages caused agglomeration and macrovoid formation, which adversely affected performance. Overall, the findings suggest that the inclusion of PET fibres can enhance both geotechnical and environmental performance, providing a sustainable stabilisation strategy that utilises plastic waste while reducing reliance on OPC. Full article

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18 pages, 1195 KB

Open AccessArticle

Learnings from Food Waste Dynamics During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Evaluation of Representative Diary Studies in German Households

by Lara Witte, Ronja Herzberg, Philip Christoph Richartz, Felicitas Schneider and Mario Hasler

Resources 2025, 14(11), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110173 - 4 Nov 2025

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on the reliability of global supply chains, the availability of selected products including food, food prices, food purchase and consumption behaviour. The aim of this study is to identify potential differences in food waste levels and [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on the reliability of global supply chains, the availability of selected products including food, food prices, food purchase and consumption behaviour. The aim of this study is to identify potential differences in food waste levels and behaviours in Germany during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic periods. The data are based on two highly representative household diary studies on food waste with sample sizes of over 6500 participants each. This study uses descriptive statistics as well as a mixed model approach to examine food waste amounts per product group, disposal reason and life cycle category and compare the survey year 2020 with the years 2016/17. A linear mixed model is applied to examine the effects of the pandemic and lockdown phases on the development of food waste amounts in 2020. The results show that total and unavoidable food waste increased significantly in the 2020 pandemic period compared to the same period in the 2016/17 survey, while avoidable food waste decreased. This suggests an improvement of food management skills while, at the same time, food consumption, and therefore also food waste, shifted from outside to inside the home. Also, the composition of product groups was affected by altered consumption patterns during the pandemic. The results are relevant to the post-pandemic period, as they raise the question of whether a deceleration in everyday life is a prerequisite for adopting more sustainable food behaviours and developing appropriate planning, storage and handling. Policies should therefore focus on encouraging citizens to engage with the issue, prioritise it and develop an interest in food management. Future research should focus on the ways in which behaviours that reduce food waste can be encouraged, as well as on the long-term effects of food supply chain disruptions and events altering everyday life in households in relation to food waste. Full article

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20 pages, 1621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Organizational Carbon Footprints in a Rubber Plantation Company: A Systematic Approach to Direct and Indirect Emissions

by Chethiya Prasanga, Enoka Munasinghe, Pasan Dunuwila, V. H. L. Rodrigo, Ichiro Daigo and Naohiro Goto

Resources 2025, 14(11), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110172 - 3 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive organizational carbon footprint assessment that integrates Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions for a rubber plantation company, including often-overlooked non-energy sources such as fertilizer application, employee commuting, company-owned vehicle operations, and wastewater discharge. Using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive organizational carbon footprint assessment that integrates Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions for a rubber plantation company, including often-overlooked non-energy sources such as fertilizer application, employee commuting, company-owned vehicle operations, and wastewater discharge. Using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol standard, IPCC 2006 guidelines, and locally adapted emission factors, the assessment quantified the company’s total organizational carbon footprint at 3125 tCO₂e—revealing a previously undocumented emission profile where methane from wastewater discharge, nitrous oxide from fertilizer application, and carbon dioxide from purchased electricity collectively account for over 75% of total emissions. This finding challenges conventional rubber industry practice, which has historically focused on energy-related emissions alone. Three targeted mitigation scenarios were evaluated: (1) optimized nutrient management to reduce fertilizer usage, (2) solar photovoltaic installation to offset grid electricity consumption, and (3) advanced wastewater treatment using Fenton’s reagent combined with activated carbon. Results demonstrate that substantial emission reductions are achievable while maintaining or enhancing productivity and profitability. By establishing a replicable methodological framework grounded in comprehensive emission accounting, this study advances environmental management practices in the rubber sector and provides actionable strategies for plantation-based industries to meet national sustainability agendas and international climate commitments. Full article

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5 pages, 174 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Alternative Use of Biological Resources

by Anita Boros and Zoltán Lakner

Resources 2025, 14(11), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110171 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Over the last few decades, the use of materials of biological origin has garnered significant attention due to their favorable substitutional or complementary benefits [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Use of Biological Resources)

26 pages, 4029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Semi-Empirical Models in Estimating Global Horizontal Irradiance for South Korea and Indonesia

by Pranda M. P. Garniwa, Rifdah Octavi Azzahra, Hyunjin Lee, Indra Ardhanayudha Aditya, Ratih Dewanti Dimyati, Inuwa Sani Sani, Ramlah Ramlah, Iwa Garniwa, Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo and Muhammad Dimyati

Resources 2025, 14(11), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110170 - 28 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate estimation of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is essential for optimizing photovoltaic (PV) systems, particularly in regions with distinct climatic characteristics. Geostationary satellites, such as GK2A and COMS, provide consistent and spatially extensive data, offering a practical alternative to ground-based measurements. However, the [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is essential for optimizing photovoltaic (PV) systems, particularly in regions with distinct climatic characteristics. Geostationary satellites, such as GK2A and COMS, provide consistent and spatially extensive data, offering a practical alternative to ground-based measurements. However, the performance of semi-empirical GHI models has been sparsely evaluated across diverse geographic zones. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of four semi-empirical models—Beyer, Rigollier, Hammer, and Perez—applied to two contrasting locations: Seoul, South Korea (temperate) and Jakarta, Indonesia (tropical). Using satellite-derived cloud indices and ground-based pyranometer data, model performance was evaluated via RMSE, MBE, and their relative metrics. Results indicate that the Hammer model achieves the best performance in Seoul (RMSE: 103.92 W/m²; MBE: 0.09 W/m²), while the Perez model outperforms others in Jakarta with the lowest relative RMSE of 58.69%. The analysis outlines the limitations of transferring models calibrated in temperate climates to tropical settings without regional adaptation. This study provides critical insights for improving satellite-based GHI estimation and supports the development of region-specific forecasting tools essential for expanding solar infrastructure in Southeast Asia. Full article

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35 pages, 28478 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Rainfall Extremes and Land Cover Changes on the Major Flood Events at Bekasi, West Jawa, and Its Surrounding Regions

by Fanny Meliani, Reni Sulistyowati, Elenora Gita Alamanda Sapan, Lena Sumargana, Sopia Lestari, Jaka Suryanta, Aninda Wisaksanti Rudiastuti, Ilvi Fauziyah Cahyaningtiyas, Teguh Arif Pianto, Harun Idham Akbar, Yulianingsani, Winarno, Hari Priyadi, Darmawan Listya Cahya, Bambang Winarno and Bayu Sutejo

Resources 2025, 14(11), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110169 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Bekasi River Basin is highly vulnerable to severe and recurrent flooding, as evidenced by significant infrastructure and environmental damage during major events. This study investigates the catastrophic floods of 2016, 2020, 2022, and 2025 by implementing the Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) model to simulate [...] Read more.

The Bekasi River Basin is highly vulnerable to severe and recurrent flooding, as evidenced by significant infrastructure and environmental damage during major events. This study investigates the catastrophic floods of 2016, 2020, 2022, and 2025 by implementing the Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) model to simulate key hydrological processes. After validation using historical water level data, the model performed effectively, achieving the highest coefficient of determination (R² = 0.75) and lowest root mean square error (RMSE = 0.66) at Cileungsi Station. In contrast, the lowest R² = 0.02, and the highest RMSE = 3.74 at Pondok Gede Permai (PGP) Station. The results reveal a concerning trend of worsening 5-year flood events, with the 2025 flood reaching a peak inundation depth exceeding 3 m and affecting an area of 2.97 km², caused by a rainfall threshold of more than 180 mm/day. Furthermore, the model shows a rapid hydrological response, with a time lag of approximately 7 h or less between peak rainfall and flood onset across three monitoring stations. Analysis indicates these severe floods were primarily triggered by heavy rainfall combined with significant land cover changes. The findings provide valuable insights for flood prediction and mitigation strategies in this vulnerable region. Full article

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