A nondestructive detection method that combines convolutional neural network (CNN) and photoluminescence (PL) imaging was proposed for the multi-classification and multi-grading of defects during the fabrication process of silicon solar cells. In thi...
This study proposes a deep learning-based framework for the automated classification of photovoltaic solar cells as defective or normal using electroluminescence (EL) imaging. A balanced dataset containing 20,400 EL images, comprising 10,200 defectiv...
This study addresses the automatic classification of cells in electroluminescent panel images to detect photovoltaic cell defects. The images used in the study were obtained from a solar panel production line. An original dataset consisting of 37,538...
Electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) is a spectroscopic technique that provides information about the physical properties of materials through the detection of variations in conductivity induced by spin-dependent processes. EDMR has been w...
This study presents an advanced defect detection approach for solar cells using the YOLOv10 deep learning model. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset of 10,500 solar cell images annotated with 12 distinct defect types, our model integrates Compact Inve...
The transition to renewable energy requires sustainable solar manufacturing through optimized Production–Usage–Recycling (PUR) cycles, where electromagnetic (EM) sensing offers non-destructive monitoring solutions. This review categorizes...
Solar-cell panels use sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. However, the performances of solar panels decline when they degrade, owing to defects. Some common defects in solar-cell panels include hot spots, cracking, and dust. Hence...
Solar cells may possess defects during the manufacturing process in photovoltaic (PV) industries. To precisely evaluate the effectiveness of solar PV modules, manufacturing defects are required to be identified. Conventional defect inspection in indu...
Reverse breakdown in Cu(In,Ga)S
In recent years, solar energy has been regarded as one of the most important sustainable energy sources. Under the rapid and large-scale construction of solar farms, the maintenance and inspection of the health conditions of solar modules in a large...
The sun is an abundant source of energy, and solar energy has been at the forefront of the renewable energy sector for years. A way to convert it into electricity is by the use of solar cells. Multiple solar cells, connected to each other, create sol...
Solar panels play a crucial role in producing renewable electricity power for the grid, and this role grows more significant each year. However, defects in solar panels can significantly drop power output, leading to grid instability. Therefore, empl...
Defect detection in electroluminescence (EL) images of solar cells remains challenging because defects are often small, exhibit subtle grayscale variations, and are obscured by complex cell-texture backgrounds. These conditions can attenuate defect f...
Maintenance and monitoring of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are essential for enhancing reliability, extending lifespan, and maintaining efficiency. Some defects in PV cells cannot be detected through output measurements due to the string configura...
While solar energy holds great significance as a clean and sustainable energy source, photovoltaic panels serve as the linchpin of this energy conversion process. However, defects in these panels can adversely impact energy production, necessitating...
In this study, faults in solar panel cells were detected and classified very quickly and accurately using deep learning and electroluminescence images together. A unique and new dataset was created for this study. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline...
Monitoring the malfunction of the solar cells (for instance, 156 mm by 156 mm) caused by the soil debris requires a very low flight altitude when taking aerial photos, utilizing the autopilot function of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The autopilot f...
Quality inspection applications in industry are required to move towards a zero-defect manufacturing scenario, with non-destructive inspection and traceability of 100% of produced parts. Developing robust fault detection and classification models fro...
Solar cells based on mono-like cast silicon (MLC-Si) have been attracting increasing attention in the photovoltaic (PV) market due to their high energy conversion efficiency and low cost. As in the production of monocrystalline silicon (MC-Si) and po...
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with thermal and RGB cameras and enhanced by deep learning offer a powerful solution for autonomous photovoltaic (PV) system inspection. However, defect detection performance depends on flight parameters such...
Infrared thermography is the science of measuring the infrared energy emitted by an object, translating it to apparent temperature variance, and displaying the result as an infrared image. Significantly, acquiring thermal images delivers distinctive...
This paper proposes a voltage-based hot-spot detection method for photovoltaic (PV) string using the projector. Hot-spots form in solar cells at defects causing a high carrier recombination rate, it appears as a high reverse leakage current of p-n ju...
The past two decades have seen an increase in the deployment of photovoltaic installations as nations around the world try to play their part in dampening the impacts of global warming. The manufacturing of solar cells can be defined as a rigorous pr...
In this paper, we present the latest research results on the analysis of images taken during the condition assessment of solar cells and solar power plants. We aimed to summarize the most recent articles for 2024 and 2025. The annual volume of solar...
In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) power generation has attracted considerable attention as a new eco-friendly and renewable energy generation technology. With the recent development of semiconductor manufacturing technologies, PV power generation is...
Photovoltaic systems (PV) are increasingly recognized as fundamental to the worldwide adoption of renewable energy technologies. Nonetheless, the efficiency and longevity of solar panels can be compromised by various anomalies, ranging from physical...
The performance of photovoltaic modules determines the lifetime of solar cells; however, accurate detection remains a challenge when facing smaller defects. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a YOLO-WAD model based on YOLOv10n. Firstl...
A wide range of defects, failures, and degradation can develop at different stages in the lifetime of photovoltaic modules. To accurately assess their effect on the module performance, these failures need to be quantified. Electroluminescence (EL) im...
Defects in photovoltaic (PV) panels can significantly reduce the power generation efficiency of the system and may cause localized overheating due to uneven current distribution. Therefore, adopting precise pixel-level defect detection, i.e., defect...
The method of detecting deep defects in photovoltaic materials by Fourier-Transform Photocurrent Spectroscopy has gone through continuous development during the last two decades. Still, giving quantitative predictions of photovoltaic device performan...
Solar energy plays a major role in the transition to renewable energy. To ensure that large-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants operate at their full potential, their monitoring is essential. It is common practice to utilize drones equipped with inf...
Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films have been synthesized by employing two magnetron-sputtering depositions, interlaced with two sequential post-deposition heat treatments in low vacuum, Sn+Se and Se–rich atmospheres at 550 °C. By employing successive st...
Nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2) is currently being actively studied by the global scientific community, since it has a number of properties that are important from a practical point of view. One of these properties is a large specific surface, whic...
Perovskite materials have been widely used to fabricate solar cells, laser diodes and other photodevices, owing to the advantage of high absorption coefficient, long carrier life and shallow defect energy levels. However, due to easy hydrolysis, it i...
The significant disparity between the size and electronegativity of N and group-V (P, As, Sb) atoms in dilute III–V-Ns remains a cornerstone for developing the next-generation electronics. Variations in the structural, optical, and phonon prope...
Titanium trisulphide (TiS3) has been widely used in the field of optoelectronics owing to its superb optical and electronic characteristics. In this work, a self-powered photodetector using bulk PbS/TiS3 p-n heterojunction is numerically investigated...
An oblique angle and polarization insensitive metamaterial absorber (MA) are highly desired for the visible and infrared optical applications like, wave energy harvesting, optical filters, and detecting thermal leaks and electrical defects. In this p...
The growing deployment of photovoltaic (PV) systems worldwide has amplified the need for efficient, non-invasive diagnostic techniques to monitor their performance and ensure long-term reliability. Infrared (IR) thermography has emerged as a powerful...
With the increase of photovoltaic (PV) penetration in the power grid, the reliability and longevity of PV modules are important for improving their payback period and reducing recycling needs. Although the performance of PV systems has been optimized...
Several series of six-cell photovoltaic test-modules—intact and with deliberately generated failures (micro-cracks, cell cracks, glass breakage and connection defects)—were artificially and naturally aged. They were exposed to various str...
Electroluminescence (EL) is a powerful tool for the qualitative mapping of the electronic properties of solar modules, where electronic and electrical defects are easily detected. However, a direct quantitative prediction of electrical module perform...
The main goal of this work was to conduct a comparative analysis of the electrical properties of the silicon implanted with neon ions, depending on the dose of ions and the type of substrate doping, for the possibility of generating additional energy...
Renewable energy resources have gained considerable attention in recent years due to their efficiency and economic benefits. Their proportion of total energy use continues to grow over time. Photovoltaic (PV) cell and wind energy generation are the l...
In this paper, a low-cost monitoring system for an off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system, installed at an isolated location (Sahara region, south of Algeria), is designed. The PV system is used to supply a small-scale greenhouse farm. A simple and accura...
Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) is a benchmark absorber for low-cost, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but its practical deployment is constrained by small grain sizes, high defect densities, and moisture-sensitive surfaces that lim...