Journal Description
Solar
Solar
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all aspects of solar energy and photovoltaic systems published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 27.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review and reviewer names are published annually in the journal.
- Solar is a companion journal of Energies.
Latest Articles
New Approaches in Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control for Grid-Connected PV Inverters: State of the Art
Solar 2024, 4(3), 491-508; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030023 - 12 Sep 2024
Abstract
Grid-connected PV inverters require sophisticated control procedures for smooth integration with the modern electrical grid. The ability of FCS-MPC to manage the discrete character of power electronic devices is highly acknowledged, since it enables direct manipulation of switching states without requiring modulation techniques.
[...] Read more.
Grid-connected PV inverters require sophisticated control procedures for smooth integration with the modern electrical grid. The ability of FCS-MPC to manage the discrete character of power electronic devices is highly acknowledged, since it enables direct manipulation of switching states without requiring modulation techniques. This review discusses the latest approaches in FCS-MPC methods for PV-based grid-connected inverter systems. It also classifies these methods according to control objectives, such as active and reactive power control, harmonic suppression, and voltage regulation. The application of FCS-MPC particularly emphasizing its benefits, including quick response times, resistance to changes in parameters, and the capacity to manage restrictions and nonlinearities in the system without the requirement for modulators, has been investigated in this review. Recent developments in robust and adaptive MPC strategies, which enhance system performance despite distorted grid settings and parametric uncertainties, are emphasized. This analysis classifies FCS-MPC techniques based on their control goals, optimal parameters and cost function, this paper also identifies drawbacks in these existing control methods and provide recommendation for future research in FCS-MPC for grid-connected PV-inverter systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Smart Solar Energy Systems)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Decarbonizing Industrial Steam Generation Using Solar and Wind Power in a Constrained Electricity Network
by
Mehdi Aghaei Meybodi and Andrew C. Beath
Solar 2024, 4(3), 471-490; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030022 - 4 Sep 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Australia aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, with an interim target of reducing emissions to 43% below 2005 levels by 2030. Electrification of industry processes currently reliant on fossil fuels is a necessary step to achieve these emission reduction goals. This
[...] Read more.
Australia aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, with an interim target of reducing emissions to 43% below 2005 levels by 2030. Electrification of industry processes currently reliant on fossil fuels is a necessary step to achieve these emission reduction goals. This study investigates electrification of steam generation relevant to major industrial operations in the southwest of Western Australia using different renewable energy input levels. The designed system incorporates thermal storage to ensure continuous steam generation. The optimized technology mix, including wind, PV, and concentrated solar thermal (CST) systems for each renewable energy input target, is presented. The optimization process also identifies optimal locations for new renewable energy plants. In summary, the optimization tends towards favouring the development of large CST plants near a demand point. This avoids the use of the transmission network by direct use of the CST system for heating of the storage media, to address the costs and efficiency reductions arising from electrical heating, but the scope of CST use is expected to be limited by site constraints. The levelized cost of heat (LCOH) for the studied renewable energy input targets (i.e., 30–90%) ranges from 15.34 to 36.92 AUD/GJ. This is promising for the 30% renewable energy target, as future natural gas prices in Western Australia are likely to match or exceed the expected LCOH. Cost reductions for renewable generation and storage technologies with further implementation at a large scale in the future may result in more competitive LCOH at higher decarbonization levels, but it is likely that additional technologies will be required for cost competitiveness at very high decarbonization levels.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Applying and Improving Pyranometric Methods to Estimate Sunshine Duration for Tropical Site
by
Tovondahiniriko Fanjirindratovo, Didier Calogine, Oanh Chau and Olga Ramiarinjanahary
Solar 2024, 4(3), 455-470; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030021 - 29 Aug 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The aim of this paper is to apply all the existing pyranometric methods to estimate the sunshine duration from global solar irradiation in order to find the most suitable method for a tropical site in its original form. Then, in a second step,
[...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to apply all the existing pyranometric methods to estimate the sunshine duration from global solar irradiation in order to find the most suitable method for a tropical site in its original form. Then, in a second step, one of these methods will be optimized to effectively fit tropical sites. Five methods in the literature (Step algorithm, Carpentras Algorithm, Slob and Monna Algorithm, Slob and Monna 2 Algorithm, and linear algorithm) were applied with eleven years of global and diffuse solar radiation data. As a result, with regard to its original form, the step algorithm is in the first rank. But in the second step, after improving its main coefficients, the Carpentras Algorithm was found to be the best algorithm for tropical sites in the southern hemisphere.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
EduSolar: A Remote-Controlled Photovoltaic/Thermal Educational Lab with Integrated Daylight Simulation
by
Talha Batuhan Korkut and Ahmed Rachid
Solar 2024, 4(3), 440-454; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030020 - 22 Aug 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study presents a compact educational photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system designed for thorough performance assessment under simulated weather conditions. As an affordable educational tool, the system offers significant pedagogical value. The PV/T system features two photovoltaic modules: a thermally enhanced module and a standard
[...] Read more.
This study presents a compact educational photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system designed for thorough performance assessment under simulated weather conditions. As an affordable educational tool, the system offers significant pedagogical value. The PV/T system features two photovoltaic modules: a thermally enhanced module and a standard one. The thermally enhanced module uses water as a coolant, which transfers heat from the PV cells to a fan-operated heat exchanger, with the coolant being recirculated to maintain optimal conditions. A halogen lamp, placed between the modules, simulates solar radiation to ensure effective electrical current generation. The system’s remote-control capabilities, managed via the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, enable real-time adjustments to the coolant flow rate, heat exchanger efficiency, and lamp brightness, as well as monitoring of electrical parameters. Experimental findings indicate that the PV/T module achieves a 7.71% increase in power output compared to the standard PV module and offers a 17.41% improvement in cooling efficiency over scenarios without cooling. Additionally, the numerical methods used in the study show a maximum deviation of 4.29% from the experimental results, which is considered acceptable. This study showcases a best practice model for solar training, applicable from elementary to university levels, and suggests innovative approaches to enhancing solar energy education.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Presenting a Model to Predict Changing Snow Albedo for Improving Photovoltaic Performance Simulation
by
Christopher Pike, Daniel Riley, Henry Toal and Laurie Burnham
Solar 2024, 4(3), 422-439; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030019 - 16 Aug 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
As photovoltaic (PV) deployment increases worldwide, PV systems are being installed more frequently in locations that experience snow cover. The higher albedo of snow, relative to the ground, increases the performance of PV systems in northern and high-altitude locations by reflecting more light
[...] Read more.
As photovoltaic (PV) deployment increases worldwide, PV systems are being installed more frequently in locations that experience snow cover. The higher albedo of snow, relative to the ground, increases the performance of PV systems in northern and high-altitude locations by reflecting more light onto the PV modules. Accurate modeling of the snow’s albedo can improve estimates of PV system production. Typical modeling of snow albedo uses a simple two-value model that sets the albedo high when snow is present, and low when snow is not present. However, snow albedo changes over time as snow settles and melts and a binary model does not account for transitional changes, which can be significant. Here, we present and validate a model for estimating snow albedo as it changes over time. The model is simple enough to only require daily snow depth and hourly average temperature data, but can be improved through the addition of site-specific factors, when available. We validate this model to quantify its ability to more accurately predict snow albedo and compare the model’s performance against satellite imagery-based methods for obtaining historical albedo data. In addition, we perform modeling using the System Advisor Model (SAM) to show the impact of changes in albedo on energy modeling for PV systems. Overall, our albedo model has a significantly improved ability to predict the solar insolation on PV modules in real time, especially on bifacial PV modules where reflected irradiance plays a larger role in energy production.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Industrial Buildings’ Performance through Informed Decision Making: A Generative Design for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic and Shading System Optimization
by
Neri Banti, Cecilia Ciacci, Frida Bazzocchi and Vincenzo Di Naso
Solar 2024, 4(3), 401-421; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030018 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
The Italian industrial sector contains 22% of the final energy demand due to the poor energy performance of manufacturing buildings. This proposed study aimed to evaluate retrofit interventions for existing industrial buildings integrating photovoltaic solutions into the external envelope to improve both the
[...] Read more.
The Italian industrial sector contains 22% of the final energy demand due to the poor energy performance of manufacturing buildings. This proposed study aimed to evaluate retrofit interventions for existing industrial buildings integrating photovoltaic solutions into the external envelope to improve both the environmental sustainability and the facade performance. The methodology is based on an innovative procedure including BIM and generative design tools. Starting from the Revit model of a representative case study, interoperability with energy analysis plugins via Grasshopper were exploited to optimize the differently oriented facade layout of photovoltaic modules to maximize the electricity production. In the case of comparable facade sizes, the building orientation had a minor impact on the results, although a southern exposure was preferable. The optimized configuration involved the installation of PV panels with a tilt angle ranging from −35° to −75°. The best compromise solution between the panel surface area and energy production during the summer solstice involves 466 m2 of PV modules. The design-optioneering approach was used to define possible alternatives to be explored for the possible installation of solar shading systems on existing windows. In this case, the impact on visual comfort within the working environment was chosen as a reference parameter, along with the value of the indoor air temperature. A decrease in this parameter equal to 0.46 was registered for the solution with horizontal (or nearly horizontal) shaders and a spacing ranging between 0.2 and 0.4. The integration of the BIM environment with generative design tools effectively assists decision-making processes for the selection of technological solutions in the building sector.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Energy Technology, 2nd Volume)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Limits of Harmonic Stability Analysis for Commercially Available Single-Phase Inverters for Photovoltaic Applications
by
Elias Kaufhold, Jan Meyer, Johanna Myrzik and Peter Schegner
Solar 2024, 4(3), 387-400; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030017 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
The growth of renewables in public energy networks requires suitable strategies to assess the stable operation of the respective power electronic devices, e.g., inverters. Different assessment methods can be performed with regard to the available knowledge and the assessment objective, e.g., a specific
[...] Read more.
The growth of renewables in public energy networks requires suitable strategies to assess the stable operation of the respective power electronic devices, e.g., inverters. Different assessment methods can be performed with regard to the available knowledge and the assessment objective, e.g., a specific frequency range or the input signal characteristics that are typically classified into small-signal and large-signal disturbances. This paper addresses the limits of the measurement-based small-signal stability analysis in the harmonic frequency range of commercially available single-phase inverters for photovoltaic applications. The harmonic stability is analyzed, and the results for a sinusoidal background voltage and distorted background voltages are assessed based on measurements. The measurements prove that even in the harmonic frequency range, the harmonic stability analysis can only provide a sufficient but not a necessary condition in terms of the statement towards an instable operation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Architectures and Associated Control for Efficient and Reliable Solar PV Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
In-Depth Review of YOLOv1 to YOLOv10 Variants for Enhanced Photovoltaic Defect Detection
by
Muhammad Hussain and Rahima Khanam
Solar 2024, 4(3), 351-386; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4030016 - 26 Jun 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This review presents an investigation into the incremental advancements in the YOLO (You Only Look Once) architecture and its derivatives, with a specific focus on their pivotal contributions to improving quality inspection within the photovoltaic (PV) domain. YOLO’s single-stage approach to object detection
[...] Read more.
This review presents an investigation into the incremental advancements in the YOLO (You Only Look Once) architecture and its derivatives, with a specific focus on their pivotal contributions to improving quality inspection within the photovoltaic (PV) domain. YOLO’s single-stage approach to object detection has made it a preferred option due to its efficiency. The review unearths key drivers of success in each variant, from path aggregation networks to generalised efficient layer aggregation architectures and programmable gradient information, presented in the latest variant, YOLOv10, released in May 2024. Looking ahead, the review predicts a significant trend in future research, indicating a shift toward refining YOLO variants to tackle a wider array of PV fault scenarios. While current discussions mainly centre on micro-crack detection, there is an acknowledged opportunity for expansion. Researchers are expected to delve deeper into attention mechanisms within the YOLO architecture, recognising their potential to greatly enhance detection capabilities, particularly for subtle and intricate faults.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Solar Energy Systems Design Using Immersive Virtual Reality: A Multi-Modal Evaluation Approach
by
Noor AlQallaf, Ali AlQallaf and Rami Ghannam
Solar 2024, 4(2), 329-350; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4020015 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
As the demand for renewable energy sources continues to increase, solar energy is becoming an increasingly popular option. Therefore, effective training in solar energy systems design and operation is crucial to ensure the successful implementation of solar energy technology. To make this training
[...] Read more.
As the demand for renewable energy sources continues to increase, solar energy is becoming an increasingly popular option. Therefore, effective training in solar energy systems design and operation is crucial to ensure the successful implementation of solar energy technology. To make this training accessible to a wide range of people from different backgrounds, it is important to develop effective and engaging training methods. Immersive virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool for enhancing solar energy training and education. In this paper, a unique method is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of an immersive VR experience for solar energy systems design using a multi-modal approach that includes a detailed analysis of user engagement. To gain a detailed analysis of user engagement, the VR experience was segmented into multiple scenes. Moreover, an eye-tracker and wireless wearable sensors were used to accurately measure user engagement and performance in each scene. The results demonstrate that the immersive VR experience was effective in improving users’ understanding of solar energy systems design and their ability to perform complex tasks. Moreover, by using sensors to measure user engagement, specific areas that required improvement were identified and insights for enhancing the design of future VR training experiences for solar energy systems design were provided. This research not only advances VR applications in solar energy education but also offers valuable insights for designing effective and engaging training modules using multi-modal sensory input and real-time user engagement analytics.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Prospects and Obstacles Associated with Community Solar and Wind Farms in Jordan’s Suburban Areas
by
Ziad Hunaiti and Zayed Ali Huneiti
Solar 2024, 4(2), 307-328; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4020014 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Jordan faces significant, immediate challenges of enhancing energy security while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most promising approaches to achieve sustainable development, energy security, and environmental conservation is to increase the integration of renewable energy into electricity generation. To this end,
[...] Read more.
Jordan faces significant, immediate challenges of enhancing energy security while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most promising approaches to achieve sustainable development, energy security, and environmental conservation is to increase the integration of renewable energy into electricity generation. To this end, the Jordanian government aims to expand investments in the green energy sector, with solar and wind energy expected to play a crucial role in meeting energy demands and promoting environmental sustainability. This paper aims to examine the distinct dynamics, challenges, obstacles, and potential solutions related to establishing community solar and wind farms in suburban areas of Jordan. It seeks to highlight the opportunities and barriers influencing the adoption of sustainable energy in the country. Evaluation results from engaging 320 key stakeholders were obtained through a questionnaire, and after comprehensive analysis, it became evident that the benefits and positive aspects of solar and wind farms outweigh their drawbacks and obstacles. These insights can be useful in guiding policies and practices to make renewable energy community projects a reality within Jordan’s suburban areas. Additionally, the findings may serve as a valuable benchmark for other regions facing similar challenges in their pursuit of a sustainable energy future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
New Decomposition Models for Hourly Direct Normal Irradiance Estimations for Southern Africa
by
Francisca Muriel Daniel-Durandt and Arnold Johan Rix
Solar 2024, 4(2), 269-306; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4020013 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This research develops and validates new decomposition models for hourly direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) estimations for Southern African data. Localised models were developed using data collected from the Southern African Universities Radiometric Network (SAURAN). Clustered areas within Southern Africa were identified, and the
[...] Read more.
This research develops and validates new decomposition models for hourly direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) estimations for Southern African data. Localised models were developed using data collected from the Southern African Universities Radiometric Network (SAURAN). Clustered areas within Southern Africa were identified, and the developed cluster decomposition models highlighted the potential advantages of grouping data based on shared geographical and climatic attributes. This clustering approach could enhance decomposition model performance, particularly when local data are limited or when data are available from multiple nearby stations. Further, a regional Southern African decomposition model, which encompasses a wide spectrum of climatic regions and geographic locations, exhibited notable improvements over the baseline models despite occasional overestimation or underestimation. The results demonstrated improved DNI estimation accuracy compared to the baseline models across all testing and validation datasets. These outcomes suggest that utilising a localised model can significantly enhance DNI estimations for Southern Africa and potentially for developing similar models in diverse geographic regions worldwide. The overall metrics affirm the substantial advancement achieved with the regional model as an accurate decomposition model representing Southern Africa. Two stations were used as a validation study, as an application example where no localised model was available, and the cluster and regional models both outperformed the comparative decomposition models. This study focused on validating the model for hourly DNI in Southern Africa within a range of -intervals from 0.175 to 0.875, and the range could be expanded and validated for future studies. Implementing accurate decomposition models in developing countries can accelerate the adoption of renewable energy sources, diminishing reliance on coal and fossil fuels.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Multi-Stage Approach to Assessing the Echo-Tech Feasibility of a Hybrid SAM-CREST Model for Solar PV Power Plants in Maryland, USA
by
Youngil Kim and Allie Skaggs
Solar 2024, 4(2), 246-268; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4020012 - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
Maryland is actively working towards doubling its Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) target, aiming to increase the share of renewable energy from 25% by 2020 to 50% by 2030. Furthermore, Maryland stands out as a state that strongly supports solar initiatives, offering incentives and
[...] Read more.
Maryland is actively working towards doubling its Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) target, aiming to increase the share of renewable energy from 25% by 2020 to 50% by 2030. Furthermore, Maryland stands out as a state that strongly supports solar initiatives, offering incentives and specialized programs to assist residents in adopting solar energy solutions. The paper presents a multi-stage approach: Stage 1—Location Selection Process, Stage 2—Technical Feasibility Study, and Stage 3—Economical Feasibility Study. In Stage 1, the study focuses on three potential solar farm locations in Maryland: Westover, Princess Anne, and Eden. Stages 2 and 3 involve a feasibility assessment with detailed technical analysis using the NREL System Advisor Model (SAM) and PVWatts to determine monthly power to the grid and Energy Yield. Subsequently, economic feasibility is assessed using the NREL Clean Renewable Energy Estimation Simulation Tool (CREST), focusing on competitive levelized costs of energy (LCOE), payback time, and cumulative cash flows. Results indicate that all three locations exhibit promising solar irradiance levels, system outputs, and potential energy yields. Due to high solar irradiation, the Westover area has the highest energy yield at 1583.13 kWh/kW, while Princess Anne boasts the highest system output at 333.59 GWh. The economic evaluation suggests that all three locations become profitable within a two-year payback time, with competitive levelized costs of energy (LCOE). Westover emerges as the most cost-effective option at 5.99 cents/kWh, attributed to its higher solar irradiation values and energy yield compared to Princess Anne and Eden. Cumulative cash flows provide insights into long-term profitability, with Princess Anne, MD, having the highest Cumulative Cash Flow over 25 years at $183,383,304. By evaluating technical and economic aspects, this feasibility study offers quantitative insights to guide decision-making for the installation of Solar PV, considering both technological and economic feasibility.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Electrification and Sustainable Energy Systems to Improve Agriculture and Rural Areas)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar–Battery–Diesel System: A Case Study of Galapagos Islands
by
Luis E. Garces-Palacios, Carlos D. Rodríguez-Gallegos, Fernando Vaca-Urbano, Manuel S. Alvarez-Alvarado, Oktoviano Gandhi and César A. Rodríguez-Gallegos
Solar 2024, 4(2), 232-245; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4020011 - 6 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this study, the sizing problem of hybrid diesel–photovoltaic–battery systems was determined using a particle swarm optimization approach. The goal was to optimize the number of solar panels and batteries that could be installed to reduce the overall cost of an isolated grid
[...] Read more.
In this study, the sizing problem of hybrid diesel–photovoltaic–battery systems was determined using a particle swarm optimization approach. The goal was to optimize the number of solar panels and batteries that could be installed to reduce the overall cost of an isolated grid system, originally powered by diesel generators, located on Isabela Island in the Galapagos, Ecuador. In this study, real solar radiation and temperature profiles were used, as well as the load demand and electrical distribution system relative to this island. The results reveal that the total cost for the proposed approach is lower as it reaches the global optimal solution. It also highlights the advantage of a hybrid diesel–photovoltaic–battery (DG-PV-BAT) system compared to conventional systems operated exclusively by diesel generators (DGs) and systems made up of DGs and PV panels; compared to them, a reduction in diesel consumption and total cost (71% and 56%, respectively) is achieved. The DG-PV-BAT system also considerably improves environmental factors and the quality of the power line. This study demonstrates the advantages of hybridizing systems isolated from the network through the proposed approach.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Architectures and Associated Control for Efficient and Reliable Solar PV Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Feasibility and Performance of Perovskite/Antimony Selenide Four-Terminal Tandem Solar Cells
by
Harigovind Menon, Al Amin, Xiaomeng Duan, S. N. Vijayaraghavan, Jacob Wall, Wenjun Xiang, Kausar Ali Khawaja and Feng Yan
Solar 2024, 4(2), 222-231; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4020010 - 3 Apr 2024
Abstract
The tandem solar cell presents a potential solution to surpass the Shockley–Queisser limit observed in single-junction solar cells. However, creating a tandem device that is both cost-effective and highly efficient poses a significant challenge. In this study, we present proof of concept for
[...] Read more.
The tandem solar cell presents a potential solution to surpass the Shockley–Queisser limit observed in single-junction solar cells. However, creating a tandem device that is both cost-effective and highly efficient poses a significant challenge. In this study, we present proof of concept for a four-terminal (4T) tandem solar cell utilizing a wide bandgap (1.6–1.8 eV) perovskite top cell and a narrow bandgap (1.2 eV) antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) bottom cell. Using a one-dimensional (1D) solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS), our calculations indicate the feasibility of this architecture, projecting a simulated device performance of 23% for the perovskite/Sb2Se3 4T tandem device. To validate this, we fabricated two wide bandgap semitransparent perovskite cells with bandgaps of 1.6 eV and 1.77 eV, respectively. These were then mechanically stacked with a narrow bandgap antimony selenide (1.2 eV) to create a tandem structure, resulting in experimental efficiencies exceeding 15%. The obtained results demonstrate promising device performance, showcasing the potential of combining perovskite top cells with the emerging, earth-abundant antimony selenide thin film solar technology to enhance overall device efficiency.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Forth-Coming Era of Photovoltaic Technologies: Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Solar Cells)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Quantitative Analysis of the Need for High Conversion Efficiency PV Technologies in Carbon Mitigation Strategies
by
Kenneth M. Hughes and Chris C. Phillips
Solar 2024, 4(2), 209-221; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4020009 - 26 Mar 2024
Abstract
We consider the restrictions on photovoltaic (PV) capacity that are caused by limitations on where panels can be sited and find quantitative evidence for the need for high efficiencies. We define 15% of the UK’s energy consumption as a “significant” contribution and, with
[...] Read more.
We consider the restrictions on photovoltaic (PV) capacity that are caused by limitations on where panels can be sited and find quantitative evidence for the need for high efficiencies. We define 15% of the UK’s energy consumption as a “significant” contribution and, with London as an exemplar, we perform an idealised calculation that makes the most optimistic possible assumptions about the capabilities of future PV technologies and use published surveys on energy usage, dwelling type and insolation. We find that covering every UK domestic roof with the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) solar panels currently commercially available could produce up to 9% of the UK’s energy. A 15% contribution would require PV technologies with >37% PCE, more than the theoretical Shockley–Queisser limit. Replacing the idealising assumptions with more realistic estimates increases this by 2–3 times. Alternatively, a solar farm using the currently available PCEs would require a politically challenging ~1200 km2 of new land, roughly the area of Greater London, for this 15% contribution. We conclude that PCEs must be driven higher than even the Shockley–Queisser limit for PV to play a significant part in carbon mitigation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Architectures and Associated Control for Efficient and Reliable Solar PV Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
A Novel Statistical Framework for Optimal Sizing of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic–Battery Systems for Peak Demand Reduction to Flatten Daily Load Profiles
by
Reza Nematirad, Anil Pahwa and Balasubramaniam Natarajan
Solar 2024, 4(1), 179-208; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4010008 - 14 Mar 2024
Cited by 3
Abstract
Integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems plays a pivotal role in the global shift toward renewable energy, offering significant environmental benefits. However, the PV installation should provide financial benefits for the utilities. Considering that the utility companies often incur costs for both energy and peak
[...] Read more.
Integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems plays a pivotal role in the global shift toward renewable energy, offering significant environmental benefits. However, the PV installation should provide financial benefits for the utilities. Considering that the utility companies often incur costs for both energy and peak demand, PV installations should aim to reduce both energy and peak demand charges. Although PV systems can reduce energy needs during the day, their effectiveness in reducing peak demand, particularly in the early morning and late evening, is limited, as PV generation is zero or negligible at those times. To address this limitation, battery storage systems are utilized for storing energy during off-peak hours and releasing it during peak times. However, finding the optimal size of PV and the accompanying battery remains a challenge. While valuable optimization models have been developed to determine the optimal size of PV–battery systems, a certain gap remains where peak demand reduction has not been sufficiently addressed in the optimization process. Recognizing this gap, this study proposes a novel statistical model to optimize PV–battery system size for peak demand reduction. The model aims to flatten 95% of daily peak demands up to a certain demand threshold, ensuring consistent energy supply and financial benefit for utility companies. A straightforward and effective search methodology is employed to determine the optimal system sizes. Additionally, the model’s effectiveness is rigorously tested through a modified Monte Carlo simulation coupled with time series clustering to generate various scenarios to assess performance under different conditions. The results indicate that the optimal PV–battery system successfully flattens 95% of daily peak demand with a selected threshold of 2000 kW, yielding a financial benefit of USD 812,648 over 20 years.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Smart Solar Energy Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Development of n-Type, Passivating Nanocrystalline Silicon Oxide Films via Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
by
Gurleen Kaur, Antonio J. Olivares and Pere Roca i Cabarrocas
Solar 2024, 4(1), 162-178; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4010007 - 11 Mar 2024
Abstract
Nanocrystalline silicon oxide (nc-SiOx:H) is a multipurpose material with varied applications in solar cells as a transparent front contact, intermediate reflector, back reflector layer, and even tunnel layer for passivating contacts, owing to the easy tailoring of its optical properties. In this work,
[...] Read more.
Nanocrystalline silicon oxide (nc-SiOx:H) is a multipurpose material with varied applications in solar cells as a transparent front contact, intermediate reflector, back reflector layer, and even tunnel layer for passivating contacts, owing to the easy tailoring of its optical properties. In this work, we systematically investigate the influence of the gas mixture (SiH4, CO2, PH3, and H2), RF power, and process pressure on the optical, structural, and passivation properties of thin n-type nc-SiOx:H films prepared in an industrial, high-throughput, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) reactor. We provide a detailed description of the n-type nc-SiOx:H material development using various structural and optical characterization techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry) with a focus on the relationship between the material properties and the passivation they provide to n-type c-Si wafers characterized by their effective carrier lifetime (τeff). Furthermore, we also outline the parameters to be kept in mind while developing different n-type nc-SiOx:H layers for different solar cell applications. We report a tunable optical gap (1.8–2.3 eV) for our n-type nc-SiOx:H films as well as excellent passivation properties with a τeff of up to 4.1 ms (implied open-circuit voltage (iVoc)~715 mV) before annealing. Oxygen content plays an important role in determining the crystallinity and hence passivation quality of the deposited nanocrystalline silicon oxide films.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Perovskite Solar Cells)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Immersive Learning in Photovoltaic Energy Education: A Comprehensive Review of Virtual Reality Applications
by
Noor Alqallaf and Rami Ghannam
Solar 2024, 4(1), 136-161; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4010006 - 4 Mar 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic review of virtual reality (VR) as an innovative educational tool specifically for solar photovoltaic energy systems. VR technology, with its immersive and interactive capabilities, offers a unique platform for in-depth learning and practical training in the
[...] Read more.
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic review of virtual reality (VR) as an innovative educational tool specifically for solar photovoltaic energy systems. VR technology, with its immersive and interactive capabilities, offers a unique platform for in-depth learning and practical training in the field of solar energy. The use of VR in this context not only enhances the understanding of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems but also provides a hands-on experience that is crucial for developing the necessary skills in this rapidly evolving field. Among the 6814 articles initially identified, this systematic review specifically examined 15 articles that focused on the application of VR in PV education. These selected articles demonstrate VR’s ability to accurately simulate real-world environments and scenarios related to solar energy, providing an in-depth exploration of its practical applications in this field. By offering a realistic and detailed exploration of PV systems, VR enables learners to gain a deeper understanding of harnessing, managing and using such a vast energy resource. The paper further discusses the implications of employing VR in educational settings, highlighting its potential to change the way solar energy professionals are trained, thereby contributing significantly to the acceleration of photovoltaic technology adoption and its integration into sustainable energy solutions.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
A Review of Solar Forecasting Techniques and the Role of Artificial Intelligence
by
Khadija Barhmi, Chris Heynen, Sara Golroodbari and Wilfried van Sark
Solar 2024, 4(1), 99-135; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4010005 - 22 Feb 2024
Cited by 3
Abstract
Solar energy forecasting is essential for the effective integration of solar power into electricity grids and the optimal management of renewable energy resources. Distinguishing itself from the existing literature, this review study provides a nuanced contribution by centering on advancements in forecasting techniques.
[...] Read more.
Solar energy forecasting is essential for the effective integration of solar power into electricity grids and the optimal management of renewable energy resources. Distinguishing itself from the existing literature, this review study provides a nuanced contribution by centering on advancements in forecasting techniques. While preceding reviews have examined factors such as meteorological input parameters, time horizons, the preprocessing methodology, optimization, and sample size, our study uniquely delves into a diverse spectrum of time horizons, spanning ultrashort intervals (1 min to 1 h) to more extended durations (up to 24 h). This temporal diversity equips decision makers in the renewable energy sector with tools for enhanced resource allocation and refined operational planning. Our investigation highlights the prominence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, specifically focusing on Neural Networks in solar energy forecasting, and we review supervised learning, regression, ensembles, and physics-based methods. This showcases a multifaceted approach to address the intricate challenges associated with solar energy predictions. The integration of Satellite Imagery, weather predictions, and historical data further augments precision in forecasting. In assessing forecasting models, our study describes various error metrics. While the existing literature discusses the importance of metrics, our emphasis lies on the significance of standardized datasets and benchmark methods to ensure accurate evaluations and facilitate meaningful comparisons with naive forecasts. This study stands as a significant advancement in the field, fostering the development of accurate models crucial for effective renewable energy planning and emphasizing the imperative for standardization, thus addressing key gaps in the existing research landscape.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Solar Forecasting and Smart Photovoltaic Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Cu-Doped Sb2Se3 Thin-Film Solar Cells Based on Hybrid Pulsed Electron Deposition/Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Growth Techniques
by
Roberto Jakomin, Stefano Rampino, Giulia Spaggiari, Michele Casappa, Giovanna Trevisi, Elena Del Canale, Enos Gombia, Matteo Bronzoni, Kodjo Kekeli Sossoe, Francesco Mezzadri and Francesco Pattini
Solar 2024, 4(1), 83-98; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4010004 - 4 Feb 2024
Cited by 2
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In recent years, research attention has increasingly focused on thin-film photovoltaics utilizing Sb2Se3 as an ideal absorber layer. This compound is favored due to its abundance, non-toxic nature, long-term stability, and the potential to employ various cost-effective and scalable vapor
[...] Read more.
In recent years, research attention has increasingly focused on thin-film photovoltaics utilizing Sb2Se3 as an ideal absorber layer. This compound is favored due to its abundance, non-toxic nature, long-term stability, and the potential to employ various cost-effective and scalable vapor deposition (PVD) routes. On the other hand, improving passivation, surface treatment and p-type carrier concentration is essential for developing high-performance and commercially viable Sb2Se3 solar cells. In this study, Cu-doped Sb2Se3 solar devices were fabricated using two distinct PVD techniques, pulsed electron deposition (PED) and radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS). Furthermore, 5%Cu:Sb2Se3 films grown via PED exhibited high open-circuit voltages (VOC) of around 400 mV but very low short-circuit current densities (JSC). Conversely, RFMS-grown Sb2Se3 films resulted in low VOC values of around 300 mV and higher JSC. To enhance the photocurrent, we employed strategies involving a thin NaF layer to introduce controlled local doping at the back interface and a bilayer p-doped region grown sequentially using PED and RFMS. The optimized Sb2Se3 bilayer solar cell achieved a maximum efficiency of 5.25%.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Coatings, Materials, Membranes, Nanomaterials, Solar, Colloids and Interfaces, Molecules
Advances in Functional Thin Films
Topic Editors: Ricardo Lopez Anton, Jose Maria De Teresa, Sion Federico Olive MéndezDeadline: 30 September 2024
Topic in
Energies, Applied Sciences, Forecasting, Solar, Wind
Solar and Wind Power and Energy Forecasting
Topic Editors: Emanuele Ogliari, Alessandro Niccolai, Sonia LevaDeadline: 20 November 2024
Topic in
Energies, Processes, Remote Sensing, Solar, Sustainability
Solar Forecasting and Smart Photovoltaic Systems
Topic Editors: Jesús Polo, Gabriel López RodríguezDeadline: 30 November 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Energies, Electronics, Processes, Solar
Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Alon Kuperman, Alessandro LampasiDeadline: 20 February 2025
Conferences
23–27 September 2024
41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2024)
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Solar
The Forth-Coming Era of Photovoltaic Technologies: Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Solar Cells
Guest Editors: Giuseppe Calogero, Jessica BarichelloDeadline: 25 October 2024
Special Issue in
Solar
Developments in Perovskite Solar Cells
Guest Editor: Terry Chien-Jen YangDeadline: 29 November 2024
Special Issue in
Solar
XIX Iberian Congress and XV Ibero-American Congress on Solar Energy (CIES 2024)
Guest Editors: Javier Muñoz Antón, Ramón Pujol-Nadal, Iván Alonso de Miguel, Andreu Antoni Moià PolDeadline: 31 December 2024