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  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,829 Views
27 Pages

Electric Drive Units: A Set-Up for Investigating Function, Efficiency, and Dynamics

  • Lukas Pointner-Gabriel,
  • Thomas Franzelin,
  • Bernd Morhard,
  • Daniel Schweigert,
  • Katharina Voelkel and
  • Karsten Stahl

22 August 2024

High-speed electric drive units promise improved power density and, theoretically, driving range of battery electric vehicles. An essential step of the development process is extensive testing of the drive unit on a test rig. In particular, at a high...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability Analysis and Evaluation of Automotive Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,624 Views
18 Pages

The increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation industry, especially for efficient battery–electric trucks, has led to an increase in studies on the efficiency or energy consumption of commercial vehicles. In this paper,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,296 Views
13 Pages

26 November 2023

The uneven load of the electric drive of sucker-rod pumping units causes an increase in the consumption of reactive power, which requires compensation. This article discusses the issue of calculating the processes in sucker-rod pumping units in the c...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,837 Views
14 Pages

16 November 2023

The 3-in-1 electric drive unit (EDU) has the advantage of increasing the motor size for a larger output, and the reducer can be a compact layout designed to incorporate three key components—the drive motor, inverter, and reducer—into a si...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Machines—Feature Papers in Electrical Machines and Drives)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,130 Views
29 Pages

27 September 2025

Vibration monitoring plays a crucial role in assessing the condition and operational safety of electric drive systems. In many industrial applications, scalar control is widely used due to its simplicity and reliability, yet its influence on vibratio...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Aspects of the Design and Operation of Electric Machines)
  • Article
  • Open Access
113 Views
15 Pages

The vibration characteristics of bearings in the Electric Drive Unit (EDU) of electric vehicles have a direct impact on the overall Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance. Due to the high speed of the drive motor, the importance of reducin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS39—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
716 Views
18 Pages

17 January 2026

Wheel load is a critical information source reflecting the status of vehicle load distribution and motion. Yet, existing in-wheel motor products are primarily designed as propulsion units and inherently lack the load-sensing capabilities required by...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)
  • Data Descriptor
  • Open Access
216 Views
18 Pages

2 October 2026

End-of-line vibroacoustic testing identifies abnormal noise and vibration before an electric drive leaves production, yet public datasets rarely capture production scale, heterogeneity, repeated testing, and multiple signal domains. This Data Descrip...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,428 Views
9 Pages

19 February 2019

The special issue “Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid” on MDPI Energies presents 20 accepted papers, with authors from North and South America, Asia, Europe and Africa, related to t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,065 Views
27 Pages

23 September 2023

This paper presents a novel approach to address noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues in electrically assisted bicycles (e-bikes) caused by the drive unit. By investigating and optimising the structural dynamics during early product developmen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,138 Views
17 Pages

Estimation of Parallel Hybrid Scooter’s Energy Consumption through Real Urban Drive Cycle Using IMU

  • Supriya Kalyankar-Narwade,
  • Ramesh Kumar Chidambaram and
  • Sanjay Patil

15 March 2022

Drive cycle a is primary information useful for analyzing, designing, and optimizing automotive controllers for vehicle homologation. Conventional and electric vehicles are tested and certified based on the specified standard driving cycles as per ve...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrified Intelligent Transportation Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7,268 Views
25 Pages

24 September 2024

This research introduces the design, implementation, and rigorous evaluation of a novel 2-channel, multi-functional therapeutic electrical stimulator, meticulously engineered to meet the stringent demands of contemporary clinical applications. The de...

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,452 Views
28 Pages

31 July 2023

Three-wheeled electric city vehicles are becoming popular because they have lower cost and enable motorcycle driving feeling with electric powertrain performance. These vehicles need a driver assistant system, also known as an active tilting stabilit...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles Power Train, Storage and Charging: Design, Modelling and Simulation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,492 Views
18 Pages

30 October 2025

Advances in motor technology and the application of distributed electric propulsion systems have greatly promoted the development of electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft. As a critical safety component of eVTOL aircraft, the motor system d...

(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)
  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,872 Views
29 Pages

The rapid electrification of road vehicles has fundamentally reshaped the priorities of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) engineering. In the absence of combustion-related broadband masking, tonal and order-related phenomena originating from the...

(This article belongs to the Section Propulsion Systems and Components)
  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
49 Citations
13,120 Views
38 Pages

26 October 2018

Pollution derived from transportation systems is a worldwide, timelier issue than ever. The abatement actions of harmful substances in the air are on the agenda and they are necessary today to safeguard our welfare and that of the planet. Environment...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10 Years Energies - Horizon 2028)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,142 Views
20 Pages

Selection of the Electric Drive for the Wood Waste Compacting Unit

  • Dominik Wilczyński,
  • Krzysztof Talaśka,
  • Dominik Wojtkowiak,
  • Krzysztof Wałęsa and
  • Szymon Wojciechowski

11 October 2022

This work presents the study of the compaction and unloading process wood post-production waste, i.e., oak sawdust. The sawdust was compacted employing the forces F = 5000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000 and 50,000 N. Each compacted sample was compre...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Optimal Selection of Electromechanical Drives)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
7,970 Views
13 Pages

New Approach for an Easily Detachable Electric Drive Unit for Off-the-Shelf Bicycles

  • Felix Roemer,
  • Marius Mrosek,
  • Simon Schmalfuss and
  • Markus Lienkamp

While an increasing number of electric bicycles are sold, the majority is still conventional, i.e., pedal powered.Electric bicycles could raise the share of people cycling in place of more inefficient modes of transportation. This paper investigates...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 30th International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Stuttgart, Germany))
  • Review
  • Open Access
50 Citations
14,344 Views
50 Pages

11 February 2025

Induction motor (IM) drives are considered one of the important technologies in modern industry. Several industrial applications, such as material handling and food and beverage applications, are driven and operated by modern AC drives. Moreover, mod...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
8,879 Views
29 Pages

14 September 2023

A review of past, current, and emerging electric vehicle (EV) propulsion system technologies and their integration is the focus of this paper, namely, the matching of electric motor (EM) and transmission (TRM) to meet basic requirements and performan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,791 Views
16 Pages

22 October 2021

This study carried out a comparative analysis of indicators of electricity consumption and CO2 emissions for four-pole induction motors (IMs) of efficiency classes IE3 and IE4 with a rated power of 2.2–200 kW in a variable speed pump unit. In additio...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Approaches to Modeling, Optimally Designing, and Controlling Electric Machine)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,358 Views
16 Pages

Optimization Design of Variable Speed Induction Motors for Pumping Loads

  • Makpal Zharkymbekova,
  • Viktor Petrushyn,
  • Kakimzhan Gali,
  • Nurgul Almuratova,
  • Juriy Plotkin and
  • Rostyslav Yenoktaiev

The design of special induction motors for variable-speed drives in pumping systems is carried out using the Design of induction machines for adjustable-speed drives (DIMASDrive 2022) software, based on the motor efficiency criterion. The quality of...

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machines and Drives Technologies, 3rd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,946 Views
16 Pages

1 July 2021

The market demand for vehicles with reduced energy consumption, as well as increasingly stringent standards limiting CO2 emissions, are the focus of a large number of research works undertaken in the analysis of the energy consumption of cars in real...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access

20 October 2026

In the case of electric vehicles, due to the favorable torque-speed characteristics of the electric motors used to drive the vehicle, the traditional multi-stage gearboxes common in the automotive industry can be omitted, and in many cases it is suff...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2026)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,517 Views
15 Pages

Operating Characteristics of a Timber Trailer with a Hybrid Drive

  • Tomáš Zemánek,
  • Petr Procházka,
  • Ivo Pazdera,
  • Jindřich Neruda,
  • Václav Mergl,
  • Ondřej Vítek,
  • Radomír Ulrich and
  • Luboš Staněk

17 August 2022

This paper deals with the design and operational evaluation of a timber tractor-trailer unit with a hybrid trailer drive. The source of electrical energy for the two induction motors driving the front wheels of the tandem trailer axle is a battery, w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
8,224 Views
23 Pages

20 March 2020

The article presents issues related to the possibility of using electric propulsion systems in units used to transport crews servicing wind towers at sea. Offshore wind energy issues are discussed. Proposals for electric propulsion systems that could...

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,223 Views
18 Pages

In the case of electric vehicle drives, faults in the drive system or in the traction inverter, which controls the vehicle drive unit, could lead to abrupt and unpredictable motion as well as acceleration of the vehicle. In terms of functional safety...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
8,076 Views
22 Pages

20 December 2019

Robots that enable safe human-robot collaboration can be realized by using compliant drive units. In previous works, different mechanical designs of compliant pneumatic rotary drive units with similar characteristics have been presented. In this pape...

(This article belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
4,190 Views
15 Pages

24 September 2021

The efficiency issue of energy systems in the oil and gas industry is a crucial factor nowadays. Energy share in the production costs of oil and gas can reach 50%. Among the most important energy equipment are the electric drives of the pumps, compre...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Energy and Environmental Economics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,724 Views
11 Pages

Design and Experimental Study of Space Continuous Robots Applied to Space Non-Cooperative Target Capture

  • Yuwang Liu,
  • Dongqi Wang,
  • Yongchao Zhang,
  • Zhongqiu Yuan,
  • Jinguo Liu,
  • Sheng Yang and
  • Yi Yu

Space capture actuators face problems such as insufficient flexibility and electrical components that are vulnerable to extreme space environments. To address these problems, a centralized-driven flexible continuous robot based on a multiple scissor...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Engineering and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,493 Views
30 Pages

This article focuses on trajectory tracking control of a four-wheeled mobile robot, with non-steered wheels. The issues in terms of robot kinematics are discussed and a dynamics model is derived, which additionally took into account the drive unit mo...

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical and Autonomous Vehicles)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,557 Views
13 Pages

3 March 2026

This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic parameters of vehicles powered by an electric drive unit based on a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and a conventional drive system based on a spark-ignition combustion engine. The research sub...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)
  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
11,629 Views
18 Pages

Development of an Autonomous Driving Smart Wheelchair for the Physically Weak

  • Hye-Yeon Ryu,
  • Je-Seong Kwon,
  • Jeong-Hak Lim,
  • A-Hyeon Kim,
  • Su-Jin Baek and
  • Jong-Wook Kim

31 December 2021

People who have difficulty moving owing to problems in walking spend their lives assisted by wheelchairs. In the past, research has been conducted regarding the application of various technologies to electric wheelchairs for user convenience. In this...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,318 Views
12 Pages

25 September 2009

This paper deals with the concept of ‘passive’ and ‘active’ electromechanical (E-M) differentials in automotive mechatronics, in particular, for reduction of ‘self-generated wind-up torques’ in drive-by-wire (DBW) all-wheel-drive (AWD) propulsion mec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,464 Views
19 Pages

Method of Selecting Energy-Efficient Parameters of an Electric Asynchronous Traction Motor for Diesel Shunting Locomotives—Case Study on the Example of a Locomotive Series ChME3 (ЧMЭ3, ČME3, ČKD S200)

  • Valeriy Kuznetsov,
  • Ewa Kardas-Cinal,
  • Piotr Gołębiowski,
  • Borys Liubarskyi,
  • Magomedemin Gasanov,
  • Ievgen Riabov,
  • Lilia Kondratieva and
  • Michał Opala

3 January 2022

One of the assumptions made during the modernization process of diesel shunting locomotives is the replacement of a diesel traction motor with a DC generator with an electric asynchronous traction motor. The article aimed to develop a method of selec...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Modeling and Analysis of Electrified and Sustainable Transport Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,234 Views
11 Pages

A new two-motor hybrid system is developed to maximize powertrain efficiency. Efficiency of the system is drastically enhanced without any driving performance sacrifices by switching driving modes from "Hybrid Drive" to "EV (Electric vehicle) Drive"...

  • Project Report
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,797 Views
14 Pages

Portable Arbitrary Pulse Generator for Driving Microcoils for Micromagnetic Neurostimulation

  • Robert P. Bloom,
  • Renata Saha,
  • Zachary Sanger,
  • Walter C. Low,
  • Theoden I. Netoff and
  • Jian-Ping Wang

Micromagnetic stimulation (μMS) is a promising branch of neurostimulation but without some of the drawbacks of electrical stimulation. Microcoil (μcoil)-based magnetic stimulation uses small micrometer-sized coils that generate a time-varying m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
5,366 Views
33 Pages

8 February 2022

Electro-hydraulic differential cylinder drives with variable-speed displacement units as their central transmission element are subject to an increasing focus in both industry and academia. A main reason is the potential for substantial efficiency in...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Fluid Power Drive Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,122 Views
23 Pages

3 March 2021

Novel drivetrain concepts such as electric direct drives can improve vehicle dynamic control due to faster, more accurate, and more flexible generation of wheel individual propulsion and braking torques. Exact and robust estimation of vehicle state o...

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,334 Views
20 Pages

Analysis of Energy Efficiency Parameters of a Hybrid Vehicle Powered by Fuel with a Liquid Catalyst

  • Tomasz Osipowicz,
  • Wawrzyniec Gołębiewski,
  • Wojciech Lewicki,
  • Adam Koniuszy,
  • Karol Franciszek Abramek,
  • Konrad Prajwowski,
  • Oleh Klyus and
  • Dominik Gałdyński

16 October 2024

A notable trend in the modern automotive market is the increased interest in hybrid cars. Hybrid cars combine a standard internal combustion engine with an electric motor solution. Research into increasing the energy efficiency of a conventional unit...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Technology Trends, Challenges and Opportunities—2nd Edition)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,061 Views
27 Pages

Electrical Damping Assessment and Stability Considerations for a Highly Electrified Liquefied Natural Gas Plant

  • Lorenzo Bongini,
  • Rosa Anna Mastromauro,
  • Daniele Sgrò and
  • Fabrizio Malvaldi

20 May 2020

In recent years, the Oil & Gas industry has been subjected to a progressive electrification process aiming to comply with global environmental requirements on CO2 emissions reduction. High-power electric motors fed by Variable Frequency Drives (V...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,086 Views
24 Pages

8 February 2021

In recent years, the development of hybrid powertrain allowed to substantially reduce the CO2 and pollutant emissions of vehicles. The optimal management of such power units represents a challenging task since more degrees of freedom are available co...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Spark-Ignition Engines)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
6,650 Views
9 Pages

24 November 2017

Investigation of the heat transfer by conduction and convection through a finned housing of an electric motor rated 373 W operated in the drive unit of a vacuum pump was carried out. As the speed is changed, so is the velocity of air flow, and conseq...

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,268 Views
32 Pages

This paper presents the development of a multi-domain simulation for the Porsche Taycan’s all-wheel-drive (AWD) electric propulsion system to investigate the impact of the rear drive unit’s two-speed transmission on performance and drive...

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Propulsion Systems and Components in Electric Vehicle)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,690 Views
16 Pages

30 July 2018

The article presents the analysis of application of hybrid propulsion systems combining conventional diesel with electric drive for units used in inland transport. The answer is given to the question: to what extent will the use of different configur...

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,619 Views
21 Pages

Negative Impact Mitigation on the Power Supply System of a Fans Group with Frequency-Variable Drive

  • Yerbol Yerbayev,
  • Ivan Artyukhov,
  • Artem Zemtsov,
  • Denis Artyukhov,
  • Svetlana Molot,
  • Dinara Japarova and
  • Viktor Zakharov

23 November 2022

The technological installations’ characteristics are possible to improve by equipping fans with a frequency-controlled electric drive. However, it can lead to an electromagnetic compatibility problem in the electrical supply system. This proble...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Dynamics and Renewable Energy Integration)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,695 Views
30 Pages

Pressure Retarded Osmosis Power Units Modelling for Power Flow Analysis of Electric Distribution Networks

  • Mario Llamas-Rivas,
  • Alejandro Pizano-Martínez,
  • Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivel,
  • Luis R. Merchan-Villalba,
  • José M. Lozano-García,
  • Enrique A. Zamora-Cárdenas and
  • Víctor J. Gutiérrez-Martínez

14 October 2021

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) power units, which produce electrical energy from salinity gradient sources located at coastlines, are a technology still in the process of maturation; however, there is an expectation that this technology will need to...

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Modeling and Control)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
9,851 Views
39 Pages

18 October 2024

Recent developments in aircraft electrical technology, such as the design and production of more electric aircraft (MEA) and major steps in the development of all-electric aircraft (AEA), have had a significant impact on aircraft’s electrical p...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Systems and Components for All-Electric Aircraft)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
5,757 Views
10 Pages

Direct Driven Hydraulic Drive: Effect of Oil on Efficiency in Sub-Zero Conditions

  • Tatiana Minav,
  • Jani Heikkinen,
  • Thomas Schimmel and
  • Matti Pietola

11 January 2019

Direct driven hydraulic drives (DDH) have the advantages of compact high power density in hydraulic systems and flexible control of electric motors. These advantages can benefit non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) applications. However, maintaining high...

(This article belongs to the Collection Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Collection)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,571 Views
21 Pages

This paper describes the design of a control unit for efficient battery charge management in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The system design aims at controlling the performance of the charging process of dual lithium-ion battery blocks in electri...

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