With the automotive industry moving towards automated driving, sensing is increasingly important in enabling technology. The virtual sensors allow data fusion from various vehicle sensors and provide a prediction for measurement that is hard or too e...
In-wheel motor drive systems can increase vehicle unsprung mass and thereby alter suspension dynamics. This study investigates the frequency-domain mechanisms through which an unsprung mass increment affects ride comfort, suspension working space, an...
The rising economic and environmental pressures associated with the generation and consumption of energy necessitates the need for lightweighting of railway vehicles. The railway axle is a prime candidate for lightweighting of the unsprung mass. The...
Tyre mass contributes to unsprung mass, rotating inertia, and broader vehicle-related characteristics, yet manufacturing mass variability among nominally identical passenger-car tyres remains comparatively insufficiently documented experimentally. Th...
17 September 2026
Reducing unsprung mass in high-performance braking systems is critical for vehicle dynamics, but applying topology optimization (TO) to conventional solid discs under combined thermo-mechanical loading often causes “thermal entrapment” an...
The development of suspension systems for urban micro-mobility vehicles, such as bicycles and e-bikes, requires balancing effective road filtering with structural simplicity. Traditional solutions, such as telescopic forks and rear shock absorbers, f...
This paper explores the modeling and simulation of an innovative double-damper suspension system, evaluating its effectiveness through different test scenarios. The double damper integrates two individual dampers into a unified assembly. The modeling...
In the process of vehicle chassis electrification, different active actuators and systems have been developed and commercialized for improved vehicle dynamic performances. For a vehicle system with actuation redundancy, the integration of individual...
For many, in wheel motors offer a panacea for vehicle design. However history shows the delivery of an acceptable in wheel motor is a deeply challenging task which is dedicated to understanding aggressive torque and speed requirements behind demands...
Recently, there has been significant attention given to the electrification of transportation due to concerns about fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution. Conventional drive systems typically include a clutch, reduction gear, and mechanic...
This paper compares the energy economy and vertical vibration characteristics of in-wheel drive electric vehicles (IEVs), in-wheel drive electric hydraulic hybrid vehicles (IHVs) and centralized drive electric vehicles (CEVs). The dynamic programming...
Road roughness exerts a direct influence on the vertical dynamic performance of vehicles, and the accurate characterization of road roughness is essential for optimizing vehicle suspension systems. This paper addresses two key challenges in roughness...
The automotive suspension must perform competently to support comfort and safety when driving. Traditionally, car suspension control tuning is performed through trial and error or with classical techniques that cannot guarantee optimal performance un...
The suspension system is a significant part of a vehicle because it transmits the torque and force between the wheels and the frame, meeting the requirements of ride comfort. In this paper, a novel interconnected air suspension was introduced and a c...
Generally, In-Wheel motor system consists of suspension, steering, electric motor, friction brake, and wheel and varies with the combination structure of each component. However, the key point of In-Wheel motor system to be applied in small electric...
This article presents a method that provides an estimate of road bank by decoupling the vehicle roll due to the dynamics and the roll due to the road bank. Suspension deflection measurements were used to provide a measurement of the relative roll bet...
The main objective of this research is to establish a new formulation and mathematical model based on graph theory to create dynamic equations and provide clarity on the fundamental formulation. We have employed graph theory as a new approach to deve...
This paper presents an LMI-based discrete PI–P cascade control method for active quarter-car suspension systems. The quarter-car dynamics are reformulated into a modified cascade sampled-data model that retains the body–wheel coupling bet...
Aiming at the negative vibration effect caused by the increased unsprung mass of the hub motor-air suspension (HM-AS) vehicle and the unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) of the hub motor, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) air suspension control strategy...
This paper presents a double sky-hook algorithm for controlling semi-active suspension systems in order to improve road-holding property for application in an in-wheel motor. The main disadvantage of the in-wheel motor is the increase in unsprung mas...
This study presents a dynamic model of a passenger vehicle and analyzes its dynamic characteristics and responses. A dynamic vehicle model with seven degrees of freedom was established to analyze the behavior of a driving vehicle. The vehicle model h...
This study explores the effectiveness of vertical force control in in-wheel motors (IWMs) to enhance ride comfort in electric vehicles (EVs). A dynamic vehicle model and a proportional ride-blending controller were used to reduce vertical vibrations...
Lightweight structural design is a critical objective in automotive engineering, particularly for suspension components that directly influence unsprung mass and vehicle dynamics. Although topology optimization is widely used to achieve high stiffnes...
Electric vehicles with hub motors have integrated the motor into the wheel, which increase the unsprung mass of the vehicle, and intensifies the vibration of the underspring components. The motor excitation during driving also intensifies the wheel v...
This study proposes two adaptive controllers and applies them to the vibration control of an in-wheel motor vehicle’s (electric vehicle) suspension system, in which a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) damper is installed as an actuator. As a...
Aiming at the requirements of distributed braking and advanced automatic driving, a brake-by-wire unit based on a direct drive pump–valve cooperative is proposed. To realize the wheel cylinder pressure regulation, the hydraulic pump is directly...
This study aims to improve the vehicle vertical dynamics performance in the sprung and unsprung state for in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles (IWMD EVs) while considering the unbalanced electric magnetic force effects. An integrated vibration eli...
This paper proposes a novel hybridized vehicle inter-dependent control transmission architecture (VICTA) that offers key advantages over existing systems. It embodies a compact torque generation system formed by two or more electric machines axially...
Roll motion induced by steering maneuvers and vertical vibration excited by road unevenness are strongly coupled in active suspension vehicles. Neglecting this coupling may deteriorate the performance of coordinated chassis control and compromise bot...
Increasing urbanisation and growing environmental awareness in society require new and innovative vehicle concepts. In the present work, the design freedoms of additive manufacturing (AM) are used to develop a front-axle wheel suspension for a novel...
Vehicles equipped with in-wheel motors (IWMs) feature advanced control functions that allow for enhanced vehicle dynamics and stability. However, these improvements occur to the detriment of ride comfort due to the increased unsprung mass. This study...
This research examines the influence of various pavement types on vehicle dynamics, specifically concentrating on vertical acceleration and its implications for unsprung mass, including the wheels and suspension system. The objective of this project...
This paper presents a novel power electronic module (PEM) for chassis-by-wire in passenger cars. The PEM is supposed to be installed in a close-to-wheel position, which provides electrical interfaces with a power harness and signal harness. When the...
The in-wheel motor (IWM) powertrain layout offers greater design flexibility and higher efficiency of an electric vehicle but has limited commercial success mainly due to the concerns of increased unsprung mass. This paper proposes a semi-active susp...
The drive system of an electric car must meet road requirements related to overcoming obstacles and driving dynamics depending on the class and purpose of the vehicle. The driving dynamics of modern cars as well as size and weight limitations mean th...
In-wheel motor vehicles are gaining attention as a new type of electric vehicle due to their efficient power units located inside each wheel hub. However, they are more susceptible to wheel resonance due to the increase in unsprung mass caused by the...
This paper presents an integration design scheme and an optimization control strategy for electric wheels to suppress the in-wheel vibration and improve vehicle ride comfort. The in-wheel motor is considered as a dynamic vibration absorber (DVA), whi...
A new method including suspension and wheel vibration energy regeneration is proposed in this study to coordinate the contradiction between vibration energy regeneration and dynamic performance of in-wheel motor electric vehicles (IWM-EVs). The influ...
To improve the efficiency of the electric vehicle (EV) drive systems and EV performance, the use of multi-speed transmissions and distributed drives has been studied extensively. In addition, to develop efficient and compact drive systems, new clutch...
This paper investigates the fault-tolerant constrained control problem of a nonlinear quarter-car active suspension system subject to road disturbances, body-state constraints, and mixed actuator faults. When mixed actuator faults, state constraints,...
This paper aims to present a suspension control strategy for a semi-active mount with variable damping utilizing a smart magneto-rheological fluid (MRF), which will be applied in a micro autonomous railway inspection car as a primary suspension to pr...
The rollover evaluation index provides an important threshold basis for the anti-rollover control system of vehicle. Regarding the rollover risk of independently driven heavy-duty vehicles, a new rollover evaluation index is proposed, and the feasibi...
The entire drive integration in the wheels of electric cars enables completely new vehicle drive train concepts and liberties with the interior design. Central motor, external gearing, differentials, axels and drive-shafts are no longer required, whi...
Electro-Mechanical Braking (EMB), as a novel brake-by-wire technology, is rapidly being implemented in vehicle chassis systems. Nevertheless, the integrated design of the EMB caliper contributes to an increased unsprung mass in Distributed Drive Elec...
Electric vehicles equipped with in-wheel motors provide packaging, controllability, and drivetrain-simplification advantages; however, the increase in wheel-side unsprung mass can intensify vibration transmission to the chassis, seat, and occupant. T...
This study investigates the transient wheel–rail contact mechanics of welded joints in heavy-haul rails via a validated 3D finite element model, and analyzes the stick-slip behavior, dynamic response and elastoplastic characteristics in the bas...
This paper investigates the performance of a speed-dependent variable inerter in improving vehicle suspension performance. Unlike conventional and passive inerter suspensions with fixed mechanical properties, the proposed speed-dependent variable ine...
This paper presents a method to design active suspension controllers for a 7-Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) full-car (FC) model from controllers designed with a 2-DOF quarter-car (QC) one. A linear quadratic regulator (LQR) with 7-DOF FC model has been wide...
The new Euro 7 standard will be the first legislation to limit the emissions produced by an automotive brake system. This has caused brake manufacturers to seek radical solutions to reduce the emissions generated from conventional grey cast iron (GCI...
Gravel pavement has lower construction costs but poorer performance than asphalt surfaces on roads. It also emits dust and deforms under the impact of vehicle loads and ambient air factors; the resulting ripples and ruts constantly deepen, and theref...
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