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444 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,428 Views
17 Pages

Combining Organic and Inorganic Fertilization Enhances Soil Enzyme Activity, the Bacterial Community, and Molecular Ecological Network Complexity in Coal Mine Reclamation Areas

  • Huijuan Bo,
  • Zejin Li,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Runzhe Zhang and ,
  • Haibo Wang,
  • Dongsheng Jin,
  • Minggang Xu and
  • Qiang Zhang
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

30 June 2024

Combined organic and inorganic fertilization can improve soil fertility in coal mine reclamation areas. However, the contribution of the bacterial community (especially its occurrence patterns) to soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity n...

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,489 Views
11 Pages

17 May 2023

Reclamation activities constitute a major factor threatening tidal creeks, which play an important role in the health of the ecosystem of deltas. Research on the influence of reclamation activities on the connectivity of tidal creeks is often based o...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,293 Views
27 Pages

12 October 2022

With the acceleration of urbanization, the demand for land due to urban large-scale construction and development is increasing. Coastal reclamation (CR) is a prevailing approach to tackle the contradiction between coastal land shortage and the growin...

(This article belongs to the Collection Buildings, Infrastructure and SDGs 2030)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,999 Views
29 Pages

Geochemical Characterization and Trace-Element Mobility Assessment for Metallic Mine Reclamation in Soils Affected by Mine Activities in the Iberian Pyrite Belt

  • Ramón Sánchez-Donoso,
  • Mari Luz García Lorenzo,
  • José María Esbrí,
  • Eva María García-Noguero and ,
  • Pablo Higueras and
  • Elena Crespo
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

The geochemical characterization of the mine deposits and soils in metal mining areas is essential in order to develop an effective mine reclamation strategy. The determination of total potentially toxic element (PTE) content, together with the appli...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,099 Views
18 Pages

7 March 2023

Mining leads to serious degradation of the ecological values of the landscape. After mining is completed, degraded areas should be reclamated in order to mitigate the destructive effects of mining activities. Effective reclamation aims to initiate so...

(This article belongs to the Section Soil Conservation and Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,831 Views
22 Pages

Changes in Groundwater Vulnerability Due to Land Reclamation in Mining Areas: An Assessment Using the DRASTIC Method

  • Ewa Krogulec,
  • Przemysław Bukowski,
  • Katarzyna Niedbalska,
  • Katarzyna Sawicka and ,
  • Joanna Trzeciak and
  • Sebastian Zabłocki
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

28 February 2025

Reclaiming land after mining activities and ensuring environmental protection are mandatory aspects of the decommissioning process for mining sites. Groundwater assessments, particularly those evaluating vulnerability to contamination using the DRAST...

  • Article
  • Open Access
126 Views
24 Pages

30 October 2026

Land use strongly influences carbon (C) cycling and its sequestration in soils, which is a key component of sustainable development due to its role in ecosystem stability. The contribution of microorganisms to the biogeochemical C cycle was studied i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,603 Views
16 Pages

4 August 2021

Coastal ecological protection and restoration projects aimed to restore and recover the ecological environment of coastal wetland with high-intensity human reclamation activity, while the integrity of the coastal wetland system with human reclamation...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,196 Views
22 Pages

25 August 2020

Fluvial geomorphic approaches for reclamation landform design have been applied since 2000, mostly in mined lands, as an alternative to conventional landform design methods. Those approaches aim to reconstruct mature landforms and drainage networks t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Geomorphology and River Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,376 Views
18 Pages

Enzymatic Activity of Soils Forming on an Afforested Heap from an Opencast Sulphur Mine

  • Magdalena Myszura,
  • Grażyna Żukowska,
  • Agata Kobyłka and
  • Jakub Mazurkiewicz

27 October 2021

Post-mining areas require reclamation. The main aim of reclamation is to restore the soil as a basic element of the terrestrial ecosystem. This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the enzymatic activity of soils formed on an afforested hea...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Ecosystem Restoration on Postindustrial Sites)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,660 Views
23 Pages

Impact of Coastal Beach Reclamation on Seasonal Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Study of Diversified Saline–Alkaline Land Use Patterns

  • Jiayi Xie,
  • Ye Yuan,
  • Xiaoqing Wang,
  • Rui Zhang and ,
  • Rui Zhong,
  • Jiahao Zhai,
  • Yumeng Lu,
  • Jiawei Tao,
  • Lijie Pu and
  • Sihua Huang
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

Reclaiming coastal wetlands for agricultural purposes has led to intensified farming activities, which are anticipated to affect greenhouse gas (GHG) flux processes within coastal wetland ecosystems. However, how greenhouse gas exchanges respond to v...

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
5,547 Views
22 Pages

Soil Microbial Community Profiling and Bacterial Metabolic Activity of Technosols as an Effect of Soil Properties following Land Reclamation: A Case Study from the Abandoned Iron Sulphide and Uranium Mine in Rudki (South-Central Poland)

  • Agnieszka Wolińska,
  • Kinga Włodarczyk,
  • Agnieszka Kuźniar,
  • Anna Marzec-Grządziel and ,
  • Jarosław Grządziel,
  • Anna Gałązka and
  • Łukasz Uzarowicz
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

16 November 2020

The aims of the study were (1) to recognize the structure of bacteria diversity in Technosols developed from mine spoils containing iron (Fe) sulphides with the use of culture-independent technique, and (2) to determine microbial metabolic activities...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,455 Views
15 Pages

19 January 2022

At present, reclamation—changing ocean areas into inland land cover type for human usage—is one of the major methods for expanding land area around the world to alleviate the problem of land shortage. Thus, reclamation activities play an...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Coastal Waters, Land Use/Cover, Lakes, Rivers and Watersheds II)
  • Review
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,637 Views
29 Pages

Geo-Environmental Characterisation of High Contaminated Coastal Sites: The Analysis of Past Experiences in Taranto (Southern Italy) as a Key for Defining Operational Guidelines

  • Angela Rizzo,
  • Francesco De Giosa,
  • Antonella Di Leo,
  • Stefania Lisco and ,
  • Massimo Moretti,
  • Giovanni Scardino,
  • Giovanni Scicchitano and
  • Giuseppe Mastronuzzi
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

9 June 2022

Despite its remarkable geomorphological, ecological, and touristic value, the coastal sector of the Apulia region (Southern Italy) hosts three of the main contaminated Italian sites (Sites of National Interest, or SINs), for which urgent environmenta...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Modifications and Impacts on Coastal Areas)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,204 Views
13 Pages

Reaction of Microorganisms to Long-Term Waste Reclamation of Soil Degraded by the Sulfur Mining Industry

  • Jolanta Joniec,
  • Grażyna Żukowska,
  • Marta Bik-Małodzińska,
  • Edyta Kwiatkowska and
  • Kamila Rojek

4 November 2021

The research was carried out to assess soil condition many years after waste introduction for reclamation purposes. The parameters of the activity of soil microorganisms responsible for the revitalization processes in degraded soils were used in the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microorganisms and Minerals in Natural and Engineered Environments)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,362 Views
32 Pages

Impact of Coal Waste Rock on Biological and Physicochemical Properties of Soils with Different Agricultural Uses

  • Aleksandra Garbacz,
  • Artur Nowak,
  • Anna Marzec-Grządziel,
  • Marcin Przybyś and ,
  • Anna Gałązka,
  • Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł and
  • Grzegorz Grzywaczewski
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

15 March 2025

During the mining process in mines, a problem arises with the formation of coal post-mining waste, which is waste rock. It is often stored by mines on various types of land to manage the resulting spoil. However, this is not without its impact on the...

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,256 Views
16 Pages

Dynamic Changes in Carbon Sequestration from Opencast Mining Activities and Land Reclamation in China’s Loess Plateau

  • Boyu Yang,
  • Zhongke Bai,
  • Yingui Cao,
  • Feng Xie and ,
  • Junjie Zhang and
  • Yannan Wang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

10 March 2019

Opencast coal mining causes serious damage to the natural landscape, resulting in the depletion of the carbon sequestration capacity in the mining activity. There are few studies on the variation of carbon sequestration capabilities caused by land us...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policy)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
6,289 Views
13 Pages

20 December 2019

This paper addresses the enhanced removal of pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs), a family of contaminants of emerging concern, and effluent organic matter (EfOM) in water reclamation by powdered activated carbon/coagulation/ceramic microfiltration (PAC/...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Urban Water Services)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,768 Views
18 Pages

1 July 2022

Opencast mining contributes to the severe disturbance of vegetation and serious damage to the ecological environment. Scientific assessment of the ecological losses may provide guidance for the sustainable land use in mining areas. This study uses th...

(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,922 Views
19 Pages

From the Ground Up: Prairies on Reclaimed Mine Land—Impacts on Soil and Vegetation

  • Rebecca M. Swab,
  • Nicola Lorenz,
  • Nathan R. Lee,
  • Steven W. Culman and
  • Richard P. Dick

17 November 2020

After strip mining, soils typically suffer from compaction, low nutrient availability, loss of soil organic carbon, and a compromised soil microbial community. Prairie restorations can improve ecosystem services on former agricultural lands, but prai...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grassland Restoration)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,164 Views
17 Pages

17 September 2023

In this study, soil obtained from a reclaimed coal gob pile was expected to be rapidly improved with the use of artificial vegetation restoration practices, such as artificial forests, which increase the taxonomic variety in the soil microbial commun...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessments and Restoration Technique of Forest Land Development in Hilly Areas)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,428 Views
22 Pages

8 August 2022

Increased reclamation activity has adversely affected the conservation of coastal environments. The interactions between reclamation activities and their interference with the natural and functional properties of coastal zones increase the difficulty...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Interaction between Human and Natural Ecosystem)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,239 Views
11 Pages

14 December 2019

Mining activities affect the environment, while proper reclamation and management of areas transformed by these activities can bring about new, and often much better changes in the landscape. This paper presents the project of the reclamation of the...

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
6,282 Views
13 Pages

Assessment of Reclamation Treatments of Abandoned Farmland in an Arid Region of China

  • Haichang Yang,
  • Fenghua Zhang,
  • Yun Chen,
  • Tingbao Xu and ,
  • Zhibo Cheng and
  • Jing Liang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

16 November 2016

Reclamation of abandoned farmland is crucial to a sustainable agriculture in arid regions. This study aims to evaluate the impact of different reclamation treatments on abandoned salinized farmland. We investigated four artificial reclamation treatme...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,567 Views
18 Pages

24 April 2022

Quantitative analysis of the species composition and succession law of a plant community in a coastal reclamation area is of great significance for revealing the community construction and species coexistence mechanisms, and provides a basis for the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontier Research on Sustainable Coastal Wetland Ecosystem)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
8,286 Views
14 Pages

Reclamation can produce more value for the environment and create a far better situation than post-mining conditions. While the reclamation obligation policy is a great way to introduce a restorative approach to the environment, the main problem is t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,714 Views
19 Pages

8 May 2024

In mining areas with high groundwater tables, mining subsidence can lead to the inundation of cropland by water, causing damage to cropland and posing a threat to national food security. The implementation of concurrent mining and reclamation techniq...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,909 Views
16 Pages

20 March 2019

This paper proposes a framework to systematize the scope of reclamation works that optimize the agricultural, forest, aquatic, natural, economic, and cultural values of areas after the exploitation of mineral raw materials by mining. The framework de...

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,427 Views
16 Pages

Dissipation Theory-Based Ecological Protection and Restoration Scheme Construction for Reclamation Projects and Adjacent Marine Ecosystems

  • Faming Huang,
  • Yanhong Lin,
  • Rongrong Zhao,
  • Xuan Qin and ,
  • Qiuming Chen and
  • Jie Lin
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

According to the 2017 results of the Special Inspector of Sea Reclamation, a substantial number of idle reclamation zones existed in 11 provinces (cities) along the coast of China. To improve the protection level of coastal wetlands and strictly cont...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Challenges in the Framework of Integrated and Sustainable Environmental Planning: Case Studies and Innovative Proposals)
  • Article
  • Open Access
292 Views
20 Pages

7 October 2026

Understanding differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks among reclamation modes is essential for evaluating ecological recovery in reclaimed croplands. However, the factors associated with these differences remain poorly understood in coal-mini...

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,080 Views
15 Pages

Integrated Mining and Reclamation Practices Enhance Sustainable Land Use: A Case Study in Huainan Coalfield, China

  • Zhanjie Feng,
  • Zhenqi Hu,
  • Xi Zhang,
  • Yuhang Zhang and ,
  • Ruihao Cui and
  • Li Lu
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

31 October 2023

In the coal-grain composite area (CGCA) of eastern China with a high groundwater table (HGT), underground coal mining subsidence has caused extensive submergence of farmland, posing a significant threat to regional food security. Currently, land recl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
851 Views
22 Pages

Machine-Learning-Based Historical Reconstruction of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Coastal Tidal Flats: Quantifying the Spatiotemporal Impacts of Reclamation

  • Caiyao Kou,
  • Yongbin Zhang,
  • Weidong Man,
  • Fuping Li and ,
  • Chunyan Lu,
  • Qingwen Zhang and
  • Mingyue Liu
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

25 March 2026

Coastal tidal flat soil organic carbon (SOC) is significantly affected by reclamation activities. However, the limited availability of historical SOC data constrains the reconstruction of past SOC. SOC data were integrated in current time-point and r...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Remote Sensing for Wetland Mapping and Monitoring)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,547 Views
21 Pages

8 March 2023

The coastal reclamation, as one of the most extreme transformations of the ocean space by humans, still lacks scientific quantitative evaluating methods to a large extent, compared with the evolution of land use patterns. A cumulative ecological impa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,383 Views
20 Pages

24 November 2021

Over the past few decades, the topography and river-tide-salt dynamic characteristics of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have undergone a myriad of changes due to the unnatural evolution process induced by diverse human activities, such as dam constructi...

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,821 Views
29 Pages

3 June 2022

The reclamation of lignite surface mines is a long-term commitment of high complexity. These reclamation projects consist of land use repurposing, reinstatement of landforms and landscape, remediation of polluted soils and water bodies, restoration o...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals Study, Applications and Processing: Building the Foundations of a Green Future)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
6,268 Views
16 Pages

Long-Term Changes in the Unique and Largest Seagrass Meadows in the Bohai Sea (China) Using Satellite (1974–2019) and Sonar Data: Implication for Conservation and Restoration

  • Shaochun Xu,
  • Shuai Xu,
  • Yi Zhou,
  • Shidong Yue and ,
  • Xiaomei Zhang,
  • Ruiting Gu,
  • Yu Zhang,
  • Yongliang Qiao and
  • Mingjie Liu
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

25 February 2021

Seagrass meadows play critical roles in supporting a high level of biodiversity but are continuously threatened by human activities, such as sea reclamation. In this study, we reported on a large seagrass (Zostera marina L.) meadow in Caofeidian shoa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Ocean Observation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
2,296 Views
38 Pages

Analysis of Soil–Straw Movement Behavior in Saline–Alkali Soil Under Dual-Axis Rotary Tillage Based on EDEM

  • Zhuang Zhao,
  • Jialin Hou,
  • Peng Guo,
  • Chao Xia and ,
  • Haipeng Yan and
  • Dongwei Wang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

The layered soil crushing rotary tillage machine with L-shaped reclamation rotary blades and rotary-reclamation rotary blades combination was designed to deal with the problems of a low soil fragmentation rate, low straw mulching rate, and poor surfa...

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,980 Views
28 Pages

18 October 2025

Monitoring reclamation compliance is important to ensure mining activities follow environmental regulations and reduce land degradation. Yet, few studies directly assess compliance by linking multitemporal satellite data with mining permits. This stu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing for Geohazards)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
11,705 Views
18 Pages

18 August 2021

While land reclaimed from the sea meets the land demand for coastal development, it simultaneously causes socio-economic systems to be prone to coastal flooding induced by storm surges and sea-level rise. Current studies have seldom linked reclamatio...

(This article belongs to the Section Land–Climate Interactions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
62 Citations
8,453 Views
13 Pages

9 August 2018

Highly productive coastal wetlands play an essential role in storing blue carbon as one of their ecosystem services, but they are increasingly jeopardized by intensive reclamation activities to facilitate rapid population growth and urbanization. Coa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use/Cover Drivers and Impacts: New Trends and Experiences from Asia)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,620 Views
14 Pages

20 July 2023

The environmental legacy of post-closure mine sites poses a significant risk to the sustainability of mining operations and natural resource development. This study aims to advance the understanding of sustainable mine site reclamation behavior in Ca...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,457 Views
19 Pages

Modeling the Impacts of Land Reclamation on Sediment Dynamics in a Semi-Enclosed Bay

  • Yi Zhong,
  • Jun Du,
  • Yongzhi Wang,
  • Ping Li and ,
  • Guoqiang Xu,
  • Hongbin Miu,
  • Peiyu Zhang,
  • Shenghui Jiang and
  • Wei Gao
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

13 September 2024

Semi-enclosed bays are significantly influenced by the interactions between land and sea, as well as human activities. One notable human activity, land reclamation, impacts water exchange within these bays. However, the variability of sediment transp...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological Processes and Evolution of Marine Geomorphology: Observations, Modeling and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,625 Views
19 Pages

A Novel Hybrid Fuzzy Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making Model for the Selection of the Most Suitable Land Reclamation Variant at Open-Pit Coal Mines

  • Bojan Dimitrijević,
  • Tomislav Šubaranović,
  • Željko Stević,
  • Mohamed Kchaou and ,
  • Faris Alqurashi and
  • Marko Subotić
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

23 May 2024

The expansion of the open-pit exploitation of mineral raw materials, and especially the energy resources of fossil fuels, makes open-pit coal mines spatially dominant objects of large mining basins. Exploitation activities are accompanied by negative...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
6,541 Views
26 Pages

Remote Sensing for Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Monitoring in the Central Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan

  • Nafees Ali,
  • Xiaodong Fu,
  • Umar Ashraf,
  • Jian Chen and ,
  • Hung Vo Thanh,
  • Aqsa Anees,
  • Muhammad Shahid Riaz,
  • Misbah Fida,
  • Muhammad Afaq Hussain and
  • Awais Ahmed
  • + 7 authors+ 2 authors

9 August 2022

The expansion and exploitation of mining resources are essential for social and economic growth. Remote sensing provides vital tools for surface-mining monitoring operations as well as for reclamation efforts in the central Salt Range of the Indus Ri...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dynamic Hazards Prevention in Underground Mines)
  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
7,190 Views
18 Pages

28 January 2024

Extensive coal mining causes significant ecological and environmental impacts on the local ecosystem, especially on the terrestrial ecosystem. Mining activities induce the degradation of topsoil physico–chemical characteristics and the successi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity and Ecology of Soil Fungal Communities)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
4,501 Views
14 Pages

4 August 2022

As the province most abundant in mineral resources in China, Inner Mongolia has more than 200 open-pit coal mines. The coal mining activities seriously hinder the sustainable use of regional land and the improvement of residents’ wellbeing. Tak...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Sustainability and Environmental Impacts in Urban Renewal)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,754 Views
24 Pages

3 November 2024

Tidal bore dynamics in estuarine environments are influenced by both natural hydrological changes and human activities, such as coastal reclamation. This study focuses on the Qiantang River estuary, assessing the impacts of runoff variations and recl...

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,365 Views
20 Pages

11 May 2025

The proximity of ecologically valuable areas to industrial zones indicates a strong need for monitoring their condition. Soil assessment involves both molecular techniques for studying microbial biodiversity, such as PCR, sequencing, and metagenomics...

  • Review
  • Open Access
40 Citations
7,445 Views
11 Pages

4 January 2022

Mining activities are one of the main causes of land degradation around the world and reduce the quality of the surrounding ecosystems. Restoration approaches using different vegetations and reclamation methods have been implemented to address this i...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Ecosystem Restoration on Postindustrial Sites)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,676 Views
14 Pages

24 November 2024

Marine mammals near coastlines are highly vulnerable to human activities like rapid industrialisation, port construction, and sea reclamation, which can alter their habitat use. This study examines changes in the habitat use of Indo-Pacific humpback...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Population Characteristics of Marine and Freshwater Organisms and Their Environmental Driving Factors)

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