The vertical mass exchange of ozone (O3) plays an important role in determining surface O3 air quality, the understanding of which, however, is greatly limited by the lack of continuous measurements in the vertical direction. Here, we characterize O3...
The impact of a mesospheric temperature inversion on the vertical propagation of gravity waves has been investigated using OH airglow images and ground-based Rayleigh lidar measurements carried out in December 2017 at the Haute-Provence Observatory (...
The solid flow plays an important role in blast furnace (BF) ironmaking. In the paper, the descending behavior of solid flow in BFs was investigated by a cold experimental BF model and numerical simulation via the discrete element method (DEM). To el...
Knowledge of the vertical distribution of absorbing aerosols is crucial for radiative forcing assessment, and its quasi real-time prediction is one of the keys for the atmospheric correction of satellite remote sensing. In this study, we investigated...
The rapid urbanization in China is accompanied by increasingly serious air pollution. Particulate matter and ozone are the main air pollutants, and the study of their vertical distribution and correlation plays an important role in the synergistic ai...
In this paper, multi-source observation, such as aircraft, ground-based remote sensing, and satellite-retrieved data, has been utilized to compare and analyze the vertical characteristics of aerosol optical properties and the planetary boundary layer...
To evaluate the detection performance of ozone lidars, the first comprehensive vertical ozone observation experiment in China was conducted at the Xilinhot National Climate Observatory in Inner Mongolia from August to December 2023. The ozone profile...
It is important to understand the statistical–physical structure of the rain in the vertical so that observations aloft can be translated meaningfully into what will occur at the surface. In order to achieve this understanding, it is necessary to gat...
Zooplankton can be detected by using acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) instruments through acquiring the mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS) data. However, the precision of the backscattered signal measured by single ADCP measurement ha...
In this research, a summer orographic precipitation process that occurred over the Tian Shan Mountains on 27 July 2019, was investigated, focusing on the impact of vertical wind shear on clouds. Multiple remote sensors were deployed to measure the am...
The understanding of the macro- and micro-structure, particle spectrum parameters, and their evolutions in different parts of stratocumulus clouds based on aircraft observation data, is important basic data for the development of cloud microphysical...
We used a compact boundary layer wind tunnel equipped with a turbulence generator and a piezoelectric blown-sand meter to investigate the effects of the surface coverage of fine gravel on wind-blown sand flux. The vertical profile of wind-blown sand...
The setting of initial values is one of the key problems in ocean numerical prediction, with the accuracy of sea water temperature (SWT) simulation and prediction greatly affected by the initial field quality. In this paper, we describe the developme...
As an efficient energy storage solution, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a crucial role in the electric vehicle sector, driving innovation and development in the automotive industry. One common strategy to enhance energy density is to manufacture t...
A 307-m tall meteorological tower was used to evaluate meteorological observation data obtained using a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A comparative study between the tower and UAV observations was conducted during the daytime (06:00 to 1...
Conventional wisdom about mesoscale eddies is that cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies are commonly associated with cold(warm) surface cores. Nevertheless, plenties of surface warm cyclonic eddies (WCEs) and cold anticyclonic eddies (CAEs) in the North Pa...
A realistic approach for gathering high-resolution observations of the rainfall rate, R, in the vertical plane is to use data from vertically pointing Doppler radars. After accounting for the vertical air velocity and attenuation, it is possible to d...
Clouds are essential for regulating the hydrological cycle and Earth’s radiation budget, and their fluctuations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have a significant effect on both regional climate dynamics and global atmospheric circulation. Using...
Aerosols can affect vertical thermal structure during heavily polluted episodes (HPEs). Here, we selected four typical HPEs in 2018, which were further subdivided into dust and haze events. The vertical distribution of aerosols extinction coefficient...
Multilayer clouds, comprising vertically stacked cloud layers with distinct microphysical characteristics, constitute a critical yet complex atmospheric phenomenon influencing regional to global climate patterns. Advances in observational techniques,...
The higher the atmosphere is, the larger the deviations in atmospheric temperature and humidity are between the vertical column atmosphere above the cross-section of a satellite instrument and a ray’s trajectory from the cross-section to the sa...
The solid Earth deforms elastically in response to variations of surface atmosphere, hydrology, and ice/glacier mass loads. Continuous geodetic observations by Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRA...
It is an important to study atmospheric thermal and dynamic vertical structures over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and their impact on precipitation by using long-term observation at representative stations. This study exhibits the observational facts of...
Coastal acoustic tomography (CAT), as an innovative technology, can perform water temperature measurements both in horizontal and vertical slices. Investigations on vertical slice observations are significantly fewer in number than horizontal observa...
Surface vertical deformation includes the Earth’s elastic response to mass loading on or near the surface. Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations record such deformations to estimate seasonal and secular mass changes. We used 41 CGPS st...
The severe vertical motion of high-speed multihull vessels significantly impairs their seakeeping performance, making the design of effective anti-motion controllers crucial. However, existing controllers, predominantly designed based on deterministi...
Continuous sensing of water parameters is of great importance to fluid dynamic progress study in oceans, coastal areas and inland waters. The acoustic tomography technique can perform water temperature field measurements horizontally and vertically u...
The Absheron Peninsula contains a dense network of Caspian ports and industrial terminals where vertical land motion (VLM) may affect infrastructure performance. We analyzed fourteen port-associated coastal analysis zones using ascending and descendi...
On 13 August 2019, a severe convective precipitation event affected the Shanghai region. At 850 hPa, a low-level shear line influenced Shanghai with surface convergence, while at 700 hPa, an inversion layer separated warm, moist lower air from colder...
We performed a comprehensive and intensive field experiment including ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurement at Raoyang (115°44′ E, 38°14′ N; 20 m altitude) in summer (13 June&n...
An understanding of the vertical distribution of ozone is critical to assessing the ozone variabilities both in the stratosphere and the troposphere. We collected the profiles of atmospheric ozone partial pressure and ozone volume mixing ratio (VMR)...
As a classical disturbance observation method, the extended state observer (ESO) is commonly used in controllers for disturbance estimation and feedback control. However, the ESO relies mainly on input–output signals and does not fully utilize...
The seasonality of the vertical mixing at coastal sites is not well characterized yet. Here, a time series of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (ε) was obtained from weekly morning microstructure observations covering the destr...
Currently, the main in situ upper air database for numerical weather prediction relies on radiosonde and aircraft-based information. Typically, radiosondes are launched at specific sites daily, up to four times per day, and data are distributed world...
The cooling of surface water in coastal seas is routinely detected by surface sensors, but a surface record alone cannot show whether the water below cooled at the same time or instead became warmer, and the two patterns may arise from different phys...
Solar eclipses present a valuable opportunity for controlled in situ ionosphere studies. This work explores the response of the upper atmosphere’s F-layer during the total eclipse of 8 April 2024, which was primarily visible across North and So...
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are crucial for cloud freezing processes in the atmosphere. Given the limited knowledge about the vertical distribution of INPs and its relation to aerosols in China, we present two aircraft observations of INPs over t...
This study examined the horizontal distribution and environmental drivers of selected epipelagic mesozooplankton along the Turkish Levantine coast during summer 2019, together with diel vertical migration (DVM) observations conducted at a single offs...
Aircraft contrails exhibit optical properties similar to those of natural high-level clouds (HLCs) and also form persistent cirrus cloudiness. This paper outlines a methodology for detecting and identifying contrails based on the joint analysis of ai...
The mechanism of aerosol pollution transport remains highly elusive owing to the myriad of influential factors. In this study, ground station data, satellite data, ground-based LiDAR remote sensing data, sounding data, ERA5 reanalysis and a backward...
Ozone is one of the most important gases in the atmosphere as it plays different roles based on the levels it presents. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) radiance while harming life at ground-lev...
The diel vertical variations of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration are thought of primarily as an external manifestation of regulating phytoplankton’s biomass, which is essential for dynamically estimating the biogeochemical cycle in inland wa...
Observations from radiosondes or from vertically pointing remote sensing profilers are often used to estimate the vertical flux of momentum due to gravity waves. For planar, monochromatic waves, these vertically integrated fluxes are equal to the pha...
In this paper, a model-based approach for the identification of the railway vertical track alignment from simulation data is presented. The proposed methodology is based on the application of the unknown input observer algorithm. The model of a conve...
The apparent sizes of horizontal and vertical lines show an anisotropy known as the horizontal vertical illusion (HVI) wherein vertical lines appear to be longer than their horizontal counterparts. Whereas a typical HVI comparing vertical and horizon...
The vertical profile of PM2.5 is important for understanding its secondary formation, transport, and deposition at high altitudes; it also provides important data support for studying the causes and sources of PM2.5 near the ground. Based on machine...
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are a popular platform for air quality measurements. For vertical measurements, rotary-wing UAVs are particularly well-suited. However, an important concern with rotary-wing UAVs is how the rotor-downwash affects measu...
In recent years, due to adverse geological conditions, intense human engineering activities, and extreme weather conditions, catastrophic landslides have frequently occurred in southwest China, causing severe loss of life and property. Identifying th...
The concentration of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the cloud layer affects cloud processes more importantly than at the ground level. To make up for deficiencies in the observation of the vertical distribution of INPs over different background r...
This article addresses the properties of stably-stratified and unstable layers in the free troposphere. Thorpe’s method of analysis has been applied to potential temperature (PT) profiles obtained from the raw measurements of operational radios...
of 120