Variation of Zooplankton Mean Volume Backscattering Strength from Moored and Mobile ADCP Instruments for Diel Vertical Migration Observation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Time and Location
2.2. Tools and Materials
2.3. Data Collection Procedure
2.3.1. CTD Observation and Net Sampling
2.3.2. Echo Intensity and Vertical Velocity Data Acquisition
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Mean Volume Backscattering Strength (MVBS) Computation
2.4.2. MVBS Comparison
2.4.3. Vertical Velocity
2.4.4. Center of the Sound Scattering Layer (SSL)
2.5. Distorted wave-Born Approximation (DWBA) Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Moored ADCP
3.2. Mobile ADCP
3.3. Biological Sampling
3.4. Relationship Between the MVBS and Zooplankton Abundance
3.5. Diel Vertical Migration
3.6. Theoretical TS using the DWBA Model
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Moored ADCP | Mobile ADCP |
---|---|---|
Frequency (kHz) | 750 | 307.2 |
Sampling interval (s) | 60 | 1 |
Range (m) | 15 | 50 |
Bin size/Pulse length (m) | 1.5 | 1 |
Transducer tilt angle (°) | 20 | 20 |
Orientation | Upward-looking | Downward-looking |
Number of transducers | 3 | 4 |
Transducer depth (m) | 1 1 | 0.65 2 |
C, system constant (dB) | −160.5 | −151.64 |
Tx, temperature of transducer (°C) | 28.06 | 28.55 |
P, emitted wavelength (mm) | 2 | 5 |
LDBM, logarithmic transmit pulse (dB) | −6.98 | −3.01 |
PDBW, logarithmic transmit power (dB) | 7.95 | 17.5 |
Kc, beam specific scaling factor (dB count−1) | 0.72 | 0.43 |
Er, the minimum value of RSSI | 43 | 40 |
Percent good threshold (%) | 65 | 65 |
ORGANISM | Time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5/4/2016 18:05–18:22 | 7/4/2016 18:13–18:31 | 13/4/2016 17:48–18:13 | 18/4/2016 17:34–18:01 | 22/4/2016 17:20–17:49 | 25/5/2016 16:20–16:43 | |
PROTOZOA | ||||||
Favella sp. | 565 | 198 | 734 | 0 | 85 | 85 |
Tintinnopsis sp. | 0 | 148 | 0 | 44 | 42 | 0 |
Eutintinnus sp. | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 85 |
Leprotintinnus sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 169 | 339 |
Globigerina sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 127 | 0 |
CRUSTACEAN | ||||||
Nauplius (stadia) | 31,572 | 9390 | 15,327 | 5909 | 3558 | 6693 |
Oithona sp. | 1864 | 890 | 1468 | 1313 | 1567 | 2711 |
Microsetella sp. | 395 | 148 | 184 | 88 | 0 | 85 |
Paracalanus sp. | 339 | 593 | 1010 | 1007 | 1779 | 1949 |
Corycaeus sp. | 0 | 0 | 92 | 44 | 0 | 0 |
Acartia sp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 169 |
UROCHORDATE | ||||||
Oikopleura sp. | 169 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1017 |
CHAETOGNATH | ||||||
Sagitta sp. | 0 | 0 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NEMATODE | ||||||
Nematoda Larvae (sp1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 42 | 169 |
GASTROPODS | ||||||
Gastropoda Larvae (sp1) | 169 | 49 | 642 | 481 | 381 | 508 |
PELECYPODS | ||||||
Pelecypoda Larvae (sp1) | 169 | 445 | 367 | 88 | 42 | 85 |
POLYCHAETE | ||||||
Polychaeta Larvae (sp1) | 0 | 346 | 734 | 0 | 297 | 0 |
The number of Taxa | 8 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Abundance (ind m−3) | 35,242 | 12,355 | 20,650 | 9062 | 8089 | 13,895 |
Diversity Index | 0.49 | 1.02 | 1.06 | 1.15 | 1.55 | 1.58 |
Uniformity Index | 0.24 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.65 | 0.64 |
Dominance Index | 0.81 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.30 |
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Dwinovantyo, A.; Manik, H.M.; Prartono, T.; Susilohadi, S.; Mukai, T. Variation of Zooplankton Mean Volume Backscattering Strength from Moored and Mobile ADCP Instruments for Diel Vertical Migration Observation. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1851. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091851
Dwinovantyo A, Manik HM, Prartono T, Susilohadi S, Mukai T. Variation of Zooplankton Mean Volume Backscattering Strength from Moored and Mobile ADCP Instruments for Diel Vertical Migration Observation. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(9):1851. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091851
Chicago/Turabian StyleDwinovantyo, Angga, Henry M. Manik, Tri Prartono, Susilohadi Susilohadi, and Tohru Mukai. 2019. "Variation of Zooplankton Mean Volume Backscattering Strength from Moored and Mobile ADCP Instruments for Diel Vertical Migration Observation" Applied Sciences 9, no. 9: 1851. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091851