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1,096 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
7,205 Views
11 Pages

While texturing of workpiece surfaces to promote lubrication in metal forming has been applied for several decades, tool surface texturing is rather new. In the present paper, tool texturing is studied as a method to prevent galling. A strip reductio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,057 Views
12 Pages

Micro-Texture Analyses of a Cold-Work Tool Steel for Additive Manufacturing

  • Jun-Yun Kang,
  • Jaecheol Yun,
  • Byunghwan Kim,
  • Jungho Choe and ,
  • Sangsun Yang,
  • Seong-Jun Park,
  • Ji-Hun Yu and
  • Yong-Jin Kim
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

9 February 2020

Small objects of an alloy tool steel were built by selective laser melting at different scan speeds, and their microstructures were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). To present an explicit correlation with the local thermal cycl...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys)
  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
3,465 Views
22 Pages

Friction Stir Welding of AA5754-H24: Impact of Tool Pin Eccentricity and Welding Speed on Grain Structure, Crystallographic Texture, and Mechanical Properties

  • Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed,
  • Ahmed R. S. Essa,
  • Sabbah Ataya,
  • Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman and ,
  • Ali Abd El-Aty,
  • Bandar Alzahrani,
  • Kamel Touileb,
  • Ashraf Bakkar,
  • Joffin J. Ponnore and
  • Abdelkarim Y. A. Mohamed
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

1 March 2023

This study investigates the effect of tool pin eccentricity and welding speed on the grain structure, crystallographic texture, and mechanical properties of friction stir welded (FSWed) AA5754-H24. Three tool pin eccentricities of 0, 0.2, and 0.8 mm...

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,439 Views
11 Pages

14 January 2025

Friction-stir-welded dissimilar AA2024/AA7075 joints have an apparent influence on grain and texture development at the weld interface due to differences in physical and chemical properties between the two aluminum alloys. In this work, the effect of...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,670 Views
60 Pages

The Influence of Surface Texturing of Ceramic and Superhard Cutting Tools on the Machining Process—A Review

  • Sergey N. Grigoriev,
  • Thet Naing Soe,
  • Khaled Hamdy,
  • Yuri Pristinskiy and ,
  • Alexander Malakhinsky,
  • Islamutdin Makhadilov,
  • Vadim Romanov,
  • Ekaterina Kuznetsova,
  • Pavel Podrabinnik and
  • Nestor Washington Solís Pinargote
  • + 7 authors+ 2 authors

6 October 2022

Machining is an indispensable manufacturing process for a wide range of engineering materials, such as metals, ceramics, and composite materials, in which the tool wear is a serious problem, which affects not only the costs and productivity but also...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Ceramics and Composites: Design, Structure, Processing, Properties, and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
2,918 Views
18 Pages

13 September 2023

In the context of satisfying sustainability requirements nowadays, dry machining is one of the ideal strategies to eliminate the environmental and human health burdens of machining processes. In addition, micro-textured cutting tools are used to impr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
3,874 Views
11 Pages

Laser Micro-Texturing of Sintered Tool Materials Surface

  • Daniel Pakuła,
  • Marcin Staszuk,
  • Małgorzata Dziekońska,
  • Pavel Kožmín and
  • Adam Čermák

26 September 2019

The purpose of this paper is to show the effect of tool materials surface treatment while using laser texturing on the structure and properties of cemented carbides and sialon ceramics. The tests were made on multi-point inserts subjected laser textu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Surface Treated Steels and Light Metal Alloys)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,477 Views
13 Pages

12 October 2023

In this study, the wear resistance of micro-textured tools was explored. Micro-textured tools with different morphologies were used in turning GH4169 during spray cooling. The tool wear on the rake face of the different micro-texture morphologies was...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Cutting Tools and Cutting Tool Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,652 Views
10 Pages

1 August 2003

For defining surface finish and monitoring tool wear is essential for optimisation of machining parameters and performing automated manufacturing systems. There is very close relationship between tool wear and surface finish parameters as surface rou...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,581 Views
9 Pages

Improvement in the Machining Processes by Micro-Textured Tools during the Turning Process

  • Shailesh Rao Agari,
  • Avinash Lakshmikanthan,
  • Chithirai Pon Selvan and
  • K. S. Vijay Sekar

The cutting fluid’s lubrication affects a workpiece’s surface finish and cutting tool lifespan during turning. To optimize machine performance, appropriate lubrication is needed. Empirical experiments examined how machining factors affect...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The International Conference on Processing and Performance of Materials (ICPPM 2023))
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,414 Views
17 Pages

Tribological Performance of Microhole-Textured Carbide Tool Filled with CaF2

  • Wenlong Song,
  • Shoujun Wang,
  • Yang Lu and
  • Zixiang Xia

7 September 2018

To enhance the friction and wear performance of cemented carbide, textured microholes were machined on micro Electron Discharge Machining (EDM) on the tool rake face, and Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) powders were burnished into the microholes. The frictio...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification to Improve Properties of Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
350 Views
35 Pages

30 October 2026

Titanium-grade 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V) is a lightweight alloy with high strength and corrosion resistance; however, its low thermal conductivity and chemical reactivity make machining challenging, resulting in high cutting temperature, high tool wear, poor s...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Systems, 4th Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
2,921 Views
15 Pages

20 September 2022

Coated cemented carbide currently represents most of all cutting tool inserts due to its unique combination of wear resistance and toughness. Surface texturing technology can give additional performance to reduce the tool’s wear and energy cons...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals and Applications of Laser Micro/Nanostructuring and Synthesis of Micro/Nanomaterials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
58 Citations
6,705 Views
12 Pages

Study on the Cutting Performance of Micro Textured Tools on Cutting Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy

  • Kairui Zheng,
  • Fazhan Yang,
  • Na Zhang,
  • Qingyu Liu and
  • Fulin Jiang

25 January 2020

Titanium alloys are widely used in various fields, but their machinability is poor because the chip would easily adhere to the tool surface during cutting, causing poor surface quality and tool wear. To improve the cutting performance of titanium all...

(This article belongs to the Section D: Materials and Processing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,288 Views
17 Pages

27 March 2023

Placing micro-textures on a tool surface can play an anti-wear and friction-reducing role and capture impurities and improve the tool-chip friction state, thus improving the cutting performance of the tool and the quality of the workpiece. To ensure...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Engineering and Functional Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,834 Views
24 Pages

Study on Cutting Performance and Wear Resistance of Biomimetic Micro-Textured Composite Cutting Tools

  • Youzheng Cui,
  • Dongyang Wang,
  • Minli Zheng,
  • Qingwei Li and ,
  • Haijing Mu,
  • Chengxin Liu,
  • Yujia Xia,
  • Hui Jiang,
  • Fengjuan Wang and
  • Qingming Hu
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

23 June 2025

During the dry machining of 6061 aluminum alloy, cemented carbide tools often suffer from severe wear and built-up edge (BUE) formation, which significantly shortens tool life. Inspired by the non-smooth surface structure of dung beetles, this study...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,154 Views
19 Pages

25 July 2025

As manufacturing demands for challenging-to-machine metallic materials continue to evolve, the performance of cutting tools has emerged as a critical limiting factor. The synergistic application of micro-texture and coating in cutting tools can impro...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Performance of Coated Tools)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,376 Views
17 Pages

Titanium alloy material has physical properties such as low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and surface resilience, which are prone to problems such as large milling force, low machining efficiency, and poor surface quality in processed products...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
  • Review
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,477 Views
22 Pages

Laser Surface Texturing of Cutting Tools for Improving the Machining of Ti6Al4V: A Review

  • Javier Garcia-Fernandez,
  • Jorge Salguero,
  • Moises Batista,
  • Juan Manuel Vazquez-Martinez and
  • Irene Del Sol

12 December 2024

The machining of titanium alloys, particularly Ti6Al4V, presents a significant challenge in manufacturing engineering. Its high strength, low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity make Ti6Al4V a hard-to-machine material. However, the mach...

(This article belongs to the Section Structural Integrity of Metals)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
3,517 Views
14 Pages

Preparation of Micro-Pit-Textured PCD Tools and Micro-Turning Experiment on SiCp/Al Composites

  • Xu Wang,
  • Valentin L. Popov,
  • Zhanjiang Yu,
  • Yiquan Li and ,
  • Jinkai Xu,
  • Qiang Li and
  • Huadong Yu
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

19 July 2022

Serious tool wear occurs very often during machining due to the reinforcing phases in the workpiece. In this study, micro-pit-textures were prepared on the surfaces of PCD tools with a nanosecond laser to improve their cutting performance on SiCp/Al...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro-Manufacturing and Applications, Volume III: Advanced Hybrid Processes in Micro-Manufacturing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
6,333 Views
8 Pages

Investigation of Micro Square Structure Fabrication by Applying Textured Cutting Tool in WEDM

  • Jianguo Zhang,
  • Quansong Li,
  • Hui Zhang,
  • Yongxin Sui and
  • Huaijiang Yang

25 September 2015

This paper studies micro structure fabrication by means of a textured tool cutting edge, which is manufactured by applying the wire cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Machining performance of the square structure fabrication on the tool cutti...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,975 Views
27 Pages

Advances in Texturing of Polycrystalline Diamond Tools in Cutting Hard-to-Cut Materials

  • Sergey N. Grigoriev,
  • Anna A. Okunkova,
  • Marina A. Volosova,
  • Khaled Hamdy and
  • Alexander S. Metel

The operational ability of a unit or mechanism depends mainly on the quality of the mechanically produced working surfaces. Many materials can be assigned to a group of hard-to-cut materials that includes titanium- and aluminum-based alloys, a new cl...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Materials Processing for Modern Applications: Advancements and Challenges)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,370 Views
11 Pages

Influence of Laser Texturing and Coating on the Tribological Properties of the Tool Steels Properties

  • Jana Moravčíková,
  • Roman Moravčík,
  • Martin Sahul and
  • Martin Necpal

The article is aimed at identifying the influence of laser texturing and subsequent coating with a hard, wear-resistant coating AlCrSiN (nACRo®) on selected tribological properties of the analyzed tool steels for cold work, produced by convention...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Manufacturing and Machine Tools)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,220 Views
13 Pages

The Use of Electrode Tools Obtained by Selective Laser Melting to Create Textured Surfaces

  • Timur Rizovich Ablyaz,
  • Evgeny Sergeevich Shlykov and
  • Karim Ravilevich Muratov

13 July 2022

The study and development of the technological foundations for creating a textured surface using an electrode tool obtained by the method of additive manufacturing are the purpose of the work. Methods for obtaining textured surfaces and for creating...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Processing of Steels: Materials, Techniques and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
381 Views
17 Pages

Investigation on Cutting Fluid Penetration Kinetics and Friction Reduction Mechanism of Micro-Textured Tools via Direct Vapor-Phase Capillary Filling

  • Dongliang Ge,
  • Jiankang Ma,
  • Aihua Liu,
  • Zhengyi Tang and ,
  • Jiaxing Wu,
  • Yanqiang Sun and
  • Yuhao Zhang
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

30 August 2026

Severe friction and extreme temperatures occur at the tool–chip interface during metal cutting. Conventional cutting fluids struggle to penetrate interface micro-capillaries at the contact interface under high contact pressure. This issue cause...

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
349 Views
26 Pages

Liquid-Phase Laser Micro-Dimple Texturing of YG8 Cemented Carbide Tools: Optimization, Wear Mechanism, and Cutting Performance

  • Jie Shen,
  • Binhui Lei,
  • Yuchen Du,
  • Xiaoyan Guan and ,
  • Yujie Fan and
  • Kang Zhao
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

11 August 2026

Cemented carbide is extensively applied in cutting tools. Surface laser micro-texturing alleviates tool surface wear and boosts cutting performance. This work adopts response surface methodology to investigate circular micro-texture parameters (diame...

(This article belongs to the Section Metal Surface Process)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,120 Views
9 Pages

5 December 2020

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of laser surface texturing sequence on the fatigue properties of cold-work tool steel. For this reason, polished hourglass-type test specimens made from cold-work tool steel (K890) were surfac...

(This article belongs to the Section Metal Failure Analysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,453 Views
18 Pages

Analysis of the Cutting Performance of Coated Micro-Textured Bionic Tools for Dry Cutting AISI 52100

  • Qinghua Li,
  • Chunlu Ma,
  • Chunyu Wang,
  • Baizhong Wang and
  • Shihong Zhang

4 September 2023

In order to solve the problem of poor stability of hard brittle material in cutting process, a 45° groove micro-textured composite bionic tool was proposed. Under the same cutting parameters and conditions, the temperature rise and cutting force...

(This article belongs to the Section Material Processing Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,789 Views
21 Pages

Stainless steel is recognized for its excellent durability and anti-corrosion properties, which are essential qualities across various industrial applications. The machining of stainless steel, particularly under a dry environment to attain sustainab...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,077 Views
20 Pages

Surface friction in metal forming processes can be reduced by creating lubricant reservoirs at the interface between surfaces in contact, and a laser texturing process can be employed to produce the micro-dimples that act as the reservoirs on the sur...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction, Wear and Lubrication of Tool Steels in Metal Forming and Machining)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,783 Views
11 Pages

10 July 2022

As research progresses, the surface texture tool can significantly reduce the cutting heat and cutting force. However, the tool surface texture width, depth, and spacing also have an impact on the cutting performance. Using the Taguchi method and fin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Micro-Milling)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,869 Views
23 Pages

One of the most critical aspects of turning, and machining in general, is the surface roughness of the finished product, which directly influences the performance, functionality, and longevity of machined components. The accurate prediction of surfac...

(This article belongs to the Section Innovations in Materials Science and Materials Processing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
2,932 Views
21 Pages

This study explores the performance of micro-textured tools when cutting GH4169 during spray cooling. First, the morphologies of the micro-textures were selected according to the simulation and experiments. Secondly, cutting experiments were carried...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Cutting Tools and Cutting Tool Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,677 Views
12 Pages

29 March 2023

Aluminum alloy materials are very difficult to break in the processing process; chip accumulation leads to poor processing stability. In this paper, a coated composite micro–textured tool is presented. The influence of coated composite micro&nd...

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Manufacturing and Surface Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,639 Views
11 Pages

Texture Analysis is a Useful Tool to Assess the Complexity Profile of Microcirculatory Blood Flow

  • Henrique Silva,
  • Hugo A. Ferreira,
  • Clemente Rocha and
  • Luís Monteiro Rodrigues

30 January 2020

The quantitative assessment of cardiovascular functions is particularly complicated, especially during any physiological challenge (e.g., exercise), with physiological signals showing intricate oscillatory properties. Signal complexity is one of such...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Spectrum of Human Sport Performance)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,290 Views
24 Pages

16 August 2023

At present, for micro-textured tools, the determination of the micro-texture placement area depends on the derivation of the cutting geometric model. The micro-texture distribution form applies geometric methods, and the research methods and accuracy...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidation, Wear, Corrosion Behaviors and Activated Bonding Properties of Coatings Deposited on Metals)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
5,506 Views
19 Pages

The Interaction between the Sheet/Tool Surface Texture and the Friction/Galling Behaviour on Aluminium Deep Drawing Operations

  • Alaitz Zabala,
  • Lander Galdos,
  • Chris Childs,
  • Iñigo Llavori and ,
  • Andrea Aginagalde,
  • Joseba Mendiguren and
  • Eneko Saenz de Argandoña
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

19 June 2021

The increasing demands for lightweight design in the transport industry have led to an extensive use of lightweight materials such as aluminium alloys. The forming of aluminium sheets however presents significant challenges due to the low formability...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming of Aluminium Alloys)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,345 Views
15 Pages

Tools with micro-textures have found wide application in cutting difficult machining materials. The cutting performance of tools is closely related to the arrangement, morphology, and size parameters of micro-textures. In this research, micro-pit too...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Performance of Coated Tools)
  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
3,484 Views
24 Pages

Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Spot-Welded AA5052-H32: Influence of Tool Rotation Rate

  • Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed,
  • Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman,
  • Ibrahim Albaijan and
  • Ali Abd El-Aty

27 April 2023

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of similar AA5052-H32 joints has numerous benefits in shipbuilding, aerospace, and automotive structural applications. In addition, studying the role of tool rotation speed on the microstructure features, achieved te...

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,746 Views
20 Pages

18 December 2018

When milling titanium alloy, the cutting temperature has a strong impact on the degree of tool wear and, in turn, tool life and the surface quality of the workpiece. The distribution of the temperature field on a tool’s rake face can be improve...

  • Review
  • Open Access
82 Citations
11,232 Views
46 Pages

28 July 2021

Polycrystalline diamonds, polycrystalline cubic boron nitrides and tungsten carbides are considered difficult to process due to their superior mechanical (hardness, toughness) and wear properties. This paper aims to review the recent progress in the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Based Micromachining, Structuring, and Polishing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,926 Views
28 Pages

Optimization of Micro-Texture Parameters for Machine Tool Guide Rail Combination Based on Response Surface Methodology and Research on Its Anti-Friction and Lubrication Performance

  • Youzheng Cui,
  • Bingyang Yan,
  • Minli Zheng,
  • Haijing Mu and ,
  • Chengxin Liu,
  • Dongyang Wang,
  • Xinmiao Li,
  • Qingwei Li,
  • Hui Jiang and
  • Qingming Hu
  • + 6 authors+ 1 author

In the process of heavy-duty cutting, the reciprocating motion of the sliding guide pair surface is prone to local wear, which seriously affects the overall machining accuracy and service life of the machine tool. This study proposes a biomimetic mic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,424 Views
13 Pages

15 September 2025

Microtextured cutting tools are widely used because of their excellent performance in cutting difficult-to-machine materials. The cutting performance of cutting tools largely depends on the size parameters of the microtextures used. This study focuse...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing—Second Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,132 Views
15 Pages

29 June 2024

As a fundamental machining tool, the ball end milling cutter plays a crucial role in manufacturing. Due to its low thermal conductivity, the heat generated during the cutting process of titanium alloy materials is not dissipated efficiently, resultin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidation, Wear, Corrosion Behaviors and Activated Bonding Properties of Coatings Deposited on Metals)
  • Review
  • Open Access
59 Citations
8,908 Views
28 Pages

19 February 2024

Dry machining has gained significant importance in the last few years due to its promising contribution towards sustainability. This review study introduces dry machining, presents its benefits, and summarizes the recent technological developments th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Manufacturing Processes and Systems for Sustainable Practices)
  • Review
  • Open Access
50 Citations
10,398 Views
52 Pages

A Critical Review of High-Temperature Tribology and Cutting Performance of Cermet and Ceramic Tool Materials

  • Ali Elgazzar,
  • Sheng-Jian Zhou,
  • Jia-Hu Ouyang,
  • Zhan-Guo Liu and ,
  • Yu-Jin Wang and
  • Ya-Ming Wang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

Cermet materials exhibit advanced mechanical and tribological properties, and are widely used for tribology, elevated temperature, and machining applications due to their unique amalgamation of hardness, strength, and toughness. This paper presents a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in High Temperature Tribology)
  • Review
  • Open Access
33 Citations
9,641 Views
30 Pages

Sheet metal forming processes, the purpose of which is to give the shaped material appropriate mechanical, dimensional and shape properties, are characterised by different values of unit pressures and lubrication conditions. Increasing the efficiency...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tool Wear in Machining)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,746 Views
16 Pages

4 December 2024

Background: Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) may experience pathological complete response (pCR). Tools that can identify pCR are required to define candidates suitable for the watch...

(This article belongs to the Section Nuclear Medicine & Radiology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,189 Views
26 Pages

Improvement of Seizure Resistance in Ironing of Aluminum Alloy Sheets and Stainless Steel Cups by Utilizing Laser Textured Die Having Lubricant Pockets

  • Yohei Abe,
  • Mika Sugiura,
  • Takumi Ando,
  • Peerapong Kumkhuntod and ,
  • Kamthon Septham,
  • Witthaya Daodon and
  • Ken-ichiro Mori
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

19 April 2023

Seizure during ironing negatively affects the quality of parts and die life. To prevent seizures, lubrication has to be improved. In this study, laser-textured dies with lubricant pockets were utilized to improve seizure resistance in the ironing of...

(This article belongs to the Section Structural Integrity of Metals)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
5,110 Views
11 Pages

Investigation on Cutting Performance of Micro-Textured Cutting Tools

  • Qinghua Li,
  • Chen Pan,
  • Yuxin Jiao and
  • Kaixing Hu

This paper explores the influence of micro textures on cutting performance of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools from two aspects, that is, tool wear and machined surface roughness. By designing micro-hole textures with different forms...

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