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16 pages, 7371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anisotropic Wear Resistance of Heat-Treated Selective Laser-Melted 316L Stainless Steel

by Menghui Sun, Qianqian Zhang, Jinxiu Wu, Hao Wang, Xu Wang, Hao Zhang, Yinong An, Yujie Liu and Long Ma

Lubricants 2025, 13(4), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13040189 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 188

Abstract

Anisotropic microstructures and wear resistance are caused by large thermal gradients during selective laser melting (SLM). Investigating the wear resistance in different planes of SLM specimens is crucial. Hence, the effect of heat treatment on the anisotropy of the microstructure, density, microhardness, and [...] Read more.

Anisotropic microstructures and wear resistance are caused by large thermal gradients during selective laser melting (SLM). Investigating the wear resistance in different planes of SLM specimens is crucial. Hence, the effect of heat treatment on the anisotropy of the microstructure, density, microhardness, and wear resistance of SLM 316L stainless steel was studied. Specimens subjected to solution + aging treatment exhibited γ austenite and α ferrite phases with lower microstrain, as determined via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Microstructure observations demonstrated that SLM 316L appears as intersecting melt pools on the XOY plane and fish scale-like melt pools on the XOZ plane. After heat treatment, the melt boundaries disappeared, carbides (M₂₃C₆) precipitated at grain boundaries and within the grains, and the microstructures coarsened and became more uniform. The microhardness and wear resistance of the XOY plane were shown to be superior to those of the XOZ plane, and the microhardness decreased following heat treatment. Compared with SLM 316L, the microhardness of the XOY and XOZ planes of the specimen subjected to solution + aging treatment decreased by 5.96% and 4.98%. The friction and wear test results revealed that the specimen after solution + aging treatment had the lowest friction coefficient and the smallest wear rate. The wear rates of specimens from the XOY and XOZ planes after solution + aging treatment were 21.1% and 27.1% lower than that of SLM 316L, exhibiting the best wear resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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33 pages, 14949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tribological Behaviors and Statistical Experimental Design of Sintered and Age-Hardened Aluminum–Copper Based Composites

by Ileana Nicoleta Popescu, Badriyah Alhalaili, Florina Violeta Anghelina, Claudiu Nicolicescu and Ruxandra Vidu

Lubricants 2025, 13(4), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13040172 - 8 Apr 2025

Viewed by 276

Abstract

This paper reports on the influence of various processing parameters and different SiC_p proportions on the outcome of mechanical, tribological, microstructural, and microcompositional investigations of Al-Cu based composites used as potential brake friction materials for eco-friendly vehicle parts. The composites were obtained [...] Read more.

This paper reports on the influence of various processing parameters and different SiC_p proportions on the outcome of mechanical, tribological, microstructural, and microcompositional investigations of Al-Cu based composites used as potential brake friction materials for eco-friendly vehicle parts. The composites were obtained by powder metallurgy, and then the sintered composite was treated at 515 ± 5 °C/6 h, quenched in water, and artificially aged at different temperatures and times. The microstructural and microcompositional investigations of the composites were made using an environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). After analyzing the microstructures in correlation with the results of the hardness tests, the optimal proportion of SiC_p and optimal heat treatment parameters were determined. The composite samples with the best properties were chosen for tribological investigation. The friction and wear tests of samples were made under dry sliding conditions using a “pin on disc” machine, at a contact pressure of 0.35 to 1.15 MPa, 2 to 4.5 m/s relative speed, and the prediction of tribological behavior was made using a linear factorial design approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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23 pages, 26223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Microstructure, Hardness, and Wear Behavior of Medium-Entropy CuNiSiCrCoTiNbx Alloy

by Denis Ariel Avila-Salgado, Arturo Juárez-Hernández, Nelson Javier Izaguirre-Bonilla, Jonathan Muñoz Tabora and José Luis Camacho-Martínez

Lubricants 2025, 13(4), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13040164 - 5 Apr 2025

Viewed by 281

Abstract

Medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) allow the formation of different phases, generally in a solid-solution state, and compounds that favor obtaining alloys with properties superior to those of conventional alloys. In this study, medium-entropy CuNiSiCrCoTiNbx alloys were fabricated via melting in a vacuum induction furnace. [...] Read more.

Medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) allow the formation of different phases, generally in a solid-solution state, and compounds that favor obtaining alloys with properties superior to those of conventional alloys. In this study, medium-entropy CuNiSiCrCoTiNbx alloys were fabricated via melting in a vacuum induction furnace. The influence of the Nb addition (X = 0, 0.5 and 1 wt%) alloying elements on the microstructure, hardness, and wear resistance of the CuNiSiCrCoTiNb₀ (M1), CuNiSiCrCoTiNb_0.5 (M2), and CuNiCoCrSiTiNb₁ (M3) alloys were explored using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a ball-on-disc tribometer, respectively. In general, the results indicated that the incorporation of Nb alloying element promoted the evolution of the microstructure, increased the hardness, and improvement of the wear resistance. The XRD and SEM findings demonstrate that higher Nb addition and aging heat treatment (AT) modification mainly favored the formation of dendritic regions and the precipitation of the Co₂Nb, Cr₃Si, and Ni₂Si phases, which promoted the refinement and strengthening of the microstructure. Significant increases in hardness were recorded: 11.95% increased, promoted by the addition of Nb before (E1) and after (E2, E3, and E4) the heat treatments. The maximum hardness values recorded were 92 ± 0.11 (AC) and 103 ± 0.5 HRB (AT-60 min) for the M3 alloy. The increase in hardness caused by Nb addition and aging heat treatments contributed to the dry sliding wear resistance response, decreasing material loss by 20%. This was related to the high concentration of precipitated phases rich in CoNb, CrSi, and NiSi with high hardness. Finally, the M3 alloy aged for 60 min exhibited the best specific wear rate behavior, with a material loss of 1.29

{m m}^{3}

. The commercial Cu-Be C17510 alloy experienced a maximum hardness of 83.47 Hardness Rockwell B, HRB, and a high wear rate of 3.34 mm³. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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19 pages, 10767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Integrity and Machining Mechanism of Al 7050 Induced by Multi-Physical Field Coupling in High-Speed Machining

by Wei Lu, Chenbing Ni, Youqiang Wang, Chengguo Zong, Dejian Liu and Xingbao Huang

Lubricants 2025, 13(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13020047 - 22 Jan 2025

Viewed by 833

Abstract

Improving the surface quality and controlling the microstructure evolution of difficult-to-cut materials are always challenges in high-speed machining (HSM). In this paper, surface topography, defects and roughness are assessed to characterize the surface features of 7050 aluminum alloy (Al 7050) under HSM conditions [...] Read more.

Improving the surface quality and controlling the microstructure evolution of difficult-to-cut materials are always challenges in high-speed machining (HSM). In this paper, surface topography, defects and roughness are assessed to characterize the surface features of 7050 aluminum alloy (Al 7050) under HSM conditions characterized by high temperature, strain and strain rate. Based on multi-physical field coupling, the mechanism of microstructure evolution of Al 7050 is investigated in HSM. The results indicate that the surface morphology and roughness of Al7050 during HSM are optimal at f_z = 0.025 mm/z, and the formation of surface defects (adherent chips, cavities, microcracks, material compression and tearing) in HSM is mainly affected by thermo-mechanical coupling. Significant differences are observed in the microstructure of different machined subsurfaces by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technology, and high cutting speeds and high feed rates contributed to recrystallization. The crystallographic texture types on machined subsurface are mainly {110}<112> Brass texture, {001}<100> Cube texture, {123}<634> S texture and {124}<112> R texture, and the crystallographic texture type and intensity are significantly affected by multi-physical field coupling. The elastic–plastic deformation and microstructural evolution of Al7050 alloy during the HSM process are mainly influenced by the coupling effects of multiple physical fields (stress–strain field and thermo-mechanical coupling field). This study reveals the internal mechanism of multi-physical field coupling in HSM and provides valuable enlightenment for the control of microstructure evolution of difficult-to-cut materials in HSM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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14 pages, 7007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformation from D0₂₂ to L1₂ in Al₃Ti by Fe Addition for Enhanced Wear Resistance

by Guijiang Diao, Junfeng Yuan, Anqiang He, Dong Zhang, Aakash Kumar, Ranran Fang, Anatoliy Vorobyev, Wengang Chen and Dongyang Li

Lubricants 2024, 12(11), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110398 - 19 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1045

Abstract

The addition of third elements may help transform brittle D0₂₂-structured lightweight Al₃Ti to a relatively ductile L1₂-structured (Al, M)₃Ti (where M represents the third elements), thus increasing the ductility at the expense of hardness. Such [...] Read more.

The addition of third elements may help transform brittle D0₂₂-structured lightweight Al₃Ti to a relatively ductile L1₂-structured (Al, M)₃Ti (where M represents the third elements), thus increasing the ductility at the expense of hardness. Such a transformation could benefit the wear resistance of the alloy due to improved toughness if a proper balance between the hardness and ductility is achieved. In this work, a D0₂₂-predominant Al₃Ti alloy (S-Al₃Ti) and an L1₂-predominant (Al, Fe)₃Ti alloy (S-Al₆₇Ti₂₅Fe₈) were fabricated by arc melting. Change in wear resistance, corresponding to a D0₂₂-to-L1₂ transformation, caused by the addition of Fe as a representative third element, was investigated and compared with the wear resistance of a commercial Al-matrix composite reinforced by 30 wt.% SiC particles (S-Al/SiC_p) as a reference material. It was observed that wear of the S-Al₃Ti resulted from abrasion involving synergistic oxidation, leading to a larger volume loss. In contrast, the softer S-Al₆₇Ti₂₅Fe₈ showed enhanced wear resistance, benefiting from improved toughness with reasonable hardness. During the wear testing, both the alloys exhibited better performance than S-Al/SiC_p, a well-known lightweight composite. This study highlights that D0₂₂-to-L1₂ transformation enhances wear resistance due to increased toughness which can be adjusted using the addition of a third element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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17 pages, 2983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hard-Anodized Aluminum Alloy: Wear Properties in Vegetable Oils

by Chiara Soffritti, Annalisa Fortini, Enrico Baroni, Mattia Merlin and Gian Luca Garagnani

Lubricants 2024, 12(11), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110383 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 981

Abstract

The present study examines the tribological behavior of an EN AW-4006 aluminum alloy subjected to two innovative hard anodizing processes involving the sealing of anodic oxide pores with Ag⁺ ions and tested in lubricated conditions. Four plant-based lubricants with different concentrations of [...] Read more.

The present study examines the tribological behavior of an EN AW-4006 aluminum alloy subjected to two innovative hard anodizing processes involving the sealing of anodic oxide pores with Ag⁺ ions and tested in lubricated conditions. Four plant-based lubricants with different concentrations of fatty acids were considered. Wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-disk tribometer, employing a constant frequency oscillatory motion at 2 Hz and a maximum linear speed of 0.1 m/s. The investigation explores the influence of applied loads (5 N, 10 N, and 15 N) on the resulting coefficient of friction. Through a Design of Experiments methodology, the most influential factors affecting the coefficient of friction are identified. The results indicate that hard anodizing processes and applied load affect the coefficient of friction during wear testing as the main factor of influence. High values of the Unsaturation Number led to a high coefficient of friction at 5 N. Wavy-shaped profile tracks were detected at 10 and 15 N, leading to high specific wear rate values and the failure of the anodized layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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22 pages, 6379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Bio-Ester and Mineral-Oil Emulsions on Tool Wear and Surface Integrity in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy

by Paul Wood, Fathi Boud, Andrew Mantle, Wayne Carter, Syed Hossain, Urvashi Gunputh, Marzena Pawlik, Yiling Lu, José Díaz-Álvarez and María Henar Miguélez

Lubricants 2024, 12(5), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050164 - 8 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1623

Abstract

The paper compares the performance of two bio-ester and two mineral-oil emulsion metalworking fluids (MWFs) in finish turning an Inconel 718 alloy bar with a high hardness (HB 397 – 418). In this study, a coolant with a lean concentrate diluted at 6.5% [...] Read more.

The paper compares the performance of two bio-ester and two mineral-oil emulsion metalworking fluids (MWFs) in finish turning an Inconel 718 alloy bar with a high hardness (HB 397 – 418). In this study, a coolant with a lean concentrate diluted at 6.5% to create an emulsion with stabilised water hardness was used to prepare each MWF. The finish-turning method used a small tool nose radius (0.4 mm) and small depth of cut (0.25 mm) to turn down 52.2 mm diameter bars in multiple passes to reach a maximum tool flank wear of 200 µm. In each MWF turning test, the tool flank wear, cutting forces, and surface roughness were measured against cut time. Chips from each MWF turning test were also collected at the same cut time instances. The surface and subsurface integrity on a workpiece obtained from each MWF turning test were compared by using a new unworn tool. Overall, for the machining parameters studied, the findings suggest the bio-esters were capable of equivalent machining performance as the mineral-oil emulsions, apart from one bio-ester that displayed improved surface roughness. Common to all MWF turning tests was a change in the chip form at low flank wear, which is discussed. Further findings discussed include the sensitivity of the concentration of the MWF diluted in the emulsion and the effect of the workpiece hardness within the batch used, with useful recommendations to improve the finish-turning method for the assessment of MWFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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12 pages, 4281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Wear on Alternating Bending Fatigue Life of 20CrNi2Mo Martensitic Steel

by Xinmao Qin, Xixia Liu, Huaze Huang and Cunhong Yin

Lubricants 2024, 12(5), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050157 - 30 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1301

Abstract

Bending fatigue failures are commonly related to the wear behavior in an active system. The surface wear and plastic deformation of the tribolayer play crucial roles in the wear–bending fatigue behaviors of steels. In particular, the lamellar structure of martensitic steel leads to [...] Read more.

Bending fatigue failures are commonly related to the wear behavior in an active system. The surface wear and plastic deformation of the tribolayer play crucial roles in the wear–bending fatigue behaviors of steels. In particular, the lamellar structure of martensitic steel leads to its unique wear–bending fatigue behavior. In this work, the wear–bending fatigue testing method and device were introduced to explore the wear–bending fatigue behavior of the martensitic steel. The effect of wear on the alternating bending fatigue life of 20CrNi2Mo martensitic steel was studied under low and high fatigue stress. The influence of wear debris on the fatigue life at two different sliding speeds was also analyzed. The results show that the fatigue life decreased with the wear load increased under high bending stress. Moreover, for systems with nanoscale wear debris on the steel surface, the wear–bending fatigue lifetimes are significantly enhanced compared with large wear debris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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17 pages, 6099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Lubrication Status on Milling Performance of Bionic Micro-Textured Tools

by Hu Shi, Chunlu Ma, Baizhong Wang and Qinghua Li

Lubricants 2024, 12(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12040118 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1822

Abstract

Titanium alloy material has physical properties such as low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and surface resilience, which are prone to problems such as large milling force, low machining efficiency, and poor surface quality in processed products during dry milling. This document details our [...] Read more.

Titanium alloy material has physical properties such as low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and surface resilience, which are prone to problems such as large milling force, low machining efficiency, and poor surface quality in processed products during dry milling. This document details our process of isolating micro-textures from biological structures, applying them to cutting tool surfaces to create micro-texture milling cutters, and employing this micro-texture technique to reduce friction and prevent wear on these cutters. According to the milling dosage and the installation position between the tool and the workpiece, the effective working area of the cutting edge of the ball-end milling cutter is calculated. At the same time, a self-lubricating cutter was constructed by using a laser to process micro-textures and filling solid lubricant inside the micro-textures. An analysis was conducted to compare the milling efficiency of bionic microtextured cutters in both dry and micro-lubricated environments. It was found that the self-lubricating tool promoted a 3% to 5% decrease in milling force, a reduction in the coefficient of friction, a high surface finish of the machined workpiece, and an alleviation of chip sticking at the edge area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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16 pages, 5461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation of the High-Speed Machinability of 7050 Aluminum Alloy Based on Different Prefabricated Crystal Orientations

by Chenbing Ni, Wei Lu, Youqiang Wang, Chengguo Zong, Dejian Liu and Guoliang Liu

Lubricants 2023, 11(9), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11090413 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

This study investigated the high-speed cutting performance of 7050 aluminum alloy with prefabricated crystal orientations under dry-cutting conditions. Three specimens with different crystal orientations were prefabricated using pre-deformations of 10, 15, and 20%, and the effects of cutting parameters on cutting force, surface [...] Read more.

This study investigated the high-speed cutting performance of 7050 aluminum alloy with prefabricated crystal orientations under dry-cutting conditions. Three specimens with different crystal orientations were prefabricated using pre-deformations of 10, 15, and 20%, and the effects of cutting parameters on cutting force, surface morphology, and tool wear were analyzed. The results showed that the three-dimensional cutting force initially increased and then decreased with the increase in cutting speed. In addition, the three-dimensional cutting force increased with the increase in cutting depth and feed rate. Under the same cutting parameters, the three-dimensional cutting force of 7050 aluminum alloy was in the following order: 20% pre-deformation > 10% pre-deformation > 15% pre-deformation. During high-speed cutting, different degrees of plowing, bulging, and sticky chips appeared on the machined surface, and the surface morphology of the 15% pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloy was better than that of the other two pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloys. During the high-speed cutting process, tool wear mainly occurred in the forms of collapse edge, adhesion, flaking, and breakage, and wear mechanisms were usually adhesive, diffusion, and oxidation wears. Under the same cutting parameters, the tool wear of the 15% pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloy was lighter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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13 pages, 4297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Micro-Scale Abrasive Wear Testing of Thermally Sprayed and Hard Chromium Coatings

by Georgiana Chișiu, Roxana-Alexandra Gheța, Alina-Maria Stoica and Nicolae-Alexandru Stoica

Lubricants 2023, 11(8), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11080350 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1495

Abstract

Nowadays, due to the carcinogenic effects of chrome, replacing the hard chromium used for hydraulic components like rods and cylinders is becoming increasingly requested. Thermally sprayed coatings are a solution to the problem; however, proper understanding and characterisation of their tribological behaviour are [...] Read more.

Nowadays, due to the carcinogenic effects of chrome, replacing the hard chromium used for hydraulic components like rods and cylinders is becoming increasingly requested. Thermally sprayed coatings are a solution to the problem; however, proper understanding and characterisation of their tribological behaviour are essential for the successful exploitation of surface engineering. Thus, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the abrasive wear characteristics of two metal sprayed layers, tungsten carbide (WC) deposited through the high-velocity oxygen fuel coating (HVOF) method and Fe alloy coating deposited through thermal spraying with an electric arc with a wire-electrode G3Si1, and compare the results with those of an electrochemically deposited hard chromium layer. Their wear resistance is then related to their hardness. The results highlight the tribological performances of the thermally sprayed coatings. The HVOF WC10Co4Cr coating has a wear coefficient and a material wear volume that are hundreds of times lower than those of the other two coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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18 pages, 20818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Ball Burnishing on Lubricated Fretting of the Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V

by Slawomir Swirad

Lubricants 2023, 11(8), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11080341 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1444

Abstract

Ball burnishing is a very promising alternative to grinding because of it produces little environmental pollution. It can cause improvement of the functional properties of machine parts, such as friction and wear. The connection between the ball burnishing and the lubricated fretting has [...] Read more.

Ball burnishing is a very promising alternative to grinding because of it produces little environmental pollution. It can cause improvement of the functional properties of machine parts, such as friction and wear. The connection between the ball burnishing and the lubricated fretting has not been analysed yet. In this study, it was found that ball burnishing discs from titanium alloy Ti6Al4V caused a decrease in the height of the roughness up to 84% and an increase in the microhardness up to 26% compared to the turned surface. Tribological experiments were carried out under lubricated fretting conditions. Ceramic balls from WC material co-acted with the burnished discs. Ball burnishing resulted in significant improvement in the tribological behaviour of the ball-on-disc sliding pair. Due to ball burnishing, the friction coefficient decreased up to 45% and the volumetric wear of the disc decreased up to 50% compared to the turned disc. The smallest friction and disc wear were achieved for the sample burnished with a pressure of 30 MPa; this sample was characterised by a low roughness height and great microhardness. The turned disc sample corresponded to high friction and wear. Wear losses of the balls were negligible due to the large difference between the hardness values of the balls and discs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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19 pages, 3345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Wear Rate in Al/SiC Metal Matrix Composites Using a Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence (NSAI)-Based Algorithm

by Akshansh Mishra and Vijaykumar S. Jatti

Lubricants 2023, 11(6), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060261 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

This research paper delves into an innovative utilization of neurosymbolic programming for forecasting wear rates in aluminum-silicon carbide (Al/SiC) metal matrix composites (MMCs). The study scrutinizes compositional transformations in MMCs with various weight percentages of SiC (0%, 3%, and 5%), employing comprehensive spectroscopic [...] Read more.

This research paper delves into an innovative utilization of neurosymbolic programming for forecasting wear rates in aluminum-silicon carbide (Al/SiC) metal matrix composites (MMCs). The study scrutinizes compositional transformations in MMCs with various weight percentages of SiC (0%, 3%, and 5%), employing comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. The effect of SiC integration on the compositional distribution and ratio of elements within the composite is meticulously examined. In a novel move for this field of research, the study introduces and applies neurosymbolic programming as a novel computational modeling approach. The performance of this cutting-edge methodology is compared to a traditional simple artificial neural network (ANN). The neurosymbolic algorithm exhibits superior performance, providing lower mean squared error (MSE) values and higher R-squared (R²) values across both training and validation datasets. This highlights its potential for delivering more precise and resilient predictions, marking a significant development in the field. Despite the promising results, the study recognizes that the performance of the model might vary based on specific characteristics of the composite material and operational conditions. Thus, it encourages future studies to authenticate and expand these innovative findings across a wider spectrum of materials and conditions. This research represents a substantial advancement towards a more profound understanding of wear rates in Al/SiC MMCs and emphasizes the potential of the novel neurosymbolic programming in predictive modeling of complex material systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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Review

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34 pages, 4906 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress in Aluminum-Based Composites Prepared by Stir Casting: Mechanical and Tribological Properties for Automotive, Aerospace, and Military Applications

by Sachin Kumar Sharma, Sandra Gajević, Lokesh Kumar Sharma, Reshab Pradhan, Yogesh Sharma, Ivan Miletić and Blaža Stojanović

Lubricants 2024, 12(12), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120421 - 29 Nov 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2671

Abstract

Manufacturing sectors, including automotive, aerospace, military, and aviation, are paying close attention to the increasing need for composite materials with better characteristics. Composite materials are significantly used in industry owing to their high-quality, low-cost materials with outstanding characteristics and low weight. Hence, aluminum-based [...] Read more.

Manufacturing sectors, including automotive, aerospace, military, and aviation, are paying close attention to the increasing need for composite materials with better characteristics. Composite materials are significantly used in industry owing to their high-quality, low-cost materials with outstanding characteristics and low weight. Hence, aluminum-based materials are preferred over other traditional materials owing to their low cost, great wear resistance, and excellent strength-to-weight ratio. However, the mechanical characteristics and wear behavior of the Al-based materials can be further improved by using suitable reinforcing agents. The various reinforcing agents, including whiskers, particulates, continuous fibers, and discontinuous fibers, are widely used owing to enhanced tribological and mechanical behavior comparable to bare Al alloy. Further, the advancement in the overall characteristics of the composite material can be obtained by optimizing the process parameters of the processing approach and the amount and types of reinforcement. Amongst the various available techniques, stir casting is the most suitable technique for the manufacturing of composite material. The amount of reinforcement controls the porosity (%) of the composite, while the types of reinforcement identify the compatibility with Al alloy through improvement in the overall characteristics of the composites. Fly ash, SiC, TiC, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, B₄C, etc. are the most commonly used reinforcing agents in AMMCs (aluminum metal matrix composites). The current research emphasizes how different forms of reinforcement affect AMMCs and evaluates reinforcement influence on the mechanical and tribo characteristics of composite material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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