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Lubricants
Special Issues
Friction and Wear of Alloys
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Friction and Wear of Alloys

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2025 | Viewed by 12606

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chenbing Ni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Associate Professor, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Interests: surface engineering; advanced manufacturing
Prof. Dr. Youqiang Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Interests: tribology and surface interface engineering; treatment and processing of aluminum magnesium metal materials; petroleum machinery reliability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ping Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
Interests: surface engineering; advanced manufacturing
Dr. Kai An

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Interests: surface technology; functional coating

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The friction and wear of alloys often manifests in gears, bearings, guide rails, pistons, cutting tools, etc. Improving the friction and wear behavior of alloys is essential to improving the reliability of mechanical components, reducing energy consumption, and promoting sustainable development. Currently, the friction and wear behaviors of alloys in engineering applications are receiving more and more attention. Some advanced surface treatment technologies, such as surface modification technology, surface alloying technology, surface coating technology, and surface texture technology, are being used to improve the friction and wear properties of alloys. Moreover, changes in lubrication conditions, such as nanoparticle lubrication, magnetic fluid lubrication, etc., are also being used to improve the tribological properties of alloys. The aim of this Special Issue is to present the latest research on the friction and wear properties of alloys. Possible topics of interest for this Special Issue may include, but are not limited to, advanced testing and characterization methods for the tribological properties of alloys, in-depth wear mechanism analysis of alloys, advanced methods for improving the tribological properties of alloys, frictional properties of alloys under different lubrication conditions, modeling the frictional properties and wear processes of alloys, etc. We welcome both original research papers and review articles.

Dr. Chenbing Ni
Prof. Dr. Youqiang Wang
Prof. Dr. Ping Zhang
Dr. Kai An
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • friction and wear properties
  • wear mechanism
  • alloys
  • surface treatment technologies
  • lubrication conditions

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 7007 KiB  
Article
Transformation from D022 to L12 in Al3Ti by Fe Addition for Enhanced Wear Resistance
by Guijiang Diao, Junfeng Yuan, Anqiang He, Dong Zhang, Aakash Kumar, Ranran Fang, Anatoliy Vorobyev, Wengang Chen and Dongyang Li
Lubricants 2024, 12(11), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110398 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 558
Abstract
The addition of third elements may help transform brittle D022-structured lightweight Al3Ti to a relatively ductile L12-structured (Al, M)3Ti (where M represents the third elements), thus increasing the ductility at the expense of hardness. Such [...] Read more.
The addition of third elements may help transform brittle D022-structured lightweight Al3Ti to a relatively ductile L12-structured (Al, M)3Ti (where M represents the third elements), thus increasing the ductility at the expense of hardness. Such a transformation could benefit the wear resistance of the alloy due to improved toughness if a proper balance between the hardness and ductility is achieved. In this work, a D022-predominant Al3Ti alloy (S-Al3Ti) and an L12-predominant (Al, Fe)3Ti alloy (S-Al67Ti25Fe8) were fabricated by arc melting. Change in wear resistance, corresponding to a D022-to-L12 transformation, caused by the addition of Fe as a representative third element, was investigated and compared with the wear resistance of a commercial Al-matrix composite reinforced by 30 wt.% SiC particles (S-Al/SiCp) as a reference material. It was observed that wear of the S-Al3Ti resulted from abrasion involving synergistic oxidation, leading to a larger volume loss. In contrast, the softer S-Al67Ti25Fe8 showed enhanced wear resistance, benefiting from improved toughness with reasonable hardness. During the wear testing, both the alloys exhibited better performance than S-Al/SiCp, a well-known lightweight composite. This study highlights that D022-to-L12 transformation enhances wear resistance due to increased toughness which can be adjusted using the addition of a third element. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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17 pages, 2983 KiB  
Article
Hard-Anodized Aluminum Alloy: Wear Properties in Vegetable Oils
by Chiara Soffritti, Annalisa Fortini, Enrico Baroni, Mattia Merlin and Gian Luca Garagnani
Lubricants 2024, 12(11), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110383 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 613
Abstract
The present study examines the tribological behavior of an EN AW-4006 aluminum alloy subjected to two innovative hard anodizing processes involving the sealing of anodic oxide pores with Ag+ ions and tested in lubricated conditions. Four plant-based lubricants with different concentrations of [...] Read more.
The present study examines the tribological behavior of an EN AW-4006 aluminum alloy subjected to two innovative hard anodizing processes involving the sealing of anodic oxide pores with Ag+ ions and tested in lubricated conditions. Four plant-based lubricants with different concentrations of fatty acids were considered. Wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-disk tribometer, employing a constant frequency oscillatory motion at 2 Hz and a maximum linear speed of 0.1 m/s. The investigation explores the influence of applied loads (5 N, 10 N, and 15 N) on the resulting coefficient of friction. Through a Design of Experiments methodology, the most influential factors affecting the coefficient of friction are identified. The results indicate that hard anodizing processes and applied load affect the coefficient of friction during wear testing as the main factor of influence. High values of the Unsaturation Number led to a high coefficient of friction at 5 N. Wavy-shaped profile tracks were detected at 10 and 15 N, leading to high specific wear rate values and the failure of the anodized layer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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22 pages, 6379 KiB  
Article
Comparing Bio-Ester and Mineral-Oil Emulsions on Tool Wear and Surface Integrity in Finish Turning a Ni-Based Superalloy
by Paul Wood, Fathi Boud, Andrew Mantle, Wayne Carter, Syed Hossain, Urvashi Gunputh, Marzena Pawlik, Yiling Lu, José Díaz-Álvarez and María Henar Miguélez
Lubricants 2024, 12(5), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050164 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 1275
Abstract
The paper compares the performance of two bio-ester and two mineral-oil emulsion metalworking fluids (MWFs) in finish turning an Inconel 718 alloy bar with a high hardness (HB 397 – 418). In this study, a coolant with a lean concentrate diluted at 6.5% [...] Read more.
The paper compares the performance of two bio-ester and two mineral-oil emulsion metalworking fluids (MWFs) in finish turning an Inconel 718 alloy bar with a high hardness (HB 397 – 418). In this study, a coolant with a lean concentrate diluted at 6.5% to create an emulsion with stabilised water hardness was used to prepare each MWF. The finish-turning method used a small tool nose radius (0.4 mm) and small depth of cut (0.25 mm) to turn down 52.2 mm diameter bars in multiple passes to reach a maximum tool flank wear of 200 µm. In each MWF turning test, the tool flank wear, cutting forces, and surface roughness were measured against cut time. Chips from each MWF turning test were also collected at the same cut time instances. The surface and subsurface integrity on a workpiece obtained from each MWF turning test were compared by using a new unworn tool. Overall, for the machining parameters studied, the findings suggest the bio-esters were capable of equivalent machining performance as the mineral-oil emulsions, apart from one bio-ester that displayed improved surface roughness. Common to all MWF turning tests was a change in the chip form at low flank wear, which is discussed. Further findings discussed include the sensitivity of the concentration of the MWF diluted in the emulsion and the effect of the workpiece hardness within the batch used, with useful recommendations to improve the finish-turning method for the assessment of MWFs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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12 pages, 4281 KiB  
Article
Effect of Wear on Alternating Bending Fatigue Life of 20CrNi2Mo Martensitic Steel
by Xinmao Qin, Xixia Liu, Huaze Huang and Cunhong Yin
Lubricants 2024, 12(5), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050157 - 30 Apr 2024
Viewed by 976
Abstract
Bending fatigue failures are commonly related to the wear behavior in an active system. The surface wear and plastic deformation of the tribolayer play crucial roles in the wear–bending fatigue behaviors of steels. In particular, the lamellar structure of martensitic steel leads to [...] Read more.
Bending fatigue failures are commonly related to the wear behavior in an active system. The surface wear and plastic deformation of the tribolayer play crucial roles in the wear–bending fatigue behaviors of steels. In particular, the lamellar structure of martensitic steel leads to its unique wear–bending fatigue behavior. In this work, the wear–bending fatigue testing method and device were introduced to explore the wear–bending fatigue behavior of the martensitic steel. The effect of wear on the alternating bending fatigue life of 20CrNi2Mo martensitic steel was studied under low and high fatigue stress. The influence of wear debris on the fatigue life at two different sliding speeds was also analyzed. The results show that the fatigue life decreased with the wear load increased under high bending stress. Moreover, for systems with nanoscale wear debris on the steel surface, the wear–bending fatigue lifetimes are significantly enhanced compared with large wear debris. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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17 pages, 6099 KiB  
Article
Influence of Lubrication Status on Milling Performance of Bionic Micro-Textured Tools
by Hu Shi, Chunlu Ma, Baizhong Wang and Qinghua Li
Lubricants 2024, 12(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12040118 - 2 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1432
Abstract
Titanium alloy material has physical properties such as low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and surface resilience, which are prone to problems such as large milling force, low machining efficiency, and poor surface quality in processed products during dry milling. This document details our [...] Read more.
Titanium alloy material has physical properties such as low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and surface resilience, which are prone to problems such as large milling force, low machining efficiency, and poor surface quality in processed products during dry milling. This document details our process of isolating micro-textures from biological structures, applying them to cutting tool surfaces to create micro-texture milling cutters, and employing this micro-texture technique to reduce friction and prevent wear on these cutters. According to the milling dosage and the installation position between the tool and the workpiece, the effective working area of the cutting edge of the ball-end milling cutter is calculated. At the same time, a self-lubricating cutter was constructed by using a laser to process micro-textures and filling solid lubricant inside the micro-textures. An analysis was conducted to compare the milling efficiency of bionic microtextured cutters in both dry and micro-lubricated environments. It was found that the self-lubricating tool promoted a 3% to 5% decrease in milling force, a reduction in the coefficient of friction, a high surface finish of the machined workpiece, and an alleviation of chip sticking at the edge area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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16 pages, 5461 KiB  
Article
An Investigation of the High-Speed Machinability of 7050 Aluminum Alloy Based on Different Prefabricated Crystal Orientations
by Chenbing Ni, Wei Lu, Youqiang Wang, Chengguo Zong, Dejian Liu and Guoliang Liu
Lubricants 2023, 11(9), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11090413 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1359
Abstract
This study investigated the high-speed cutting performance of 7050 aluminum alloy with prefabricated crystal orientations under dry-cutting conditions. Three specimens with different crystal orientations were prefabricated using pre-deformations of 10, 15, and 20%, and the effects of cutting parameters on cutting force, surface [...] Read more.
This study investigated the high-speed cutting performance of 7050 aluminum alloy with prefabricated crystal orientations under dry-cutting conditions. Three specimens with different crystal orientations were prefabricated using pre-deformations of 10, 15, and 20%, and the effects of cutting parameters on cutting force, surface morphology, and tool wear were analyzed. The results showed that the three-dimensional cutting force initially increased and then decreased with the increase in cutting speed. In addition, the three-dimensional cutting force increased with the increase in cutting depth and feed rate. Under the same cutting parameters, the three-dimensional cutting force of 7050 aluminum alloy was in the following order: 20% pre-deformation > 10% pre-deformation > 15% pre-deformation. During high-speed cutting, different degrees of plowing, bulging, and sticky chips appeared on the machined surface, and the surface morphology of the 15% pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloy was better than that of the other two pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloys. During the high-speed cutting process, tool wear mainly occurred in the forms of collapse edge, adhesion, flaking, and breakage, and wear mechanisms were usually adhesive, diffusion, and oxidation wears. Under the same cutting parameters, the tool wear of the 15% pre-deformed 7050 aluminum alloy was lighter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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13 pages, 4297 KiB  
Article
Comparative Micro-Scale Abrasive Wear Testing of Thermally Sprayed and Hard Chromium Coatings
by Georgiana Chișiu, Roxana-Alexandra Gheța, Alina-Maria Stoica and Nicolae-Alexandru Stoica
Lubricants 2023, 11(8), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11080350 - 17 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1274
Abstract
Nowadays, due to the carcinogenic effects of chrome, replacing the hard chromium used for hydraulic components like rods and cylinders is becoming increasingly requested. Thermally sprayed coatings are a solution to the problem; however, proper understanding and characterisation of their tribological behaviour are [...] Read more.
Nowadays, due to the carcinogenic effects of chrome, replacing the hard chromium used for hydraulic components like rods and cylinders is becoming increasingly requested. Thermally sprayed coatings are a solution to the problem; however, proper understanding and characterisation of their tribological behaviour are essential for the successful exploitation of surface engineering. Thus, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the abrasive wear characteristics of two metal sprayed layers, tungsten carbide (WC) deposited through the high-velocity oxygen fuel coating (HVOF) method and Fe alloy coating deposited through thermal spraying with an electric arc with a wire-electrode G3Si1, and compare the results with those of an electrochemically deposited hard chromium layer. Their wear resistance is then related to their hardness. The results highlight the tribological performances of the thermally sprayed coatings. The HVOF WC10Co4Cr coating has a wear coefficient and a material wear volume that are hundreds of times lower than those of the other two coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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18 pages, 20818 KiB  
Article
Influence of Ball Burnishing on Lubricated Fretting of the Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V
by Slawomir Swirad
Lubricants 2023, 11(8), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11080341 - 10 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1170
Abstract
Ball burnishing is a very promising alternative to grinding because of it produces little environmental pollution. It can cause improvement of the functional properties of machine parts, such as friction and wear. The connection between the ball burnishing and the lubricated fretting has [...] Read more.
Ball burnishing is a very promising alternative to grinding because of it produces little environmental pollution. It can cause improvement of the functional properties of machine parts, such as friction and wear. The connection between the ball burnishing and the lubricated fretting has not been analysed yet. In this study, it was found that ball burnishing discs from titanium alloy Ti6Al4V caused a decrease in the height of the roughness up to 84% and an increase in the microhardness up to 26% compared to the turned surface. Tribological experiments were carried out under lubricated fretting conditions. Ceramic balls from WC material co-acted with the burnished discs. Ball burnishing resulted in significant improvement in the tribological behaviour of the ball-on-disc sliding pair. Due to ball burnishing, the friction coefficient decreased up to 45% and the volumetric wear of the disc decreased up to 50% compared to the turned disc. The smallest friction and disc wear were achieved for the sample burnished with a pressure of 30 MPa; this sample was characterised by a low roughness height and great microhardness. The turned disc sample corresponded to high friction and wear. Wear losses of the balls were negligible due to the large difference between the hardness values of the balls and discs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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19 pages, 3345 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Wear Rate in Al/SiC Metal Matrix Composites Using a Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence (NSAI)-Based Algorithm
by Akshansh Mishra and Vijaykumar S. Jatti
Lubricants 2023, 11(6), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060261 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1514
Abstract
This research paper delves into an innovative utilization of neurosymbolic programming for forecasting wear rates in aluminum-silicon carbide (Al/SiC) metal matrix composites (MMCs). The study scrutinizes compositional transformations in MMCs with various weight percentages of SiC (0%, 3%, and 5%), employing comprehensive spectroscopic [...] Read more.
This research paper delves into an innovative utilization of neurosymbolic programming for forecasting wear rates in aluminum-silicon carbide (Al/SiC) metal matrix composites (MMCs). The study scrutinizes compositional transformations in MMCs with various weight percentages of SiC (0%, 3%, and 5%), employing comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. The effect of SiC integration on the compositional distribution and ratio of elements within the composite is meticulously examined. In a novel move for this field of research, the study introduces and applies neurosymbolic programming as a novel computational modeling approach. The performance of this cutting-edge methodology is compared to a traditional simple artificial neural network (ANN). The neurosymbolic algorithm exhibits superior performance, providing lower mean squared error (MSE) values and higher R-squared (R2) values across both training and validation datasets. This highlights its potential for delivering more precise and resilient predictions, marking a significant development in the field. Despite the promising results, the study recognizes that the performance of the model might vary based on specific characteristics of the composite material and operational conditions. Thus, it encourages future studies to authenticate and expand these innovative findings across a wider spectrum of materials and conditions. This research represents a substantial advancement towards a more profound understanding of wear rates in Al/SiC MMCs and emphasizes the potential of the novel neurosymbolic programming in predictive modeling of complex material systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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Review

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34 pages, 4906 KiB  
Review
Progress in Aluminum-Based Composites Prepared by Stir Casting: Mechanical and Tribological Properties for Automotive, Aerospace, and Military Applications
by Sachin Kumar Sharma, Sandra Gajević, Lokesh Kumar Sharma, Reshab Pradhan, Yogesh Sharma, Ivan Miletić and Blaža Stojanović
Lubricants 2024, 12(12), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120421 - 29 Nov 2024
Viewed by 961
Abstract
Manufacturing sectors, including automotive, aerospace, military, and aviation, are paying close attention to the increasing need for composite materials with better characteristics. Composite materials are significantly used in industry owing to their high-quality, low-cost materials with outstanding characteristics and low weight. Hence, aluminum-based [...] Read more.
Manufacturing sectors, including automotive, aerospace, military, and aviation, are paying close attention to the increasing need for composite materials with better characteristics. Composite materials are significantly used in industry owing to their high-quality, low-cost materials with outstanding characteristics and low weight. Hence, aluminum-based materials are preferred over other traditional materials owing to their low cost, great wear resistance, and excellent strength-to-weight ratio. However, the mechanical characteristics and wear behavior of the Al-based materials can be further improved by using suitable reinforcing agents. The various reinforcing agents, including whiskers, particulates, continuous fibers, and discontinuous fibers, are widely used owing to enhanced tribological and mechanical behavior comparable to bare Al alloy. Further, the advancement in the overall characteristics of the composite material can be obtained by optimizing the process parameters of the processing approach and the amount and types of reinforcement. Amongst the various available techniques, stir casting is the most suitable technique for the manufacturing of composite material. The amount of reinforcement controls the porosity (%) of the composite, while the types of reinforcement identify the compatibility with Al alloy through improvement in the overall characteristics of the composites. Fly ash, SiC, TiC, Al2O3, TiO2, B4C, etc. are the most commonly used reinforcing agents in AMMCs (aluminum metal matrix composites). The current research emphasizes how different forms of reinforcement affect AMMCs and evaluates reinforcement influence on the mechanical and tribo characteristics of composite material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Effect of tooth wear on the technological parameters of the milling process of asphalt concrete layers
 
Autors: Marius Gabriel PETRESCU, Teodor DUMITRU*, Eugen LAUDACESCU, Maria TĂNASE*
 
Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania
 
Abstract:  This article presents the results of an original experimental program aimed at determining the cutting forces during milling of asphalt pavement, under the conditions of the manifestation of the phenomenon of wear of the cutter teeth. Experimental research was carried out for different values of wear, considered as a change in the shape of the active part of the tooth and a reduction in its height. The aspects studied continue the previous research of the authors regarding the study of cutting forces when milling asphalt pavement, using new milling teeth (without wear). Through this new studio, the authors want to highlight how the phenomenon of wear influences the mechanical conditions of the chipping process and the efficiency of asphalt pavement processing. The experimental research was carried out on an original stand, designed by the authors of the article, equipped with instruments for recording the values of the cutting force in the direction of advance. The experimental part is completed by the numerical modeling by the discrete element method. The results of the studies provide insights into the relationship between milling parameters and cutting forces, which can be used to optimize asphalt pavement milling operations.

 

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