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4,624 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,812 Views
24 Pages

9 December 2021

Zigzag autotransformer is widely used in multi-pulse rectifier system. However, the traditional zigzag autotransformer does not have the step-up function. Meanwhile, by improving the zigzag autotransformer structure, the output voltage can be increas...

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3,131 Views
16 Pages

10 October 2018

A new step-up converter with an ultrahigh voltage conversion ratio is proposed in this paper. Two power switches of such a converter, which conduct synchronically, and its output voltage, which has common ground and common polarity with its input vol...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Nonlinear Dynamics on Energy Conversion Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,519 Views
15 Pages

Backward Step-Up Control Strategy for Bidirectional LLC Resonant Converter

  • Jingkai Niu,
  • Xuezhi Wu,
  • Yue Wang,
  • Long Jing and ,
  • Weige Zhang and
  • Yibin Tong
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

19 June 2022

An LLC resonant converter has the advantages of simple structure and soft switching. It can enable bidirectional power transmission, but it is difficult to realize a normalized gain greater than one under backward mode (backward step-up mode). Cascad...

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,007 Views
17 Pages

Double Dual High Step-Up Power Converter with Reduced Stored Energy

  • Hector R. Robles-Campos,
  • Antonio Valderrabano-Gonzalez,
  • Julio C. Rosas-Caro,
  • Hossam A. Gabbar and
  • Bhanu Babaiahgari

1 April 2023

This paper introduces a dual-switchhigh step-up DC-DC power converter. The proposed converter features a high step-up voltage gain, relatively low cumulative stored energy over its inductors, low voltage stress on the active switches, and high effici...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, and Optimization of Power Electronic Converters)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,337 Views
18 Pages

Digitally Controlled Hybrid Switching Step-Up Converter

  • Evelyn-Astrid Lovasz,
  • Dan Lascu and
  • Septimiu Lica

This paper focuses on the digital closed-loop design for a step-up converter with hybrid switching. For this purpose, for the first time, the control-to-output small-signal transfer function of a hybrid switching converter is determined in the ration...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Control Techniques in Power-Electronic-Based Power System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
6,337 Views
13 Pages

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Community Antibiotic Prescribing and Stewardship: A Qualitative Interview Study with General Practitioners in England

  • Aleksandra J. Borek,
  • Katherine Maitland,
  • Monsey McLeod,
  • Anne Campbell and ,
  • Benedict Hayhoe,
  • Christopher C. Butler,
  • Liz Morrell,
  • Laurence S. J. Roope,
  • Alison Holmes and
  • on behalf of the STEP-UP Study Team
  • + 7 authors+ 2 authors

14 December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the delivery of primary care services. We aimed to identify general practitioners’ (GPs’) perceptions and experiences of how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced antibiotic prescribing and an...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics Use in Primary Care during COVID-19)
  • Communication
  • Open Access
2,436 Views
9 Pages

8 January 2024

A discharging circuit with high energy efficiency is designed for supercapacitors. In this design, the capacitors are connected in parallel during charging and connected in series during discharging. With this method, the voltage of the capacitors in...

(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
46 Citations
9,294 Views
33 Pages

21 February 2013

This paper presents a power system using a high step-up converter for dc load applications. The high step-up converter adopts a boost converter with interleaved mode and a coupled inductor to raise its powering ability and increase its step-up voltag...

  • Article
  • Open Access
381 Views
19 Pages

23 June 2026

Against the backdrop of the global energy transition towards clean, low-carbon sources and China’s “carbon peak, carbon neutrality” strategic goals, distributed photovoltaic (PV) power generation is being integrated into distributio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,715 Views
19 Pages

25 November 2025

This paper presents a high-voltage step-up DC-DC converter with an active flexible loop based on the Boost topology. By combining interleaved technology, magnetic integration technology, and voltage doubling capacitor technology, the voltage step-up...

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Control and Applications of Power Electronics and Power Converters)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,083 Views
20 Pages

Wide-Range Operation of High Step-Up DC-DC Converters with Multimode Rectifiers

  • Andrii Chub,
  • Dmitri Vinnikov,
  • Oleksandr Korkh,
  • Tanel Jalakas and
  • Galina Demidova

This paper discusses the essence and application specifics of the multimode rectifiers in high step-up DC-DC converters. It presents an overview of existing multimode rectifiers. Their use enables operation in the wide input voltage range needed in h...

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
5,189 Views
34 Pages

High Step-Up Flyback with Low-Overshoot Voltage Stress on Secondary GaN Rectifier

  • Radin Za’im,
  • Jafferi Jamaludin,
  • Yushaizad Yusof and
  • Nasrudin Abd Rahim

12 July 2022

This paper presents a new technique to mitigate the high voltage stress on the secondary gallium nitride (GaN) transistor in a high step-up flyback application. GaN devices provide a means of achieving high efficiency at hundreds (and thousands) of k...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy, Power Quality, and Electrical Drive Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,779 Views
15 Pages

Modified Cascaded Z-Source High Step-Up Boost Converter

  • Navid Salehi,
  • Herminio Martínez-García and
  • Guillermo Velasco-Quesada

17 November 2020

To improve the voltage gain of step-up converters, the cascaded technique is considered as a possible solution in this paper. By considering the concept of cascading two Z-source networks in a conventional boost converter, the proposed topology takes...

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,069 Views
22 Pages

High Step-Up Three-Level Soft Switching DC-DC Converter for Photovoltaic Generation Systems

  • Seyed Shahriyar Taghavi,
  • Mahdi Rezvanyvardom,
  • Amin Mirzaei and
  • Saman A. Gorji

21 December 2022

In this paper, a high step-up three-level DC–DC converter with a symmetric structure for PV application is proposed. The converter has high voltage gain. This is achieved due to the use of two high step-up cells and two resonant paths in its st...

(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
842 Views
11 Pages

Has the Step-Up Approach Improved Prognosis in Severe Necrotizing Acute Pancreatitis?

  • Ricardo Gadea-Mateo,
  • Marina Garcés-Albir,
  • Dimitri Dorcaratto,
  • Georgy Kadzhaya-Khlystov and ,
  • Vicente Sanchiz,
  • Elena Muñoz-Forner,
  • Rosana Villagrasa,
  • Isabel Mora-Oliver,
  • Elisabetta Casula and
  • Luis Sabater
  • + 9 authors+ 4 authors

10 April 2026

Background/Objectives: Acute pancreatitis is a prevalent pathology with increasing incidence. Despite advances in treatment, some patients still present a severe clinical course with high morbidity and mortality rates. We evaluated the association be...

(This article belongs to the Section General Surgery)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,445 Views
14 Pages

25 June 2021

This study developed a novel, high-efficiency, high step-up DC–DC converter for photovoltaic (PV) systems. The converter can step-up the low output voltage of PV modules to the voltage level of the inverter and is used to feed into the grid. The conv...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Power Electronics Technologies in Power System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,678 Views
12 Pages

Clinical Outcomes of the Endoscopic Step-Up Approach with or without Radiology-Guided Percutaneous Drainage for Symptomatic Walled-Off Pancreatic Necrosis

  • Tanawat Pattarapuntakul,
  • Tummarong Charoenrit,
  • Thanawin Wong,
  • Nisa Netinatsunton and ,
  • Bancha Ovartlarnporn,
  • Thanapon Yaowmaneerat,
  • Teeravut Tubtawee,
  • Pattira Boonsri and
  • Pimsiri Sripongpun
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

14 March 2023

Background and objectives: Symptomatic walled-off pancreatic necrosis is a serious local complication of acute necrotising pancreatitis. The endoscopic step-up approach is the standard treatment for symptomatic walled-off pancreatic necrosis; however...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis, Pancreatic Malignancies)
  • Communication
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,665 Views
12 Pages

15 December 2022

The step-up DC–DC converter is widely used for applications such as IoT sensor nodes, energy harvesting, and photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this article, a new topological quasi-Z-source (QZ) high step-up DC–DC converter for the PV system...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Analog Front-End Circuits for IoT Systems and High Sensitivity Measurements)
  • Review
  • Open Access
29 Citations
5,821 Views
25 Pages

An Overview of Voltage Boosting Techniques and Step-Up DC-DC Converters Topologies for PV Applications

  • Márcio R. S. de Carvalho,
  • Rafael C. Neto,
  • Eduardo J. Barbosa,
  • Leonardo R. Limongi and ,
  • Fabrício Bradaschia and
  • Marcelo C. Cavalcanti
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

7 December 2021

The development of technologies to improve the performance of photovoltaic (PV) module integrated converters (MICs) is fundamental to increase the use of distributed generation systems with photovoltaic power source in large urban centers, mainly for...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,938 Views
13 Pages

3 September 2024

Power electronic converters are important elements of many modern devices. Therefore, there is a need for a thorough analysis of their behavior and the ability to properly control them. Typically, the converter’s dynamics are investigated using...

(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
6,190 Views
17 Pages

23 September 2019

Photovoltaic (PV) energy has been competitive in power generation as an alternative to fossil energy resources over the past decades. The installation of grid-connected solar energy systems is expected to increase rapidly with the fast development of...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of PV in Distribution Networks)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,318 Views
22 Pages

10 April 2025

By combining a coupled inductor with voltage multipliers, the voltage gain of a boost converter can be improved significantly. This method has good application prospects in renewable energy generation and in DC microgrids. A coupled inductor is the c...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,747 Views
17 Pages

High Step-Up Boost-Cuk-Forward Converter with Reduced Switch Voltage Stress and Ripple-Free Input Current

  • Reza Heidari,
  • Mohammad Ali Ghanbari,
  • Ehsan Adib,
  • Kwang-Il Jeong and
  • Jin-Woo Ahn

3 September 2023

A new combined boost-Cuk-forward (CBCF) converter with ripple-free input current and low switch voltage stress is proposed for high step-up applications. Two coupled inductors are applied to achieve low switch voltage stress as well as balanced dc-li...

(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
  • Review
  • Open Access
37 Citations
10,565 Views
42 Pages

16 September 2023

This paper aims to investigate the state-of-the-art isolated high-step-up DC–DC topologies developed for photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study categorises the topologies into transformer-based and coupled inductor-based converters, as well as c...

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
3,886 Views
15 Pages

10 April 2020

In this paper a comparison of the wideband power sources of a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter and a power supply composed of an audio power amplifier and a two-channel arbitrary generator is discussed. Their application is to supply a step-up c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,776 Views
11 Pages

22 December 2021

This paper proposes a step-up DC–DC converter for a power electronic circuit for standalone photovoltaic systems with battery energy storages. The proposed DC–DC converter effectively converts low DC battery voltage into high DC-link volt...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronic Circuits for Electric Drives and Renewable Energy Sources)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,902 Views
20 Pages

16 May 2020

A novel interleaved high step-up DC–DC converter applied for applications in photovoltaic systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed configuration is composed of three-winding coupled inductors, voltage multiplier cells and a clamp circuit...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced DC-DC Power Converters and Switching Converters)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,440 Views
19 Pages

A Step-Up Converter with Large Voltage Gain and Low Voltage Rating on Capacitors

  • Miguel Ramirez-Carrillo,
  • Susana Ortega-Cisneros,
  • Julio C. Rosas-Caro,
  • Jorge Rivera and ,
  • Jesus E. Valdez-Resendiz,
  • Jonathan C. Mayo-Maldonado and
  • Antonio Valderrabano-Gonzalez
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

26 October 2022

Step-up converters are widely used in many applications, such as renewable energy generation with photovoltaic panels and fuel cell stacks. In many cases, the required voltage gain is larger for those applications than a traditional boost converter c...

(This article belongs to the Topic Modeling, Optimization, and Control of Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
8,303 Views
23 Pages

A Novel High-Voltage Gain Step-Up DC–DC Converter with Maximum Power Point Tracker for Solar Photovoltaic Systems

  • Rashid Ahmed Khan,
  • Hwa-Dong Liu,
  • Chang-Hua Lin,
  • Shiue-Der Lu and ,
  • Shih-Jen Yang and
  • Adil Sarwar
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

4 April 2023

In order to generate electricity from solar PV modules, this study proposed a novel high-voltage gain step-up (HVGSU) DC–DC converter for solar photovoltaic system operation with a maximum power point (MPP) tracker. The PV array can supply powe...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,201 Views
12 Pages

9 November 2022

We present a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) on-chip switched-capacitor (SC) DC–DC step-up converter for a fully implantable neural interface operating with less than a few tens µW from energy harvesting. To improve the PCE in such...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Mixed Analog/Digital Circuits, Volume 2)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,866 Views
15 Pages

Improved Operation of the Step-Up Converter with Large Voltage Gain and Low Voltage on Capacitors

  • Julio C. Hernandez-Ochoa,
  • Avelina Alejo-Reyes,
  • Julio C. Rosas-Caro and
  • Jesus E. Valdez-Resendiz

23 February 2023

This work proposes an improvement for a recently proposed converter. The discussed converter is the so-called low-voltage in capacitors (LVC). It offers a larger voltage gain compared to the standard step-up or boost converter while operating with a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development on DC-DC Power Converters)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,475 Views
17 Pages

A Novel Single-Switch High Step-Up DC–DC Converter with Three-Winding Coupled Inductor

  • Aline V. C. Pereira,
  • Marcelo C. Cavalcanti,
  • Gustavo M. Azevedo,
  • Fabrício Bradaschia and ,
  • Rafael C. Neto and
  • Márcio Rodrigo Santos de Carvalho
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

2 October 2021

This paper introduces a single-switch, high step-up DC–DC converter for photovoltaic applications such as power optimizers and microinverters. The proposed converter employs two voltage multipliers cells with switched capacitor and magnetic coupling...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,972 Views
17 Pages

A Dual-Mode Hybrid Step-Up Converter with Stable Output for Vibration Energy Harvesting

  • Jiayong Yuan,
  • Han Peng,
  • Jiahua Chen,
  • Hanyi Sun and
  • Chunyan Zang

24 June 2022

A dual-mode hybrid step-up circuit for electromagnetic energy harvesting (EVEH) is proposed in this paper, with the merits of continuous output power delivery with and without external vibrations, simple architecture, and no need for extra circuits t...

(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,093 Views
18 Pages

31 December 2023

Aiming at the problems of large power fluctuations and poor stability in photovoltaic and other new energy power generation systems, a step-up multiport converter (MPC) that can simultaneously connect low-voltage photovoltaic cells, batteries, and lo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Charging Technology and Energy Management for Electronic and Electric Devices)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
5,728 Views
14 Pages

15 November 2017

In this paper, a novel step-up converter is proposed, which has the particular features of single semiconductor switch, ultra-high conversion ratio, galvanic isolation, and easy control. Therefore, the proposed converter is suitable for the applicati...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from IEEE ICASI 2017)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,393 Views
17 Pages

23 May 2019

The modeling and control system design of high step-up DC/DC converters based on voltage multipliers (VMs) are difficult, due to the various circuit topologies and the presence of large number of capacitors in VMs. This paper proposes a generic appro...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control in Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,802 Views
17 Pages

4 December 2020

In high voltage applications, sensorless voltage control techniques can reduce the cost and increase the reliability of DC-DC converters. In this paper, a sensorless voltage observer for a current fed Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier is designed....

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,904 Views
17 Pages

22 November 2020

This paper proposes a family of step-up three-level DC-DC converter topologies suitable for photovoltaic panel integration applications. The proposed family is suitable to convert the 10–30 V from photovoltaic panels to a 150 V direct current d...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Researches on Integrated DC/DC Converters)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,904 Views
12 Pages

7 December 2018

A novel step-up DC-DC converter with a three-winding-coupled-inductor which integrates a coupled-inductor and voltage-boost techniques for a distributed generation system is proposed in this paper. The two windings of the dotted terminal connection a...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
4,572 Views
23 Pages

A Modified Step-Up Converter with Small Signal Analysis-Based Controller for Renewable Resource Applications

  • Davood Ghaderi,
  • Pandav Kiran Maroti,
  • P. Sanjeevikumar,
  • Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen and ,
  • Eklas Hossain and
  • Anand Nayyar
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

20 December 2019

Solar energy is one of the most important renewable sources due to its advantages such as simple structure, convenient installation, diverse applications, and low maintenance costs. Low power generation is the main concern with solar panels, so the m...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,203 Views
24 Pages

Modeling, Design Procedure and Control of a Low-Cost High-Gain Multi-Input Step-Up Converter

  • Edgardo Netzahuatl,
  • Domingo Cortes,
  • Marco A. Ramirez-Salinas,
  • Jorge Resa and ,
  • Leobardo Hernandez and
  • Francisco-David Hernandez
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

29 November 2019

The use of several different sources to feed a load jointly is convenient in many applications, in particular those where two or more renewable energy sources are employed. These applications include energy harvesting, hybrid vehicles, and off-grid s...

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
11,423 Views
27 Pages

High Step-Up 3-Phase Rectifier with Fly-Back Cells and Switched Capacitors for Small-Scaled Wind Generation Systems

  • Yi-Feng Wang,
  • Liang Yang,
  • Cheng-Shan Wang,
  • Wei Li and ,
  • Wei Qie and
  • Shi-Jie Tu
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

10 April 2015

This paper proposes and discusses a novel AC/DC converter suitable for small-scaled wind power generation system applications. By introducing flyback cells into the three-phase single-switch Boost circuit, the proposed converter is designed as sing...

(This article belongs to the Collection Wind Turbines)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,324 Views
19 Pages

In this article, a new high step-up interleaved DC–DC converter is presented for renewable energy systems. The converter circuit is based on the interleaved two-phase boost converter and integrates a voltage-lift capacitor and a voltage multipl...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient and Resilient DC Energy Distribution Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
275 Views
22 Pages

An Ultra Voltage Gain Step-Up DC/DC Converter with Low Complexity and Common Grounding Design

  • Ravi Eswar Kodumur Meesala,
  • Ramanjaneya Reddy Udumula,
  • Mohammed Momin,
  • Kasi Ramakrishnareddy Ch and ,
  • Rambabu Motamarri and
  • Sreekanth Reddy Chalapala
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

8 October 2026

DC microgrids are in high demand due to the integration of renewable energy supplies (RES), including fuel-cells and solar photovoltaics. In this application, a high voltage gain (VG) DC/DC converter is an indispensable module that supports the conne...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced DC–DC Converters for Renewable Energy Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
1,602 Views
21 Pages

Non-Isolated High Step-Up DC-DC Interleaved Boost Converter Based on Coupled Inductors and Voltage Multiplier Cells

  • Thaís Carvalho Salvador,
  • Rafael Mario da Silva,
  • Waner Wodson Aparecido Goncalves Silva,
  • Nedson Joaquim Maia and ,
  • Fernando Lessa Tofoli and
  • Enio Roberto Ribeiro
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

30 September 2025

This work introduces a non-isolated high step-up dc-dc interleaved boost converter combining magnetic coupling and voltage multiplier cells (VMCs). The proposed topology features a transformer with two primary windings of equal turns, interconnected...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,209 Views
13 Pages

2 October 2018

Bridgeless power factor correction (PFC) converters have a reduced number of semiconductors in the current flowing path, contributing to low conduction losses. In this paper, a new bridgeless high step-up voltage gain PFC converter is proposed, analy...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Nonlinear Dynamics on Energy Conversion Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
59 Citations
10,681 Views
28 Pages

18 May 2017

This article presents a self-balanced multistage DC-DC step-up converter for photovoltaic applications. The proposed converter topology is designed for unidirectional power transfer and provides a doable solution for photovoltaic applications where v...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,502 Views
19 Pages

This paper introduces a non-isolated ultra-high voltage gain topology using the combination of the coupled-inductor-based inverting buck-boost converter (IBB) and voltage multiplier (VM) structure. In the proposed converter, an ultra-high step-up vol...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced DC-DC Converter Topology Design, Control, Application)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,769 Views
17 Pages

22 June 2018

A novel interleaved high step-up DC-DC converter based on voltage multiplier cell and voltage-stacking techniques is proposed for the power conversion in renewable energy power systems. The circuit configuration incorporates an input-parallel output-...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the IEEE ICASI 2018)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,482 Views
16 Pages

25 September 2016

In this study, a novel, non-isolated, cascade-type, single-switch, high step-up DC/DC converter was developed for green energy systems. An integrated coupled inductor and voltage lift circuit were applied to simplify the converter structure and satis...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)

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