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Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications
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Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2017) | Viewed by 117526

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Jih-Sheng (Jason) Lai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Future Energy Electronics Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA; Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
Interests: high-power electronics converter topologies; motor drives; utility power electronics interfaces and application issues
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Kuohsiu David Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan
Interests: Vehicular Ultra-Low Carbon Energies and Systems; Electrical Vehicle; Hybrid Vehicle; Pneumatic Vehicle; Metal-Fuel Cell; and Micro Climate Control
Prof. Dr. Ching-Ming Lai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Interests: electric vehicle; power electronics; green energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject of  “Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications”.

Electric vehicles play an important role in reducing fuel consumption and emissions with advanced control technologies. As critical parts of electric vehicles, energy management and control are important issues in order to achieve better performances. Furthermore, advances in system level modeling, simulations, charge/discharge techniques, power conversion techniques, and the Internet of vehicles will be hot topics in the research field.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • Novel vehicular electrical power systems architectures and technologies;
  • Advanced energy storage technologies;
  • Battery management systems, charging and discharging techniques;
  • Vehicle to grid, vehicle to building interactions and control;
  • Modeling and control of electric vehicles;
  • Power electronic systems- converters and emerging technologies;
  • Modeling simulation and control, reliability and fault tolerance, safety critical operation;
  • Load management; power quality; distribution reliability; distributed and islanded power systems, sensor networks, communication and control;
  • Intelligent systems; optimization and advanced heuristics; adaptive systems; robust control.
  • Internet of vehicles

Prof. Jih-Sheng (Jason) Lai
Prof. Kuohsiu David Huang
Assist. Prof. Ching-Ming Lai
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrical power and energy systems
  • energy management
  • electrical machines and drives
  • power electronics
  • energy conversion
  • power generation
  • distributed power systems
  • hybrid and electric vehicles
  • more-electric aircraft
  • all-electric aircraft
  • electrical propulsion and actuation
  • power distribution architectures
  • Internet of vehicles

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

3878 KiB  
Article
Development of a New Battery Management System with an Independent Balance Module for Electrical Motorcycles
by Jeng-Chyan Muti Lin
Energies 2017, 10(9), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091289 - 29 Aug 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6489
Abstract
Conventional balance modules are integrated with the battery management system (BMS) and occupy a large area of the BMS system. In addition large balance currents generate high heating rates and require heat dissipation mechanisms. This study proposes an independent structure for the balance [...] Read more.
Conventional balance modules are integrated with the battery management system (BMS) and occupy a large area of the BMS system. In addition large balance currents generate high heating rates and require heat dissipation mechanisms. This study proposes an independent structure for the balance module. Specifically the balance module is removed from of the BMS and is integrated with an off board charger. A new BMS structure is therefore created with a simplified BMS inside the battery module and the heat dissipation requirement for the balance module could be easily met on the charger side. The design, fabrication and test of this new type of BMS on a 72 V heavy electric motorcycle application is detailed in the current work. The new BMS reduces the space and weight required for the BMS in the e-motorcycle. Complexity in the battery module or on the EV side is significantly reduced. The heat dissipation problem associated with the large balance current is also resolved by moving the balance module to the charger end. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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10688 KiB  
Article
A New Combined Boost Converter with Improved Voltage Gain as a Battery-Powered Front-End Interface for Automotive Audio Amplifiers
by Ching-Ming Lai, Yu-Huei Cheng, Jiashen Teh and Yuan-Chih Lin
Energies 2017, 10(8), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081128 - 1 Aug 2017
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7616
Abstract
High boost DC/DC voltage conversion is always indispensable in a power electronic interface of certain battery-powered electrical equipment. However, a conventional boost converter works for a wide duty cycle for such high voltage gain, which increases power consumption and has low reliability problems. [...] Read more.
High boost DC/DC voltage conversion is always indispensable in a power electronic interface of certain battery-powered electrical equipment. However, a conventional boost converter works for a wide duty cycle for such high voltage gain, which increases power consumption and has low reliability problems. In order to solve this issue, a new battery-powered combined boost converter with an interleaved structure consisting of two phases used in automotive audio amplifier is presented. The first phase uses a conventional boost converter; the second phase employs the inverted type. With this architecture, a higher boost voltage gain is able to be achieved. A derivation of the operating principles of the converter, analyses of its topology, as well as a closed-loop control designs are performed in this study. Furthermore, simulations and experiments are also performed using input voltage of 12 V for a 120 W circuit. A reasonable duty cycle is selected to reach output voltage of 60 V, which corresponds to static voltage gain of five. The converter achieves a maximum measured conversion efficiency of 98.7% and the full load efficiency of 89.1%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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3158 KiB  
Article
State-of-Charge Estimation with State-of-Health Calibration for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Tsung-Hsi Wu and Chin-Sien Moo
Energies 2017, 10(7), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070987 - 13 Jul 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7320
Abstract
This research is focused on state-of-charge (SOC) estimation with state-of-health (SOH) calibration for lithium-ion batteries on the basis of the coulomb counting method. The proposed approach intends to present an easy-to-use solution with high accuracy for estimating battery statuses [...] Read more.
This research is focused on state-of-charge (SOC) estimation with state-of-health (SOH) calibration for lithium-ion batteries on the basis of the coulomb counting method. The proposed approach intends to present an easy-to-use solution with high accuracy for estimating battery statuses without the need for demanding calculations or hard-earned databases. To estimate the SOC of an aged battery more accurately, the degradation of its full capacity has to be taken into account. By scheduling the battery’s charging/discharging current and monitoring the battery’s status, the existing full capacity can be updated regularly by regular calibration or occasionally by partial calibration, in which the charging/discharging rates are normalized with the latest updated full capacity to agree with the battery’s statuses. To exclude the misestimation caused by current measuring error, the SOC is reset to 0% when the battery is exhausted and 100% for a fully charged battery. With an updated SOH, the battery C-rate is re-scaled accordingly. Experimental tests are carried out to demonstrate that the proposed approach can provide an accurate online indication of batteries’ SOCs. With an implanted error of 0.3% in current measuring, the SOC estimation error can always be less than 1.905% after a number of SOH calibrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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12074 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization Considering Battery Degradation for a Multi-Mode Power-Split Electric Vehicle
by Xuerui Ma, Yong Zhang, Chengliang Yin and Shifei Yuan
Energies 2017, 10(7), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070975 - 11 Jul 2017
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4374
Abstract
A multi-mode power-split (MMPS) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two planetary gearsets and clutches/grounds which results in several operation modes with enhanced electric drive capability and better fuel economy. Basically, the battery storage system is involved in different operation modes to satisfy the [...] Read more.
A multi-mode power-split (MMPS) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two planetary gearsets and clutches/grounds which results in several operation modes with enhanced electric drive capability and better fuel economy. Basically, the battery storage system is involved in different operation modes to satisfy the power demand and minimize the fuel consumption, whereas the complicated operation modes with frequent charging/discharging will absolutely influence the battery life because of degradation. In this paper, firstly, we introduce the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film growth model based on the previous study of the battery degradation principles and was verified according to the test data. We consider both the fuel economy and battery degradation as a multi-objective problem for MMPS HEV by normalization with a weighting factor. An instantaneous optimization is implemented based on the equivalent fuel consumption concept. Then the control strategy is implemented on a simulation framework integrating the MMPS powertrain model and the SEI film growth map model over some typical driving cycles, such as New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). Finally, the result demonstrates that these two objectives are conflicting and the trade-off reduces the battery degradation with fuel sacrifice. Additionally, the analysis reveals how the mode selection will reflect the battery degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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3482 KiB  
Article
Optimal Planning of Charging for Plug-In Electric Vehicles Focusing on Users’ Benefits
by Su Su, Hao Li and David Wenzhong Gao
Energies 2017, 10(7), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070952 - 9 Jul 2017
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5142
Abstract
Many electric vehicles’ (EVs) charging strategies were proposed to optimize the operations of the power grid, while few focus on users’ benefits from the viewpoint of EV users. However, low participation is always a problem of those strategies since EV users also need [...] Read more.
Many electric vehicles’ (EVs) charging strategies were proposed to optimize the operations of the power grid, while few focus on users’ benefits from the viewpoint of EV users. However, low participation is always a problem of those strategies since EV users also need a charging strategy to serve their needs and interests. This paper proposes a method focusing on EV users’ benefits that reduce the cost of battery capacity degradation, electricity cost, and waiting time for different situations. A cost model of battery capacity degradation under different state of charge (SOC) ranges is developed based on experimental data to estimate the cost of battery degradation. The simulation results show that the appropriate planning of the SOC range reduces 80% of the cost of battery degradation, and the queuing theory also reduces over 60% of the waiting time in the busy situations. Those works can also become a premise of charging management to increase the participation. The proposed strategy focusing on EV users’ benefits would not give negative impacts on the power grid, and the grid load is also optimized by an artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) in the solution space of the charging time restricted by EV users’ benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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414 KiB  
Article
Optimal Scheduling for Electric Vehicle Charging under Variable Maximum Charging Power
by Jinil Han, Jongyoon Park and Kyungsik Lee
Energies 2017, 10(7), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070933 - 5 Jul 2017
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5770
Abstract
The large-scale integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into power systems is expected to lead to challenges in the operation of the charging infrastructure. In this paper, we deal with the problem of an aggregator coordinating charging schedules of EVs with the objective of [...] Read more.
The large-scale integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into power systems is expected to lead to challenges in the operation of the charging infrastructure. In this paper, we deal with the problem of an aggregator coordinating charging schedules of EVs with the objective of minimizing the total charging cost. In particular, unlike most previous studies, which assumed constant maximum charging power, we assume that the maximum charging power can vary according to the current state of charge (SOC). Under this assumption, we propose two charging schemes, namely non-preemptive and preemptive charging. The difference between these two is whether interruptions during the charging process are allowed or not. We formulate the EV charging-scheduling problem for each scheme and propose a formulation that can prevent frequent interruptions. Our numerical simulations compare different charging schemes and demonstrate that preemptive charging with limited interruptions is an attractive alternative in terms of both cost and practicality. We also show that the proposed formulations can be applied in practice to solve large-scale charging-scheduling problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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6206 KiB  
Article
A Single-Degree-of-Freedom Energy Optimization Strategy for Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicles
by Chaoying Xia, Zhiming DU and Cong Zhang
Energies 2017, 10(7), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070896 - 1 Jul 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6119
Abstract
This paper presents a single-degree-of-freedom energy optimization strategy to solve the energy management problem existing in power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The proposed strategy is based on a quadratic performance index, which is innovatively designed to simultaneously restrict the fluctuation of battery state [...] Read more.
This paper presents a single-degree-of-freedom energy optimization strategy to solve the energy management problem existing in power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The proposed strategy is based on a quadratic performance index, which is innovatively designed to simultaneously restrict the fluctuation of battery state of charge (SOC) and reduce fuel consumption. An extended quadratic optimal control problem is formulated by approximating the fuel consumption rate as a quadratic polynomial of engine power. The approximated optimal control law is obtained by utilizing the solution properties of the Riccati equation and adjoint equation. It is easy to implement in real-time and the engineering significance is explained in details. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, the forward-facing vehicle simulation model is established based on the ADVISOR software (Version 2002, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA). The simulation results show that there is only a little fuel consumption difference between the proposed strategy and the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP)-based global optimal strategy, and the proposed strategy also exhibits good adaptability under different initial battery SOC, cargo mass and road slope conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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8670 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Photovoltaic Systems with Accumulation—Support for Electric Vehicle Charging
by Petr Mastny, Jan Moravek, Martin Vojtek and Jiri Drapela
Energies 2017, 10(7), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070834 - 22 Jun 2017
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6112
Abstract
The paper presents the concept of a hybrid power system with additional energy storage to support electric vehicles (EVs) charging stations. The aim is to verify the possibilities of mutual cooperation of individual elements of the system from the point of view of [...] Read more.
The paper presents the concept of a hybrid power system with additional energy storage to support electric vehicles (EVs) charging stations. The aim is to verify the possibilities of mutual cooperation of individual elements of the system from the point of view of energy balances and to show possibilities of utilization of accumulation for these purposes using mathematical modeling. The description of the technical solution of the concept is described by a mathematical model in the Matlab Simulink programming environment. Individual elements of the assembled model are described in detail, together with the algorithm of the control logic of charging the supporting storage system. The resulting model was validated via an actual small-scale hybrid system (HS). Within the outputs of the mathematical model, two simulation scenarios are presented, with the aid of which the benefits of the concept presented were verified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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2745 KiB  
Article
Optimal Charging and Discharging Scheduling for Electric Vehicles in a Parking Station with Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage System
by Leehter Yao, Zolboo Damiran and Wei Hong Lim
Energies 2017, 10(4), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040550 - 17 Apr 2017
Cited by 91 | Viewed by 9682
Abstract
The economic and environmental benefits brought by electric vehicles (EVs) cannot be fully delivered unless these vehicles are fully or partially charged by renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic system (PVS). Nevertheless, the EV charging management problem of a parking station integrated [...] Read more.
The economic and environmental benefits brought by electric vehicles (EVs) cannot be fully delivered unless these vehicles are fully or partially charged by renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic system (PVS). Nevertheless, the EV charging management problem of a parking station integrated with RES is challenging due to the uncertain nature of local RES generation. This paper aims to address these difficulties by deploying an energy storage system (ESS) in parking stations and exploiting the charging and discharging scheduling of EVs to achieve better utilization of intermittent PVS for EV charging. A real-time charging optimization scheme is also formulated, using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to coordinate the charging or discharging power of EVs along with the power dispatches of power grid and ESS based on the vehicles’ charging or discharging priorities and electricity price preferences. Extensive simulations show that the proposed approach not only maximizes the satisfaction of EV owners in terms of fulfilling all charging and discharging requests, but also minimizes the overall operational cost of the parking station by prioritizing the utilization of energy from PVS, ESS, and scheduling of every EV’s charging and discharging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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2708 KiB  
Article
Battery Pack Grouping and Capacity Improvement for Electric Vehicles Based on a Genetic Algorithm
by Zheng Chen, Ningyuan Guo, Xiaoyu Li, Jiangwei Shen, Renxin Xiao and Siqi Li
Energies 2017, 10(4), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040439 - 31 Mar 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5456
Abstract
This paper proposes an optimal grouping method for battery packs of electric vehicles (EVs). Based on modeling the vehicle powertrain, analyzing the battery degradation performance and setting up the driving cycle of an EV, a genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize the [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an optimal grouping method for battery packs of electric vehicles (EVs). Based on modeling the vehicle powertrain, analyzing the battery degradation performance and setting up the driving cycle of an EV, a genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize the battery grouping topology with the objective of minimizing the total cost of ownership (TCO). The battery capacity and the serial and parallel amounts of the pack can thus be determined considering the influence of battery degradation. The results show that the optimized pack grouping can be solved by GA within around 9 min. Compared with the results of maximum discharge efficiency within a fixed lifetime, the proposed method can not only achieve a higher discharge efficiency, but also reduce the TCO by 2.29%. To enlarge the applications of the proposed method, the sensitivity to driving conditions is also analyzed to further prove the feasibility of the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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11711 KiB  
Article
Design Methodology of a Power Split Type Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Considering Drivetrain Losses
by Hanho Son, Kyusik Park, Sungho Hwang and Hyunsoo Kim
Energies 2017, 10(4), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040437 - 25 Mar 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7104
Abstract
This paper proposes a design methodology for a power split type plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) by considering drivetrain losses. Selecting the input split type PHEV with a single planetary gear as the reference topology, the locations of the engine, motor and generators [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a design methodology for a power split type plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) by considering drivetrain losses. Selecting the input split type PHEV with a single planetary gear as the reference topology, the locations of the engine, motor and generators (MGs), on the speed lever were determined by using the mechanical point considering the system efficiency. Based on the reference topology, feasible candidates were selected by considering the operation conditions of the engine, MG1, and a redundant element. To evaluate the fuel economy of the selected candidates, the loss models of the power electronic system and drivetrain components were obtained from the mathematical governing equation and the experimental results. Based on the component loss model, a comparative analysis was performed using a dynamic programming approach under the presence or absence of the drivetrain losses. It was found that the selection of the operating mode and the operation time of each mode vary since the drivetrain loss affects the system efficiency. In addition, even if the additional modes provide the flexibility of selecting the operating mode that results in a higher system efficiency for the given driving condition, additional drivetrain elements for realizing the modes can deteriorate the fuel economy due to their various losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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4243 KiB  
Article
Accurate and Efficient Torque Control of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in Electric Vehicles Based on Hall-Effect Sensors
by Lei Yu, Youtong Zhang and Wenqing Huang
Energies 2017, 10(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030410 - 21 Mar 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7571
Abstract
Abstract: In this paper, an effective method to achieve accurate and efficient torque control of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) in electric vehicles, based on low-resolution Hall-effect sensors, is proposed. The high-resolution rotor position is estimated by a proportional integral [...] Read more.
Abstract: In this paper, an effective method to achieve accurate and efficient torque control of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) in electric vehicles, based on low-resolution Hall-effect sensors, is proposed. The high-resolution rotor position is estimated by a proportional integral (PI) regulator using the deviation between actual output power and reference output power. This method can compensate for the Hall position sensor mounting error, and estimate rotor position continuously and accurately. The permanent magnetic flux linkage is also estimated based on a current PI controller. Other important parameters, such as the d-axis and q-axis inductances, stator resistance, and energy loss, are measured offline by experiments. The measured parameters are saved as lookup tables which cover the entire current operating range at different current levels. Based on these accurate parameters, a maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control strategy, combined with the feedforward parameter iteration method, can be achieved for accurate and efficient torque control. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by both simulation and experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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3505 KiB  
Article
Energy Management of Parallel-Connected Cells in Electric Vehicles Based on Fuzzy Logic Control
by Chuanxue Song, Yulong Shao, Shixin Song, Cheng Chang, Fang Zhou, Silun Peng and Feng Xiao
Energies 2017, 10(3), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030404 - 21 Mar 2017
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6337
Abstract
Inconsistencies that are associated with parallel-connected cells used in electric vehicles induce varied states of charge (SOCs) in each cell. Thus, loop current in the battery pack is inevitable, and this reduces overall capacity, energy utilization rate, and pack lifetime. However, [...] Read more.
Inconsistencies that are associated with parallel-connected cells used in electric vehicles induce varied states of charge (SOCs) in each cell. Thus, loop current in the battery pack is inevitable, and this reduces overall capacity, energy utilization rate, and pack lifetime. However, no method is available to address loop current. To reduce loop current and the resulting battery inconsistency, a parallel-connected cell pack (PCCP) model that considers thermal effects is established, and a novel Simscape model that is based on PCCP is successfully constructed. Furthermore, the strategy of parallel-connected cell energy management (PCCEM) is proposed to utilize fuzzy logic control (FLC) strategy, which automatically adjusts the number of cells in a circuit in accordance with the load demand, and turns on the first N switches in the corresponding SOC order. The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycle simulation shows that the PCCEM strategy considerably reduces loop current and improves the consistency of battery performance and the utilization rate of battery power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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7789 KiB  
Article
A Novel High Step-Up DC-DC Converter with Coupled Inductor and Switched Clamp Capacitor Techniques for Photovoltaic Systems
by Yong-Seng Wong, Jiann-Fuh Chen, Kuo-Bin Liu and Yi-Ping Hsieh
Energies 2017, 10(3), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030378 - 16 Mar 2017
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5960
Abstract
In this study, a novel high step-up DC-DC converter was successfully integrated using coupled inductor and switched capacitor techniques. High step-up DC-DC gain was achieved using a coupled inductor when capacitors charged and discharged energy, respectively. In addition, energy was recovered from the [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel high step-up DC-DC converter was successfully integrated using coupled inductor and switched capacitor techniques. High step-up DC-DC gain was achieved using a coupled inductor when capacitors charged and discharged energy, respectively. In addition, energy was recovered from the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor by using a passive clamp circuit. Therefore, the voltage stress of the main power switch was almost reduced to 1/7 Vo (output voltage). Moreover, the coupled inductor alleviated the reverse-recovery problem of the diode. The proposed circuit efficiency can be further improved and high voltage gain can be achieved. The operation principle and steady-state analysis of the proposed converter were discussed. Finally, a hardware prototype circuit with input voltage of 24 V, output voltage of up to 400 V, and maximum power of 150 W was constructed in a laboratory; the maximum efficiency was almost 96.2%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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2573 KiB  
Article
Control Strategy Optimization for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using a Memetic Algorithm
by Yu-Huei Cheng and Ching-Ming Lai
Energies 2017, 10(3), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030305 - 3 Mar 2017
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10961
Abstract
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) control strategy is a management approach for generating, using, and saving energy. Therefore, the optimal control strategy is the sticking point to effectively manage hybrid electric vehicles. In order to realize the optimal control strategy, we use a robust [...] Read more.
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) control strategy is a management approach for generating, using, and saving energy. Therefore, the optimal control strategy is the sticking point to effectively manage hybrid electric vehicles. In order to realize the optimal control strategy, we use a robust evolutionary computation method called a “memetic algorithm (MA)” to optimize the control parameters in parallel HEVs. The “local search” mechanism implemented in the MA greatly enhances its search capabilities. In the implementation of the method, the fitness function combines with the ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) and is set up according to an electric assist control strategy (EACS) to minimize the fuel consumption (FC) and emissions (HC, CO, and NOx) of the vehicle engine. At the same time, driving performance requirements are also considered in the method. Four different driving cycles, the new European driving cycle (NEDC), Federal Test Procedure (FTP), Economic Commission for Europe + Extra-Urban driving cycle (ECE + EUDC), and urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) are carried out using the proposed method to find their respectively optimal control parameters. The results show that the proposed method effectively helps to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, as well as guarantee vehicle performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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3241 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of a High Efficiency, Low Component Voltage Stress, Single-Switch High Step-Up Voltage Converter for Vehicular Green Energy Systems
by Yu-En Wu and Yu-Lin Wu
Energies 2016, 9(10), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100772 - 25 Sep 2016
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5732
Abstract
In this study, a novel, non-isolated, cascade-type, single-switch, high step-up DC/DC converter was developed for green energy systems. An integrated coupled inductor and voltage lift circuit were applied to simplify the converter structure and satisfy the requirements of high efficiency and high voltage [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel, non-isolated, cascade-type, single-switch, high step-up DC/DC converter was developed for green energy systems. An integrated coupled inductor and voltage lift circuit were applied to simplify the converter structure and satisfy the requirements of high efficiency and high voltage gain ratios. In addition, the proposed structure is controllable with a single switch, which effectively reduces the circuit cost and simplifies the control circuit. With the leakage inductor energy recovery function and active voltage clamp characteristics being present, the circuit yields optimizable conversion efficiency and low component voltage stress. After the operating principles of the proposed structure and characteristics of a steady-state circuit were analyzed, a converter prototype with 450 W, 40 V of input voltage, 400 V of output voltage, and 95% operating efficiency was fabricated. The Renesas MCU RX62T was employed to control the circuits. Experimental results were analyzed to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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4030 KiB  
Article
Study of a New Quick-Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles in Highway Charging Stations
by Lixing Chen, Xueliang Huang, Zhong Chen and Long Jin
Energies 2016, 9(9), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090744 - 14 Sep 2016
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7493
Abstract
To solve the problem, because of which conventional quick-charging strategies (CQCS) cannot meet the requirements of quick-charging for multiple types of electric vehicles (EV) on highways where vehicle inflow is excessive, this paper proposed a new quick-charging strategy (NQCS) for EVs: on the [...] Read more.
To solve the problem, because of which conventional quick-charging strategies (CQCS) cannot meet the requirements of quick-charging for multiple types of electric vehicles (EV) on highways where vehicle inflow is excessive, this paper proposed a new quick-charging strategy (NQCS) for EVs: on the premise of not affecting those EVs being charged, the remaining power of the quick-charging pile with multiple power output interfaces is used to provide a synchronous charging service for EVs waiting in the queue. To verify the effectiveness of this strategy, a power distribution model of charging pile and a queuing model of charging station (CS) were constructed. In addition, based on an actual highway service area where vehicle inflow is excessive during the simulation period (0:00–24:00), charging situations of CQCS and NQCS were respectively simulated in a charging station (CS), with different number of chargers, by basic queuing algorithm and an improved queuing algorithm. The simulation results showed that when the relative EV inflow is excessive, compared to CQCS, NQCS not only can reduce user waiting time, charging time, and stay time, but also can improve the utilisation rate of charging infrastructure and service capacity of CS and reduce the queue length of CS. At the same time, NQCS can reduce the impact on the power grid. In addition, in NQCS, the on-demand power distribution method is more efficient than the average power distribution method. Therefore, NQCS is more suitable for quick-charging for multiple types of EVs on highways where vehicle inflow is excessive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management, Control, and System Architectures for Electric Vehicle Applications)
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