This study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds from Diptychocarpus strictus, a plant species inhabiting the cold desert pastoral area of China. Furthermore, this study sought to evaluate the germination potentia...
The distinctive leaf and twig heteromorphism in Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica Oliv.) reflects its adaptive strategies to cope with arid environments across ontogenetic stages. In the key distribution area of P. euphratica forests in China, we...
Coastal wetlands are increasingly threatened by salinization and habitat degradation, which limit the natural regeneration of native halophytes. Suaeda heteroptera, an important halophytic species in temperate coastal wetlands, plays a critical role...
The automated assessment of tumors in medical image analysis encounters challenges due to the resemblance of colon and lung tumors to non-mitotic nuclei and their heteromorphic characteristics. An accurate assessment of tumor nuclei presence is cruci...
Populus euphratica Oliv., a pioneer species of desert riparian forest, is characterized heterophylly. To understand the adaptation strategies of the heteromorphic leaves of P. euphratica to soil drought, we assessed the structural and functional char...
Populus euphratica Oliv. typically has four kinds of heteromorphic leaves: linear (Li), lanceolate (La), ovate (Ov) and broad ovate (Bo). Heteromorphic leaves help P. euphratica adapt to extreme desert environments and further contribute to protectio...
Chromosomal heteromorphisms (CHs) are a part of genetic variation in man. The past literature largely posited whether CHs could be correlated with the development of malignancies. While this possibility seemed closed by end of the 1990s, recent data...
The MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 proteins are essential for the sexual reproduction of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Although Hirsutella sinensis has been postulated to be the sole anamorph of O. sinensis and to undergo self-fertilization under homothallism or p...
DNA methylation, mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DMTs) and demethylases (DMLs), is an important epigenetic modification that maintains genomic stability and regulates gene expression in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, a...
Category theory has foundational importance because it provides conceptual lenses to characterize what is important and universal in mathematics—with adjunction seeming to be the primary lens. Our topic is a theory showing “where adjoints...
Mallios and Zafiris emphasize that adjoint functors, or adjunctions, are not only “ubiquitous” in category theory but also characterize the naturality of their approach to physical geometry. Hence, in this paper, the history and theory of...
Recent findings on the molecular basis of heteromorphic self-incompatibility in Primula have shown that the controlling self-incompatibility (S)-locus is not allelic, but is instead a small hemizygous region of only a few genes in the thrum genotype....
We performed the first cytogenetic analysis on five out of the seven species of the genus Lyciasalamandra, including seven subspecies, and representatives of its sister genus Salamandra. All the studied species have a similar karyotype of 2n = 24, mo...
In most phylogenetic lineages, the evolution of sex chromosomes is accompanied by their heteromorphization and degradation of one of them. The neo-sex chromosomes are useful model for studying early stages of these processes. Recently two lineages of...
Repetitive DNA in humans is still widely considered to be meaningless, and variations within this part of the genome are generally considered to be harmless to the carrier. In contrast, for euchromatic variation, one becomes more careful in classifyi...
The size of leaves is a vital factor in the development and overall biomass of a plant, serving as a key indicator of how a plant adapts to its environment. Rhamnus heterophylla, a species known for its heteromorphic leaves of varying sizes, presents...
Heterophylly is the phenomenon of leaf forms varying along the longitudinal axis within a single plant. Populus euphratica, a heterophyllous woody plant, develops lanceolate leaves and dentate broad-ovate leaves on the bottom and top of the canopy, r...
The MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 proteins perform essential DNA-binding activities and regulation of the transcription of genes governing sexual reproduction in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Previous studies have documented differential occurrence, alternative s...
Halophytes thrive in saline habitats through highly specialized adaptive responses, including seed-based strategies to regulate germination timing and ensure reproductive success under fluctuating environmental conditions. Salt-induced quiescence, st...
Heteromorphic self-incompatibility (SI) is an important system for preventing inbreeding in the genus Primula. However, investigations into the molecular mechanisms of Primula SI are lacking. To explore the mechanisms of SI in Primula maximowiczii, t...
The powerful utilities of current DNA sequencing technology question the value of developing clinical cytogenetics any further. By briefly reviewing the historical and current challenges of cytogenetics, the new conceptual and technological platform...
Successful germination is a critical stage for the establishment and persistence of annual halophytes in Mediterranean saltmarshes, where highly variable salinity creates narrow recruitment windows. Seed heteromorphism is a common feature of annual h...
This study re-evaluates the evolutionary relationships of Horstia and allied bee-associated astigmatid mites using an integrative framework combining morphological reassessment and previously generated molecular phylogenetic evidence. Our results fun...
There are obvious individual differences in the growth and development of Cynoglossus semilaevis, mainly due to female bias. We selected 500 female Cynoglossus semilaevis of different sizes for GWAS and transcriptome analysis to screen for differenti...
Imagining recognition of behaviors from video sequences for a machine is full of challenges but meaningful. This work aims to predict students’ behavior in an experimental class, which relies on the symmetry idea from reality to annotated reality cen...
About 15,000 angiosperms are dioecious, but the mechanisms of sex determination in plants remain poorly understood. In particular, how Y chromosomes evolve and degenerate, and whether dosage compensation evolves as a response, are matters of debate....
Young sex chromosomes possess unique and ongoing dynamics that allow us to understand processes that have an impact on their evolution and divergence. The genus Silene includes species with evolutionarily young sex chromosomes, and two species of sec...
Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are a pantropical genus located worldwide that constitute an important source of nutrients and pharmaceutical substances. Some Dioscorea crop species are widely grown in West Africa. One species that is mainly cultivated in Came...
The mite Thyreophagus entomophagus is a cosmopolitan species of significant economic importance in biocontrol applications, serving as a factitious prey for the mass rearing of predatory mites. This species has been reported from a variety of habitat...
Hemispherical Janus particles that were coated with silver or nickel on the equatorial plane of hemispherical polymer microparticles were prepared and dispersed in water and the responses to AC electric and stationary magnetic fields applied were inv...
Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus, the button mushroom, has a predominantly pseudohomothallic life cycle. Most of its spores are heterokaryotic and give rise to fertile heterokaryons. However, previous studies have suggested that outcrossing shoul...
Plant communities can undergo drastic changes in their composition if the ecosystem is severely altered by human actions or climate change. These changes endanger any vulnerable species, mainly if it lives in a small area, as is the case of Picris wi...
The MATα_HMGbox and HMG-box_ROX1-like domains of the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 proteins, respectively, play essential roles in DNA binding and the subsequent regulation of gene transcription, controlling Ophiocordyceps sinensis sexual reproduction....
Ex situ plant collections established from seeds of natural populations are key tools for understanding mating systems of intricate taxonomic complexes, as in the Limonium Mill. genus (sea lavenders, Plumbaginaceae). Plants show a polymorphic sexual...
Bidens pilosa L. is native to tropical America and has widely naturized from tropical to warm temperate regions in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. The species has infested a wide range of habitats such as grasslands, for...
Frogs are ideal organisms for studying sex chromosome evolution because of their diversity in sex chromosome differentiation and sex-determination systems. We review 222 anuran frogs, spanning ~220 Myr of divergence, with characterized sex chromosome...
Sex determination systems (SDSs) in anurans are diverse and have undergone independent evolutionary transitions among species. The mode of sexual reproduction of the rice field frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)—an economically viable, edible amphibian...
The sex chromosomes of skinks are usually poorly differentiated and hardly distinguished by cytogenetic methods. Therefore, identifying sex chromosomes in species lacking easily recognizable heteromorphic sex chromosomes is necessary to fully underst...
Mites of the genus Thyreophagus (Acari: Acaridae) are distributed worldwide; they inhabit concealed habitats and include several beneficial and economically important species. However, species identification is difficult because many species are poor...
The Y or W sex chromosome of a heteromorphic pair is usually heterochromatinised and degenerated. However, whether chromosome degeneration constantly proceeds toward an extreme end is not fully understood. Here, we present a case of intermittent evol...
As part of a survey of the subcortical astigmatic mites of Crimea, we discovered a new sexual acarid species, Thyreophagus tauricus sp. n. This species was cultured in the laboratory to correlate the adult and deutonymphal stages. Using specimens obt...
We provide here the first karyotype description of eight Uroplatus species and a characterization of their chromosomal diversity. We performed a molecular taxonomic assessment of several Uroplatus samples using the mitochondrial 12S marker and a comp...
We present a comparative chromosome study of several taxa of the Malagasy ground geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and P. picta species groups. We employed a preliminary molecular analysis using a trait of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (of about 570...
Heteromorphic sex chromosomes, particularly the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system of birds and some reptiles, undergo evolutionary dynamics distinct from those of autosomes. The W sex chromosome is a unique karyological member of this heteromorphic pair, w...
Populus pruinosa Schrenk has the biological characteristics of heteromorphic leaves and is a pioneer species for wind prevention and sand fixation. The functions of heteromorphic leaves at different developmental stages and canopy heights of P. pruin...
Through the use of new genomic and metabolomic technologies, our comprehension of the molecular and biochemical etiologies of genetic disorders is rapidly expanding, and so are insights into their varying phenotypes. Dosage compensation (lyonization)...
Taxonomy in Bufonidae witnessed notable transformations. Bufotes viridis and Epidalea calamita, previously included in genus Bufo, were relocated in other genera, while the genus Bufo was restricted to members of the earlier Bufo bufo group. On the o...
Brain tumor analysis is essential to the timely diagnosis and effective treatment of patients. Tumor analysis is challenging because of tumor morphology factors like size, location, texture, and heteromorphic appearance in medical images. In this reg...
During the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, the sex-specific Y chromosome degenerates, while the X chromosome evolves new mechanisms of regulation. Using bioinformatic and experimental approaches, we investigate the expression of the X chr...
Nonspecific interactions play a significant role in physiological activities, surface chemical modification, and artificial adhesives. However, nonspecificity sometimes causes sticky problems, including surface fouling, decreased target specificity,...
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