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Design and Flight Experiment of a Motor-Directly-Driven Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle with Extension Springs
Multifunctional Liposomes: Smart Nanomaterials for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Development of Variable Elastic Band with Adjustable Elasticities for Semi-Passive Exosuits
Regenerative Strategies for Vocal Fold Repair Using Injectable Materials

Journal Description

Biomimetics

Biomimetics is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on biomimicry and bionics, published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Engineering, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q2 (Biomedical Engineering)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 3.9 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.0 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2313-7673

Latest Articles

30 pages, 1992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomimetic Approach to Designing Trust-Based Robot-to-Human Object Handover in a Collaborative Assembly Task

by S. M. Mizanoor Rahman

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010014 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2025

We presented a biomimetic approach to designing robot-to-human handover of objects in a collaborative assembly task. We developed a human–robot hybrid cell where a human and a robot collaborated with each other to perform the assembly operations of a product in a flexible [...] Read more.

We presented a biomimetic approach to designing robot-to-human handover of objects in a collaborative assembly task. We developed a human–robot hybrid cell where a human and a robot collaborated with each other to perform the assembly operations of a product in a flexible manufacturing setup. Firstly, we investigated human psychology and biomechanics (kinetics and kinematics) for human-to-robot handover of an object in the human–robot collaborative set-up in three separate experimental conditions: (i) human possessed high trust in the robot, (ii) human possessed moderate trust in the robot, and (iii) human possessed low trust in the robot. The results showed that human psychology was significantly impacted by human trust in the robot, which also impacted the biomechanics of human-to-robot handover, i.e., human hand movement slowed down, the angle between human hand and robot arm increased (formed a braced handover configuration), and human grip forces increased if human trust in the robot decreased, and vice versa. Secondly, being inspired by those empirical results related to human psychology and biomechanics, we proposed a novel robot-to-human object handover mechanism (strategy). According to the novel handover mechanism, the robot varied its handover configurations and motions through kinematic redundancy with the aim of reducing potential impulse forces on the human body through the object during the handover when robot trust in the human was low. We implemented the proposed robot-to-human handover mechanism in the human–robot collaborative assembly task in the hybrid cell. The experimental evaluation results showed significant improvements in human–robot interaction (HRI) in terms of transparency, naturalness, engagement, cooperation, cognitive workload, and human trust in the robot, and in overall performance in terms of handover safety, handover success rate, and assembly efficiency. The results can help design and develop human–robot handover mechanisms for human–robot collaborative tasks in various applications such as industrial manufacturing and manipulation, medical surgery, warehouse, transport, logistics, construction, machine shops, goods delivery, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Inspired Grasp Control in Robotics 2025)

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22 pages, 5377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Neural Habituation in Insect Bio-Bots: A Dual-Timescale Adaptive Control Approach

by Le Minh Triet and Nguyen Truong Thinh

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010013 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2025

Bio-cybernetic organisms combine biological locomotion with electronic control but face significant challenges regarding individual variability and stimulus habituation. This study introduces an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) designed to dynamically calibrate to individual Gromphadorhina portentosa specimens. Using a miniaturized neural controller, we compared [...] Read more.

Bio-cybernetic organisms combine biological locomotion with electronic control but face significant challenges regarding individual variability and stimulus habituation. This study introduces an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) designed to dynamically calibrate to individual Gromphadorhina portentosa specimens. Using a miniaturized neural controller, we compared ANFIS’s performance against natural behavior and non-adaptive control methods. Results demonstrate ANFIS’s superiority: obstacle navigation efficiency reached 81% (compared to 42% for non-adaptive methods), and effective behavioral modulation was sustained for 47 min (versus 26 min). Furthermore, the system achieved 73% target acquisition in complex terrain and maintained stimulus responsiveness 3.5-fold longer through sophisticated habituation compensation. Biocompatibility assessments confirmed interface functionality over 14-day periods. This research establishes foundational benchmarks for arthropod bio-cybernetics, demonstrating that adaptive neuro-fuzzy architectures significantly outperform conventional methods, enabling robust bio-hybrid platforms suitable for confined-space search-and-rescue operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Nature-Inspired Engineering: Integrating Biomimicry into Modern Design Practices)

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33 pages, 2694 KB

Open AccessReview

Biomimetic Strategies for Bone Regeneration: Smart Scaffolds and Multiscale Cues

by Sheikh Md Mosharof Hossen, Md Abdul Khaleque, Min-Su Lim, Jin-Kyu Kang, Do-Kyun Kim, Hwan-Hee Lee and Young-Yul Kim

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010012 (registering DOI) - 27 Dec 2025

Bone regeneration remains difficult due to the complex bone microenvironment and the limited healing capacity of large defects. Biomimetic strategies offer promising solutions by using advanced 3D scaffolds guided by natural tissue cues. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering now [...] Read more.

Bone regeneration remains difficult due to the complex bone microenvironment and the limited healing capacity of large defects. Biomimetic strategies offer promising solutions by using advanced 3D scaffolds guided by natural tissue cues. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering now allow the fabrication of hierarchical scaffolds that closely mimic native bone. Smart scaffold systems combine materials with biochemical and mechanical signals. These features improve vascularization, enhance tissue integration, and support better regenerative outcomes. Bio-inspired materials also help connect inert implants with living tissues by promoting vascular network formation and improving cell communication. Multiscale design approaches recreate bone nano- to macro-level structure and support both osteogenic activity and immune regulation. Intelligent and adaptive scaffolds are being developed to respond to physiological changes and enable personalized bone repair. This review discusses the current landscape of biomimetic scaffold design, fabrication techniques, material strategies, biological mechanisms, and translational considerations shaping next-generation bone regeneration technologies. Future directions focus on sustainable, clinically translatable biomimetic systems that can integrate with digital health tools for improved treatment planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bio-Inspired Design and Characterization of 3D-Printed Multimaterial Composites and Heterogeneous Structures)

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15 pages, 1850 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Biomimetic Robotic Rehabilitation: Pilot Study of an Upper-Limb Cable-Driven Exoskeleton in Post-Stroke Patients

by Develyn I. S. Bastos, Sergio C. M. Gomes, Eduardo A. F. Dias, Pedro H. F. Ulhoa, Raphaele C. J. S. Gomes, Fabiana D. Marinho and Rafhael M. Andrade

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010011 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2025

Stroke is a leading cause of disability, often resulting in motor, cognitive, and language deficits, with significant impact on upper-limb function. Robotic therapy (RT) has emerged as an effective strategy, providing intensive, repetitive, and adaptable practice to optimize functional recovery. This pilot study [...] Read more.

Stroke is a leading cause of disability, often resulting in motor, cognitive, and language deficits, with significant impact on upper-limb function. Robotic therapy (RT) has emerged as an effective strategy, providing intensive, repetitive, and adaptable practice to optimize functional recovery. This pilot study aimed to describe and evaluate the effects of robotic rehabilitation as a complement to conventional therapy, using a biomimetic activities-of-daily-living (ADL)-based protocol, on upper-limb function in post-stroke patients. Three participants (aged 30–80 years) undergoing occupational and/or physiotherapy received individualized robotic training with a lightweight cable-driven upper-limb exoskeleton, m-FLEX™, twice a week for ten weeks (30 min per session). Movements were designed to mimic natural upper-limb actions, including elbow flexion-extension, forearm pronation-supination, tripod pinch, and functional tasks such as grasping a cup. Assessments included the Fugl-Meyer (FM) scale, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and device satisfaction, performed at baseline, mid-intervention, and post-intervention. Descriptive analysis of the tabulated data revealed improvements in range of motion and functional outcomes. These findings suggest that biomimetic protocol of robotic rehabilitation, when combined with conventional therapy, can enhance motor and functional recovery in post-stroke patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Technology—Robotic Exoskeletons and Prostheses: 3rd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

60 pages, 59129 KB

Open AccessArticle

Binary Pufferfish Optimization Algorithm for Combinatorial Problems

by Broderick Crawford, Álex Paz, Ricardo Soto, Álvaro Peña Fritz, Gino Astorga, Felipe Cisternas-Caneo, Claudio Patricio Toledo Mac-lean, Fabián Solís-Piñones, José Lara Arce and Giovanni Giachetti

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010010 - 25 Dec 2025

Metaheuristics are a fundament pillar of Industry 4.0, as they allow for complex optimization problems to be solved by finding good solutions in a reasonable amount of computational time. One category of important problems in modern industry is that of binary problems, where [...] Read more.

Metaheuristics are a fundament pillar of Industry 4.0, as they allow for complex optimization problems to be solved by finding good solutions in a reasonable amount of computational time. One category of important problems in modern industry is that of binary problems, where decision variables can take values of zero or one. In this work, we propose a binary version of the Pufferfish optimization algorithm (BPOA), which was originally created to solve continuous problems. The binary mapping follows a two-step technique, first transforming using transfer functions and then discretizing using binarization rules. We study representative pairings of transfer functions and binarization rules, comparing our algorithm with Particle Swarm Optimization, Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm, and Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with identical computational budgets. To validate its correct functioning, we solved binary problems present in industry, such as the Set Covering Problem together with its Unicost variant, as well as the Knapsack Problem. The results we achieved with regard to these problems were promising and statistically validated. The tests performed on the executions indicate that many pair differences are not statistically significant when both methods are already close to the optimal level, and significance arises precisely where the descriptive gaps widen, underscoring that transfer–rule pairing is the main performance factor. BPOA is a competitive and flexible framework whose effectiveness is mainly governed by the discretization design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological and Bio-Inspired Algorithms)

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Graphical abstract

20 pages, 13265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Nature’s Bistability: Simulation of Earwig Fan Folding

by Nele Binder, Leone Costi, Dario Izzo and Tobias Seidl

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010009 - 24 Dec 2025

In this work, a numerical tool is presented to simulate the dynamics of insect wing folding by example of the fan folding of the dermapteran hindwing. The scalability of the system is demonstrated by generalising the mechanical behaviour from the small geometry of [...] Read more.

In this work, a numerical tool is presented to simulate the dynamics of insect wing folding by example of the fan folding of the dermapteran hindwing. The scalability of the system is demonstrated by generalising the mechanical behaviour from the small geometry of the wing to a suitable scale for engineering applications, such as deployable structures for space applications. The tool is written in Python and based on the MuJoCo physics engine. Sections of the anal fan are modelled as a bar-and-hinge model with elastic tendons, allowing a high number of design parameters and fast computation. In light of these advantages, the wing folding and unfolding behaviour is investigated with respect to the tendon’s elastic properties and the actuation of the deformation. Bistability is characterised using a single tendon and the entire fan section. Given the upscaled geometry of the analysed section, the required tendon characteristics to transition between the stable states are identified within a reasonable range for technological transfer towards biomimetic structures modelled after the dermapteran hindwing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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15 pages, 5983 KB

Open AccessArticle

Composites Based on Collagen, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Sage Oil with Potential Use in Dentistry

by Bogdan Valeriu Sorca, Ana-Maria Rosca, Durmuş Alpaslan Kaya, Sergiu-Marian Vatamanu, Mădălina Georgiana Albu Kaya, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Alina Elena Coman, Laura Cristina Rusu and Irina Titorencu

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010008 - 24 Dec 2025

Osseointegration in dental implants involves the use of materials that mimic the bone tissue, with special properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of composites based on collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and sage oil obtained by [...] Read more.

Osseointegration in dental implants involves the use of materials that mimic the bone tissue, with special properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of composites based on collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and sage oil obtained by freeze-drying method. Their morphological structures were determined by water uptake and scanning electron microscopy, the physical–chemical interactions between components by FT-IR, the stability by in vitro collagenase degradation, and the results indicate that the samples’ properties are highly influenced by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic character of sage essential oil and chondroitin sulfate, respectively, concluding that we can design a formulation with certain properties. The composite spongious forms were evaluated for cytocompatibility using the MG63 osteoblast cell line and subjected to histological observation. The results showed that the samples with sage essential oil were most resistant to enzymatic degradation, and the ones with chondroitin sulfate promoted the deposition of an abundant extracellular matrix. Taken together, the results suggest that incorporating chondroitin sulfate and sage oil in a controlled manner into collagen scaffolds represents a promising approach for enhancing bone tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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24 pages, 7870 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Gudermannian Function-Driven Controller Architecture Optimized by Starfish Optimizer for Superior Transient Performance of Automatic Voltage Regulation

by Davut Izci, Serdar Ekinci, Mostafa Jabari, Behçet Kocaman, Burcu Bektaş Güneş, Enver Adas and Mohd Ashraf Ahmad

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010007 - 23 Dec 2025

This paper proposes a Gudermannian function-based proportional–integral–derivative (G-PID) controller to enhance the transient performance of automatic voltage regulator (AVR) systems operating under highly dynamic conditions. By embedding the smooth and bounded nonlinear mapping of the Gudermannian function into the classical PID structure, the [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a Gudermannian function-based proportional–integral–derivative (G-PID) controller to enhance the transient performance of automatic voltage regulator (AVR) systems operating under highly dynamic conditions. By embedding the smooth and bounded nonlinear mapping of the Gudermannian function into the classical PID structure, the proposed controller improves adaptability to large signal variations while effectively suppressing overshoot. The controller parameters are optimally tuned using the starfish optimization algorithm (SFOA), which provides a robust balance between exploration and exploitation in nonlinear search spaces. Simulation results demonstrate that the SFOA-optimized G-PID controller achieves superior transient performance, with a rise time of 0.0551 s, zero overshoot, and a settling time of 0.0830 s. Comparative evaluations confirm that the proposed approach outperforms widely used optimization algorithms (particle swarm optimization, grey wolf optimizer, success history-based adaptive differential evolution with linear population size, and Kirchhoff’s law algorithm) and advanced AVR control schemes, including fractional-order and higher-order PID-based designs. These results indicate that the proposed SFOA optimized G-PID controller offers a computationally efficient and structurally simple solution for high-performance voltage regulation in modern power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinspired Sensorics, Information Processing and Control)

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25 pages, 2291 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Flight Connectivity via Synchronization of Arrivals and Departures in Hub Airports with Evolutionary and Swarm-Based Metaheuristics

by Halil Ibrahim Demir and Suraka Dervis

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010006 - 23 Dec 2025

Global air transport has become the dominant mode of long-distance travel, carrying more than four billion passengers in 2019 and projected to exceed 8 billion by 2040. Nevertheless, limited demand and economic inefficiencies often make direct connections unfeasible, forcing many passengers to rely [...] Read more.

Global air transport has become the dominant mode of long-distance travel, carrying more than four billion passengers in 2019 and projected to exceed 8 billion by 2040. Nevertheless, limited demand and economic inefficiencies often make direct connections unfeasible, forcing many passengers to rely on transfers. In such cases, synchronizing arrivals and departures at hub airports is crucial to minimizing transfer times and maximizing passenger retention. This study investigates the synchronization problem at Istanbul Airport, one of the world’s largest hubs, using metaheuristic optimization. Three algorithms—Genetic Algorithms (GA), Modified Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (MDPSO), and Evolutionary Strategies (ES)—were applied in parallel to optimize arrival and departure schedules for a major airline. The proposed chromosome-based framework was tested through parameter tuning and validated with statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Games–Howell pairwise comparisons. The results show that MDPSO achieved strong improvements, while ES consistently outperformed both GA and MDPSO, increasing successful passenger transfers by more than 200% compared to the original schedule. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of evolutionary metaheuristics for large-scale airline scheduling and highlight their potential for improving hub connectivity. This framework is generalizable to other hub airports and airlines, and future research could extend it by integrating hybrid metaheuristics or applying enhanced forecasting methods and more dynamic scheduling approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Digital Biomimetics)

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21 pages, 6239 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of RAMPA Therapy on Nasal Cavity Expansion and Paranasal Drainage: Fluid Mechanics Analysis, CAE Simulation, and a Case Study

by Mohammad Moshfeghi, Yasushi Mitani, Yuko Okai-Kojima and Bumkyoo Choi

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010005 - 23 Dec 2025

Background: Impaired mucus drainage from the paranasal sinuses is often associated with nasal obstruction and reduced airway function in growing patients. Orthopedic maxillary protraction and expansion techniques can enhance airway dynamics, but their underlying fluid–structure mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Objective: To validate that [...] Read more.

Background: Impaired mucus drainage from the paranasal sinuses is often associated with nasal obstruction and reduced airway function in growing patients. Orthopedic maxillary protraction and expansion techniques can enhance airway dynamics, but their underlying fluid–structure mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Objective: To validate that the Right Angle Maxillary Protraction Appliance (RAMPA), combined with a semi-rapid maxillary expansion (sRME) intraoral device gHu-1, improves mucus drainage by enhancing nasal airflow through nasal cavity expansion. Methods: The effects of RAMPA therapy were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for single-phase (air) and two-phase (air–mucus) flows within the nasal cavity, employing the unsteady RANS turbulence model. Finite element method (FEM) results from prior studies were synthesized to assess changes in the center and radius of maxillary rotation induced by RAMPA-assisted sRME. A male patient (aged 8 years 7 months to 11 years 7 months) treated with extraoral RAMPA and the intraoral appliance (gHu-1) underwent pre- and post-treatment cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) evaluation. Results: FEM analysis revealed an increased radius and elevated center of maxillary rotation, producing expansion that was more parallel to the palatal plane. CFD simulations showed that nasal cavity expansion increased airflow velocity and pressure drop, enhancing the suction effect that promotes mucus clearance from the frontal sinus. Clinically, nasal passages widened, paranasal opacities resolved, and occlusal and intermolar widths improved. Conclusions: RAMPA combined with sRME improves nasal airflow and maxillary skeletal expansion, facilitating paranasal mucus clearance and offering a promising adjunctive approach for enhancing upper airway function in growing patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dentistry and Craniofacial District: The Role of Biomimetics 2026)

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28 pages, 3169 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Computational and Experimental Studies on Skin Mechanics and Meshing: Discrepancies, Challenges, and Optimization Strategies

by Masoumeh Razaghi Pey Ghaleh, Douglas Marques and Denis O’Mahoney

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010004 - 22 Dec 2025

Skin meshing is widely used to treat extensive burn injuries due to its cost-efficiency and capacity to cover large wound areas. As biomimetics focuses on deriving engineering principles from biological structure–function relationships, this review examines how to optimize skin-meshing expansion and investigates factors [...] Read more.

Skin meshing is widely used to treat extensive burn injuries due to its cost-efficiency and capacity to cover large wound areas. As biomimetics focuses on deriving engineering principles from biological structure–function relationships, this review examines how to optimize skin-meshing expansion and investigates factors contributing to reported discrepancies between clinical and manufacturer-reported expansion ratios. The biology and mechanical behavior of skin layer are discussed, emphasizing the anisotropic properties govern by collagen fiber orientation associated with Langer’s lines in the dermis. The epidermis and hypodermis show isotropic properties and therefore have minimal influence on load-bearing capacity. Surveying 111 studies, the review evaluates which constitutive equations employed for skin modelling is suitable to replicate mechanical behavior of skin meshing undergoing large expansion. Elastic models fail to capture large expansion ratios. Viscoelastic and QLV are excluded due to negligible sliding of collagen fibers at slow strain rates and limited importance of hysteresis. Consequently, hyperelastic models are recognized as more suitable for predicting large deformations. Among these, the structural GOH model, which represents fiber dispersion through a probability-density function, demonstrates strong agreement with experimental data using few parameters; its damage extensions improve prediction of mesh tearing. Additionally, emerging auxetic mesh geometries with negative Poisson ratios are examined, highlighting their potential to achieve greater expansion when combined with suitable structural anisotropic constitutive models, e.g., GOH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Functions of Bionic Materials/Structures)

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27 pages, 3103 KB

Open AccessArticle

IHBOFS: A Biomimetics-Inspired Hybrid Breeding Optimization Algorithm for High-Dimensional Feature Selection

by Chunli Xiang, Jing Zhou and Wen Zhou

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010003 - 22 Dec 2025

With the explosive growth of data across various fields, effective data preprocessing has become increasingly critical. Evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms have shown considerable potential in feature selection. However, their performance often deteriorates in large-scale problems, due to premature convergence and limited exploration [...] Read more.

With the explosive growth of data across various fields, effective data preprocessing has become increasingly critical. Evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms have shown considerable potential in feature selection. However, their performance often deteriorates in large-scale problems, due to premature convergence and limited exploration ability. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an algorithm named IHBOFS, a biomimetics-inspired optimization framework that integrates multiple adaptive strategies to enhance performance and stability. The introduction of the Good Point Set and Elite Opposition-Based Learning mechanisms provides the population with a well-distributed and diverse initialization. Furthermore, adaptive exploitation–exploration balancing strategies are designed for each subpopulation, effectively mitigating premature convergence. Extensive ablation studies on the CEC2022 benchmark functions verify the effectiveness of these strategies. Considering the discrete nature of feature selection, IHBOFS is further extended with continuous-to-discrete mapping functions and applied to six real-world datasets. Comparative experiments against nine metaheuristic-based methods, including Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), demonstrate that IHBOFS achieves an average classification accuracy of 92.57%, confirming its superiority and robustness in high-dimensional feature selection tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Optimisation and Management)

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17 pages, 1612 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Actuator Stiffness and Actuation Timing of a Passive Ankle Exoskeleton: A Case Study Using a Musculoskeletal Modeling Approach

by Jania Williams, Cody P. Anderson, Arash Mohammadzadeh Gonabadi, Farahnaz Fallahtafti, Sara A. Myers and Hafizur Rahman

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010002 - 20 Dec 2025

Objective: A modeling and simulation tool, OpenSim, was used to determine the optimal relationship between actuator stiffness and actuation timing of a passive ankle exoskeleton for reducing metabolic costs during walking. We hypothesized that the absolute minimum in total metabolic cost would exist [...] Read more.

Objective: A modeling and simulation tool, OpenSim, was used to determine the optimal relationship between actuator stiffness and actuation timing of a passive ankle exoskeleton for reducing metabolic costs during walking. We hypothesized that the absolute minimum in total metabolic cost would exist at an actuation timing of 15% of stance and at a spring stiffness of 7.5 kN/m. We also hypothesized that a local minimum in total metabolic cost would exist at an actuation timing of 50% of stance. Methods: Bilateral kinematics and kinetics data were collected on a healthy male walking overground wearing his regular tennis shoe. The passive ankle exoskeleton geometry and the spring actuator were integrated into the OpenSim model. Simulations were performed for every combination of 25 spring stiffnesses ranging from 5.5 kN/m to 17.5 kN/m (increments of 0.5 kN/m) and 10 actuation timings ranging from 15% to 60% of stance (increments of 5%). Total energy expenditure was calculated as the sum of the energy expenditure of all the muscles in the model. Results: The greatest reduction in energy consumption (−2.67%) was observed at an actuation timing of approximately 15% of the stance phase with a spring stiffness of ~5.5 kN/m. A quadratic relationship between spring stiffness and energy consumption was identified (R² = 0.99), with an optimal stiffness of approximately 5.5 kN/m minimizing the energy cost. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that OpenSim effectively predicts optimal exoskeleton parameters, supporting personalized assistance to improve energy efficiency and rehabilitation outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinspired Engineered Systems)

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18 pages, 1644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stabilizing the Convergence of Pixel-Based Deep Active Inference Controllers Using Adaptive Smoothing Filters

by Kazuma Nagatsuka, Kyo Kutsuzawa, Dai Owaki and Mitsuhiro Hayashibe

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010001 - 19 Dec 2025

In recent years, active inference has gained attention in robot control owing to its adaptability to environmental changes. However, its reliance on gradient descent of variational free energy offers no guarantee of convergence to an optimal solution. In this study, we propose an [...] Read more.

In recent years, active inference has gained attention in robot control owing to its adaptability to environmental changes. However, its reliance on gradient descent of variational free energy offers no guarantee of convergence to an optimal solution. In this study, we propose an approach that applies a smoothing filter to a pixel-based active inference controller to mitigate the risk of local minima. By smoothing the observed, predicted, and target values, the free energy function becomes smoother, yielding a broader distribution of gradients toward the target, thereby reducing the risk of being trapped in the local minima. In addition, in order to prevent excessive smoothing from eliminating the gradient of the free energy function, we also proposed a method for dynamically adjusting the intensity of smoothing based on prediction and target errors. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we applied it to two simulation environments: a simple object-tracking task using a 3-degrees-of-freedom camera, and a robot control task using a 2-degrees-of-freedom robotic arm, and compared it with the conventional active inference controller as a baseline. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves improved convergence performance over the conventional method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Locomotion and Bioinspired Robotics)

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38 pages, 16799 KB

Open AccessArticle

CQLHBA: Node Coverage Optimization Using Chaotic Quantum-Inspired Leader Honey Badger Algorithm

by Xiaoliu Yang and Mengjian Zhang

Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120850 - 18 Dec 2025

A key limitation of existing swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms for Node Coverage Optimization (NCO) is their inadequate solution accuracy. A novel chaotic quantum-inspired leader honey badger algorithm (CQLHBA) is proposed in this study. To enhance the performance of the basic HBA and better [...] Read more.

A key limitation of existing swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms for Node Coverage Optimization (NCO) is their inadequate solution accuracy. A novel chaotic quantum-inspired leader honey badger algorithm (CQLHBA) is proposed in this study. To enhance the performance of the basic HBA and better solve the numerical optimization and NCO problem, an adjustment strategy for parameter

α_{1}

to balance the optimization process of the follower position is used to improve the exploration ability. Moreover, the chaotic dynamic strategy, quantum rotation strategy, and Lévy flight strategy are employed to enhance the overall performance of the designed CQLHBA, especially for the exploitation ability of individuals. The performance of the proposed CQLHBA is verified using twenty-one benchmark functions and compared to that of other state-of-the-art (SOTA) SI algorithms, including the Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA), Chaotic Sea-Horse Optimizer (CSHO), Sine–Cosine Quantum Salp Swarm Algorithm (SCQSSA), Golden Jackal Optimization (GJO), Aquila Optimizer (AO), Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), and Randomised Particle Swarm Optimizer (RPSO). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CQLHBA exhibits superior performance, characterized by enhanced global search capability and robust stability. This advantage is further validated through its application to the NCO problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where it achieves commendable outcomes in terms of both coverage rate and network connectivity, confirming its practical efficacy in real-world deployment scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Swarm Intelligence Optimization Algorithms and Applications: 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 11637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Additively Manufactured Dragonfly-Inspired Wings for Bio-Faithful Flapping MAV Development

by Emilia Georgiana Prisăcariu, Oana Dumitrescu, Sergiu Strătilă, Mihail Sima, Claudia Săvescu, Iulian Vlăducă and Cleopatra Cuciumita

Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120849 - 18 Dec 2025

This work presents a first-iteration bio-faithful dragonfly-inspired wing designed for future flapping micro air vehicle (MAV) applications. Using high-resolution imaging, the natural venation pattern of fore- and hindwings was reconstructed in CAD and reproduced through high-precision stereolithography at 1:1 and 3:1 scale. The [...] Read more.

This work presents a first-iteration bio-faithful dragonfly-inspired wing designed for future flapping micro air vehicle (MAV) applications. Using high-resolution imaging, the natural venation pattern of fore- and hindwings was reconstructed in CAD and reproduced through high-precision stereolithography at 1:1 and 3:1 scale. The printed polymeric wings successfully preserved the anisotropic stiffness distribution of the biological structure, enabling realistic bending and torsional responses. Modal analysis and dynamic testing confirmed that the lightweight designs operate within the biologically relevant 20–40 Hz range and that geometry and material choices allow predictable tuning of natural frequencies. Preliminary aerodynamic estimates captured the characteristic anti-phase lift behavior of four-wing flapping, while schlieren and infrared thermography demonstrated that heat dispersion and flow features follow the vein-driven structural pathways of the printed wings. Together, these results validate the feasibility and functional relevance of bio-faithful venation architectures and establish a solid foundation for future iterations incorporating membranes, full kinematic actuation, and higher-fidelity aeroelastic modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetic Design, Constructions and Devices)

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26 pages, 5507 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Fluid Dynamics-Model System for Advancing Tissue Engineering and Cancer Research Studies: Biological Assessment of the Innovative BioAxFlow Dynamic Culture Bioreactor

by Giulia Gramigna, Federica Liguori, Ludovica Filippini, Maurizio Mastantuono, Michele Pistillo, Margherita Scamarcio, Alessia Mengoni, Antonella Lisi, Giuseppe Falvo D’Urso Labate and Mario Ledda

Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120848 - 18 Dec 2025

In this study, an innovative bioreactor, named BioAxFlow, particularly suitable for tissue engineering applications, is tested. Unlike traditional bioreactors, it does not rely on mechanical components to agitate the culture medium, but on the unique fluid-dynamics behaviour induced by the geometry of the [...] Read more.

In this study, an innovative bioreactor, named BioAxFlow, particularly suitable for tissue engineering applications, is tested. Unlike traditional bioreactors, it does not rely on mechanical components to agitate the culture medium, but on the unique fluid-dynamics behaviour induced by the geometry of the culture chamber, which ensures continuous movement of the medium, promoting the constant exposure of the cells to nutrients and growth factors. Using the human osteosarcoma cell line SAOS-2, the bioreactor’s ability to enhance cell adhesion and proliferation on polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds, mimicking bone matrix architecture, is investigated. Cells cultured in the bioreactor showed significant improvement in cell growth and adhesion, compared to static cultures, and a more homogeneous cell distribution upon the scaffold surfaces, which is crucial for the development of functional tissue constructs. The bioreactor also preserves the osteogenic potential of SAOS-2 cells as assessed by the expression of key osteogenic markers. Additionally, it retains the tumorigenic characteristics of SAOS-2 cells, including the expression of pro-angiogenic factors and apoptosis-related genes. These results indicate that the BioAxFlow bioreactor could be an effective platform for tissue engineering and cancer research, offering a promising tool for both regenerative medicine applications and drug testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Using Next-Gen Biomaterials)

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23 pages, 45991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Investigations on Hydrodynamic Performance of Active and Passive Tails of Undulating Swimmers

by Dev Pradeepkumar Nayak, Ali Tarokh and Muhammad Saif Ullah Khalid

Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120847 - 18 Dec 2025

Fish display remarkable swimming capabilities through the coordinated interaction of the body and caudal fin, yet the potential role of a passively pitching tail in enhancing hydrodynamic performance remains unresolved. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a carangiform swimmer equipped with [...] Read more.

Fish display remarkable swimming capabilities through the coordinated interaction of the body and caudal fin, yet the potential role of a passively pitching tail in enhancing hydrodynamic performance remains unresolved. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a carangiform swimmer equipped with either an actively pitching tail or a passively pitching tail. High-fidelity fluid–structure interaction simulations are employed to assess how variations in joint stiffness, damping, and inertia influence thrust generation, power demand, and overall stability at two representative Reynolds numbers, 500 and 5000. The results reveal that actively pitching tails tend to generate greater thrust, while passively pitching tails deliver improved outcomes in terms of power demand at the lower Reynolds number. Larger pitching amplitudes contribute positively only when associated with higher swimming frequency; when produced by reduced inertia or more flexible joints, they lead to unfavorable effects. At the higher Reynolds number, active tails consistently outperform passive ones, although a small subset of passive cases still achieve favorable performance. Across all cases, a recurring balance emerges, with thrust production and power expenditure varying inversely. These findings clarify the hydrodynamic consequences of passive versus active tail motion and establish design principles for bio-inspired underwater vehicles, in which smaller swimmers may benefit from passive tail pitching, whereas larger swimmers are better served by active control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Locomotion and Bioinspired Robotics)

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17 pages, 2105 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Polydimethylsiloxane with Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical Coatings

by Axel Bachoux, Cédric Desroches, Laurence Bois, Catherine Journet, Aurore Berthier, Frédérique Bessueille-Barbier, Bérangère Toury and Nina Attik

Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120846 - 17 Dec 2025

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used as antibacterial agents either as colloidal solutions or deposited on surfaces. However, the high concentration of AgNPs can lead to cytotoxicity, posing a hazard to healthy cells and tissues. Achieving a balance between antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used as antibacterial agents either as colloidal solutions or deposited on surfaces. However, the high concentration of AgNPs can lead to cytotoxicity, posing a hazard to healthy cells and tissues. Achieving a balance between antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility is crucial for biomedical applications. Polymeric coatings, especially those made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) like Sylgard 184, are popular in biomedical applications due to their user-friendliness. We have developed a cost-effective method to reduce silver ions using the Si-H silane functions of PDMS in situ. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) acts as a solvent, inducing a swelling effect in PDMS, allowing silver ions from silver tetrafluoroborate (AgBF₄) dissolved in THF to diffuse into the polymer and undergo reduction. This process results in PDMS functionalized with well-distributed 10 nm silver AgNPs. The resulting metal–polymer nanocomposites (MPNs) exhibit yellow shades and, based on qualitative Live/Dead staining observations, show no apparent cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblasts. In addition, SEM analyses indicate a qualitative reduction in E. coli adhesion, suggesting an antibacterial anti-adhesive potential against this bacterial strain. Further studies should investigate the release profile of AgNPs in these composites, which could guide the development of new biocompatible coatings for phototherapy devices and enhance their long-term clinical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomimetic Materials and Devices for Biomedical Applications: 5th Edition)

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18 pages, 649 KB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence in Organoid-Based Disease Modeling: A New Frontier in Precision Medicine

by Omar Balkhair and Halima Albalushi

Biomimetics 2025, 10(12), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10120845 - 17 Dec 2025

Organoids are self-organizing three-dimensional (3D) cellular structures derived from stem cells. They can mimic the anatomical and functional properties of real organs. They have transformed in vitro disease modeling by closely replicating the structural and functional characteristics of human tissues. The complexity and [...] Read more.

Organoids are self-organizing three-dimensional (3D) cellular structures derived from stem cells. They can mimic the anatomical and functional properties of real organs. They have transformed in vitro disease modeling by closely replicating the structural and functional characteristics of human tissues. The complexity and variability of organoid-derived data pose significant challenges for analysis and clinical translation. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a crucial enabler, offering scalable and high-throughput tools for interpreting imaging data, integrating multi-omics profiles, and guiding experimental workflows. This review aims to discuss how AI is reshaping organoid-based research by enhancing morphological image analysis, enabling dynamic modeling of organoid development, and facilitating the integration of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics for disease classification. Moreover, AI is increasingly used to support drug screening and personalize therapeutic strategies by analyzing patient-derived organoids. The integration of AI with organoid-on-chip systems further allows for real-time feedback and physiologically relevant modeling. Drawing on peer-reviewed literature from the past decade, Furthermore, CNNs have been used to analyze colonoscopy and histopathological images in colorectal cancer with over 95% diagnostic accuracy. We examine key tools, innovations, and case studies that illustrate this evolving interface. As this interdisciplinary field matures, the future of AI-integrated organoid platforms depends on establishing open data standards, advancing algorithms, and addressing ethical and regulatory considerations to unlock their clinical and translational potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering)

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