Journal Description
Biomimetics
Biomimetics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on biomimicry and bionics, published monthly online by MDPI. The International Society of Bionic Engineering (ISBE) is affiliated with Biomimetics.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Engineering, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q2 (Biomedical Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.9 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.0 (2024)
Latest Articles
Cam-Based Simple Design of Constant-Force Suspension Backpack to Isolate Dynamic Load
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090607 (registering DOI) - 10 Sep 2025
Abstract
Prolonged load carriage with ordinary backpacks (OBs) can cause muscle fatigue and skeletal injuries. Research indicates that suspended backpacks can effectively reduce energy expenditure; however, existing elastic rope-based suspension backpacks struggle to adapt to different speeds, while active suspension backpacks gain significant additional
[...] Read more.
Prolonged load carriage with ordinary backpacks (OBs) can cause muscle fatigue and skeletal injuries. Research indicates that suspended backpacks can effectively reduce energy expenditure; however, existing elastic rope-based suspension backpacks struggle to adapt to different speeds, while active suspension backpacks gain significant additional weight due to the incorporated motors and batteries. This paper presents a novel cam-based constant-force suspension backpack (CCSB). The CCSB employs a cam–spring mechanism with near-zero suspension stiffness to minimize the inertial forces generated by load oscillations. A test platform was constructed to evaluate the constant-force performance of the mechanism, showing a maximum error of less than 1.96%. Load-carrying experiments were conducted at different walking speeds. Laboratory test results show that, compared with OBs, the CCSB reduces peak accelerative vertical force by an average of 84.47% and reduces human metabolic costs by 10.58%. Outdoor tests show that the CCSB can reduce transportation consumption by 8.26%. The CCSB’s compact structure makes it more suitable for commercialization and demonstrates significant potential for practical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Technology—Robotic Exoskeletons and Prostheses: 3rd Edition)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Non-Bactericidal Antifouling Coating Inspired by the “Swinging Effect” of Coral Tentacles in Waves
by
Yue Yin, Jianfu Wang and Xu Zheng
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090606 (registering DOI) - 10 Sep 2025
Abstract
Inspired by the free swing of coral tentacles driven by water currents to actively repel microbial attachment, we have identified a unique physical anti-fouling strategy: coral “swinging effect” anti-fouling. Taking the fleshy soft coral (Sarcophyton trocheliophorum) as an example, its surface
[...] Read more.
Inspired by the free swing of coral tentacles driven by water currents to actively repel microbial attachment, we have identified a unique physical anti-fouling strategy: coral “swinging effect” anti-fouling. Taking the fleshy soft coral (Sarcophyton trocheliophorum) as an example, its surface is covered with numerous soft tentacles. These coral tentacles utilize the force of water current fluctuations to freely sway, resembling a “feather duster” waving to repel microorganisms attempting to settle and establish themselves. Based on this characteristic, this study delves into the living habits of corals, observing the expansion and contraction cycles of their tentacles. Simultaneously, simulations of the anti-fouling performance of coral tentacles were conducted. It demonstrates that the “swinging effect” of the tentacles can effectively prevent the attachment of fouling organisms. Furthermore, this study uses S. trocheliophorum as a biomimetic prototype to design and prepare an artificial coral-mimic substrate (ACMS). It employs the common marine Gram-negative bacterium Paracoccus pantotrophus as a microbial sample to test anti-fouling performance in both pure static water environments and low-flow water environments. The results showed that the 13 mm-long ACMS could bend and overlap the surface of the rear tentacles to the greatest extent under the unidirectional scouring action of low-speed water flow (3.5 m/s), forming an anti-fouling protective layer. Additionally, the “swinging effect” phenomenon generated by the tentacles under water flow scouring demonstrated excellent anti-fouling effects. This study not only provides further evidence for research on coral antifouling performance but also offers new concepts and ideas for antifouling strategies in low-flow water environments, such as stationary ships in ports and underwater infrastructure facilities at docks.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
A Concept for Bio-Agentic Visual Communication: Bridging Swarm Intelligence with Biological Analogues
by
Bryan Starbuck, Hanlong Li, Bryan Cochran, Marc Weissburg and Bert Bras
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090605 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025
Abstract
Biological swarms communicate through decentralized, adaptive behaviors shaped by local interactions, selective attention, and symbolic signaling. These principles of animal communication enable robust coordination without centralized control or persistent connectivity. This work presents a proof of concept that identifies, evaluates, and translates biological
[...] Read more.
Biological swarms communicate through decentralized, adaptive behaviors shaped by local interactions, selective attention, and symbolic signaling. These principles of animal communication enable robust coordination without centralized control or persistent connectivity. This work presents a proof of concept that identifies, evaluates, and translates biological communication strategies into a generative visual language for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm agents operating in radio-frequency (RF)-denied environments. Drawing from natural exemplars such as bee waggle dancing, white-tailed deer flagging, and peacock feather displays, we construct a configuration space that encodes visual messages through trajectories and LED patterns. A large language model (LLM), preconditioned using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), serves as a generative translation layer that interprets perception data and produces symbolic UAV responses. Five test cases evaluate the system’s ability to preserve and adapt signal meaning through within-modality fidelity (maintaining symbolic structure in the same modality) and cross-modal translation (transferring meaning across motion and light). Covariance and eigenvalue-decomposition analysis demonstrate that this bio-agentic approach supports clear, expressive, and decentralized communication, with motion-based signaling achieving near-perfect clarity and expressiveness (0.992, 1.000), while LED-only and multi-signal cases showed partial success, maintaining high expressiveness (~1.000) but with much lower clarity (≤0.298).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Bioinspired Robot and Intelligent Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Substrate Compliance on the Jumping Mechanism of the Tree Frog (Polypedates dennys)
by
Rui Zhou, Baowen Zhang, Zhouyi Wang and Zhendong Dai
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090604 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025
Abstract
Animal locomotion in complex environments depends on the ability to adaptively regulate movement in response to substrate mechanics. Tree frogs (Polypedates dennysi), which combine jumping and adhesive capabilities, inhabit arboreal habitats with a wide range of compliant substrates. While previous studies
[...] Read more.
Animal locomotion in complex environments depends on the ability to adaptively regulate movement in response to substrate mechanics. Tree frogs (Polypedates dennysi), which combine jumping and adhesive capabilities, inhabit arboreal habitats with a wide range of compliant substrates. While previous studies have offered preliminary insights into their locomotion, the biomechanical mechanisms underlying their adaptability remain poorly characterized. In this study, we developed a stiffness-adjustable takeoff substrate supported by four springs, and combined it with a 3D motion capture system to analyze the jumping dynamics and kinematics of frogs across a broader range of compliant substrates. We found that energy recovery from the substrate was influenced by compliance. On the stiffest substrate, up to 50% of the stored energy was recovered during takeoff, whereas highly compliant substrates caused nonlinear damping, energy dissipation, and even takeoff failure. During takeoff, frogs generated peak normal forces up to 6 times their body weight and fore–aft forces up to 4.5 times their body weight. However, force generation showed limited adaptability to substrate mechanics, while takeoff velocity exhibited stronger adaptability to changes in compliance. These findings reveal a trade-off between substrate mechanics and jump performance. This work provides biomechanical insight into substrate preference and informs the design of bioinspired systems capable of efficient locomotion on compliant substrates.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adhesion and Friction in Biological and Bioinspired Systems)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Self-Supervised Voice Denoising Network for Multi-Scenario Human–Robot Interaction
by
Mu Li, Wenjin Xu, Chao Zeng and Ning Wang
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090603 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025
Abstract
Human–robot interaction (HRI) via voice command has significantly advanced in recent years, with large Vision–Language–Action (VLA) models demonstrating particular promise in human–robot voice interaction. However, these systems still struggle with environmental noise contamination during voice interaction and lack a specialized denoising network for
[...] Read more.
Human–robot interaction (HRI) via voice command has significantly advanced in recent years, with large Vision–Language–Action (VLA) models demonstrating particular promise in human–robot voice interaction. However, these systems still struggle with environmental noise contamination during voice interaction and lack a specialized denoising network for multi-speaker command isolation in an overlapping speech scenario. To overcome these challenges, we introduce a method to enhance voice command-based HRI in noisy environments, leveraging synthetic data and a self-supervised denoising network to enhance its real-world applicability. Our approach focuses on improving self-supervised network performance in denoising mixed-noise audio through training data scaling. Extensive experiments show our method outperforms existing approaches in simulation and achieves 7.5% higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art method in noisy real-world environments, enhancing voice-guided robot control.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Human–Robot Interaction: 4th Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Bioinspired Approaches and Their Philosophical–Ethical Dimensions: A Narrative Review
by
Louisa Estadieu, Julius Fenn, Michael Gorki, Philipp Höfele and Oliver Müller
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090602 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025
Abstract
The environmental crisis demands transformative solutions on both technological and societal levels. Bioinspired approaches, which draw from the principles of natural systems, have emerged as a promising interdisciplinary framework to address these challenges. These approaches not only drive technological innovation but also provoke
[...] Read more.
The environmental crisis demands transformative solutions on both technological and societal levels. Bioinspired approaches, which draw from the principles of natural systems, have emerged as a promising interdisciplinary framework to address these challenges. These approaches not only drive technological innovation but also provoke critical philosophical and ethical discourse, particularly in the field of biomimicry. Philosophical and ethical questions include: How can we ethically justify drawing inspiration from nature without exploiting it? How might a shift toward a bioinspired perspective alter our relationship with nature? How could a reorientation toward nature influence ethical frameworks and guide human behavior toward the environment? This narrative review systematically examines key philosophical and ethical perspectives within biomimicry, while focusing on potentials as well as limitations of these approaches to the environmental crisis. In doing so, it explores key perspectives such as “biomimetic ethics”, the “ontology of nature”, “bioinclusivity”, and the “naturalistic fallacy”.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetics—A Chance for Sustainable Developments: 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Scalable Fabrication of Biomimetic Antibacterial Nanospikes on PMMA Films Using Atmospheric-Pressure Low-Temperature Plasma
by
Masashi Yamamoto, Kentaro Tada, Ayumu Takada and Atsushi Sekiguchi
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090601 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025
Abstract
Antibacterial surfaces inspired by biological micro- and nanostructures, such as those found on the wings of cicadas and dragonflies, have attracted interest due to their ability to inhibit bacterial adhesion and damage microbial membranes without relying on chemical agents. However, conventional fabrication techniques
[...] Read more.
Antibacterial surfaces inspired by biological micro- and nanostructures, such as those found on the wings of cicadas and dragonflies, have attracted interest due to their ability to inhibit bacterial adhesion and damage microbial membranes without relying on chemical agents. However, conventional fabrication techniques like photolithography or nanoimprinting are limited by substrate shape, size, and high operational costs. In this study, we developed a scalable method using atmospheric-pressure low-temperature plasma (APLTP) to fabricate sharp-edged nanospikes on solvent-cast polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films. The nanospikes were formed through plasma-induced modification of pores in the film, followed by annealing to control surface wettability while maintaining structural sharpness. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the formation of micro/nanostructures, and contact angle measurements revealed reversible hydrophilicity. Antibacterial performance was evaluated against Escherichia coli using ISO 22196 standards. While the film with only plasma treatment reduced bacterial colonies by 30%, the film annealed after plasma treatment achieved an antibacterial activity value greater than 5, with bacterial counts below the detection limit (<10 CFU). These findings demonstrate that APLTP offers a practical route for large-area fabrication of biomimetic antibacterial coatings on flexible polymer substrates, holding promise for future applications in healthcare, packaging, and public hygiene.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetic Surfaces and Interfaces)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Markerless Force Estimation via SuperPoint-SIFT Fusion and Finite Element Analysis: A Sensorless Solution for Deformable Object Manipulation
by
Qingqing Xu, Ruoyang Lai and Junqing Yin
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090600 - 8 Sep 2025
Abstract
Contact-force perception is a critical component of safe robotic grasping. With the rapid advances in embodied intelligence technology, humanoid robots have enhanced their multimodal perception capabilities. Conventional force sensors face limitations, such as complex spatial arrangements, installation challenges at multiple nodes, and potential
[...] Read more.
Contact-force perception is a critical component of safe robotic grasping. With the rapid advances in embodied intelligence technology, humanoid robots have enhanced their multimodal perception capabilities. Conventional force sensors face limitations, such as complex spatial arrangements, installation challenges at multiple nodes, and potential interference with robotic flexibility. Consequently, these conventional sensors are unsuitable for biomimetic robot requirements in object perception, natural interaction, and agile movement. Therefore, this study proposes a sensorless external force detection method that integrates SuperPoint-Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) feature extraction with finite element analysis to address force perception challenges. A visual analysis method based on the SuperPoint-SIFT feature fusion algorithm was implemented to reconstruct a three-dimensional displacement field of the target object. Subsequently, the displacement field was mapped to the contact force distribution using finite element modeling. Experimental results demonstrate a mean force estimation error of 7.60% (isotropic) and 8.15% (anisotropic), with RMSE < 8%, validated by flexible pressure sensors. To enhance the model’s reliability, a dual-channel video comparison framework was developed. By analyzing the consistency of the deformation patterns and mechanical responses between the actual compression and finite element simulation video keyframes, the proposed approach provides a novel solution for real-time force perception in robotic interactions. The proposed solution is suitable for applications such as precision assembly and medical robotics, where sensorless force feedback is crucial.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Intelligent Robot)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Bioinspired Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Foam Fabricated via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming for Atmospheric Water Harvesting
by
Yingying Chen, Changjun Guo, Hao Wang, Jiabao Lu, Heng Xie and Ting Wu
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090599 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025
Abstract
The intensifying freshwater crisis underscores the critical need for all-weather, low-energy atmospheric water harvesting technologies. Inspired by the scale-like protrusions and interconnected channels of Tillandsia leaves that enable efficient water capture and release, a polyvinyl alcohol-based foam featuring a three-dimensional porous structure is
[...] Read more.
The intensifying freshwater crisis underscores the critical need for all-weather, low-energy atmospheric water harvesting technologies. Inspired by the scale-like protrusions and interconnected channels of Tillandsia leaves that enable efficient water capture and release, a polyvinyl alcohol-based foam featuring a three-dimensional porous structure is fabricated using the supercritical carbon dioxide foaming technology. Compared to the traditional freeze-drying method, this approach significantly reduces preparation energy consumption and shortens the production cycle. Lithium chloride integration endows the foam with exceptional moisture absorption capacity, reaching 300% of its weight. Leveraging graphene’s outstanding photothermal conversion properties, the foam achieves a photothermal dehydration rate of 80.7% within 80 min under 1 Sun irradiation, demonstrating a rapid water release capacity. Furthermore, the polyvinyl alcohol-based foam exhibits no performance degradation after 60 cycles, indicating remarkable stability. This technology provides a scalable, low-cost, and all-climate-applicable solution for water-scarce regions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic Smart Materials)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessCommunication
Biomimetic Dual-Sensing Bone Scaffolds: Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation Under Dynamic Culturing Conditions
by
Damion T. Dixon, Erika N. Landree and Cheryl T. Gomillion
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090598 - 8 Sep 2025
Abstract
The regeneration of large segmental bone defects remains a significant challenge. While electrical stimulation has demonstrated the potential to accelerate bone healing, clinical translation has been hindered by the lack of safe, localized delivery methods. In this study, we present a novel strategy
[...] Read more.
The regeneration of large segmental bone defects remains a significant challenge. While electrical stimulation has demonstrated the potential to accelerate bone healing, clinical translation has been hindered by the lack of safe, localized delivery methods. In this study, we present a novel strategy combining piezoelectric and electrically conductive polymers with allograft demineralized bones to create stimuli-responsive, biologically relevant scaffolds via pneumatic 3D printing. These scaffolds exhibit enhanced piezoelectric potential and tunable electrical properties, enabling both electrical and mechanical stimulation of cells (without external stimulators). Under dynamic culturing conditions (i.e., ultrasound stimulation), human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells cultured on these scaffolds displayed significantly elevated osteogenic protein expression (i.e., alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) and mineralization (confirmed via xylenol orange mineral staining) after two weeks. This work introduces a bioinspired, printable ink in conjunction with a simple fabrication approach for creating dual-responsive scaffolds with high potential for functional bone tissue regeneration.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessCommunication
Optimization Design of Haptic Units for Perception Feedback Interfaces Based on Vibrotactile Amplitude Modulation
by
Weichao Guo, Jingchen Huang, Lechuan Zhou, Yun Fang, Li Jiang and Xinjun Sheng
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090597 - 7 Sep 2025
Abstract
Tactile sensation is a crucial sensory pathway for humans to acquire information from the environment, and vibration feedback is one form of tactile feedback, offering advantages such as low cost, ease of integration, and high comfort. Avoiding mechanical crosstalk without changing the spacing
[...] Read more.
Tactile sensation is a crucial sensory pathway for humans to acquire information from the environment, and vibration feedback is one form of tactile feedback, offering advantages such as low cost, ease of integration, and high comfort. Avoiding mechanical crosstalk without changing the spacing between vibration units is a significant challenge in the design of haptic interfaces. This work focuses on the joint optimization design of vibration source characteristics and packaging materials of vibration units. From a theoretical modeling perspective, we explore the correlation between material properties and the amplitude of vibrations generated on the skin surface. A three-layer vibration unit optimization design scheme using a pogo pin structure is thus proposed. Parameters are optimized through finite element analysis, and experimental results prove that the three-layer vibration unit with pogo pins has amplitude modulation capabilities, laying the foundation for the design of array-based vibration tactile feedback interfaces and human-inspired grasp control.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Inspired Grasp Control in Robotics 2025)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
ACPOA: An Adaptive Cooperative Pelican Optimization Algorithm for Global Optimization and Multilevel Thresholding Image Segmentation
by
YuLong Zhang, Jianfeng Wang, Xiaoyan Zhang and Bin Wang
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090596 - 6 Sep 2025
Abstract
Multi-threshold image segmentation plays an irreplaceable role in extracting discriminative structural information from complex images. It is one of the core technologies for achieving accurate target detection and regional analysis, and its segmentation accuracy directly affects the analysis quality and decision reliability in
[...] Read more.
Multi-threshold image segmentation plays an irreplaceable role in extracting discriminative structural information from complex images. It is one of the core technologies for achieving accurate target detection and regional analysis, and its segmentation accuracy directly affects the analysis quality and decision reliability in key fields such as medical imaging, remote sensing interpretation, and industrial inspection. However, most existing image segmentation algorithms suffer from slow convergence speeds and low solution accuracy. Therefore, this paper proposes an Adaptive Cooperative Pelican Optimization Algorithm (ACPOA), an improved version of the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA), and applies it to global optimization and multilevel threshold image segmentation tasks. ACPOA integrates three innovative strategies: the elite pool mutation strategy guides the population toward high-quality regions by constructing an elite pool composed of the three individuals with the best fitness, effectively preventing the premature loss of population diversity; the adaptive cooperative mechanism enhances search efficiency in high-dimensional spaces by dynamically allocating subgroups and dimensions and performing specialized updates to achieve division of labor and global information sharing; and the hybrid boundary handling technique adopts a probabilistic hybrid approach to deal with boundary violations, balancing exploitation, exploration, and diversity while retaining more useful search information. Comparative experiments with eight advanced algorithms on the CEC2017 and CEC2022 benchmark test suites validate the superior optimization performance of ACPOA. Moreover, when applied to multilevel threshold image segmentation tasks, ACPOA demonstrates better accuracy, stability, and efficiency in solving practical problems, providing an effective solution for complex optimization challenges.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Swarm Intelligence Optimization Algorithms and Applications: 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Bioprinted Scaffolds for Biomimetic Applications: A State-of-the-Art Technology
by
Ille C. Gebeshuber, Sayak Khawas, Rishi Sharma and Neelima Sharma
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090595 - 5 Sep 2025
Abstract
This review emphasizes the latest developments in bioprinted scaffolds in tissue engineering, with a focus on their biomimetic applications. The accelerated pace of development of 3D bioprinting technologies has transformed the ability to fabricate scaffolds with the potential to replicate the structure and
[...] Read more.
This review emphasizes the latest developments in bioprinted scaffolds in tissue engineering, with a focus on their biomimetic applications. The accelerated pace of development of 3D bioprinting technologies has transformed the ability to fabricate scaffolds with the potential to replicate the structure and function of native tissues. Bioprinting methods such as inkjet, extrusion-based, laser-assisted, and digital light processing (DLP) approaches have the potential to fabricate complex, multi-material structures with high precision in geometry, material composition, and cellular microenvironments. Incorporating biomimetic design principles to replicate the mechanical and biological behaviors of native tissues has been of major research interest. Scaffold geometries that support cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation essential for tissue regeneration are mainly of particular interest. The review also deals with the development of bioink, with an emphasis on the utilization of natural, synthetic, and composite materials for enhanced scaffold stability, printability, and biocompatibility. Rheological characteristics, cell viability, and the utilization of stimuli-responsive bioinks are also discussed in detail. Their utilization in bone, cartilage, skin, neural, and cardiovascular tissue engineering demonstrates the versatility of bioprinted scaffolds. Despite the significant advancements, there are still challenges that include achieving efficient vascularization, long-term integration with host tissues, and scalability. The review concludes by underlining future trends such as 4D bioprinting, artificial intelligence-augmented scaffold design, and the regulatory and ethical implications involved in clinical translation. By considering these challenges in detail, this review provides insight into the future of bioprinted scaffolds in regenerative medicine.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Nanotechnology Vol. 4: Advances in Biomimetic Nanotechnology)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
A Systematic Review of Metal Composite Bone Grafts in Preclinical Spinal Fusion Models
by
Christian Rajkovic, Mahnoor Shafi, Naboneeta Sarkar, Vaughn Hernandez, Liwen Yang and Timothy F. Witham
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090594 - 5 Sep 2025
Abstract
Successful arthrodesis is a crucial factor in spinal fusion surgery, maximizing the likelihood of improved quality of life. The incorporation of metals into bone grafts has been demonstrated to enhance fusion rates through various osteoinductive and osteoconductive pathways. A systematic review was conducted
[...] Read more.
Successful arthrodesis is a crucial factor in spinal fusion surgery, maximizing the likelihood of improved quality of life. The incorporation of metals into bone grafts has been demonstrated to enhance fusion rates through various osteoinductive and osteoconductive pathways. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the utility of metal composite bone grafts in promoting arthrodesis in spinal fusion preclinical studies. PubMed/MEDLINE was queried to identify studies investigating metal composite bone grafts in animal models of spinal fusion. Non-spinal fusion animal models were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. After screening a total of 1554 articles, 17 articles were included in our review. Metal composite bone grafts with bioactive agents had significantly greater fusion rates than metal composite only bone grafts (p < 0.001) and similar fusion rates compared to non-metal comparator bone grafts (p = 0.172). Bone grafts containing strontium and magnesium had the greatest fusion rates compared to other metals and had significantly greater fusion rates than those of silicon-containing bone grafts (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively). Bone quality and bone volume percentages of fusion masses formed by metal composite bone grafts were enhanced via the addition of bioactive agents such as stem cells, rhBMP-2, autograft, and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid). The adverse event rate was 3.0% in all animal surgeries. Metal composite bone grafts show promise as osteoinductive agents to promote arthrodesis in spinal fusion, and their osteoinductive capability is enhanced with the synergistic addition of osteogenic factors such as stem cells and autograft.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Research on Target Localization Method for Underwater Robot Based on the Bionic Lateral Line System of Fish
by
Xinghua Lin, Enyu Yang, Guozhen Zan, Hang Xu, Hao Wang and Peilong Sun
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090593 - 5 Sep 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This paper is based on the fish lateral line sensing mechanism and aims to determine the coupling relationship between the flow field sensing signal and target source position information. Firstly, according to the flow field distribution characteristics of the target source, the equivalent
[...] Read more.
This paper is based on the fish lateral line sensing mechanism and aims to determine the coupling relationship between the flow field sensing signal and target source position information. Firstly, according to the flow field distribution characteristics of the target source, the equivalent multipole model of the flow field disturbance during the underwater motion of the SUBOFF model is constructed, and then the target localization function based on the least squares method is established according to the theory of potential flow, and the residual function of the target localization is solved optimally using the quasi-Newton method (QN) to obtain the estimated position of the target source. On this basis, a curved bionic lateral line sensing array is constructed on the surface of a robotic fish, and the estimated location of the target source is obtained. The curvilinear bionic lateral line sensing array is constructed on the surface of the robotic fish, and the effectiveness and robustness of the above localization methods are analysed to validate whether the fish lateral line uses the pressure change to sense the underwater target.
Full article

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Multi-Strategy Improved Red-Billed Blue Magpie Optimization Algorithm and Its Applications
by
Yancang Li, Jiaqi Zhi, Xinle Wang and Binli Shi
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090592 - 5 Sep 2025
Abstract
To address the issues of low convergence accuracy, poor population diversity, and susceptibility to local optima in the Red-billed Blue Magpie Optimization Algorithm (RBMO), this study proposes a multi-strategy improved Red-billed Blue Magpie Optimization Algorithm (SWRBMO). First, an adaptive T-distribution-based sinh–cosh search strategy
[...] Read more.
To address the issues of low convergence accuracy, poor population diversity, and susceptibility to local optima in the Red-billed Blue Magpie Optimization Algorithm (RBMO), this study proposes a multi-strategy improved Red-billed Blue Magpie Optimization Algorithm (SWRBMO). First, an adaptive T-distribution-based sinh–cosh search strategy is used to enhance global exploration and speed up convergence. Second, a neighborhood-guided reinforcement strategy helps the algorithm avoid local optima. Third, a crossover strategy is also introduced to improve convergence accuracy. SWRBMO is evaluated on 15 benchmark functions selected from the CEC2005 test suite, with ablation studies on 12 of them, and further validated on the CEC2019 and CEC2021 test suites. Across all test sets, its convergence behavior and statistical significance are analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Comparative experiments on CEC2019 and CEC2021 demonstrate that SWRBMO achieves faster convergence and higher accuracy than RBMO and other competitive algorithms. Finally, four engineering design problems further confirm its practicality, where SWRBMO outperforms other methods by up to 99%, 38.4%, 2.4%, and nearly 100% in the respective cases, highlighting its strong potential for real-world engineering applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological Optimisation and Management)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
LSTM-Enhanced TD3 and Behavior Cloning for UAV Trajectory Tracking Control
by
Yuanhang Qi, Jintao Hu, Fujie Wang and Gewen Huang
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090591 - 4 Sep 2025
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) often face significant challenges in trajectory tracking within complex dynamic environments, where uncertainties, external disturbances, and nonlinear dynamics hinder accurate and stable control. To address this issue, a bio-inspired deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm is proposed, integrating behavior cloning
[...] Read more.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) often face significant challenges in trajectory tracking within complex dynamic environments, where uncertainties, external disturbances, and nonlinear dynamics hinder accurate and stable control. To address this issue, a bio-inspired deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm is proposed, integrating behavior cloning (BC) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. This method can achieve autonomous learning of high-precision control policy without establishing an accurate system dynamics model. Motivated by the memory and prediction functions of biological neural systems, an LSTM module is embedded into the policy network of the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) algorithm. This structure captures temporal state patterns more effectively, enhancing adaptability to trajectory variations and resilience to delays or disturbances. Compared to memoryless networks, the LSTM-based design better replicates biological time-series processing, improving tracking stability and accuracy. In addition, behavior cloning is employed to pre-train the DRL policy using expert demonstrations, mimicking the way animals learn from observation. This biomimetic plausible initialization accelerates convergence by reducing inefficient early-stage exploration. By combining offline imitation with online learning, the TD3-LSTM-BC framework balances expert guidance and adaptive optimization, analogous to innate and experience-based learning in nature. Simulation experimental results confirm the superior robustness and tracking accuracy of the proposed method, demonstrating its potential as a control solution for autonomous UAVs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Robotics and Applications 2025)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Suture Materials: Conventional and Stimulatory-Responsive Absorbable Polymers with Biomimetic Function
by
Francesco Nappi
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090590 - 4 Sep 2025
Abstract
Suture materials are of pivotal importance in the process of wound healing, as they provide support to growing tissue. The application of suture materials is an intricate process that extends beyond mere closure of skin wounds. Rather, it encompasses a wide range of
[...] Read more.
Suture materials are of pivotal importance in the process of wound healing, as they provide support to growing tissue. The application of suture materials is an intricate process that extends beyond mere closure of skin wounds. Rather, it encompasses a wide range of surgical procedures. It is evident that suture materials possess a high degree of versatility, as evidenced by their application in a broad range of surgical disciplines, including, but not limited to, plastic surgery, neurosurgery, vascular surgery and ocular surgery. Additionally, their application extends to wound treatment and the repair of the musculo-skeletal system and the urogenital tract. This review underscores the pivotal role of sutures in contemporary medicine and surgery. The selection of suture material must be made with the utmost attention to the physical and biological characteristics of the material concerned. The process is characterised by a multifaceted evaluation encompassing the following: first, the assessment of the wound in question; secondly, the healing rate of different tissue types; and thirdly, a thorough appraisal of the patient’s overall physical condition. Advances in suture material technology have given rise to a wider range of sutures, thereby enhancing the existing array of options. Simultaneously, suture needles have undergone a progressive process of technological refinement, resulting in a more comprehensive range of alternatives with a heightened level of precision for specific applications in tissue engineering. Recent experimental investigations have employed an animal model, underpinned by biomechanical analysis. It is evident from the findings of these studies that absorbable sutures fulfil a scaffolding function. The hypothesis concerning the biomimetic function of the materials under investigation was corroborated by the results of biomechanical behaviour and histological examination. This review explores the functionality of both absorbable sutures and novel polymers, investigating their potential application as scaffolding materials within clinical contexts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Bioinspired Materials and Structures: 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
DRIME: A Distributed Data-Guided RIME Algorithm for Numerical Optimization Problems
by
Jinghao Yang, Yuanyuan Shao, Bin Fu and Lei Kou
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090589 - 3 Sep 2025
Abstract
To address the shortcomings of the RIME algorithm’s weak global exploration ability, insufficient information exchange among populations, and limited population diversity, this work proposes a distributed data-guided RIME algorithm called DRIME. First, this paper proposes a data-distribution-driven guided learning strategy that enhances information
[...] Read more.
To address the shortcomings of the RIME algorithm’s weak global exploration ability, insufficient information exchange among populations, and limited population diversity, this work proposes a distributed data-guided RIME algorithm called DRIME. First, this paper proposes a data-distribution-driven guided learning strategy that enhances information exchange among populations and dynamically guides populations to exploit or explore. Then, a soft-rime search phase based on weighted averaging is proposed, which balances the development and exploration of RIME by alternating with the original strategy. Finally, a candidate pool is utilized to replace the optimal reference point of the hard-rime puncture mechanism to enrich the diversity of the population and reduce the risk of falling into local optima. To evaluate the performance of the DRIME algorithm, parameter sensitivity analysis, policy effectiveness analysis, and two comparative analyses are performed on the CEC-2017 test set and the CEC-2022 test set. The parameter sensitivity analysis identifies the optimal parameter settings for the DRIME algorithm. The strategy effectiveness analysis confirms the effectiveness of the improved strategies. In comparison with ACGRIME, TERIME, IRIME, DNMRIME, GLSRIME, and HERIME on the CEC-2017 test set, the DRIME algorithm achieves Friedman rankings of 1.517, 1.069, 1.138, and 1.069 in different dimensions. In comparison with EOSMA, GLS-MPA, ISGTOA, EMTLBO, LSHADE-SPACMA, and APSM-jSO on the CEC-2022 test set, the DRIME algorithm achieves Friedman rankings of 2.167 and 1.917 in 10 and 30 dimensions, respectively. In addition, the DRIME algorithm achieved an average ranking of 1.23 in engineering constraint optimization problems, far surpassing other comparison algorithms. In conclusion, the numerical optimization experiments successfully illustrate that the DRIME algorithm has excellent search capability and can provide satisfactory solutions to a wide range of optimization problems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Swarm Intelligence Optimization Algorithms and Applications: 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Optimizing Maritime Search and Rescue Planning via Genetic Algorithms: Incorporating Civilian Vessel Collaboration
by
Seung-Yeol Hong and Yong-Hyuk Kim
Biomimetics 2025, 10(9), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10090588 - 3 Sep 2025
Abstract
This study proposes a biomimetic optimization approach for maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) planning using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The goal is to maximize the number of detected drifting targets by optimally deploying both official and civilian Search and Rescue Units (SRUs). The
[...] Read more.
This study proposes a biomimetic optimization approach for maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) planning using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The goal is to maximize the number of detected drifting targets by optimally deploying both official and civilian Search and Rescue Units (SRUs). The proposed method incorporates a POD-adjusted fitness function with collision-avoidance constraints and is enhanced by a greedy initialization strategy. To validate its effectiveness, we compare the GA against a baseline method (EAGD) that combines a (1 + 1)-Evolutionary Algorithm with greedy deployment, across 24 experiments involving 2 realistic maritime scenarios and 12 coverage conditions. Results show that GA consistently achieves higher average fitness and stability, particularly under stress-test settings involving only civilian vessels. The findings underscore the potential of biomimetic algorithms for real-time, flexible, and scalable SAR planning, while highlighting the value of civilian participation in emergency maritime operations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms 2025)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
9 September 2025
Empowering Academic Growth with MDPI: Gold-Tier Sponsorship of the University of Alberta’s Faculty of Engineering Graduate Research Symposium (FEGRS) Held on 19–21 August 2025
Empowering Academic Growth with MDPI: Gold-Tier Sponsorship of the University of Alberta’s Faculty of Engineering Graduate Research Symposium (FEGRS) Held on 19–21 August 2025

3 September 2025
Join Us at the MDPI at the University of Toronto Career Fair, 23 September 2025, Toronto, ON, Canada
Join Us at the MDPI at the University of Toronto Career Fair, 23 September 2025, Toronto, ON, Canada

Topics
Topic in
ASI, Bioengineering, C, Healthcare, Biomimetics, Processes
Biomedical Engineering, Healthcare and Sustainability, 2nd Edition
Topic Editors: Teen-Hang Meen, Chun-Yen Chang, Charles Tijus, Po-Lei Lee, Yi-Chun DuDeadline: 31 May 2026
Topic in
Biomimetics, Electronics, Gels, Robotics, Technologies
Bio-Inspired, Biomedical, Surgical, Social and AI-Integrated Bio-Mechanical Robotics
Topic Editors: Yanen Wang, Chenguang YangDeadline: 31 July 2026
Topic in
Molecules, Biomimetics, Chemosensors, Life, AI, Sci
Recent Advances in Chemical Artificial Intelligence
Topic Editors: Pier Luigi Gentili, Jerzy Górecki, David C Magri, Pasquale StanoDeadline: 15 October 2026

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Biomimetics
Recent Advances in Wearable Bioelectronics in Healthcare/Medical Devices
Guest Editor: Dhruv R. SeshadriDeadline: 10 September 2025
Special Issue in
Biomimetics
Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering
Guest Editors: Amir Seyfoori, Amir Reza ArefDeadline: 15 September 2025
Special Issue in
Biomimetics
Bionic Design & Lightweight Engineering 2025
Guest Editor: Xiaoming ZhangDeadline: 20 September 2025
Special Issue in
Biomimetics
Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Robots: 3rd Edition
Guest Editor: Ming XieDeadline: 30 September 2025