Biomimetics

26 pages, 8273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of the Water-Exit Performance of a Bionic Unmanned Aerial-Underwater Vehicle with Front-Mounted Propeller

by Yu Dong, Qigan Wang, Wei Wu and Zhijun Zhang

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010021 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

This work presents a numerical study of the water-exit characteristics of a bioinspired unmanned aerial-underwater vehicle (UAUV) equipped with a front-mounted propeller. A robust solution framework was established on the basis of a modified Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model, volume of fluid [...] Read more.

This work presents a numerical study of the water-exit characteristics of a bioinspired unmanned aerial-underwater vehicle (UAUV) equipped with a front-mounted propeller. A robust solution framework was established on the basis of a modified Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model, volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase formulation, overset grid technique, and six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) motion model; the framework was verified against a canonical water-exit case of a sphere. Inspired by the morphology and water-exit behavior of flying fish, a bioinspired three-dimensional (3D) model was designed. Using this framework, the effects of the front-mounted propeller configuration, exit velocity, and exit angle were examined; the exit process under different conditions was analyzed; and the relationship between exit drag and exit state was quantified. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can resolve the water-exit performance of the bioinspired UAUV in detail. Folding the front-mounted propeller effectively reduces exit drag and mitigates high-pressure concentrations on the blades. When the exit velocity is ≥8 m/s and the exit angle θ ≤ 30°, the peak exit drag does not surpass 90.004 N. The peak exit drag exhibits a pronounced quadratic relationship with both exit velocity and exit angle. To ensure safe water exit, the UAUV should avoid exiting with the front-mounted propeller deployed and avoid excessively low exit velocities and overly large exit angles. The numerical investigation of exit drag provides effective bioinspired design guidelines and a feasible analysis strategy for UAUV development. In conclusion, the findings provide crucial insights for designing more efficient bioinspired UAUVs, particularly in terms of minimizing water-exit drag and optimizing the configuration of the front-mounted propeller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Cross-Domain Dynamics: Advances in Aerial-Aquatic Multimodal Vehicles)

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14 pages, 1249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Compressive Strength Optimization of 3D-Printed Voronoi Trabecular Bone Using the Taguchi Method

by Suyeon Seo, Ju-Hee Lee, Minchae Kang, Eunsol Park and Min-Woo Han

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010020 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

The surge in demand for patient-specific orthopedic implants necessitates the precise optimization of design and processing parameters for artificial trabecular bone. This research utilizes Voronoi-based porous structures to replicate the irregular geometry characteristic of natural trabecular bone. All specimens were fabricated through fused [...] Read more.

The surge in demand for patient-specific orthopedic implants necessitates the precise optimization of design and processing parameters for artificial trabecular bone. This research utilizes Voronoi-based porous structures to replicate the irregular geometry characteristic of natural trabecular bone. All specimens were fabricated through fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polylactic acid (PLA). The study systematically investigated the influence of four primary parameters, namely build orientation, extruder temperature, layer height, and pore count, on compressive strength. To ensure experimental efficiency, the research implemented a Taguchi L20 orthogonal array. Subsequent signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis identified the optimal parameter set as a y-90° build orientation, an extruder temperature of 200 °C, a layer height of 0.2 mm, and a count of 150 pores. These findings underscore the necessity of integrated geometric and process parameter optimization to advance additive manufacturing for orthopedic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing for Orthopedic Applications)

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15 pages, 9567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Aerodynamic Performance of Bionic Fan Blades with Microstructured Surface

by Meihong Gao, Xiaomin Liu, Meihui Zhu, Chun Shen, Zhenjiang Wei, Zhengyang Wu and Chengchun Zhang

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010019 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

The frictional resistance of impeller machinery blades such as aircraft engines, gas turbines, and wind turbines has a decisive impact on their efficiency and energy consumption. Inspired by the micro-tooth structure on the surface of shark skin, microstructural drag reduction technology has become [...] Read more.

The frictional resistance of impeller machinery blades such as aircraft engines, gas turbines, and wind turbines has a decisive impact on their efficiency and energy consumption. Inspired by the micro-tooth structure on the surface of shark skin, microstructural drag reduction technology has become a cutting-edge research direction for improving aerodynamic performance and a continuous focus of researchers over the past 20 years. However, the significant difficulty in fabricating microstructures on three-dimensional curved surfaces has led to the limited widespread application of this technology in engineering. Addressing the issue of drag reduction and efficiency improvement for small axial flow fans (local Reynolds number range: (36,327–40,330), this paper employs Design of Experiments (DOE) combined with high-precision numerical simulation to clarify the drag reduction law of bionic microgroove surfaces and determine the dimensions of bionic microstructures on fan blade surfaces. The steady-state calculation uses the standard k-ω model and simpleFoam solver, while the unsteady Large Eddy Simulation (LES) employs the pimpleFoam solver and WALE subgrid-scale model. The dimensionless height (h⁺) and width (s⁺) of microgrooves are in the range of 8.50–29.75, and the micro-grooved structure achieves effective drag reduction. The microstructured surface is fabricated on the suction surface of the blade via a spray coating process, and the dimensions of the microstructures are determined according to the drag reduction law of grooved flat plates. Aerodynamic performance tests indicate that the shaft power consumed by the bionic fan blades during the tests is significantly reduced. The maximum static pressure efficiency of the bionic fan with micro-dimples is increased by 2.33%, while that of the bionic fan with micro-grooves is increased by 3.46%. The fabrication method of the bionic microstructured surface proposed in this paper is expected to promote the engineering application of bionic drag reduction technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetic Surfaces and Interfaces)

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27 pages, 1098 KB

Open AccessReview

Organ-on-a-Chip and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies in Cardiac Tissue Engineering

by Daniele Marazzi, Federica Trovalusci, Paolo Di Nardo and Felicia Carotenuto

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010018 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

Microfluidic technologies have ushered in a new era in cardiac tissue engineering, providing more predictive in vitro models compared to two-dimensional culture studies. This review examines Organ-on-a-Chip (OoC) and Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) platforms, with a specific focus on cardiovascular applications. OoCs, and particularly Heart-on-a-Chip [...] Read more.

Microfluidic technologies have ushered in a new era in cardiac tissue engineering, providing more predictive in vitro models compared to two-dimensional culture studies. This review examines Organ-on-a-Chip (OoC) and Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) platforms, with a specific focus on cardiovascular applications. OoCs, and particularly Heart-on-a-Chip systems, have advanced biomimicry to a higher level by recreating complex 3D cardiac microenvironments in vitro and dynamic fluid flow. These platforms employ induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), engineered extracellular matrices, and dynamic mechanical and electrical stimulation to reproduce the structural and functional features of myocardial tissue. LoCs have introduced miniaturization and integration of analytical functions into compact devices, enabling high-throughput screening, advanced diagnostics, and efficient pharmacological testing. They enable the investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms, the assessment of cardiotoxicity, and the development of precision medicine approaches. Furthermore, progress in multi-organ systems expands the potential of microfluidic technologies to simulate heart–liver, heart–kidney, and heart–tumor interactions, providing more comprehensive predictive models. However, challenges remain, including the immaturity of iPSC-derived cells, the lack of standardization, and scalability issues. In general, microfluidic platforms represent strategic tools for advancing cardiovascular research in translation and accelerating therapeutic innovation within precision medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Using Next-Gen Biomaterials)

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26 pages, 865 KB

Open AccessReview

Bio-Inspired Reactive Approaches for Automated Guided Vehicle Path Planning: A Review

by Shiwei Lin, Jianguo Wang and Xiaoying Kong

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010017 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

Automated guided vehicle (AGV) path planning aims to obtain an optimal path from the start point to the target point. Path planning methods are generally divided into classical algorithms and reactive algorithms, and this paper focuses on reactive algorithms. Reactive algorithms are classified [...] Read more.

Automated guided vehicle (AGV) path planning aims to obtain an optimal path from the start point to the target point. Path planning methods are generally divided into classical algorithms and reactive algorithms, and this paper focuses on reactive algorithms. Reactive algorithms are classified into swarm intelligence algorithms and artificial intelligence algorithms, and this paper reviews relevant studies from the past six years (2019–2025). This review involves 123 papers: 81 papers are about reactive algorithms, 44 are based on the swarm intelligence algorithm, and 37 are based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The main categories of swarm intelligence algorithms include particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, and genetic algorithms. Neural networks, reinforcement learning, and fuzzy logic represent the main trends in artificial intelligence–based algorithms. Among the cited papers, 45.68% achieve online implementations, and 33.33% address multi-AGV systems. Swarm intelligence algorithms are suitable for static or simplified dynamic environments with a low computational complexity and fast convergence, as 79.55% of papers are based on a static environment and 22.73% achieve online path planning. Artificial intelligence algorithms are effective for dealing with dynamic environments, which contribute 72.97% to online implementation and 54.05% to dynamic environments, while they face the challenge of robustness and the sim-to-real problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Optimisation and Management)

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12 pages, 1033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Strength of Different Restorative Materials Used for Direct Restoration in Pediatric Dentistry: An In Vitro Study

by Ioana Elena Lile, Carolina Cojocariu, Ciprian Pasca, Andra-Alexandra Stăncioiu, Luminiţa Ligia Vaida and Diana Marian

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010016 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Preservation of tooth structure is a key principle in pediatric dentistry, where restorative materials must balance mechanical strength with the preservation of pulp vitality and minimally invasive techniques. The aim of this in vitro study, as it relates to pediatric dentistry, was [...] Read more.

Background: Preservation of tooth structure is a key principle in pediatric dentistry, where restorative materials must balance mechanical strength with the preservation of pulp vitality and minimally invasive techniques. The aim of this in vitro study, as it relates to pediatric dentistry, was to investigate the flexural strength of common composite resins, glass ionomer cements, and resin-modified glass ionomer cement within standardized and homogeneous laboratory conditions. Methods: This study evaluated the flexural strength of seven restorative materials: four composites (Filtek™ Z250, Filtek™ Supreme XT, Gradia, Premise), two GICs (Ketac™ Molar Easymix, GC Fuji IX GP), and one RMGIC (Vitremer). Standardized specimens were prepared and tested using a three-point bending protocol with a universal testing machine (Zwick-Roell Z005). A total of 49 specimens were fabricated and analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed with a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: The flexural strength value of composite resins was significantly greater than that of the glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer cements (p < 0.001). Filtek™ Z250 had the highest flexural strength, and Vitremer, a resin-modified glass ionomer cement, exhibited intermediate performance. Ketac™ Molar Easymix had the lowest values among conventional glass ionomer cements, whilst the flexural strength values obtained for GC Fuji IX GP were similar to some composite materials but with higher variability. Conclusions: Composite resins remain the most durable option for pediatric restorations in stress-bearing areas, whereas RMGICs provide a compromise between mechanical performance and biological advantages such as fluoride release and biocompatibility. Conventional GICs, despite their lower flexural strength, retain clinical relevance in low-load sites and for patients at a high risk of caries. Material selection in pediatric dentistry should therefore be tailored to the child’s age, tooth location, and functional demands to ensure long-lasting, minimally invasive restorations. This study involved only mechanical properties alone, and biological aspects, such as fluoride release and biocompatibility, were not considered. Material selection in pediatric dentistry should therefore take into account mechanical requirements, restorative location, and clinical environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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17 pages, 6535 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomimetic Assessment of 3D-Printed T-Shape Joints Bio-Inspired by the Stem-Branch Junction in Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) Trees

by Rastislav Lagaňa, Roman Nôta, Zuzana Tončíková, Tomáš Holeček, Nadežda Langová and Jaroslav Ďurkovič

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010015 - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

The stem–branch junction in trees demonstrates exceptional structural design. This study examined two key features of the branch junction in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood: the interlocked area (ILA) formed above a knot and the spatial arrangement of fibers in the [...] Read more.

The stem–branch junction in trees demonstrates exceptional structural design. This study examined two key features of the branch junction in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood: the interlocked area (ILA) formed above a knot and the spatial arrangement of fibers in the junction. Bio-inspired by the microstructural features revealed by micro-computed tomography imaging, we developed 3D-printed models and compared their mechanical performance to standard symmetrical T-joints. We evaluated the models using mechanical tests and finite element modeling (FEM). Asymmetrical 3D-printed joints mimicking vessel and fiber distribution in the stem–branch junction were 2% stiffer in the elastic region than symmetrical joints and showed, on average, 10% lower deflection at failure. While the ILA had minimal effect on elastic stiffness, measured surface strain analysis indicated that it positively influenced the redistribution of shear strain in the junctions. Thanks to the bio-inspired design, the joints were stiffer and can be utilized in multiple design configurations while maintaining the same underlying principle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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30 pages, 1992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomimetic Approach to Designing Trust-Based Robot-to-Human Object Handover in a Collaborative Assembly Task

by S. M. Mizanoor Rahman

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010014 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

We presented a biomimetic approach to designing robot-to-human handover of objects in a collaborative assembly task. We developed a human–robot hybrid cell where a human and a robot collaborated with each other to perform the assembly operations of a product in a flexible [...] Read more.

We presented a biomimetic approach to designing robot-to-human handover of objects in a collaborative assembly task. We developed a human–robot hybrid cell where a human and a robot collaborated with each other to perform the assembly operations of a product in a flexible manufacturing setup. Firstly, we investigated human psychology and biomechanics (kinetics and kinematics) for human-to-robot handover of an object in the human–robot collaborative set-up in three separate experimental conditions: (i) human possessed high trust in the robot, (ii) human possessed moderate trust in the robot, and (iii) human possessed low trust in the robot. The results showed that human psychology was significantly impacted by human trust in the robot, which also impacted the biomechanics of human-to-robot handover, i.e., human hand movement slowed down, the angle between human hand and robot arm increased (formed a braced handover configuration), and human grip forces increased if human trust in the robot decreased, and vice versa. Secondly, being inspired by those empirical results related to human psychology and biomechanics, we proposed a novel robot-to-human object handover mechanism (strategy). According to the novel handover mechanism, the robot varied its handover configurations and motions through kinematic redundancy with the aim of reducing potential impulse forces on the human body through the object during the handover when robot trust in the human was low. We implemented the proposed robot-to-human handover mechanism in the human–robot collaborative assembly task in the hybrid cell. The experimental evaluation results showed significant improvements in human–robot interaction (HRI) in terms of transparency, naturalness, engagement, cooperation, cognitive workload, and human trust in the robot, and in overall performance in terms of handover safety, handover success rate, and assembly efficiency. The results can help design and develop human–robot handover mechanisms for human–robot collaborative tasks in various applications such as industrial manufacturing and manipulation, medical surgery, warehouse, transport, logistics, construction, machine shops, goods delivery, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Inspired Grasp Control in Robotics 2025)

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22 pages, 5377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Neural Habituation in Insect Bio-Bots: A Dual-Timescale Adaptive Control Approach

by Le Minh Triet and Nguyen Truong Thinh

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010013 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Bio-cybernetic organisms combine biological locomotion with electronic control but face significant challenges regarding individual variability and stimulus habituation. This study introduces an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) designed to dynamically calibrate to individual Gromphadorhina portentosa specimens. Using a miniaturized neural controller, we compared [...] Read more.

Bio-cybernetic organisms combine biological locomotion with electronic control but face significant challenges regarding individual variability and stimulus habituation. This study introduces an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) designed to dynamically calibrate to individual Gromphadorhina portentosa specimens. Using a miniaturized neural controller, we compared ANFIS’s performance against natural behavior and non-adaptive control methods. Results demonstrate ANFIS’s superiority: obstacle navigation efficiency reached 81% (compared to 42% for non-adaptive methods), and effective behavioral modulation was sustained for 47 min (versus 26 min). Furthermore, the system achieved 73% target acquisition in complex terrain and maintained stimulus responsiveness 3.5-fold longer through sophisticated habituation compensation. Biocompatibility assessments confirmed interface functionality over 14-day periods. This research establishes foundational benchmarks for arthropod bio-cybernetics, demonstrating that adaptive neuro-fuzzy architectures significantly outperform conventional methods, enabling robust bio-hybrid platforms suitable for confined-space search-and-rescue operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Nature-Inspired Engineering: Integrating Biomimicry into Modern Design Practices)

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33 pages, 2694 KB

Open AccessReview

Biomimetic Strategies for Bone Regeneration: Smart Scaffolds and Multiscale Cues

by Sheikh Md Mosharof Hossen, Md Abdul Khaleque, Min-Su Lim, Jin-Kyu Kang, Do-Kyun Kim, Hwan-Hee Lee and Young-Yul Kim

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010012 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Bone regeneration remains difficult due to the complex bone microenvironment and the limited healing capacity of large defects. Biomimetic strategies offer promising solutions by using advanced 3D scaffolds guided by natural tissue cues. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering now [...] Read more.

Bone regeneration remains difficult due to the complex bone microenvironment and the limited healing capacity of large defects. Biomimetic strategies offer promising solutions by using advanced 3D scaffolds guided by natural tissue cues. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering now allow the fabrication of hierarchical scaffolds that closely mimic native bone. Smart scaffold systems combine materials with biochemical and mechanical signals. These features improve vascularization, enhance tissue integration, and support better regenerative outcomes. Bio-inspired materials also help connect inert implants with living tissues by promoting vascular network formation and improving cell communication. Multiscale design approaches recreate bone nano- to macro-level structure and support both osteogenic activity and immune regulation. Intelligent and adaptive scaffolds are being developed to respond to physiological changes and enable personalized bone repair. This review discusses the current landscape of biomimetic scaffold design, fabrication techniques, material strategies, biological mechanisms, and translational considerations shaping next-generation bone regeneration technologies. Future directions focus on sustainable, clinically translatable biomimetic systems that can integrate with digital health tools for improved treatment planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bio-Inspired Design and Characterization of 3D-Printed Multimaterial Composites and Heterogeneous Structures)

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15 pages, 1850 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Biomimetic Robotic Rehabilitation: Pilot Study of an Upper-Limb Cable-Driven Exoskeleton in Post-Stroke Patients

by Develyn I. S. Bastos, Sergio C. M. Gomes, Eduardo A. F. Dias, Pedro H. F. Ulhoa, Raphaele C. J. S. Gomes, Fabiana D. Marinho and Rafhael M. Andrade

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010011 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Stroke is a leading cause of disability, often resulting in motor, cognitive, and language deficits, with significant impact on upper-limb function. Robotic therapy (RT) has emerged as an effective strategy, providing intensive, repetitive, and adaptable practice to optimize functional recovery. This pilot study [...] Read more.

Stroke is a leading cause of disability, often resulting in motor, cognitive, and language deficits, with significant impact on upper-limb function. Robotic therapy (RT) has emerged as an effective strategy, providing intensive, repetitive, and adaptable practice to optimize functional recovery. This pilot study aimed to describe and evaluate the effects of robotic rehabilitation as a complement to conventional therapy, using a biomimetic activities-of-daily-living (ADL)-based protocol, on upper-limb function in post-stroke patients. Three participants (aged 30–80 years) undergoing occupational and/or physiotherapy received individualized robotic training with a lightweight cable-driven upper-limb exoskeleton, m-FLEX™, twice a week for ten weeks (30 min per session). Movements were designed to mimic natural upper-limb actions, including elbow flexion-extension, forearm pronation-supination, tripod pinch, and functional tasks such as grasping a cup. Assessments included the Fugl-Meyer (FM) scale, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and device satisfaction, performed at baseline, mid-intervention, and post-intervention. Descriptive analysis of the tabulated data revealed improvements in range of motion and functional outcomes. These findings suggest that biomimetic protocol of robotic rehabilitation, when combined with conventional therapy, can enhance motor and functional recovery in post-stroke patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Technology—Robotic Exoskeletons and Prostheses: 3rd Edition)

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60 pages, 59143 KB

Open AccessArticle

Binary Pufferfish Optimization Algorithm for Combinatorial Problems

by Broderick Crawford, Álex Paz, Ricardo Soto, Álvaro Peña Fritz, Gino Astorga, Felipe Cisternas-Caneo, Claudio Patricio Toledo Mac-lean, Fabián Solís-Piñones, José Lara Arce and Giovanni Giachetti

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010010 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Metaheuristics are a fundament pillar of Industry 4.0, as they allow for complex optimization problems to be solved by finding good solutions in a reasonable amount of computational time. One category of important problems in modern industry is that of binary problems, where [...] Read more.

Metaheuristics are a fundament pillar of Industry 4.0, as they allow for complex optimization problems to be solved by finding good solutions in a reasonable amount of computational time. One category of important problems in modern industry is that of binary problems, where decision variables can take values of zero or one. In this work, we propose a binary version of the Pufferfish optimization algorithm (BPOA), which was originally created to solve continuous problems. The binary mapping follows a two-step technique, first transforming using transfer functions and then discretizing using binarization rules. We study representative pairings of transfer functions and binarization rules, comparing our algorithm with Particle Swarm Optimization, Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm, and Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with identical computational budgets. To validate its correct functioning, we solved binary problems present in industry, such as the Set Covering Problem together with its Unicost variant, as well as the Knapsack Problem. The results we achieved with regard to these problems were promising and statistically validated. The tests performed on the executions indicate that many pair differences are not statistically significant when both methods are already close to the optimal level, and significance arises precisely where the descriptive gaps widen, underscoring that transfer–rule pairing is the main performance factor. BPOA is a competitive and flexible framework whose effectiveness is mainly governed by the discretization design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological and Bio-Inspired Algorithms)

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20 pages, 13265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Nature’s Bistability: Simulation of Earwig Fan Folding

by Nele Binder, Leone Costi, Dario Izzo and Tobias Seidl

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010009 - 24 Dec 2025

Abstract

In this work, a numerical tool is presented to simulate the dynamics of insect wing folding by example of the fan folding of the dermapteran hindwing. The scalability of the system is demonstrated by generalising the mechanical behaviour from the small geometry of [...] Read more.

In this work, a numerical tool is presented to simulate the dynamics of insect wing folding by example of the fan folding of the dermapteran hindwing. The scalability of the system is demonstrated by generalising the mechanical behaviour from the small geometry of the wing to a suitable scale for engineering applications, such as deployable structures for space applications. The tool is written in Python and based on the MuJoCo physics engine. Sections of the anal fan are modelled as a bar-and-hinge model with elastic tendons, allowing a high number of design parameters and fast computation. In light of these advantages, the wing folding and unfolding behaviour is investigated with respect to the tendon’s elastic properties and the actuation of the deformation. Bistability is characterised using a single tendon and the entire fan section. Given the upscaled geometry of the analysed section, the required tendon characteristics to transition between the stable states are identified within a reasonable range for technological transfer towards biomimetic structures modelled after the dermapteran hindwing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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15 pages, 5983 KB

Open AccessArticle

Composites Based on Collagen, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Sage Oil with Potential Use in Dentistry

by Bogdan Valeriu Sorca, Ana-Maria Rosca, Durmuş Alpaslan Kaya, Sergiu-Marian Vatamanu, Mădălina Georgiana Albu Kaya, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Alina Elena Coman, Laura Cristina Rusu and Irina Titorencu

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010008 - 24 Dec 2025

Abstract

Osseointegration in dental implants involves the use of materials that mimic the bone tissue, with special properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of composites based on collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and sage oil obtained by [...] Read more.

Osseointegration in dental implants involves the use of materials that mimic the bone tissue, with special properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of composites based on collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and sage oil obtained by freeze-drying method. Their morphological structures were determined by water uptake and scanning electron microscopy, the physical–chemical interactions between components by FT-IR, the stability by in vitro collagenase degradation, and the results indicate that the samples’ properties are highly influenced by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic character of sage essential oil and chondroitin sulfate, respectively, concluding that we can design a formulation with certain properties. The composite spongious forms were evaluated for cytocompatibility using the MG63 osteoblast cell line and subjected to histological observation. The results showed that the samples with sage essential oil were most resistant to enzymatic degradation, and the ones with chondroitin sulfate promoted the deposition of an abundant extracellular matrix. Taken together, the results suggest that incorporating chondroitin sulfate and sage oil in a controlled manner into collagen scaffolds represents a promising approach for enhancing bone tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomimetics of Materials and Structures)

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24 pages, 7870 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Gudermannian Function-Driven Controller Architecture Optimized by Starfish Optimizer for Superior Transient Performance of Automatic Voltage Regulation

by Davut Izci, Serdar Ekinci, Mostafa Jabari, Behçet Kocaman, Burcu Bektaş Güneş, Enver Adas and Mohd Ashraf Ahmad

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010007 - 23 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes a Gudermannian function-based proportional–integral–derivative (G-PID) controller to enhance the transient performance of automatic voltage regulator (AVR) systems operating under highly dynamic conditions. By embedding the smooth and bounded nonlinear mapping of the Gudermannian function into the classical PID structure, the [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a Gudermannian function-based proportional–integral–derivative (G-PID) controller to enhance the transient performance of automatic voltage regulator (AVR) systems operating under highly dynamic conditions. By embedding the smooth and bounded nonlinear mapping of the Gudermannian function into the classical PID structure, the proposed controller improves adaptability to large signal variations while effectively suppressing overshoot. The controller parameters are optimally tuned using the starfish optimization algorithm (SFOA), which provides a robust balance between exploration and exploitation in nonlinear search spaces. Simulation results demonstrate that the SFOA-optimized G-PID controller achieves superior transient performance, with a rise time of 0.0551 s, zero overshoot, and a settling time of 0.0830 s. Comparative evaluations confirm that the proposed approach outperforms widely used optimization algorithms (particle swarm optimization, grey wolf optimizer, success history-based adaptive differential evolution with linear population size, and Kirchhoff’s law algorithm) and advanced AVR control schemes, including fractional-order and higher-order PID-based designs. These results indicate that the proposed SFOA optimized G-PID controller offers a computationally efficient and structurally simple solution for high-performance voltage regulation in modern power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinspired Sensorics, Information Processing and Control)

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25 pages, 2291 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Flight Connectivity via Synchronization of Arrivals and Departures in Hub Airports with Evolutionary and Swarm-Based Metaheuristics

by Halil Ibrahim Demir and Suraka Dervis

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010006 - 23 Dec 2025

Abstract

Global air transport has become the dominant mode of long-distance travel, carrying more than four billion passengers in 2019 and projected to exceed 8 billion by 2040. Nevertheless, limited demand and economic inefficiencies often make direct connections unfeasible, forcing many passengers to rely [...] Read more.

Global air transport has become the dominant mode of long-distance travel, carrying more than four billion passengers in 2019 and projected to exceed 8 billion by 2040. Nevertheless, limited demand and economic inefficiencies often make direct connections unfeasible, forcing many passengers to rely on transfers. In such cases, synchronizing arrivals and departures at hub airports is crucial to minimizing transfer times and maximizing passenger retention. This study investigates the synchronization problem at Istanbul Airport, one of the world’s largest hubs, using metaheuristic optimization. Three algorithms—Genetic Algorithms (GA), Modified Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (MDPSO), and Evolutionary Strategies (ES)—were applied in parallel to optimize arrival and departure schedules for a major airline. The proposed chromosome-based framework was tested through parameter tuning and validated with statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Games–Howell pairwise comparisons. The results show that MDPSO achieved strong improvements, while ES consistently outperformed both GA and MDPSO, increasing successful passenger transfers by more than 200% compared to the original schedule. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of evolutionary metaheuristics for large-scale airline scheduling and highlight their potential for improving hub connectivity. This framework is generalizable to other hub airports and airlines, and future research could extend it by integrating hybrid metaheuristics or applying enhanced forecasting methods and more dynamic scheduling approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Digital Biomimetics)

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21 pages, 6239 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of RAMPA Therapy on Nasal Cavity Expansion and Paranasal Drainage: Fluid Mechanics Analysis, CAE Simulation, and a Case Study

by Mohammad Moshfeghi, Yasushi Mitani, Yuko Okai-Kojima and Bumkyoo Choi

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010005 - 23 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Impaired mucus drainage from the paranasal sinuses is often associated with nasal obstruction and reduced airway function in growing patients. Orthopedic maxillary protraction and expansion techniques can enhance airway dynamics, but their underlying fluid–structure mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Objective: To validate that [...] Read more.

Background: Impaired mucus drainage from the paranasal sinuses is often associated with nasal obstruction and reduced airway function in growing patients. Orthopedic maxillary protraction and expansion techniques can enhance airway dynamics, but their underlying fluid–structure mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Objective: To validate that the Right Angle Maxillary Protraction Appliance (RAMPA), combined with a semi-rapid maxillary expansion (sRME) intraoral device gHu-1, improves mucus drainage by enhancing nasal airflow through nasal cavity expansion. Methods: The effects of RAMPA therapy were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for single-phase (air) and two-phase (air–mucus) flows within the nasal cavity, employing the unsteady RANS turbulence model. Finite element method (FEM) results from prior studies were synthesized to assess changes in the center and radius of maxillary rotation induced by RAMPA-assisted sRME. A male patient (aged 8 years 7 months to 11 years 7 months) treated with extraoral RAMPA and the intraoral appliance (gHu-1) underwent pre- and post-treatment cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) evaluation. Results: FEM analysis revealed an increased radius and elevated center of maxillary rotation, producing expansion that was more parallel to the palatal plane. CFD simulations showed that nasal cavity expansion increased airflow velocity and pressure drop, enhancing the suction effect that promotes mucus clearance from the frontal sinus. Clinically, nasal passages widened, paranasal opacities resolved, and occlusal and intermolar widths improved. Conclusions: RAMPA combined with sRME improves nasal airflow and maxillary skeletal expansion, facilitating paranasal mucus clearance and offering a promising adjunctive approach for enhancing upper airway function in growing patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dentistry and Craniofacial District: The Role of Biomimetics 2026)

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28 pages, 3169 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Computational and Experimental Studies on Skin Mechanics and Meshing: Discrepancies, Challenges, and Optimization Strategies

by Masoumeh Razaghi Pey Ghaleh, Douglas Marques and Denis O’Mahoney

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010004 - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

Skin meshing is widely used to treat extensive burn injuries due to its cost-efficiency and capacity to cover large wound areas. As biomimetics focuses on deriving engineering principles from biological structure–function relationships, this review examines how to optimize skin-meshing expansion and investigates factors [...] Read more.

Skin meshing is widely used to treat extensive burn injuries due to its cost-efficiency and capacity to cover large wound areas. As biomimetics focuses on deriving engineering principles from biological structure–function relationships, this review examines how to optimize skin-meshing expansion and investigates factors contributing to reported discrepancies between clinical and manufacturer-reported expansion ratios. The biology and mechanical behavior of skin layer are discussed, emphasizing the anisotropic properties govern by collagen fiber orientation associated with Langer’s lines in the dermis. The epidermis and hypodermis show isotropic properties and therefore have minimal influence on load-bearing capacity. Surveying 111 studies, the review evaluates which constitutive equations employed for skin modelling is suitable to replicate mechanical behavior of skin meshing undergoing large expansion. Elastic models fail to capture large expansion ratios. Viscoelastic and QLV are excluded due to negligible sliding of collagen fibers at slow strain rates and limited importance of hysteresis. Consequently, hyperelastic models are recognized as more suitable for predicting large deformations. Among these, the structural GOH model, which represents fiber dispersion through a probability-density function, demonstrates strong agreement with experimental data using few parameters; its damage extensions improve prediction of mesh tearing. Additionally, emerging auxetic mesh geometries with negative Poisson ratios are examined, highlighting their potential to achieve greater expansion when combined with suitable structural anisotropic constitutive models, e.g., GOH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Functions of Bionic Materials/Structures)

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27 pages, 3103 KB

Open AccessArticle

IHBOFS: A Biomimetics-Inspired Hybrid Breeding Optimization Algorithm for High-Dimensional Feature Selection

by Chunli Xiang, Jing Zhou and Wen Zhou

Biomimetics 2026, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11010003 - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

With the explosive growth of data across various fields, effective data preprocessing has become increasingly critical. Evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms have shown considerable potential in feature selection. However, their performance often deteriorates in large-scale problems, due to premature convergence and limited exploration [...] Read more.

With the explosive growth of data across various fields, effective data preprocessing has become increasingly critical. Evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms have shown considerable potential in feature selection. However, their performance often deteriorates in large-scale problems, due to premature convergence and limited exploration ability. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an algorithm named IHBOFS, a biomimetics-inspired optimization framework that integrates multiple adaptive strategies to enhance performance and stability. The introduction of the Good Point Set and Elite Opposition-Based Learning mechanisms provides the population with a well-distributed and diverse initialization. Furthermore, adaptive exploitation–exploration balancing strategies are designed for each subpopulation, effectively mitigating premature convergence. Extensive ablation studies on the CEC2022 benchmark functions verify the effectiveness of these strategies. Considering the discrete nature of feature selection, IHBOFS is further extended with continuous-to-discrete mapping functions and applied to six real-world datasets. Comparative experiments against nine metaheuristic-based methods, including Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), demonstrate that IHBOFS achieves an average classification accuracy of 92.57%, confirming its superiority and robustness in high-dimensional feature selection tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Optimisation and Management)

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