Gradient-structured materials have attracted considerable attention due to their gradient microstructural distribution and the resulting unique mechanical properties, showing great potential in aerospace, marine, and energy applications. This review...
Coated conductive structures are widely adopted in such engineering fields as aerospace, nuclear energy, etc. The hostile and corrosive environment leaves in-service coated conductive structures vulnerable to Hidden Material Degradation (HMD) occurri...
In recent years, the use of functionally graded materials has been the focus of several studies due to their intrinsic ability to be tailored according to the requirements of structures while minimising abrupt stress transitions commonly found in lam...
Optimizing the mechanical response of structures with triple periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) is key to their use in lightweight applications focused on energy absorption. This study evaluated the influence of cell geometry and uneven material distri...
M50 bearing steels were alternately implanted with Ti+ and N+ ions using solid and gas ion sources of implantation system, respectively. N-implantation was carried out at an energy of about 80 keV and a fluence of 2 × 1017 ions/cm2, and Ti-implantati...
Polymer foams are an important class of engineering material that are finding diverse applications, including as structural parts in automotive industry, insulation in construction, core materials for sandwich composites, and cushioning in mattresses...
Large temperature gradients encountered in aerospace, energy, and microelectronics systems impose stringent requirements on material thermal performance. Functionally graded materials (FGMs), characterized by a continuous variation in composition and...
Thermal expansion is inevitable for space structures under the alternating temperature of outer space around the earth. This may lead to the thermal stress and deformation due to the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion. Near-zero thermal...
Wood and wood-based materials represent low-carbon sustainable alternatives to petroleum sound absorbers, yet their baseline sound absorption coefficient varies drastically with wood species, anatomical cutting orientation and pore connectivity due t...
This study presents a wide-linear-range flexible pressure sensor based on a gradient non-uniform porous structure. Through co-optimization of material composition and structural parameters, the sensor integrates high sensitivity, a broad linear respo...
Biological structures optimized through natural selection provide valuable insights for engineering load-bearing components. This paper reviews six key strategies evolved in nature for efficient mechanical load handling: hierarchically structured com...
Inspired by natural gradient structures observed in biological systems such as lobster exoskeletons and bamboo, this study proposes a biomimetic strategy for developing advanced automotive materials that achieve an optimal balance between strength an...
Functionally graded lattice structures have attracted much attention in engineering due to their excellent mechanical performance resulting from their optimized and application-specific properties. These structures are inspired by nature and are impo...
Self-induced internal corrosion stress transgranular cracking is investigated theoretically and experimentally linking grain boundary wetting (GBW) and grain boundary diffusion (GBD) to improve the ability to reveal the micro mechanism of crack in co...
The continuous increase in power density of electronic devices imposes stringent requirements on the design of lightweight, high-efficiency heat sinks. To overcome the limitations of conventional single-gradient or monomaterial heat sinks—namel...
This review paper covers a topic of significant importance in micro- and nano-systems development and manufacturing, specifically the residual stresses in deposited thin-film material layers and methods to control or mitigate their impact on device b...
Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was used to generate a gradient microstructure in commercial grade magnesium. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and variable energy positron beam measurements, as well as microhardness tests, el...
Microstructural changes in grade 2 titanium generated by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) were studied using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and complementary methods. A significant increase in the mean positron lifetime indi...
Based on the advantages of thin-walled tubes and lattice structures in energy absorption and improved crashworthiness, a hybrid structure of lattice-reinforced thin-walled tubes with different cross-sectional cell numbers and gradient densities was c...
As a new type of high-performance material, gradient structural steel is widely used in engineering fields due to its unique microstructure and excellent mechanical properties. For the prevalent fatigue failure problem, the rate of change in the loca...
Porous materials are a new type of engineering material with both functional and structural properties. Compared with regular porous structures and random porous structures, a gradient porous structure is a porous structure with a spatial variation m...
The structure and composition of natural bone show gradient changes. Most bone scaffolds prepared by bone tissue engineering with single materials and structures present difficulties in meeting the needs of bone defect repair. Based on the structure...
Gradient grain structure materials with superior mechanical properties of high strength and high toughness have attracted widespread attention. Gradient materials can effectively improve toughness by constructing a microstructure from fine to coarse...
Gradient structures in engineering materials produce an impressive synergy of strength and plasticity, thereafter, have recently attracted extensive attention in the material families. Gradient structured stainless steels (SS) were prepared by surfac...
Porous tungsten gradient materials with ordered gradient variations in pore size have significant application value in the field of vacuum electronic devices. This work combines tape casting and dealloying methods to achieve the integrated preparatio...
The auxetic reentrant structure, one of the most widely studied negative Poisson’s ratio structures for its geometric simplicity, has long seen limited applications due to challenges emanating from its inherent design when built from a single r...
Friction stir processing (FSP) has attracted much attention in the last decade and contributed significantly to the creation of functionally graded materials with both gradient structure and gradient mechanical properties. Subsurface gradient structu...
In 4D printing, structures with gradients in physical properties are 3D printed in order to dramatically increase deformation. For example, printing bilayer structures with passive and active layers has been proposed, however, these methods have the...
Gradient hydrogels are promising future materials which could be usable in tissue engineering (scaffolds), pharmaceutical (drug delivery systems with controlled release) and many others related disciplines. These hydrogels exhibit a more complex inne...
Hierarchical structures are abundant in almost all tissues of the human body. Therefore, it is highly important for tissue engineering approaches to mimic such structures if a gain of function of the new tissue is intended. Here, the hierarchical str...
With their hierarchical architectures incorporating gradients in composition, porosity, and orientation, natural materials have evolved optimized balance of mechanical properties. Deciphered from the structure of bamboo, we prepared cellular solids w...
High specific mechanical properties of composites are the reason for their use in various fields, e.g., the aerospace industry. Mechanical joints are still used in the aerospace industry to assembly large aircraft structures. The properties of lamina...
Extensive experiments have shown that gradient nano-grained metals have outstanding synergy of strength and ductility. However, the deformation mechanisms of gradient metals are still not fully understood due to their complicated gradient microstruct...
For many engineering applications, it is sufficient to use the concept of simple materials. However, higher gradients of the kinematic variables are taken into account to model materials with internal length scales as well as to describe localization...
Gradient porous materials, particularly carbon-based materials, hold immense potential in the fields of batteries, energy storage, electrocatalysis, and sensing, among others, by synergistically combining the attributes associated with each pore size...
In long-lasting mass concrete structures the desired material properties of the concrete mix to realize a durable concrete and a concrete surface without cracks conflict with each other. The requirement of concrete with high durability leads to high...
Gradient stiffness structures are increasingly recognized for their excellent energy absorption capabilities, particularly under challenging loading conditions. Most studies focus on varying the thickness of the structure in order to produce gradient...
In this manuscript the dynamic response of porous functionally-graded (FG) Bernoulli–Euler nano-beams subjected to hygro-thermal environments is investigated by the local/nonlocal stress gradient theory of elasticity. In particular, the influence of...
Gradient nanostructured metallic materials with a nanostructured surface layer show immense potential for various industrial applications because of their outstanding mechanical, fatigue, corrosion, tribological properties, etc. In the past several d...
To save and better deploy waste heat, the use of a mobilized heat storage system (MHSS) with phase change enhancement means is developed. In this paper, three kinds of gradient structures (positive gradient, negative gradient, and non-gradient) are d...
Material-extrusion-based 3D printing with polylactic acid (PLA) has transformed the production of lightweight lattice structures with a high strength-to-weight ratio for various industries. While PLA offers advantages such as eco-friendliness, afford...
Nanostructured metallic materials are widely applied in various fields due to their excellent comprehensive properties. Enhancing mechanical properties through microstructure design has emerged as a novel strengthening strategy. In this contribution,...
A mathematical statement for the coupled stationary thermoelasticity is given on the basis of a variational approach and the contact boundary problem is formulated to consider inhomogeneous materials. The structure of general representation of the so...
The materials with grain size gradient variation on the surface, which were prepared with mechanical-induced severe plastic deformation, always show high resistance to high and low cycle fatigue and frictional wear because of their good strength&ndas...
Development of high-performance graphene-based microwave absorbing materials with low density and strong absorption is of great significance to solve the growing electromagnetic pollution. Herein, a controllable open-cell structure is introduced into...
This work demonstrates the capabilities and advantages of a novel sintering technique to fabricate bulk composition gradient materials. Pressure distribution calculations were used to compare several tooling geometries for use with current-activated,...
Functionally graded materials (FGMs), which constitute a new type of composite material, have received considerable attention in industry because of the spatial gradient of their composition and the microstructure-induced gradient in their material p...
Experimental and numerical analyses were carried out to reveal the behaviors of two-layer graded aluminum foam materials for their dynamic compaction under blast loading. Blast experiments were conducted to investigate the deformation and densificati...
A gradient composite laminate that was composed of two-phase fibers, a shape memory alloy (SMA), and graphite was prepared to investigate modal performance and improve vibration behavior. The stress-strain relation of the single-layer composite plate...
Gradient structures have been created in single crystal nickel-based superalloys (SX alloys) via surface mechanical creep-feed grinding treatment (SMCGT). It has been found that these gradient structures are mainly composed of nano-sized grains, sub-...
of 25