Advances in Manufacturing and Mechanics of Materials

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Mechanics applmech	1.8	3.5	2020	25.6 Days	CHF 1400	Submit
Applied Sciences applsci	2.9	6.1	2011	15 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing jmmp	4.0	5.7	2017	13.7 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Materials materials	3.7	7.0	2008	14.4 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Metals metals	3.1	5.7	2011	15.3 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Nanomanufacturing nanomanufacturing	-	-	2021	39.3 Days	CHF 1000	Submit

22 pages, 12664 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Steel Rails Produced by China Hanyang Iron Works

by Tengshi Liu, Gangsheng Xie, Han Yi, Di Zhang, Zhouyan Cai, Yulin Xia and Han Dong

Metals 2026, 16(8), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16080862 - 5 Aug 2026

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The history of steel rail manufacturing at the Hanyang Iron Works in China is briefly summarized first in this paper. The chemical composition, microstructure, inclusions, and mechanical properties of the manufactured rails were then systematically analyzed. The progress of manufacturing process evolution and [...] Read more.

The history of steel rail manufacturing at the Hanyang Iron Works in China is briefly summarized first in this paper. The chemical composition, microstructure, inclusions, and mechanical properties of the manufactured rails were then systematically analyzed. The progress of manufacturing process evolution and the enhancement of product quality are elucidated through this study. The chemical composition of steel rails produced by Hanyang Iron Works in its initial stage (before 1904) was characterized by low carbon content (0.13–0.22 wt.%) and high phosphorus levels (P ≥ 0.15 wt.%). Inclusions were primarily identified as sulfides (MnS) and composite inclusions of sulfides and silicates (MnS·SiO₂). The microstructure consisted of a large amount of ferrite and pearlite. Following the technical transformation from 1905 to 1908, dephosphorization was achieved and the composition control of the steel rails was optimized. The carbon content of the rails was increased to above 0.48 wt.%, while the phosphorus content was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.10 wt.%). The inclusions were identified as sulfides (MnS) and composite inclusions consisting of sulfides and aluminum oxides (MnS·Al₂O₃). The microstructure was transformed into a combination of a small amount of proeutectoid network ferrite and pearlite. The mechanical performance of the steel rails was substantially improved via the implementation of technological upgrades at the Hanyang Iron Works. A tensile strength of 800 MPa grade was achieved in some rails, which constitutes a 200 MPa increment over the strength of rails from the early production period. A transition in the fracture morphology of tensile specimens was observed, shifting from large and shallow dimples with a small amount of cleavage fracture to small, shallow dimples combined with predominant cleavage fracture. Full article

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17 pages, 4045 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Chip Reduction Coefficient and Morphology Evolution in Dry and Wet Machining of WP7V Steel with TiAlN-Coated Carbide Tool in Turning Process

by Mahesh Kumar Gupta and Ratnakar Das

Appl. Mech. 2026, 7(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech7030065 - 5 Aug 2026

Viewed by 419

Abstract

This research work investigates the machinability of WP7V die steel of very high toughness and wear resistance in turning with a TiAlN-coated carbide tool, with the chip reduction coefficient (CRC) serving as a guide for machining performance and energy requirements. The machining parameters, [...] Read more.

This research work investigates the machinability of WP7V die steel of very high toughness and wear resistance in turning with a TiAlN-coated carbide tool, with the chip reduction coefficient (CRC) serving as a guide for machining performance and energy requirements. The machining parameters, like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and machining environment, were assessed to find parameter combinations that encourage established cutting and enhanced chip control. The results illustrate that the CRC is strongly influenced by cutting speed, and at a higher cutting speed (210 m/min), the lowest CRC values are obtained. In dry machining, a medium feed rate (0.1 mm/rev) favors chip breaking, and wet machining results in medium-spiral chips. Long, continuous chips with laminar and sheared surfaces are produced at a low cutting speed (70 m/min). The findings suggest that low CRC values are correlated with stable machining behavior and decreased energy utilization. High cutting speed and the suitable selection of feed rates are needed for the efficient machining of WP7V steel. Full article

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24 pages, 2362 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Process for Optimising the Number of Springs in Modular Elastic Gears of Rack Rail Pinion Systems for Vibration Data-Based Railway System Safety

by Hyung Suk Mun and Chan Woo Park

Appl. Mech. 2026, 7(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech7030062 - 31 Jul 2026

Viewed by 454

Abstract

Rack railway systems operating on steep-gradient routes rely on rack-and-pinion propulsion mechanisms that generate substantial vibrational excitation through cyclic gear mesh contact, adversely affecting passenger comfort and long-term mechanical reliability. Conventional integrated steel gears transmit propulsive forces without inherent vibration attenuation, and a [...] Read more.

Rack railway systems operating on steep-gradient routes rely on rack-and-pinion propulsion mechanisms that generate substantial vibrational excitation through cyclic gear mesh contact, adversely affecting passenger comfort and long-term mechanical reliability. Conventional integrated steel gears transmit propulsive forces without inherent vibration attenuation, and a systematic design methodology for optimising the internal rubber spring configuration of elastic gears for such applications has not been established. This study develops a kinematic spring-mass model for both conventional steel and elastic rubber gear configurations in a Korean rack railway propulsion system and validates it through controlled experimental testing. A high-speed rail–wheel contact simulator was employed to measure vertical vibrational accelerations under rigid–rigid (steel–steel) and rigid–resilient (steel–rubber elastic gear) contact conditions, with a load simulating steep-gradient operational forces applied to the gear assembly. The elastic gear achieved a 25.1-fold reduction in vertical vibrational acceleration relative to the steel gear baseline (6.4 m/s² vs. 160.7 m/s²). Time-domain statistics (mean, RMS, standard deviation and peak envelope) are reported for both configurations from repeated runs. Analysis of the normalised effective stiffness as a function of the number of rubber springs predicts that four springs represent a practical optimum, beyond which the incremental stiffness change falls below 0.5%; experimental validation of intermediate spring counts is identified as future work. A spring-number optimisation framework is proposed that returns both a spring count and a rubber compound specification, balancing vibration attenuation against load distribution, torque-transmission capacity and component fatigue life. Full article

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11 pages, 3712 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Elastic Response of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structures Fabricated from 316L Stainless Steel by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

by Abdus-Samad Shaik, Nicolas Ayers and Yongho Sohn

Metals 2026, 16(8), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16080822 - 23 Jul 2026

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattices are an emerging class of cellular architectures whose smooth, mathematically defined surfaces enable highly tailorable mechanical performance. This study quantifies the compressive elastic response of three sheet-based TPMS topologies, i.e., Diamond, Gyroid, and Lidinoid, through finite element [...] Read more.

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattices are an emerging class of cellular architectures whose smooth, mathematically defined surfaces enable highly tailorable mechanical performance. This study quantifies the compressive elastic response of three sheet-based TPMS topologies, i.e., Diamond, Gyroid, and Lidinoid, through finite element (FE) analysis and experimental validation. For each topology, the effective Young’s modulus was computed by single-cell finite element analysis under uniaxial compression boundary conditions on a 2 mm unit cell across five wall thicknesses (0.35, 0.45, 0.65, 0.95, and 1.30 mm), corresponding to relative densities from approximately 25% to 95%. Experimentally, cylindrical specimens of 316L stainless steel at 70% relative density were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and tested in uniaxial compression with a strain rate of 10⁻³ s⁻¹ per ISO 13314:2011 (i.e., 0.02 mm/s). The Diamond topology exhibited the highest effective modulus across the full density range, followed by Lidinoid and Gyroid. FE predictions agreed with experimental moduli within 4.7% for Diamond (100.2 GPa vs. 95.5 ± 3.9 GPa), 0.04% for Gyroid (79.8 GPa vs. 79.8 ± 0.88 GPa), and 1.5% for Lidinoid (85.6 GPa vs. 86.9 ± 3.5 GPa). Moreover, the Gibson–Ashby exponents determined span the range from stretching- to bending-dominated deformation with n = 1.69 for Diamond, 1.74 for Lidinoid, and 2.08 for Gyroid. Single-cell FE analysis accurately captured the effective elastic response of LPBF 316L stainless steel TPMS lattices examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Manufacturing and Mechanics of Materials)

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24 pages, 41455 KB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Plastic Deformation Preparation Methods and Application of Gradient-Structured Materials

by Zhenhai Xu, Jiajia Wang, Shaoxi Xue, Debin Shan, Jie Xu and Bin Guo

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2026, 10(6), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp10060195 - 31 May 2026

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Abstract

Gradient-structured materials have attracted considerable attention due to their gradient microstructural distribution and the resulting unique mechanical properties, showing great potential in aerospace, marine, and energy applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of plastic deformation methods for fabricating gradient-structured materials, according to [...] Read more.

Gradient-structured materials have attracted considerable attention due to their gradient microstructural distribution and the resulting unique mechanical properties, showing great potential in aerospace, marine, and energy applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of plastic deformation methods for fabricating gradient-structured materials, according to the loading conditions and resulting deformation modes, which are categorized into localized loading-localized deformation, localized loading-localized/global deformation, and global loading-localized/global deformation strategies. The applications of gradient-structured materials are further summarized in terms of surface properties, bulk mechanical properties, and forming performance. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions are discussed, focusing on quantitative structure-property relationships for inverse design, efficient and scalable fabrication strategies, and the synergistic effects of multi-level microstructures. This review offers significant insights into plastic-deformation-based fabrication methods and the diverse application properties of gradient-structured materials. Full article

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24 pages, 6830 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Large Interference Fitting Cylinders

by Iñigo Llavori, Alaitz Zabala, Joseba Mendiguren, Xuban Telleria, Nagore Otegi and Eneko Saenz-de-Argandoña

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2026, 10(6), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp10060194 - 31 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 769

Abstract

This research analyses the mechanical behaviour of the insertion process between two cylinders that are commonly employed in non-rigid joints. Through comprehensive analysis, the study reveals the dynamics of insertion force, particularly by highlighting the impact of initial collisions on subsequent deformations and [...] Read more.

This research analyses the mechanical behaviour of the insertion process between two cylinders that are commonly employed in non-rigid joints. Through comprehensive analysis, the study reveals the dynamics of insertion force, particularly by highlighting the impact of initial collisions on subsequent deformations and the ultimate evolution of insertion forces. Contrary to intuitive assumptions, our findings reveal that higher interference levels between cylinders do not uniformly correlate with increased maximum insertion force levels; instead, for certain cylinder combinations, higher interference generates lower maximum insertion force levels. Additionally, the significance of the thickness ratio as a pivotal determinant in predicting overall behaviour and insertion force, which is a variable that is often overlooked in conventional analyses, has been underscored. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the applicability of analytical equations that were developed as part of thick-walled cylinder theory diminishes when mechanical joints undergo plasticity, which underscores the need for alternative modelling approaches. Through finite element simulations, fidelity when representing insertion processes, with errors below 15%, not only capturing peak insertion forces but also delineating the nuanced evolution of forces and cylinder deformations, has been attained. Conversely, the analytical method employed from the examined literature yielded unrealistic insertion force estimations that proved inadequate for scenarios that involve substantial interference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Manufacturing and Mechanics of Materials)

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18 pages, 2504 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cutting Parameters on Exit-Side Defects in Abrasive Waterjet Machining of UNS A92024 Aluminum Alloy

by Pedro F. Mayuet Ares, Lucía Rodríguez-Parada, Sergio de la Rosa and Moises Batista

Metals 2026, 16(5), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16050475 - 28 Apr 2026

Viewed by 614

Abstract

Abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM) is widely used for cutting aerospace aluminum alloys, but exit-side defects associated with jet lag can degrade surface integrity and dimensional accuracy. This work investigates the influence of water pressure, abrasive mass flow rate, and traverse feed rate on [...] Read more.

Abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM) is widely used for cutting aerospace aluminum alloys, but exit-side defects associated with jet lag can degrade surface integrity and dimensional accuracy. This work investigates the influence of water pressure, abrasive mass flow rate, and traverse feed rate on the formation of jet-lag defects at the exit side of cuts in UNS A92024 aluminum alloy plates of 10 mm thickness. A full factorial 3³ experimental design was implemented to manufacture 27 square samples (20 × 20 mm), which were subsequently characterized by optical microscopy at 20× magnification. The semicircular jet-lag defects were quantified using Imaging processing techniques to determine their projected area, and the resulting data were analyzed with multifactor ANOVA and multiple linear regression. The results show that traverse feed rate and water pressure have a statistically significant effect on defect area, with traverse feed rate being the most influential factor, whereas the abrasive mass flow rate plays a secondary role within the investigated range. Combinations of high water pressure and low traverse feed rate led to cleaner cuts with reduced exit-side damage, and contour plots allowed the identification of operational windows that minimize defect formation. The proposed methodology provides a systematic framework for characterizing jet-lag defects in AWJM and can be extended to other alloys, thicknesses, and advanced characterization techniques to support process optimization in industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Manufacturing and Mechanics of Materials)

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12 pages, 4928 KB

Open AccessArticle

Refining the Carbide Size in AISI M50 High-Speed Steel Through Tailored Compositional Modifications

by Ping Yang, Xiaochang Xie, Changshu Yang, Xu Hui and Tianqi Liu

Materials 2026, 19(6), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061121 - 13 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 705

Abstract

The present study focuses on redesigning the composition of the conventional M50 steel grade, which is widely used for high-temperature bearings. Through thermodynamic calculations, a new steel variant was developed in the laboratory with the aim of refining carbides and improving hardness. After [...] Read more.

The present study focuses on redesigning the composition of the conventional M50 steel grade, which is widely used for high-temperature bearings. Through thermodynamic calculations, a new steel variant was developed in the laboratory with the aim of refining carbides and improving hardness. After undergoing quenching at 1070 °C and triple tempering at 540 °C, the hardness reached 66 HRC, which is 7.57% higher than that of M50 steel (61 HRC). Meanwhile, the hardness at 400 °C reached 60 HRC. In addition to the typical M₂C and M₆C carbides found in M50 steel, the presence of Fe and Cr-rich M₂₃C₆ carbides was detected in the redesigned steel after triple tempering. These carbides play a significant role in enhancing hardness. Furthermore, the heat treatment process effectively eliminated the uneven and coarse carbides. The average size of primary carbides is 4.6 ± 0.6 μm, which represents a 27.0% reduction compared to M50 steel (6.3 ± 0.1 μm). The detrimental V-rich MC carbides commonly found in M50 were eliminated. Full article

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20 pages, 2182 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Applicability of Energy-Saving Conductors in Alpine Regions

by Wenqi E, Haodong Liu and Cong Zeng

Materials 2026, 19(5), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19050828 - 24 Feb 2026

Viewed by 504

Abstract

The development of energy-efficient conductors capable of operating reliably in harsh, cold climates is crucial for sustainable power infrastructure. High-mountain and cold regions are key research scenarios for energy-saving conductors, enabling the natural enhancement of conductor heat dissipation in low-temperature environments and improving [...] Read more.

The development of energy-efficient conductors capable of operating reliably in harsh, cold climates is crucial for sustainable power infrastructure. High-mountain and cold regions are key research scenarios for energy-saving conductors, enabling the natural enhancement of conductor heat dissipation in low-temperature environments and improving the current carrying capacity and energy efficiency. These regions are rich in renewable energy and urgently need efficient transmission channels. However, the extremely complex working conditions create strict requirements for the thermal–mechanical coupling performance of conductors, and existing research has paid insufficient attention to this. This study evaluates the thermal and mechanical performance of three advanced energy-saving conductors (JLHA3-275, JL1/G1A-240/30, JL/LHA1-135/140) in comparison with a conventional conductor (JL/G1A-240/30) under cold-region operating conditions. A finite element analysis model, validated against theoretical calculations under combined meteorological factors, was employed to simulate radial temperature fields and stress distribution. The results demonstrate that the JLHA3 conductor exhibits superior heat dissipation and minimal resistive losses, maintaining a radial temperature of −23.35 °C under a 700 A load, approximately 1.6 °C lower than the conventional type. Its temperature further decreases significantly with increased wind speeds. Thermally, JLHA3 shows high stability across a broad temperature range (−28.85 °C to 29.03 °C). Mechanically, it displays uniform stress distribution and a notable decrease in stress from 79.53 MPa to 39.46 MPa with rising temperatures, indicating excellent flexibility and thermal adaptability. These findings confirm that the JLHA3 conductor offers an optimal combination of thermal performance, structural reliability, and energy efficiency for high-altitude, cold-region power transmission applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Manufacturing and Mechanics of Materials)

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28 pages, 6736 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing the Effect of Nanochitosan and Kenaf Fiber on Tensile and Impact Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Natural Rubber (SMR20) Biocomposites

by Habib Shorekandi, Nima Refahati and Meysam Nouri Niyaraki

Appl. Mech. 2026, 7(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech7010012 - 29 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1156

Abstract

In this study, the influence of nanochitosan and kenaf fibers on the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and impact strength of polylactic acid (PLA)/natural rubber (Standard Malaysian Rubber, grade 20—SMR20) biocomposites was investigated experimentally using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The independent variables included the [...] Read more.

In this study, the influence of nanochitosan and kenaf fibers on the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and impact strength of polylactic acid (PLA)/natural rubber (Standard Malaysian Rubber, grade 20—SMR20) biocomposites was investigated experimentally using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The independent variables included the weight percentage of nanochitosan (2, 4, and 6 wt%), kenaf fibers (5, 10, and 15 wt%), and SMR20 natural rubber (10, 20, and 30 wt%). Composite samples were prepared by melt mixing in an internal mixer and subsequently fabricated into test samples using hot compression molding in accordance with relevant standards. Tensile tests were conducted to evaluate tensile strength and elastic modulus, while Charpy impact tests were performed to assess impact strength. The results revealed that increasing nanochitosan content up to 4 wt% enhanced tensile strength, elastic modulus, and impact strength by 39%, 22%, and 27%, respectively; however, further addition (6 wt%) led to a decline in these properties due to nanoparticle agglomeration. Increasing kenaf fiber content to 15 wt% improved tensile strength, elastic modulus, and impact strength by 44%, 26%, and 37%, respectively, demonstrating their effective reinforcing role. The incorporation of SMR20 natural rubber significantly increased impact strength by 59% (at 30 wt%), while causing a reduction of 17% in tensile strength and 20% in elastic modulus, consistent with its elastomeric nature. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was employed to examine the dispersion of nanochitosan and kenaf fibers within the PLA/SMR20 matrix, providing insights into the interfacial adhesion and failure mechanisms. The findings highlight the potential of optimizing natural filler and rubber content to tailor the mechanical performance of sustainable PLA-based biocomposites. Full article

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15 pages, 3118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture-Toughness-Based Methodology for Determination of 3D-Printed Specimen Using Digital Image Correlation

by Ali Makke, Julien Gardan, Naman Recho and Marouene Zouaoui

Appl. Mech. 2026, 7(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech7010003 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1113

Abstract

This methodology investigates the determination of the fracture toughness of 3D-printed specimens under monotonic loading conditions. The application is based on the use of a Single Edge Notch Bending (SENB) specimen made by a 3D-printing process (17-4PH stainless steel). The load–displacement curves exhibited [...] Read more.

This methodology investigates the determination of the fracture toughness of 3D-printed specimens under monotonic loading conditions. The application is based on the use of a Single Edge Notch Bending (SENB) specimen made by a 3D-printing process (17-4PH stainless steel). The load–displacement curves exhibited linear behavior until crack initiation, indicating that the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) can be used under a small-scale yielding assumption. This study extends a previous methodology, originally applied to a polymer, to a metal additively manufactured material. The methodology established in the paper represents a major outcome: the ability to characterize the fracture toughness of the material. This study extends our previous Digital Image Correlation-based methodology from thermoplastic polymers to 17-4PH stainless steel produced by metal additive manufacturing (ADAM). Its novelty lies in combining DIC with a finite element sub-model to evaluate fracture parameters, enabling accurate crack initiation detection in challenging metal AM specimens, and providing a methodology that can be generalized to other metals and AM processes. The aim of this study is to establish a robust DIC-based methodology for the identification of crack initiation and the determination of fracture toughness parameters (K_IC and J) in 3D-printed 17-4PH stainless steel produced by the ADAM process. Full article

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13 pages, 3880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Cutting Forces and Temperature in Face Milling of Wood–Plastic Composite Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network

by Feng Ji and Zhaolong Zhu

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4731; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204731 - 15 Oct 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 922

Abstract

Wood–plastic composite (WPC) is being increasingly adopted in construction and furniture applications due to its durability and recyclability. This study investigates face-milling responses—resultant cutting force and cutting temperature—under systematically varied cutting parameters, and develops a radial basis function neural network for predictive modeling. [...] Read more.

Wood–plastic composite (WPC) is being increasingly adopted in construction and furniture applications due to its durability and recyclability. This study investigates face-milling responses—resultant cutting force and cutting temperature—under systematically varied cutting parameters, and develops a radial basis function neural network for predictive modeling. Experiments were conducted on a computer numerical control machining center using a polycrystalline diamond end-milling cutter for face milling with fixed axial depth of cut. Feed speed, radial depth of cut, and spindle speed were selected as input factors. The results indicate that feed speed and radial depth of cut generally increase all force components, whereas higher spindle speed tends to reduce force magnitudes while elevating temperature. The radial basis function neural network yields acceptable accuracy for resultant cutting force (coefficient of determination R² ≈ 0.91) and acceptable accuracy for cutting temperature (R² ≈ 0.81). These findings demonstrate the feasibility of radial basis function neural network based prediction for WPC face milling and provide guidance for parameter selection. Full article

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