Virulence factors of the pathogen Stagonospora nodorum Berk. are numerous necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (SnTox), which interact with the products of host susceptibility genes (Snn), causing the development of the disease. In this study, 55 accessions...
Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors ha...
Microbe–microbe interactions have been explored at the molecular level to a lesser degree than plant–pathogen interactions, primarily due to the economic impact of crop losses caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Effector proteins are wel...
The study of interaction proteins of the pathogen A. phaeospermum effector protein is an important means to analyze the disease-resistance mechanism of Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis shoot blight. To obtain the proteins intera...
Phytoplasmas are obligate intracellular pathogens that profoundly modify the development, physiology and behavior of their hosts by secreting effector proteins that disturb signal pathways and interactions both in plant and insect hosts. The characte...
Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coli are considered emerging zoonotic pathogens of worldwide distribution. The pathogenicity of the bacteria is conferred by multiple virulence determinants, including the locus of ente...
This paper studies the dynamic behavior of a three-dimensional mathematical model of effector–tumor cell interactions that incorporates the impact of chemotherapy. The well-known logistic function is used to model tumor growth. Elementary concepts of...
Manipulation of host cellular processes by translocated bacterial effectors is key to the success of bacterial pathogens and some symbionts. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of effectors is of critical importance to understand infection biolo...
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics...
Fungal effector proteins are important in mediating disease infections in agriculturally important crops. These secreted small proteins are known to interact with their respective host receptor binding partners in the host, either inside the cells or...
Fungal plant pathogens use proteinaceous effectors as well as newly identified secondary metabolites (SMs) and small non-coding RNA (sRNA) effectors to manipulate the host plant’s defense system via diverse plant cell compartments, distinct org...
Fungal effectors play important roles in host–pathogen interactions. Botryosphaeria dothidea is an ascomycetous fungus that is responsible for the diseases of hundreds of woody plant species, including apple ring rot, which seriously affects ap...
Phytophthora palmivora is the pathogen causing bud rot in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). This pathogen secretes effector proteins that manipulate host defenses, contributing to disease progression. In this study, we systematically investigated the rol...
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of bacterial food-borne illness in humans and is responsible for millions of cases annually. A critical strategy for the survival of this pathogen is the translocation of bacterial virulence factors termed effec...
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is the causative agent of wheat stripe rust, which can lead to a significant loss in annual wheat yields. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a deeper comprehension of the basic mechanisms underlying Pst i...
Coffee leaf rust is caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk. and Broome and is the most important coffee disease in all regions where coffee is cultivated. Here, we sought to sequence the transcriptome of H. vastatrix race XXXIII to obtain a database for u...
Plant–pathogen interactions are shaped by dynamic regulatory processes that control immune signaling. Among these, post-translational modifications (PTMs) play central roles in modulating protein activity, stability, and interaction networks. I...
Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes, 15 kDa (PEA-15) exerts its regulatory roles on several critical cellular pathways through protein–protein interactions depending on its phosphorylation states. It can either inhibit the extracellular signa...
Microbes typically exist in mixed communities and display complex synergistic and antagonistic interactions. The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and represents a contractile nano-machine that can fire effector...
Type VI protein secretion systems (T6SSs) are specialized transport apparatus which can target both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and play key roles in host–pathogen–microbiota interactions. Therefore, T6SSs have attracted much attenti...
Effectors play an important role in host–pathogen interactions. Though an economically significant disease in rice, knowledge regarding the infection strategy of Rhizoctonia solani is obscure. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identific...
To avoid the activation of plant defenses and ensure sustained feeding, aphids are assumed to use their mouthparts to deliver effectors into plant cells. A recent study has shown that effectors detected near feeding sites are differentially distribut...
Pathogens are able to deliver small-secreted, cysteine-rich proteins into plant cells to enable infection. The computational prediction of effector proteins remains one of the most challenging areas in the study of plant fungi interactions. At presen...
Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt) is a prevalent disease worldwide, seriously threatening wheat production. Pt acquires nutrients from host cells via haustoria and secretes effector proteins to modify and regulate the expression of ho...
Phytopathogenic fungi secretes a range of effectors to manipulate plant defenses. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is a soil-borne pathogen that causes destructive banana wilt disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms...
Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae is an obligate fungal species colonizing the plant host, Silene latifolia. The fungus synthesizes and secretes effector proteins into the plant host during infection to manipulate the host for completion of the fungal l...
Various plant hormones can integrate developmental and environmental responses, acting in a complex network, which allows plants to adjust their developmental processes to changing environments. In particular, plant peptide hormones regulate various...
Ubiquitination of proteins, like phosphorylation and acetylation, is an important regulatory aspect influencing numerous and various cell processes, such as immune response signaling and autophagy. The study of ubiquitination has become essential to...
Hormones and neurotransmitters are important components of inter-kingdom signaling systems that ensure the coexistence of eukaryotes with their microbial community. Their ability to affect bacterial physiology, metabolism, and gene expression was evi...
Existing robot end-effectors design methods lack structured domain prior knowledge support and have insufficient interaction with the environment, making it difficult to guarantee the accuracy of the design results. An adaptive design method is propo...
Mgaloblishvili, a Vitis vinifera cultivar, exhibits unique resistance traits against Plasmopara viticola, the downy mildew agent. This offers the unique opportunity of exploring the molecular responses in compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen in...
Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane (CFEM) effectors, a unique class of fungal-specific proteins, play critical roles in host-pathogen interactions. While CFEM proteins have been extensively characterized in phytopathogens, their presence and fun...
The basidiomycete fungus Tilletia horrida causes rice kernel smut (RKS), a crucial disease afflicting hybrid-rice-growing areas worldwide, which results in significant economic losses. However, few studies have investigated the pathogenic mechanisms...
Blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum is one of the two major postharvest diseases of citrus fruits. The interactions of pathogens with their hosts are complicated, and virulence factors that mediate pathogenicity have not yet been identified. In...
Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in plant immune responses. The most important virulence factors of the Stagonospora nodorum Berk. are multiple fungal necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (SnTox) that affect the redox-status and cause necros...
The SnTox1 effector is a virulence factor of the fungal pathogen Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.), which interacts with the host susceptibility gene Snn1 in a gene-for-gene manner and causes necrosis on the leaves of sensitive wheat genotypes. It is know...
Nematophagous fungi (NFs), which are responsible for soil suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes, are multitrophic biocontrol agents. This raises the question of the transition between lifestyles (e.g., endophytism vs. egg parasitism). The NF Pocho...
The study of molecular interactions, especially the inter-species protein-protein interactions, is crucial for understanding the disease infection mechanism in plants. These interactions play an important role in disease infection and host immune res...
Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes Legionnaires’ disease in elderly or immunocompromised individuals. This bacterium relies on the Dot/Icm (Defective in organelle trafficking/Intracellular multiplicatio...
Developing control measures of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) rank high as they cause big crop losses globally. The growing awareness of numerous unsafe chemical nematicides and the defects found in their alternatives are calling for rational molec...
The plant epidermis is the first line of plant defense against pathogen invasion, and likely contains important regulatory proteins related to the plant–pathogen interaction. This study aims to identify the candidates of these regulatory protei...
Protein functional effector (pfe)RNAs were introduced in 2015 as PIWI-interacting-like small noncoding (nc)RNAs and were later categorized as a novel group based on being 2′-O-methylated at their 3′-end, directly binding and affecting pro...
Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool. Further, C. jejuni infections are...
Genome comparison between the maize pathogens Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum revealed a large diversity region (19-1) containing nearly 30 effector gene candidates, whose deletion severely hampers virulence of both fungi. Dissection of the...
With an aging population and the high incidence of neurological diseases, rehabilitative lower limb exoskeleton robots, as a wearable assistance device, present important application prospects in gait training and human function recovery. As the core...
Alfalfa has emerged as one of the most important forage crops, owing to its wide adaptation and high biomass production worldwide. In the last decade, the emergence of bacterial stem blight (caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ALF3) in alfalf...
Ethylene, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid are the key phytohormones involved in plant immunity, and other plant hormones have been demonstrated to interact with them. The classic phytohormone cytokinins are important participants of plant defe...
Common bunt, caused by two fungal species, Tilletia caries and Tilletia laevis, is one of the most potentially destructive diseases of wheat. Despite the availability of synthetic chemicals against the disease, organic agriculture relies greatly on r...
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) utilizes a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into host cells. The EHEC NleH1 effector inhibits the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway by...
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