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Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
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Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

A special issue of Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 April 2019) | Viewed by 51439

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Paul L. Fidel, Jr.

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Guest Editor
Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Interests: pathogenesis of mucosal Candida infections
Dr. Mairi C. Noverr

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Prosthodontics and Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Dental School, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Interests: pathogenesis of mucosal Candida infections

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fungal–bacterial interactions are increasing being recognized as clinically important, especially in the field of medical mycology. Accordingly, the increased awareness has led to more research in the areas of pathogenesis, pathogen interactions, host response, treatments, drug resistance, microbiome, etc., for combinations of medically important fungi and bacteria with clinical implications. While a vast majority of the current literature is centered on Candida with an array of bacteria, other fungal pathogens are beginning to be studied in conjunction with bacteria, including Aspergillus, Mucorales, and Cryptococcus. Hence, it is timely to dedicate a special issue to research surrounding fungal-bacterial interactions that can be used to better understand and appreciate how these cross-Kingdom microbes interact for their benefit, and to compare/contrast research observations for the various microbial combinations. Based on the relative infancy of the field overall, the concept of this Special Issue is to publish a series of ‘perspective’ papers that not only collate the current advances regarding the interactions of a number of different fungal-bacterial pairs but extends this to include important questions or gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in the future. We are in hopes that this issue may serve as a preeminent resource for the current status of the field and a catalyst for investigating additional clinically relevant fungal-bacterial combinations.

Sincerely,

Paul L. Fidel, Jr.
Mairi C. Noverr
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Fungi is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Fungal–bacterial interactions
  • Candida
  • Mucor
  • Aspergillus
  • Staphylococcus
  • Enterococcus
  • Pseudomonas
  • Acinetobacter
  • Streptococcus

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 166 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue: Fungal–Bacterial Interactions—Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
by Paul L. Fidel, Jr. and Mairi C. Noverr
J. Fungi 2019, 5(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5040089 - 24 Sep 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2755
Abstract
We would like to thank all the contributors to the Special Issue on Fungal–Bacterial Interactions—Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)

Review

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14 pages, 1066 KiB  
Review
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity and Polymicrobial Interactions: Lessons beyond Koch’s Postulates
by Olivia A. Todd and Brian M Peters
J. Fungi 2019, 5(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5030081 - 4 Sep 2019
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 7533
Abstract
While Koch’s Postulates have established rules for microbial pathogenesis that have been extremely beneficial for monomicrobial infections, new studies regarding polymicrobial pathogenesis defy these standards. The explosion of phylogenetic sequence data has revolutionized concepts of microbial interactions on and within the host. However, [...] Read more.
While Koch’s Postulates have established rules for microbial pathogenesis that have been extremely beneficial for monomicrobial infections, new studies regarding polymicrobial pathogenesis defy these standards. The explosion of phylogenetic sequence data has revolutionized concepts of microbial interactions on and within the host. However, there remains a paucity of functional follow-up studies to delineate mechanisms driven by such interactions and how they shape health or disease. That said, one particular microbial pairing, the fungal opportunist Candida albicans and the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, has received much attention over the last decade. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss the multi-faceted mechanisms employed by these two ubiquitous human pathogens during polymicrobial growth, including how they: establish and persist in inter-Kingdom biofilms, tolerate antimicrobial therapy, co-invade host tissue, exacerbate quorum sensing and staphylococcal toxin production, and elicit infectious synergism. Commentary regarding new challenges and remaining questions related to future discovery of this fascinating fungal–bacterial interaction is also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
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13 pages, 869 KiB  
Review
A New Front in Microbial Warfare—Delivery of Antifungal Effectors by the Type VI Secretion System
by Katharina Trunk, Sarah J. Coulthurst and Janet Quinn
J. Fungi 2019, 5(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5020050 - 14 Jun 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7550
Abstract
Microbes typically exist in mixed communities and display complex synergistic and antagonistic interactions. The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and represents a contractile nano-machine that can fire effector proteins directly into neighbouring cells. The primary role assigned to [...] Read more.
Microbes typically exist in mixed communities and display complex synergistic and antagonistic interactions. The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and represents a contractile nano-machine that can fire effector proteins directly into neighbouring cells. The primary role assigned to the T6SS is to function as a potent weapon during inter-bacterial competition, delivering antibacterial effectors into rival bacterial cells. However, it has recently emerged that the T6SS can also be used as a powerful weapon against fungal competitors, and the first fungal-specific T6SS effector proteins, Tfe1 and Tfe2, have been identified. These effectors act via distinct mechanisms against a variety of fungal species to cause cell death. Tfe1 intoxication triggers plasma membrane depolarisation, whilst Tfe2 disrupts nutrient uptake and induces autophagy. Based on the frequent coexistence of bacteria and fungi in microbial communities, we propose that T6SS-dependent antifungal activity is likely to be widespread and elicited by a suite of antifungal effectors. Supporting this hypothesis, homologues of Tfe1 and Tfe2 are found in other bacterial species, and a number of T6SS-elaborating species have been demonstrated to interact with fungi. Thus, we envisage that antifungal T6SS will shape many polymicrobial communities, including the human microbiota and disease-causing infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
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20 pages, 2713 KiB  
Review
Interactions between Aspergillus fumigatus and Pulmonary Bacteria: Current State of the Field, New Data, and Future Perspective
by Benoit Briard, Gaëtan L. A. Mislin, Jean-Paul Latgé and Anne Beauvais
J. Fungi 2019, 5(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5020048 - 12 Jun 2019
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 7284
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are central fungal and bacterial members of the pulmonary microbiota. The interactions between A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa have only just begun to be explored. A balance between inhibitory and stimulatory effects on fungal growth was observed in [...] Read more.
Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are central fungal and bacterial members of the pulmonary microbiota. The interactions between A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa have only just begun to be explored. A balance between inhibitory and stimulatory effects on fungal growth was observed in mixed A. fumigatus–P. aeruginosa cultures. Negative interactions have been seen for homoserine-lactones, pyoverdine and pyochelin resulting from iron starvation and intracellular inhibitory reactive oxidant production. In contrast, several types of positive interactions were recognized. Dirhamnolipids resulted in the production of a thick fungal cell wall, allowing the fungus to resist stress. Phenazines and pyochelin favor iron uptake for the fungus. A. fumigatus is able to use bacterial volatiles to promote its growth. The immune response is also differentially regulated by co-infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
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16 pages, 942 KiB  
Review
Candida/Staphylococcal Polymicrobial Intra-Abdominal Infection: Pathogenesis and Perspectives for a Novel Form of Trained Innate Immunity
by Shannon K. Esher, Paul L. Fidel, Jr. and Mairi C. Noverr
J. Fungi 2019, 5(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5020037 - 9 May 2019
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6542
Abstract
Polymicrobial sepsis is difficult to diagnose and treat and causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially when fungi are involved. In vitro, synergism between Candida albicans and various bacterial species has been described for many years. Our laboratory has developed a murine model of [...] Read more.
Polymicrobial sepsis is difficult to diagnose and treat and causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially when fungi are involved. In vitro, synergism between Candida albicans and various bacterial species has been described for many years. Our laboratory has developed a murine model of polymicrobial intra-abdominal infection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating that polymicrobial infections cause high levels of mortality, while monoinfections do not. By contrast, closely related Candida dubliniensis does not cause synergistic lethality and rather provides protection against lethal polymicrobial infection. This protection is thought to be driven by a novel form of trained innate immunity mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which we are proposing to call “trained tolerogenic immunity”. MDSC accumulation has been described in patients with sepsis, as well as in in vivo sepsis models. However, clinically, MDSCs are considered detrimental in sepsis, while their role in in vivo models differs depending on the sepsis model and timing. In this review, we will discuss the role of MDSCs in sepsis and infection and summarize our perspectives on their development and function in the spectrum of trained innate immune protection against fungal-bacterial sepsis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
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18 pages, 685 KiB  
Review
Beyond Antagonism: The Interaction Between Candida Species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
by Ruan Fourie and Carolina H. Pohl
J. Fungi 2019, 5(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5020034 - 19 Apr 2019
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 6888
Abstract
There are many examples of the interaction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One such example is the polymicrobial colonization/infection by the various opportunistic pathogenic yeasts belonging to the genus Candida and the ubiquitous bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although this interaction has simplistically been characterized [...] Read more.
There are many examples of the interaction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One such example is the polymicrobial colonization/infection by the various opportunistic pathogenic yeasts belonging to the genus Candida and the ubiquitous bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although this interaction has simplistically been characterized as antagonistic to the yeast, this review highlights the complexity of the interaction with various factors influencing both microbes. The first section deals with the interactions in vitro, looking specifically at the role of cell wall components, quorum sensing molecules, phenazines, fatty acid metabolites and competition for iron in the interaction. The second part of this review places all these interactions in the context of various infection or colonization sites, i.e., lungs, wounds, and the gastrointestinal tract. Here we see that the role of the host, as well as the methodology used to establish co-infection, are important factors, influencing the outcome of the disease. Suggested future perspectives for the study of this interaction include determining the influence of newly identified participants of the QS network of P. aeruginosa, oxylipin production by both species, as well as the genetic and phenotypic plasticity of these microbes, on the interaction and outcome of co-infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
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10 pages, 2620 KiB  
Review
The Spectrum of Interactions between Cryptococcus neoformans and Bacteria
by François L. Mayer and James W. Kronstad
J. Fungi 2019, 5(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5020031 - 12 Apr 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6865
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a major fungal pathogen that infects immunocompromised people and causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis. C. neoformans does not occur in isolation either in the environment or in the human host, but is surrounded by other microorganisms. Bacteria are ubiquitously distributed in nature, [...] Read more.
Cryptococcus neoformans is a major fungal pathogen that infects immunocompromised people and causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis. C. neoformans does not occur in isolation either in the environment or in the human host, but is surrounded by other microorganisms. Bacteria are ubiquitously distributed in nature, including soil, and make up the dominant part of the human microbiota. Pioneering studies in the 1950s demonstrated antifungal activity of environmental bacteria against C. neoformans. However, the mechanisms and implications of these interactions remain largely unknown. Recently, interest in polymicrobial interaction studies has been reignited by the development of improved sequencing methodologies, and by the realization that such interactions may have a huge impact on ecology and human health. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the interaction of bacteria with C. neoformans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
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Other

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12 pages, 705 KiB  
Perspective
The Dysbiosis and Inter-Kingdom Synergy Model in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis, a New Perspective in Pathogenesis
by Martinna Bertolini and Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
J. Fungi 2019, 5(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5040087 - 21 Sep 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4982
Abstract
As more information emerges on oral microbiota using advanced sequencing methodologies, it is imperative to examine how organisms modulate the capacity of each other to colonize or trigger infection. Most mouse models of oral C. albicans infection have focused on interactions with single [...] Read more.
As more information emerges on oral microbiota using advanced sequencing methodologies, it is imperative to examine how organisms modulate the capacity of each other to colonize or trigger infection. Most mouse models of oral C. albicans infection have focused on interactions with single bacterial species. Thus, little is known about the microbiome-mediated interactions that control the switch of C. albicans from commensalism to infection. Evidence is accumulating that in immunosuppression where mucosal candidiasis is more prevalent, there is an altered oral bacterial microbiome with reduced diversity, but not an altered mycobiome. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunosuppressed humans and mice is associated with a further reduction in oral bacterial diversity and a dysbiotic shift with significant enrichment of streptococcal and enterococcal species. Our recent studies in a cancer chemotherapy mouse model supported the combined profound effect of immunosuppression and C. albicans in reducing oral bacterial diversity and provided the first direct evidence that these changes contribute to pathogenesis, representing dysbiosis. There is still a gap in understanding the relationship between Candida and the oral bacterial microbiome. We propose that certain oral commensal bacteria contribute to fungal pathogenesis and we identify gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in this cooperative virulence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal-Bacterial Interactions: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
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