Journal Description
International Journal of Plant Biology
International Journal of Plant Biology
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all different subdisciplines of plant biology, published quarterly online by MDPI (from Volume 13, Issue 1 - 2022).
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, Biological Abstracts and BIOSIS Previews (Web of Science), and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Screening of Ty1-copia Retrotransposons in Water Onion (Crinum thaianum), an Endangered Species in Thailand
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030071 - 26 Jun 2025
Abstract
Crinum thaianum, commonly known as water onion, is an endangered species which is primarily threatened by flood-control-related habitat destruction and illegal harvesting for export, resulting in a sharp population decline; its genetic data still remains poorly studied. Retrotransposon-based markers have received significant
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Crinum thaianum, commonly known as water onion, is an endangered species which is primarily threatened by flood-control-related habitat destruction and illegal harvesting for export, resulting in a sharp population decline; its genetic data still remains poorly studied. Retrotransposon-based markers have received significant attention due to their higher potential informativeness compared to conventional marker methods in genetic diversity studies. This study focused on the screening of Ty1-copia retrotransposons, which have been widely studied and are commonly used as molecular markers in various plant species. Ty1-copia reverse transcriptase (rt) fragments were amplified using degenerate primers targeting conserved regions, followed by cloning and sequencing. Sequences were screened for rt gene homology and translated into amino acid sequences. Lineages were assigned by alignment, and phylogenetic analysis was performed for each isolated sequence with a set of well-classified rt genes. The p-distance values were calculated between the isolated sequences and their closest homologous sequences. A total of 123 isolated sequences were analyzed, representing conserved domains in the rt gene of Ty1-copia elements from C. thaianum and four other Crinum species. The results revealed sequence homology to the Ale, TAR, or Angela lineages, which showed the closest resemblance to 9, 4, and 110 isolated rt sequences, respectively. The conserved rt domain SIYGLKQA was mostly found in Angela (87.27%), while SLY/HGLKQS/L and SLYG/ELKQF/S were mostly found in Ale (66.67%) and TAR (75.00%), respectively. The p-distance values obtained from comparisons with Ty1-copia elements in other plants suggest that the Angela and TAR lineages are more evolutionarily conserved than the Ale lineage. Whilst our study sheds light on the variety of Ty1-copia retrotransposons in C. thaianum and other Crinum species, further research on additional Crinum species and other plants is required to enhance our understanding and facilitate future retrotransposon-based marker development.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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Open AccessArticle
lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA Networks in Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to Micro-Nanoplastics
by
Roberta Galbo, Domenico Giosa, Gaetano Gargiulo, Andrea Bonomo, Marcos Fernando Basso, Miriam Negussu, Antonio Giovino, Chiara Vergata, Ilaria Colzi, Cristina Gonnelli, Marco Dainelli, Federico Martinelli and Letterio Giuffrè
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020070 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of genetic networks in numerous biological processes. Micro-nanoplastics represent a novel abiotic stress, having a direct xenobiotic impact on plant cells, while the regulation of lncRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana under this kind of abiotic stress remains
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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of genetic networks in numerous biological processes. Micro-nanoplastics represent a novel abiotic stress, having a direct xenobiotic impact on plant cells, while the regulation of lncRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana under this kind of abiotic stress remains largely unclear. We explored RNA-seq data sets of A. thaliana roots treated with two types of micro-nanoplastics: transparent polyethylene terephthalate (Tr-PET) and blue polyethylene terephthalate (Bl-PET) to reveal known and new unannotated lncRNAs. Our findings showed that the Tr-PET changed the expression of 104 lncRNAs, while the Bl-PET changed the expression of just 19. We speculate on the possible significance of the differential expressions for plant tolerance and resistance to micro-nanoplastic stress. A key finding of this work is that the studied lncRNAs tend to regulate their neighboring protein-coding genes. Consistent with this regulatory role, their promoters were found to contain cis-acting regulatory elements responsive to abscisic acid, light, MeJA, MYC/MYB, and other stress-related signals. Furthermore, some of the miRNAs that participate in plant development and defense were also predicted to be sponged by the differentially expressed lncRNAs. In summary, this study adds to our knowledge of A. thaliana lncRNAs through the discovery of new transcripts, describing their expression under micro-nanoplastic stress, and revealing their possible roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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Open AccessArticle
Micropropagation of ‘Manacá-de-Cheiro’ (Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D. Don), an Ornamental Species Native to Brazil
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Ana Victória Conde van den Broek, Mariana Pelais Leite and Jean Carlos Cardoso
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020069 - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
The introduction of new ornamental species and cultivars is one of the hallmarks of innovation in global floriculture. Brunfelsia uniflora, a subshrub native to Brazil, has white, lilac, and blue flowers on the same plant, in addition to a distinctive fragrance. As
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The introduction of new ornamental species and cultivars is one of the hallmarks of innovation in global floriculture. Brunfelsia uniflora, a subshrub native to Brazil, has white, lilac, and blue flowers on the same plant, in addition to a distinctive fragrance. As it is a wild species, technologies such as large-scale clonal propagation of superior genotypes are still scarce, limiting its supply to the flower market. Therefore, a successful micropropagation protocol was developed for B. uniflora using nodal segments and shoot tips as initial explants. In the multiplication phase, the use of 6-benzylaminopurine produced the highest multiplication rates (10.3–10.9 shoots/explant) and the number of leaves in the shoots. In vitro shoot rooting using MS medium with reduced macronutrient concentrations and supplemented with IBA resulted in a 91.7% rooting rate. The greatest difficulty in micropropagating this species was the high percentage of shoots that developed calli. The highest percentage of callus formation occurred with the addition of auxins at high concentrations (1.0 and 1.5 mg L−1). Even so, the shoots and plantlets were acclimatized, demonstrating the effectiveness of this technique for the production of B. uniflora plantlets.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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Open AccessReview
The Role of Jasmonates in Modulating Growth, Trichome Density, and Cannabinoid Accumulation in Cannabis sativa L.
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Jose F. Da Cunha Leme Filho, Spencer Schuchman, Rodrigo De Sarandy Raposo, Andre A. Diatta, Fardad Didaran, Shiksha Sharma, Alan Walters and Karla L. Gage
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020068 - 17 Jun 2025
Abstract
Jasmonates have emerged as a prominent elicitor for enhancing trichome development and cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis). These glandular trichomes synthesize and store important cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which determine the yield, potency, and quality of cannabis flowers.
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Jasmonates have emerged as a prominent elicitor for enhancing trichome development and cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis). These glandular trichomes synthesize and store important cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which determine the yield, potency, and quality of cannabis flowers. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) acts through the COI1–JAZ–MYC signaling pathway to upregulate genes associated with trichome initiation and cannabinoid precursor formation. Evidence suggests that moderate MeJA concentrations (typically 50–100 µM) can effectively boost trichome density, elevate hexanoyl-CoA availability, and modestly enhance key biosynthetic enzyme activities, ultimately increasing THC and CBD content. However, higher methyl jasmonate doses can amplify these benefits, yet pose a risk of excessive vegetative stunting, highlighting the crucial trade-off between enhancing cannabinoid potency and maintaining overall biomass yield. Interaction with hormones like gibberellins, salicylic acid, and ethylene further shapes the plant’s stress responses and secondary metabolism. Application in controlled environments, such as greenhouses or vertical farms, shows promise for enhancing resin production while minimizing biomass loss. In outdoor conditions, the application may offer additional defense benefits against pests and pathogens. These responses can vary depending on the cultivar, underscoring the importance of cultivar-specific optimization. As demand for high-cannabinoid cannabis products continues to grow and agrochemical options remain limited, leveraging MeJA treatments offers a practical, non-genetically modified approach to optimize yield, quality, and resilience in cannabis cultivation.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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Open AccessArticle
Sex Expression and Seed Yield Stability in Thai Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Seasonal Effects on Dioecious Cultivars for Optimized Seed Production
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Pheeraphan Thongplew, Jakkrapong Kangsopa, Sutheera Hermhuk, Krittiya Tongkoom, Prakash Bhuyar and Nednapa Insalud
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020067 - 13 Jun 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the environmental regulation of sex expression and seed yield stability in four Thai dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars (RPF1, RPF2, RPF3, and RPF4) under different seasonal conditions to optimize seed production. The experiment was conducted across two planting
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This study investigates the environmental regulation of sex expression and seed yield stability in four Thai dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars (RPF1, RPF2, RPF3, and RPF4) under different seasonal conditions to optimize seed production. The experiment was conducted across two planting periods (in-season and off-season) to evaluate the effects of varying day lengths and temperatures on growth, reproductive development, and yield. The results showed that shorter day lengths and lower temperatures during the off-season led to an increased proportion of female plants across all cultivars, except RPF3, which exhibited a stable female-to-male ratio. RPF4 had the highest increase in female plants (16%), followed by RPF1 and RPF2 (10%). Seed yield was significantly influenced by seasonal changes, with RPF3 and RPF4 consistently outperforming the other cultivars. In the in-season, RPF3 and RPF4 produced the highest seed yields, reaching 83.4 g/plant and 81.6 g/plant, respectively. During the off-season, both cultivars experienced a decline in seed yield (by 24–26%), primarily due to a reduction in seed production in secondary inflorescences. However, RPF3 compensated for this loss with a 31% increase in seed production at main inflorescences, ensuring yield stability. RPF4 maintained its high yield potential by increasing the proportion of female plants, offsetting the decline in seed yield per plant. Additionally, cumulative growing degree days (CGDD) at harvest were comparable between seasons, with values of 2434 °Cd (in-season) and 2502 °Cd (off-season), indicating that temperature accumulation remained within an optimal range for seed maturation. The study highlights the importance of cultivar selection based on yield component stability and adaptability to seasonal variations. These findings provide valuable insights for improving hemp seed production strategies in Thailand’s diverse agro-climatic conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Foliar Nutrients on the Alkaloid Content in Poppy Straw of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)
by
Ľuboš Nastišin, Jozef Fejér, Richard Hercek, Alena Miháliková, Alexander Fehér, Pavol Porvaz, Štefan Tóth and Peter Hozlár
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020066 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important industrial plant worldwide. It is legally cultivated in seven countries around the world for the production of poppy straw or raw opium in India for alkaloid extraction. This work focused on testing different types of
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Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important industrial plant worldwide. It is legally cultivated in seven countries around the world for the production of poppy straw or raw opium in India for alkaloid extraction. This work focused on testing different types of growth regulators and foliar nutrients to increase and stabilize basic alkaloids, mainly morphine in dry capsules. Field trials were carried out for three years (2021–2023). Selected preparations and their combinations were applied on the seeds before sowing and on the leaves during vegetation. The content of basic alkaloids in the dry capsules was analyzed by liquid chromatography. The results obtained confirmed the demonstrable effects of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar treatment during the growing season on alkaloid content. In the experimental treatments in which the seeds were not treated but foliar treatment was applied during vegetation, more alkaloids were accumulated compared to the control (untreated seeds, not foliar treatment), but this difference was not statistically significant. The influence of the weather conditions during the experimental year on the accumulation of alkaloids was confirmed. Environmental conditions during the growing season and plant stress influenced alkaloid accumulation. An additional supply of growth regulators and foliar fertilizers reduced the stress and positively influenced the accumulation of individual alkaloids. The results obtained provide important insights into the technology of cultivating industrial poppy varieties.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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Open AccessCommunication
Survey of Potyviruses, Carlaviruses, and Begomoviruses in Potato Cultivation Centers of West, Central, and East Java Provinces, Indonesia
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Adyatma Irawan Santosa, Rossa Wulandari, Meyrin Novia Vadilah, Erlin Sabila, Asista Fatma Kusuma, Dedi Mulyadi, Intan Berlian, Made Getas Pudak Wangi, Ade Mahendra Sutejo and Ali Çelik
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020065 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
Our knowledge of the molecular data on viruses infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum) and its weeds in Indonesia still needs to be expanded. Thirteen potato leaves, together with one carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) and one Oxalis latifolia leaves grew
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Our knowledge of the molecular data on viruses infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum) and its weeds in Indonesia still needs to be expanded. Thirteen potato leaves, together with one carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) and one Oxalis latifolia leaves grew adjacent to potato fields were sampled in West, Central, and East Java Provinces of Indonesia to be tested using RT-PCR with universal primers to monitor the presence of potyviruses, carlaviruses, and begomoviruses in the surveyed regions. According to the test results and BLAST nucleotide analysis, four potato samples were found to be infected by potato virus Y (PVY, Potyvirus). All samples tested negative for carlaviruses and begomoviruses. Both phylogenetic trees constructed by MEGA11 software based on partial coat protein and partial coat protein + 3′-UTR sequences demonstrated that the four new PVY isolates belong to strain N. Nucleotide and amino acid homology analysis determined that all four new and 12 other strain N isolates registered in NBCI GenBank were identical at the observed genome region, suggested the same origin of Indonesian isolates. This study improved our understanding of the variation in PVY isolates in Indonesia and highlighted the need for tight surveillance since the country imports most of its tubers used as planting material.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of an Efficient Micropropagation Protocol for Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1
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Atcha Boonprasert, Pundanai Chitphet, Nuttha Sanevas, Ekaphan Kraichak, Supachai Vuttipongchaikij and Narong Wongkantrakorn
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020064 - 6 Jun 2025
Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1), a high-value cultivar known for its elevated curcuminoid and volatile oil content, holds significant potential in pharmaceutical and food applications. However, its commercial propagation is constrained by low rhizome productivity and the limitations of conventional
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Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1), a high-value cultivar known for its elevated curcuminoid and volatile oil content, holds significant potential in pharmaceutical and food applications. However, its commercial propagation is constrained by low rhizome productivity and the limitations of conventional vegetative propagation. This study aimed to improve the propagation efficiency of turmeric cv. Trang 1 by developing optimized protocols for explant sterilization, shoot proliferation, root induction, and acclimatization. Sprouted rhizome buds were sterilized and cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators, including cytokinins (benzyladenine [BA], thidiazuron [TDZ], and meta-topolin [mT]) and auxins (indole-3-butyric acid [IBA] and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA]). The shoot induction (4.60 ± 1.47 shoots per explant) and shoot height (2.34 ± 0.61 cm) were observed on the MS medium with 3.0 mg/L BA, while the TDZ, at 0.5 mg/L, also induced a high number of shoots (5.22 ± 0.64). When using single shoots derived from bud explants, mT at 1.5 mg/L significantly enhanced the shoot formation. For the root induction, 2.0 mg/L IBA yielded the highest number of roots (7.33 ± 1.49), while NAA was less effective. The plantlets acclimatized in a 1:1 soil and peat moss mixture showed the highest survival rate (86.67%). This improved protocol enables the efficient production of turmeric plantlets, supporting commercial deployment.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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Open AccessOpinion
Plant Growth and Development from Biocommunication Perspective
by
Guenther Witzany
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020063 - 6 Jun 2025
Abstract
Different movement patterns are crucial behavioral motifs of plant organisms for reaching essential resources necessary for survival. This requires the accurate evaluation (interpretation) of information inputs regarding (i) abiotic factors such as gravity, light, and water; (ii) neighboring plants; (iii) various beneficial symbionts,
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Different movement patterns are crucial behavioral motifs of plant organisms for reaching essential resources necessary for survival. This requires the accurate evaluation (interpretation) of information inputs regarding (i) abiotic factors such as gravity, light, and water; (ii) neighboring plants; (iii) various beneficial symbionts, including fungi and soil bacteria, as well as pests, which involve attack and defense strategies; and (iv) intraorganismic communication, including transcription, translation, immunity, repair, and epigenetic markings relevant to all regulation processes, finally outlined by a plethora of non-coding RNAs. The coordination of all steps and substeps in plant growth and development necessitates a complex organization of various levels of signaling processes within and between cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. Consequently, we can view a plant body as a coordinated entity that integrates these processes to thrive, representing a unique identity within its environmental niche.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Communication)
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Open AccessArticle
Beneficial Soil Fungi Isolated from Tropical Fruit Crop Systems for Enhancing Yield and Growth in Dragon Fruit in Ecuador
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Yoansy Garcia, Danilo Valdez, Daniel Ponce de Leon, Hypatia Urjilez, Jaime Santos-Pinargote and Daniel Mancero-Castillo
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020062 - 5 Jun 2025
Abstract
Rhizospheric fungi are emerging as a critical research component in dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) production systems. Introducing beneficial non-native fungi is increasingly common due to their positive effects on plant growth, yield, and pathogen suppression. However, this practice may disrupt soil microbial
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Rhizospheric fungi are emerging as a critical research component in dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) production systems. Introducing beneficial non-native fungi is increasingly common due to their positive effects on plant growth, yield, and pathogen suppression. However, this practice may disrupt soil microbial communities, and commercial isolates often show limited adaptation to local conditions. This study aimed to identify native beneficial soil fungi associated with dragon fruit cultivation on the Ecuadorian coast and evaluate their effect on commercial production. Fungal isolates from four dragon fruit plantations were identified using microscopy and genetic sequencing (ITS, EF-1α, and beta-tubulin). The selected fungi were isolates closely related to Talaromyces tumuli, Trichoderma asperellum, and Paecilomyces lagunculariae. All isolates were tested for pathogenicity using detached cladode assays at the laboratory, and non-phytopathogenic monomorphic cultures were further evaluated in the field under a randomized complete block design consisting of T. asperellum, Talaromyces tumuli, a combination of both, and a water control. The combination of T. asperellum and Talaromyces spp. showed a favorable trend in terms of the plants’ vegetative development. However, inoculating Talaromyces tumuli into the commercial plants exhibited a slow response during the first 20 days of the field evaluations. Still, it resulted in a significant increase in the fruit’s diameter and weight, with increases of 88.23% and 67.64%, respectively, compared to those in the control. T. asperellum presented a lower number of fruits per plant, although it showed an increase in fruit diameter and weight. In conclusion, using the native beneficial fungi T. asperellum and T. tumuli contributes positively to the dragon fruit production system.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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Open AccessArticle
Predicted Drought Tolerance of Poplars and Aspens for Use in Resilient Landscapes
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Brandon M. Miller
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020061 - 2 Jun 2025
Abstract
Poplars and aspens (Populus L. spp.) are undervalued options for use in managed landscapes. The genus comprises a multitude of taxa often negatively associated with disease susceptibility and short lifespans; however, it also hosts a diverse range of abiotic stress tolerances. The
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Poplars and aspens (Populus L. spp.) are undervalued options for use in managed landscapes. The genus comprises a multitude of taxa often negatively associated with disease susceptibility and short lifespans; however, it also hosts a diverse range of abiotic stress tolerances. The objective of this study was to generate a relative scale of the predicted drought tolerance of Populus spp. to inform site and taxon selection in managed settings. Utilizing vapor pressure osmometry, this study examined seasonal osmotic adjustment and predicted leaf water potential at the turgor loss point (Ψpo) among several Populus taxa. All evaluated taxa demonstrated the ability to osmotically adjust (ΔΨπ100) throughout the growing season. Bigtooth aspen (P. grandidentata Michx.) exhibited the most osmotic adjustment (−1.1 MPa), whereas black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook.) exhibited the least (−0.44 MPa). Across the taxa, the estimated mean Ψpo values in spring and summer were −1.8 MPa and −2.8 MPa, respectively. Chinese aspen (P. cathayana Rehder) exhibited the lowest Ψpo (−3.32 MPa), whereas black cottonwood exhibited the highest (−2.47 MPa). The results indicate that drought tolerance varies widely among these ten Populus species and hybrids; bigtooth aspen and Chinese aspen are the best suited to tolerating drought in managed landscapes.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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Open AccessArticle
Seed Germination and Responses of Five Native Veronica Species Under Salinity Stress in Korea
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Jin Woo Kim, Ji Hun Yi, Song E Jeong, Eun Ji Choi, Chung Ho Ko, Ji Young Jung, Sang Heon Kim and Wonwoo Cho
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020060 - 31 May 2025
Abstract
This study analyzed the seed germination characteristics and physiological responses of five Korean Veronica species (V. daurica, V. nakaiana, V. kiusiana var. glabrifolia, V. pusanensis, and V. pyrethrina) under salinity stress. Preliminary experiments on five Veronica species
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This study analyzed the seed germination characteristics and physiological responses of five Korean Veronica species (V. daurica, V. nakaiana, V. kiusiana var. glabrifolia, V. pusanensis, and V. pyrethrina) under salinity stress. Preliminary experiments on five Veronica species using various NaCl concentrations revealed that treatment with 150 mM NaCl almost completely inhibited seed germination, whereas treatment with >50 mM NaCl significantly decreased seed germination rate and index. Therefore, this study focused on the effects of treatment with 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl for 7 days on the germination rate, germination index, germination energy, germination vigor index, water content, fresh weight, dry weight, and root length of the plants. When treated with 100 mM NaCl, most species had few survivors after 5 days, even if germination had occurred. Almost all parameters significantly decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. Especially, fresh weight and water content decreased with increasing NaCl concentration, while dry weight did not show a significant response to NaCl concentration, suggesting that salinity stress inhibited water uptake, which is crucial for seed germination. Hormonal analysis revealed the presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) and the absence of gibberellic acid. Most species showed no significant changes in IAA and ABA levels with varying NaCl concentrations. However, V. pusanensis showed significantly increased ABA levels with increasing NaCl concentration, and V. daurica showed significantly higher IAA levels at 100 mM NaCl than at other NaCl concentrations. This study demonstrates that salt stress negatively affects Veronica seed germination, with varying intensities among species.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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Open AccessArticle
Phenotypic Variability of Local Latvian Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Its Position Within European Germplasm
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Gunārs Lācis, Shreya Jagtap, Laila Dubova, Tetiana Harbovska, Daniels Udalovs, Liene Ziediņa and Ina Alsiņa
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020059 - 30 May 2025
Abstract
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are considered a socially and economically important crop, with the biggest growers in India, Myanmar, and Brazil. Traditionally, common beans are also grown in most parts of Europe, including Latvia, where cultivation areas have remained relatively constant
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Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are considered a socially and economically important crop, with the biggest growers in India, Myanmar, and Brazil. Traditionally, common beans are also grown in most parts of Europe, including Latvia, where cultivation areas have remained relatively constant since the middle of the last century. This is explained by the plant’s higher thermal requirements compared to peas and faba beans more widely grown here. Despite this, landraces adapted to local conditions have been developed, whose origin and potential relationship with another European common bean germplasm is very limited. Therefore, the study aimed to characterise the morphology of the common bean germplasm collected and grown in Latvia to identify the most valuable material for further crop development and evaluate the local landraces in the European common bean germplasm context. The 28 genotypes representing Latvian landraces and European reference genotypes were phenotyped using 26 traits of bean seeds, pods, leaves, flowers, and stems, which were evaluated according to an internationally applied methodology. Latvian varieties showed phenotypical variability and characteristics that were different from those found in other European regions, showing the significance of the germplasm under study and highlighting the need for conservation. Local varieties (landraces) are reservoirs of unique genetic traits. Their adaptability to local environmental conditions, resistance to pests and diseases, and their potential to enhance nutritional quality make them invaluable resources for in situ conservation efforts and targeted genetic improvement programmes. Emphasising the utilisation of these landraces can contribute to sustainable agriculture, climate resilience, and food security.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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Open AccessReview
Glucosinolates in Cruciferous Vegetables: Genetic and Environmental Regulation, Metabolic Pathways, and Cancer-Preventive Mechanisms
by
Sujata Kattel and George F. Antonious
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020058 - 29 May 2025
Abstract
We investigated the genetic and environmental variables determining the glucosinolate (GSL) content of cruciferous vegetables and the implications for cancer prevention. The enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes GSLs, which are sulfur-containing chemicals found mostly in cruciferous vegetables, producing isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are physiologically active molecules.
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We investigated the genetic and environmental variables determining the glucosinolate (GSL) content of cruciferous vegetables and the implications for cancer prevention. The enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes GSLs, which are sulfur-containing chemicals found mostly in cruciferous vegetables, producing isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are physiologically active molecules. GSL breakdown products have considerable anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capabilities, making them vital to human health. The review dives into genetic heterogeneity among cruciferous species, the importance of individual genes in GSL manufacturing, and breeding techniques for increasing GSL content. It also examines how environmental variables like soil type, pH, plant, nutrient availability, and temperature affect GSL levels. This report also covers the function of GSLs in plant defense, their bioavailability in humans, and their mechanisms in cancer prevention, emphasizing the chemicals’ potential for lowering cancer risk through cruciferous vegetable consumption. The findings highlight the necessity of optimizing both genetic and environmental variables required to increase the nutritional content and medicinal potential of cruciferous vegetables.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Vegetative Propagation Techniques for Juniperus communis L. Under Greenhouse Conditions
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Marina Sanz Gallego, Miguel Tomás Gascón and Luis Saúl Esteban Pascual
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020057 - 28 May 2025
Abstract
Juniperus communis L. can be used for essential oils and ornamental purposes, but currently the population is declining in its natural habitats as the seeds are very slow to germinate, with many seeds also empty. These findings could support both the conservation of
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Juniperus communis L. can be used for essential oils and ornamental purposes, but currently the population is declining in its natural habitats as the seeds are very slow to germinate, with many seeds also empty. These findings could support both the conservation of J. communis and its adoption in sustainable agricultural systems. This study investigated the potential of vegetative propagation evaluating the effects of rooting medium, gender, and Indole 3-Butyric Acid (IBA) treatment on the rooting success of J. communis cuttings. Two types of rooting medium (RM_I vs. RM_II), gender (male vs. female) and two IBA concentrations (0 vs. 4000 ppm) were used. Rooting medium I (RM_I) consists of substrate and perlite (50% + 50%), and rooting medium II (RM II) contains unfertilized blonde peat (65%), substrate (25%), and perlite (10%). The results show the influence of rooting medium, IBA treatment, and gender on the rooting percentage and the number of the primary roots. Female cuttings are more likely to induce rooting than male cuttings (29.69% vs. 19.90%), and the RM_II produces a higher percentage of rooting than RM_I (28.89% vs. 20.70%). In relation to the number of roots per cutting, RM_II was higher than RM_I (7.46 vs. 6.04). Interaction between rooting medium and IBA treatment showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the rooting percentage. Results showed that cuttings treated with 4000 ppm IBA in RM_II achieved the highest rooting percentage (45.57%), with female cuttings outperforming male cuttings.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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Open AccessCommunication
Method of Evaluating Soybean Pod Recovery from Moisture Stress
by
Sarah Kezar, Josie Rice, Tori Booker and Josh Lofton
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020056 - 27 May 2025
Abstract
Plant mapping was introduced in soybean, but its illustrative capabilities in stress response are yet to be implemented. Methods to track the soybean physiological response are explained in this note by mapping pods in a coordinate system. A growth chamber study was conducted
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Plant mapping was introduced in soybean, but its illustrative capabilities in stress response are yet to be implemented. Methods to track the soybean physiological response are explained in this note by mapping pods in a coordinate system. A growth chamber study was conducted to measure the specific impact of simulated moisture stress on crop yield and pod development across three stages of crop growth. The treatment growth stages were R2, R3, and R5 (Full Bloom, Beginning Pod, and Beginning Seed, respectively), with two moisture stress durations of 7 and 14 days. A coordinate system was developed to understand soybean pod setting and yield by plotting each unique point on the plant using a set of numerical coordinates. This method summarizes soybean morphology during its vegetative and reproductive growth. Utilizing this method, we found that the growth stages during which moisture stress is experienced and the duration of the stress determined and influenced the location of pods on the soybean plant. The stress level factors impact the yield on the mainstem and branches by pod capacity at different magnitudes. This encoding procedure assists in tracking the location of aborted pods. It protects the yield by retaining pods, thereby leading to a better understanding of the stress experienced by these plants.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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Open AccessArticle
Exploring Microbial Diversity in Forest Litter-Based Fermented Bioproducts and Their Effects on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Growth in Senegal
by
Alexandre Mahougnon Aurel Zoumman, Paula Fernandes, Mariama Gueye, Clémence Chaintreuil, Laurent Cournac, Aboubacry Kane and Komi Assigbetse
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020055 - 23 May 2025
Abstract
Reducing the use of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) in agriculture while maintaining crop productivity is the main challenge facing sub-Saharan African family farming systems. The use of effective microorganisms (EM) is among the various innovative approaches for minimizing chemical inputs and the environmental
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Reducing the use of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) in agriculture while maintaining crop productivity is the main challenge facing sub-Saharan African family farming systems. The use of effective microorganisms (EM) is among the various innovative approaches for minimizing chemical inputs and the environmental impact of agricultural production and protecting soil health while enhancing crop yields and improving food security. This study sought to characterize the microbial biodiversity of local beneficial microorganisms (BMs) products from locally fermented forest litter and investigate their ability to enhance tomato plant growth and development. Beneficial microorganisms (BMs) were obtained by anaerobic fermentation of forest litter collected in four agroecological regions of Senegal mixed with sugarcane molasses and various types of carbon sources (groundnut shells, millet stovers, and rice bran in different proportions). The microbial community composition was analyzed using next-generation rDNA sequencing, and their effects on tomato growth traits were tested in greenhouse experiments. Results show that regardless of the litter geographical collection site, the dominant bacterial taxa in the BMs belonged to the phyla Firmicutes (27.75–97.06%) and Proteobacteria (2.93–72.24%). Within these groups, the most prevalent classes were Bacilli (14.41–89.82%), α-proteobacteria (2.83–72.09%), and Clostridia (0.024–13.34%). Key genera included Lactobacillus (13–65.83%), Acetobacter (8.91–72.09%), Sporolactobacillus (1.40–43.35%), and Clostridium (0.08–13.34%). Fungal taxa were dominated by the classes Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, with a prevalence of the acidophilic genus Acidea. Although microbial diversity is relatively uniform across samples, the relative abundance of microbial taxa is influenced by the litter’s origin. This is illustrated by the PCoA analysis, which clusters microbial communities based on their litter source. Greenhouse experiments revealed that five BMs (DK-M, DK-G, DK-GM, NB-R, and NB-M) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced tomato growth traits, including plant height (+10.75% for DK-G and +9.44% for NB-R), root length (+56.84–62.20%), root volume (+84.32–97.35%), root surface area (+53.16–56.72%), and both fresh and dry shoot biomass when compared to untreated controls. This study revealed that forest-fermented litter products (BMs), produced using litter collected from various regions in Senegal, contain beneficial microorganisms known as plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), which enhanced tomato growth. These findings highlight the potential of locally produced BMs as an agroecological alternative to inorganic inputs, particularly within Senegal’s family farming systems.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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Open AccessArticle
The Effect of Root Zone Cooling on the Growth and Development of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in a Tropical Climate
by
Daruni Naphrom, Choochad Santasup, Werapat Panchai, Suwit Boonraeng and Anucha Promwungkwa
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020054 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
Strawberry production in tropical and subtropical climates has been adversely affected by rising temperatures and reduced cooling periods, leading to a decrease in flower induction and overall yield. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of root zone cooling on short-day strawberry plants
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Strawberry production in tropical and subtropical climates has been adversely affected by rising temperatures and reduced cooling periods, leading to a decrease in flower induction and overall yield. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of root zone cooling on short-day strawberry plants cultivated under evaporative greenhouse conditions. The cooling methods employed included of four root zone cooling treatments: normal water dripping (NWD), cold-water (10 °C) dripping (CWD), cold-water dripping plus cold-water pipe (CWD + CWP), and normal water dripping plus cold-water pipe (NWD + CWP) embedded within the growing media. The results indicated that the CWD + CWP treatment was particularly effective, reducing RZT by approximately 2 °C compared to other treatments, thereby promoting both vegetative and reproductive growth, particularly in the ‘Akihime’ strawberry. In the absence of root zone cooling, ‘Akihime’ and ‘Pharachatan 88’ were still capable of producing flowers and yield, whereas ‘Pharachatan 80’ was not. In addition, ‘Pharachatan 80’ was affected by CWD + CWP which showed the highest levels of total phenolic compound, total anthocyanin, and total vitamin C among all treatments. It can be concluded that reducing the root zone temperature through the integrated application of cold-water dripping and embedded cold-water pipes in the growing media can enhance the growth and development of short-day strawberry plants cultivated under evaporative greenhouse conditions in a tropical climate.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Plastics (Geotextiles) on Heavy Metal Accumulation by Industrial Hemp Plants Cultivated in Polluted Mediterranean Soils
by
Dimitrios Alexiadis, John Bethanis, Sotiria G. Papadimou, Edoardo Barbieri, Rafaella Vogia, Eftihia Tatsi, Pavlos Tziourrou, Eleni Tsaliki and Evangelia E. Golia
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020053 - 20 May 2025
Abstract
An attempt was made to simulate the conditions prevailing in an agricultural crop to investigate whether and how geotextile microplastics alter the movement and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. For this purpose, a pot experiment, lasting 149 days, was carried out on
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An attempt was made to simulate the conditions prevailing in an agricultural crop to investigate whether and how geotextile microplastics alter the movement and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. For this purpose, a pot experiment, lasting 149 days, was carried out on soil obtained from a rural area, where pieces of a geotextile in mesoplastic dimensions, of the same chemical composition as that used by farmers in the Greek countryside, were added. Furthermore, metal solutions (Cu, Zn, Cd) were incorporated in the pots at two levels, and incubation prior to planting was carried out for two weeks. Then, industrial hemp was cultivated, while continuous measurements of its horticultural characteristics and of the levels of metals moved from the soil to the plant were made. The plants appeared to be highly resistant to the rather harsh growing conditions, and furthermore, it was observed that the cumulative metal capacity of cannabis was enhanced in most cases. The simultaneous presence of metals and geotextile (plastic) fragments enhanced the amount of Zn and Cd transfer into the soil-to-plant system. Hemp plants exhibited strong resilience abilities in the particularly stressful soil environment, possibly developing defense mechanisms. The experiments are particularly encouraging as they prove that simple and habitual practices in cultivated soils that lead to post-weather erosion of the geotextile may contribute positively in terms of remediation methods for heavy-metal-laden soils, as they indirectly help the plant to remove larger amounts of metal elements. The experiments should be intensified on a wider range of soils of different soil reactions and particle sizes and, of course, should be carried out under real field conditions in Mediterranean soil environments.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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Open AccessArticle
Assessment of Rice Amylose Content and Grain Quality Through Marker-Assisted Selection
by
Iris Pérez-Almeida, Oscar Navia-Pesantes and Roberto Celi-Herán
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020052 - 20 May 2025
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is essential for global food security and sustains billions worldwide, emphasizing the need to improve production and quality. One key challenge in rice breeding is the inheritance and environmental sensitivity of amylose content, a starch component that influences
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is essential for global food security and sustains billions worldwide, emphasizing the need to improve production and quality. One key challenge in rice breeding is the inheritance and environmental sensitivity of amylose content, a starch component that influences the texture, water absorption, and firmness after cooking, which are crucial for market acceptance. While international markets prefer low-amylose varieties for their softness, intermediate- and high-amylose varieties are favored in Latin America for their firmness. The objective of this study was to develop a molecular quality assessment methodology that, combined with morphological and culinary evaluations, helps in the selection of rice varieties during the breeding process. First, ten Ecuadorian rice materials were evaluated for milling and culinary quality characteristics, revealing significant grain size, sterility, milling yield, cooking time, and texture variations. Amylose content (AC) is genetically regulated by the waxy gene and its allelic variants, affecting granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) enzyme expression. Secondly, to classify rice varieties molecularly based on AC, the testing ten genotypes plus nine control varieties were analyzed using microsatellite (SSR) markers. The waxy molecular marker, combined with metaphor agarose gel electrophoresis (MAGE), proved effective for early-stage AC analysis, reducing variety selection costs and improving breeding efficiency. Additionally, a restriction enzyme protocol assay facilitated variety differentiation by selectively cleaving the waxy gene sequence at a specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, allowing for precise AC genetic classification. By integrating molecular techniques with traditional assessments, this study reveals that using marker-assisted selection in breeding programs, as well as supporting the identification and development of high-quality local rice varieties to meet market demands, improves production efficiency and optimizes the assessment of developing varieties under diverse environmental conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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