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International Journal of Plant Biology

International Journal of Plant Biology is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all different subdisciplines of plant biology, published monthly online by MDPI (from Volume 13, Issue 1 - 2022).

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, Biological Abstracts and BIOSIS Previews (Web of Science), and other databases.
Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Plant Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2026).
Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2037-0164

Latest Articles

27 pages, 4953 KB

Open AccessArticle

Salicylic Acid Modulates Morphophysiological Responses of Paubrasilia echinata Seedlings Irrigated with Saline Water

by Thayná Kelly Formiga de Medeiros, Francisco Thiago Coelho Bezerra, Gleyse Lopes Fernandes de Souza, Marcos Vinícius da Silva, Maria Beatriz Ferreira, Dayane Gomes da Silva, Daniela Rosário de Mello, Robevania da Silva Alves Almeida, Francisco Eudes da Silva, Igor Eneas Cavalcante, Alberício Pereira de Andrade, Olaf Andreas Bakke, Ivonete Alves Bakke and Riselane de Lucena Alcântara Bruno

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(7), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17070057 - 8 Jul 2026

Rising salt concentration in water induces osmotic stress and ionic toxicity, compromising photosynthesis, growth, and survival of threatened species such as Paubrasilia echinata and highlighting the need for stress-mitigating compounds such as salicylic acid. This study evaluated the effect of salicylic acid on [...] Read more.

Rising salt concentration in water induces osmotic stress and ionic toxicity, compromising photosynthesis, growth, and survival of threatened species such as Paubrasilia echinata and highlighting the need for stress-mitigating compounds such as salicylic acid. This study evaluated the effect of salicylic acid on the morphophysiological responses of P. echinata seedlings irrigated with saline water. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with two electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water (0.5 and 6.0 dS m⁻¹) and three salicylic acid concentrations (0, 2, and 3 mM), randomized across 24 experimental plots containing five plants each in a randomized complete block design. Analyses included growth, relative water content, chlorophyll indices and fluorescence of seedlings. Irrigation water with an electrical conductivity of 6.0 dS m⁻¹ reduced leaf number by 9.09% and PSII efficiency by 26.94%. Under saline conditions, salicylic acid at 2 and 3 mM increased root dry matter by 49.28% and 60.29%, respectively. The highest total chlorophyll index (79.03) was obtained at 2 mM, whereas leaf area peaked at 734.74 cm² per plant at 3 mM. Salicylic acid enhances salt tolerance in P. echinata. At 2 mM, it improves seedling morphophysiological traits and may support restoration in salinized sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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6 pages, 824 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Direct Interaction of Arabidopsis SGO1 with PP2A B′ Subunits Revealed by Microscale Thermophoresis

by Behzad Heidari, Dugassa Nemie-Feyissa and Cathrine Lillo

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(7), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17070056 - 8 Jul 2026

Accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis requires protection of centromeric cohesion mediated by shugoshin (SGO) proteins and Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A). In Arabidopsis thaliana, genetic and cytological studies have demonstrated that PP2A B′ regulatory subunits are essential for maintaining centromeric cohesion; however, direct [...] Read more.

Accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis requires protection of centromeric cohesion mediated by shugoshin (SGO) proteins and Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A). In Arabidopsis thaliana, genetic and cytological studies have demonstrated that PP2A B′ regulatory subunits are essential for maintaining centromeric cohesion; however, direct biochemical evidence for their interaction with SGO1 in plants is lacking. Here, we used microscale thermophoresis (MST) to investigate and quantify the binding between fluorescently labeled GST-SGO1 and the PP2A B′α and B′β subunits. SGO1 exhibited concentration-dependent binding to both subunits, with dissociation constants (Kd) of 5.49 ± 0.88 µM for B′α and 1.89 ± 0.38 µM for B′β, indicating an approximately threefold higher affinity for B′β. These results provide direct quantitative biochemical evidence for a specific interaction between Arabidopsis SGO1 and PP2A B′ subunits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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13 pages, 990 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid Concentration and Explant Origin on Rooting-Related Traits and Early Ex Vitro Growth of Regenerated Physalis peruviana Shoots

by Griselida Rojas-Campos, Raúl Vargas, Anyela Marcela Ríos-Ríos, Eyner Huaman, Amilcar Valle-Lopez and Manuel Oliva-Cruz

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(7), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17070055 - 6 Jul 2026

Physalis peruviana L. is an Andean crop of high nutritional and commercial value; however, the limited availability of uniform planting material restricts its large-scale propagation. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is widely used to promote adventitious rooting, although its concentration and application methods influence the [...] Read more.

Physalis peruviana L. is an Andean crop of high nutritional and commercial value; however, the limited availability of uniform planting material restricts its large-scale propagation. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is widely used to promote adventitious rooting, although its concentration and application methods influence the response observed throughout the different stages of root development. This study evaluated how IBA concentration and explant origin influenced rooting-related traits and early vegetative growth of in vitro-regenerated P. peruviana shoots during a 30-day ex vitro acclimatization phase. The evaluated variables included rooting percentage, root number, longest root length, root fresh and dry mass, shoot length, leaf and node number, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry mass, leaf area, and photosynthetic pigment contents. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of two explant origins (cotyledon and hypocotyl) and four IBA concentrations (0, 400, 800, and 1600 mg L⁻¹), with five biological replicates per treatment combination. All shoots formed at least one visible root, resulting in 100% rooting across all treatment combinations. IBA concentration significantly affected root fresh and dry mass and several shoot-growth traits, whereas root number and longest root length were not significantly affected. Among the concentrations tested, 800 mg L⁻¹ produced the highest root biomass and favorable responses in selected shoot-growth traits, whereas 1600 mg L⁻¹ was associated with lower values for some growth variables. Hypocotyl-derived shoots had more leaves and nodes, greater stem diameter, and higher shoot dry mass than cotyledon-derived shoots. These results indicate a concentration- and trait-dependent response to IBA and identify 800 mg L⁻¹ as the most favorable concentration among those tested for increasing root biomass and selected shoot-growth traits under the evaluated acclimatization conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Cultivation Techniques for Increasing Crop Yield)

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17 pages, 1336 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Foliar Nitrogen–Phosphorus Application on Maize Productivity Under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions

by Mst. Lailatul Ferdows, Saima Biswas, Mizanur Rahman, F. M. Jamil Uddin, Md. Nayan, Aporna Tabassum Api, Mohaiminul Islam, Nadia Islam, Swapan Kumar Paul and Md. Harun Rashid

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(7), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17070054 - 4 Jul 2026

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and foliar supplementation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the performance of maize (Zea mays L.) under [...] Read more.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and foliar supplementation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the performance of maize (Zea mays L.) under irrigated and rainfed conditions. The experiment followed a randomised complete block design with two levels of AMF (inoculated and non-inoculated) and four foliar treatments (no N and P, N only, P only, and combined N + P). The recommended dose of fertiliser (RDF) was applied as a soil application to all treatments. AMF inoculation significantly increased grain yield by 8.1% under rainfed and 10.0% under irrigated conditions compared with non-inoculated plants. Foliar application of N and P, especially when they were applied together, significantly improved yield components, including cob length, number of grains per cob, and 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield (9.08 t ha⁻¹ under rainfed and 10.91 t ha⁻¹ under irrigated conditions) was obtained from the combined treatment of AMF inoculation and foliar N + P application. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and linear mixed-effects modelling (LMM) confirmed that water availability was the dominant factor controlling maize productivity, while AMF inoculation exhibited a stronger independent effect than foliar fertilisation. Under rainfed conditions, the treatment responses were reduced, and maize responded better to foliar N application in combination with AMF than combined N + P application. These findings indicate that the integrated use of AMF and foliar nutrient management enhances maize productivity, but optimal combinations depend strongly on moisture regimes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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15 pages, 1842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Foliar Damage Thresholds Associated with Enallodiplosis discordis Infestation in Neltuma pallida Seedlings in the Tropical Dry Forest of Northern Peru

by Silvana Marigorda-Castro, Karol Vilchez-Estrada, Javier Javier-Alva, Yuliana Mendoza-Martínez, Delia Talledo-Ancajima, Krizia Pretell-Monzón, Benoit Diringer, Carlos Granda-Wong, William Nauray-Huari and Gastón Cruz

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(7), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17070053 - 3 Jul 2026

Neltuma pallida is a multi-purpose tree species of the seasonally dry tropical forests of northern Peru, where it provides essential ecological and socioeconomic functions. However, recurrent defoliation associated with the cecidomyiid gall midge Enallodiplosis discordis may compromise early seedling establishment and the success [...] Read more.

Neltuma pallida is a multi-purpose tree species of the seasonally dry tropical forests of northern Peru, where it provides essential ecological and socioeconomic functions. However, recurrent defoliation associated with the cecidomyiid gall midge Enallodiplosis discordis may compromise early seedling establishment and the success of forest restoration programs. This study evaluated the effects of larval infestation on foliar integrity and established quantitative damage thresholds in N. pallida seedlings under dry forest conditions. Insects collected from naturally infested plants were identified using an integrative taxonomic approach that combined classical morphological diagnosis with COI-based DNA barcoding obtained by Sanger sequencing. Morphological assessment assigned the defoliating dipteran to E. discordis, while BLASTn v2.17.0. analysis of the 576-bp partial COI sequence showed 92.6% identity and 100% query coverage with Cecidomyiidae records, supporting its taxonomic placement within this family. Field bioassays conducted over a 17-week period, in which 25 individual seedlings were evaluated (N = 25), revealed a strong and significant positive correlation between larval density and foliar damage percentage (r = 0.872; p < 0.001), with moderate damage levels predominating throughout the evaluation period. Despite sustained larval presence, seedlings did not reach severe damage categories, suggesting potential relative tolerance to partial defoliation under the evaluated field conditions. Temperature and relative humidity were not significantly associated with infestation intensity or foliar damage during the study period. Overall, these findings indicate that E. discordis-associated foliar damage represents a relevant, although not necessarily lethal, biotic constraint for the early regeneration of N. pallida under the field conditions assessed. The quantitative thresholds reported here provide useful criteria for dry forest restoration programs, phytosanitary monitoring, and integrated pest management strategies in the Peruvian dry forest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Resistance to Insects)

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17 pages, 1193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genotypic Variation in Foliar Heat Tolerance Among 35 Malus Genotypes: Implications for Urban Tree Selection Under Climate Change

by Glynn C. Percival

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(7), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17070052 - 29 Jun 2026

The frequency and intensity of heatwaves are increasing annually worldwide due to climate change. Combined with the urban heat island effect, elevated heat stress episodes threaten the survival and performance of urban trees, in turn reducing their ecosystem benefits. For this reason, the [...] Read more.

The frequency and intensity of heatwaves are increasing annually worldwide due to climate change. Combined with the urban heat island effect, elevated heat stress episodes threaten the survival and performance of urban trees, in turn reducing their ecosystem benefits. For this reason, the foliar heat tolerance of 35 Malus genotypes (two species, 32 cultivars, one variety, one hybrid) was evaluated under controlled laboratory assays. Heat injury to foliar tissue was quantified using chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) to assess photosystem II (PSII) damage and an electrolyte leakage index (ELI) to evaluate cellular membrane integrity. A preliminary dose–response experiment using six genotypes exposed to a temperature gradient (40–50 °C) was conducted to establish thermal response curves and derive LT₅₀ values (temperature at 50% decline in Fv/Fm). These analyses confirmed substantial genotypic variation in thermal tolerance and identified 45 °C as an optimal discriminatory temperature for large-scale screening. This temperature was subsequently applied to assess heat injury across all 35 genotypes. Measurements were conducted in May (spring foliage) and August (summer foliage) to evaluate ontogenetic influences. In some instances, only one genotype was available for experimental purposes. Consequently, conclusions regarding genotypic differences in heat tolerance are based on replicated datasets, whereas genotypes represented by single-tree sampling are presented for descriptive purposes only. Heat stress significantly affected Fv/Fm and ELI, with strong genotype and seasonal effects recorded. In most genotypes, foliar damage was greater in spring than in summer. Good correlations between Fv/Fm and ELI confirmed their value as complementary physiological measures of heat tolerance in plants. Of the 35 genotypes evaluated, Malus sargentii, M. ‘Prairifire’, M. baccata ‘Jackii’, M. ‘Royal Fountain Huber’ and M. Donald Wyman were the most heat tolerant. The substantial variation in foliar heat tolerance detected across the 35 genotypes tested demonstrates potential for selecting Malus genotypes with superior foliar heat tolerance and highlights opportunities for identifying heat resilient candidates among other under-utilized urban tree taxa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants in Urban Environments)

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16 pages, 2252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simple Blue LED-Excited Fluorescence and Chromaticity Measurements as Screening Indices for Avocado Ripeness

by Ichiro Tono, Makoto Saito, Fujio Terai, Yoshiro Baba and Hiroyasu Ishikawa

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(7), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17070051 - 28 Jun 2026

In response to the need for a simple, non-destructive method for evaluating avocado ripeness, we measured chlorophyll-related fluorescence and chromaticity of the outer skin using simple optical equipment and evaluated their relationship with whole-fruit compression (wfc), which was used as a firmness-based ripeness [...] Read more.

In response to the need for a simple, non-destructive method for evaluating avocado ripeness, we measured chlorophyll-related fluorescence and chromaticity of the outer skin using simple optical equipment and evaluated their relationship with whole-fruit compression (wfc), which was used as a firmness-based ripeness index. A compact system consisting of a blue LED excitation source and a small spectrometer was used to measure fluorescence spectra, and a commercially available colorimeter was used to evaluate chromaticity. Hass avocado samples purchased from multiple retail stores in Japan and stored for different periods were examined. The combination of the fluorescence intensity ratio I₇₄₀/I₆₈₅ and the lightness parameter L* showed a moderate correlation with wfc, with R² = 0.48. The fluorescence ratio I₇₄₀/I₆₈₅ was treated not as a direct measure of chlorophyll content, but as a spectral index associated with ripening-related changes in avocado skin, including chlorophyll-related fluorescence and skin optical properties. These results suggest that the combination of simple blue LED-excited fluorescence and chromaticity measurements may be useful as a practical screening approach for roughly estimating avocado ripeness in commercially available fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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40 pages, 3160 KB

Open AccessReview

Nutraceutical Potential of Argan Tree (Argania spinosa): Structure–Function Insights and Health-Promoting Bioactivities of Key Phytochemicals

by Mohamed Ouknin, Youssef Karra, Hasnaâ Harrak, Abderraouf El Antari, Omar Drissi, Abdelghani Tahiri, Ahmed Wifaya, Fouad Elame, Meriyem Koufan, Redouan Qessaoui, Rachid Bouharroud and Naima Ait Aabd

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(7), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17070050 - 28 Jun 2026

Argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels), an endemic Moroccan species, is widely recognized for its traditional medicinal and nutritional uses. It has long been employed to promote skin and cardiovascular health, regulate blood glucose levels, and support overall wellbeing. Traditionally, different parts [...] Read more.

Argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels), an endemic Moroccan species, is widely recognized for its traditional medicinal and nutritional uses. It has long been employed to promote skin and cardiovascular health, regulate blood glucose levels, and support overall wellbeing. Traditionally, different parts of the argan tree, including argan oil, leaves, and other plant-derived preparations, have been used to manage various health conditions such as diabetes, gastritis, gastric ulcers, rheumatism, joint and muscle pain, skin disorders including acne, eczema, and inflammation, as well as wound healing and dental problems. This narrative critical review compiles and evaluates current knowledge on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of argan tree to support its evidence-based application. Relevant literature was collected from major English and French scientific databases, focusing on studies addressing the plant and its principal bioactive constituents. Ethnobotanical data indicate the extensive use of argan oil, leaves, and other plant parts in traditional remedies and dietary practices. Phytochemical investigations reveal a rich composition dominated by unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, and polyphenolic compounds. Experimental studies highlight a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-obesity effects, along with emerging applications in nanotechnology. Toxicological findings generally suggest low toxicity and good safety profiles under tested conditions. Overall, A. spinosa exhibits substantial ethnopharmacological relevance and diverse bioactivities, supporting its continued exploration for nutraceutical and therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Signatures, Biological Functions, and Valorization Potential of Plant Extracts)

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10 pages, 1329 KB

Open AccessReview

In Vitro Culture Systems of Rosa damascena Mill. and Their Role in Secondary Metabolite Production

by Klaudia Lukáčová, Vanda Assunta Prota, Miroslav Habán and Grazia Maria Scarpa

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060049 - 18 Jun 2026

Rosa damascena Mill. is a medicinal and aromatic species of major pharmacological and economic importance, widely valued for its complex profile of bioactive secondary metabolites. While extensive research has focused on field-grown plants and essential oils, comparatively little attention has been devoted to [...] Read more.

Rosa damascena Mill. is a medicinal and aromatic species of major pharmacological and economic importance, widely valued for its complex profile of bioactive secondary metabolites. While extensive research has focused on field-grown plants and essential oils, comparatively little attention has been devoted to the behavior of R. damascena under in vitro conditions. Plant tissue culture systems provide controlled platforms for investigating secondary metabolism independently of environmental variability; however, their application to R. damascena has produced heterogeneous and often inconsistent results. This review examines the main in vitro culture systems developed for R. damascena, including callus, suspension, and organ-derived cultures, with emphasis on their capacity to accumulate secondary metabolites. Available evidence indicates that undifferentiated cultures generally fail to reproduce the full metabolic complexity observed in planta, particularly for volatile monoterpenes associated with tissue specialization. Nevertheless, several studies demonstrate that in vitro systems can accumulate phenolic compounds with relevant biological activities, supporting their use as experimental models for investigating metabolic regulation. By integrating early studies with recent advances in plant biotechnology, this review highlights current limitations, unresolved questions, and future perspectives for the use of R. damascena in vitro cultures in medicinal plant research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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14 pages, 3716 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating SSR Genotyping and Morphological Traits for Reliable Identification of Apple Rootstocks in Kazakhstan

by Aigul Madenova, Raigul Abdikarimova, Zhankeldy Aitymbet, Moldir Askarova, Zarina Yussupova, Irina Kovalchuk, Svetlana Dolgikh, Aigerim Seisenova, Dinara Kaldybayeva, Marina Urazaeva, Sagi Soltanbekov and Balnur Kabylbekova

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060048 - 2 Jun 2026

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks play a key role in modern intensive orchard systems, where their accurate identification is essential for breeding, nursery production, and certification of planting material. This is particularly important in Kazakhstan, a recognized center of origin of cultivated [...] Read more.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks play a key role in modern intensive orchard systems, where their accurate identification is essential for breeding, nursery production, and certification of planting material. This is particularly important in Kazakhstan, a recognized center of origin of cultivated apple, where local germplasm remains insufficiently characterized at the molecular level. In this study, we integrated simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotyping and morphological trait analysis to develop a reliable approach for the identification of clonal apple rootstocks cultivated in Kazakhstan. Five widely used rootstocks (Zhetysu 5, ARM-18, B-7-35, M9, and B9) were analyzed using 17 polymorphic SSR markers and 30 vegetative traits. SSR analysis revealed moderate genetic polymorphism (PIC = 0.28–0.54; He = 0.35–0.58) and enabled clear discrimination among all studied genotypes. Cluster analysis based on genetic distances grouped rootstocks according to their genetic similarity, reflecting their origin and differentiation. Morphological evaluation demonstrated significant phenotypic variability and identified correlations among key vegetative traits related to plant vigor and leaf development. The integration of molecular and morphological data allowed the development of comprehensive genotype profiles (“molecular–morphological passports”) for each rootstock, ensuring their reliable identification. The proposed approach provides a practical framework for the certification of planting material and the management of apple genetic resources in Kazakhstan. It can be applied to improve nursery systems, support breeding programs, and ensure the production of true-to-type planting material in modern horticulture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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12 pages, 12637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simple Mechanical Scarification Improves Seed Germination of Viola odorata ‘Empress Augusta’ When Combined with Cold Stratification

by Joo Young Kim, Karina Idiyatullina and Thomas A. Colquhoun

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060047 - 1 Jun 2026

Viola odorata, commonly known as sweet violet, is valued for both its fragrance and medicinal properties. However, seeds of V. odorata exhibit non-deep physiological dormancy, resulting in poor and inconsistent germination. This dormancy can be overcome through physical or chemical treatments, including [...] Read more.

Viola odorata, commonly known as sweet violet, is valued for both its fragrance and medicinal properties. However, seeds of V. odorata exhibit non-deep physiological dormancy, resulting in poor and inconsistent germination. This dormancy can be overcome through physical or chemical treatments, including scarification, stratification, and hormone application. Although mechanical scarification is effective, many commonly used approaches have notable limitations, such as reliance on corrosive chemicals and a lack of uniformity. This study presents a simple and effective mechanical scarification technique using rat-tooth tweezers to gently crack the seed coat tip of V. odorata ‘Empress Augusta’ (EA). This method significantly improved germination. When combined with cold stratification at 4 °C, germination further increased, reaching 70% within 8 weeks. Germination was enhanced even further on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salt medium supplemented with 10 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA₃), achieving 97.5% germination by day 54. These findings suggest that this simple mechanical scarification method, when combined with cold stratification and GA₃ treatment, could provide a reliable and practical strategy for breaking dormancy and facilitating seed germination in V. odorata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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20 pages, 6180 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dose-Dependent Effects of the Protein Hydrolysate-Based Biostimulant Terrativa^® on Growth, Photochemical Performance, and Quality of Theobroma cacao L. Seedlings

by Fernando Gomes Hoste, Cristhiane Tatagiba Franco Brandão, Ana Júlia Câmara Jeveaux-Machado, Janyne Soares Braga Pires, Felipe Moro, Daniel Carvalho de Araújo, Bliane Morozini Bacheti, Maria Ester Lenzi de Souza, Danilo Balla Filho, Vinicius de Souza Oliveira, Enilton Nascimento de Santana, Karin Tesch Kuhlcamp, Lúcio de Oliveira Arantes and Sara Dousseau-Arantes

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060046 - 29 May 2026

Protein hydrolysate-based biostimulants have been increasingly investigated due to their potential to improve seedling growth and physiological responses; however, integrated interpretations of dose-dependent morphophysiological and photochemical responses in Theobroma cacao L. during nursery production remain limited. This study evaluated the effects of increasing [...] Read more.

Protein hydrolysate-based biostimulants have been increasingly investigated due to their potential to improve seedling growth and physiological responses; however, integrated interpretations of dose-dependent morphophysiological and photochemical responses in Theobroma cacao L. during nursery production remain limited. This study evaluated the effects of increasing concentrations of Terrativa^®, an organomineral biostimulant formulated with animal-derived protein hydrolysate, on growth, chlorophyll indices, and photosystem II performance in cacao seedlings of the Catongo and TSH1188 genotypes. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement, corresponding to two genotypes and six Terrativa^® concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 mL L⁻¹). Most morphological and physiological variables exhibited quadratic responses. Intermediate concentrations promoted greater vegetative growth and improved photochemical responses, with maximum values observed for number of leaves (13.98 at 2.50 mL L⁻¹), leaf area (994.10 cm² at 2.91 mL L⁻¹), stem length (42.79 cm at 3.44 mL L⁻¹), root volume (9.21 cm³ at 3.70 mL L⁻¹), and total chlorophyll (34.58 at 3.08 mL L⁻¹). Catongo seedlings showed greater chlorophyll accumulation, whereas TSH1188 exhibited higher ABS/RC, TRO/RC, and PIabs values, indicating genotype-dependent differences in photochemical energy utilization. Higher concentrations were associated with reduced performance in several variables, suggesting lower physiological efficiency under elevated biostimulant doses. Overall, Terrativa^® concentrations between 2.50 and 3.70 mL L⁻¹ were the most effective for promoting balanced seedling development in both cacao genotypes, with Catongo responding more strongly in chlorophyll accumulation and TSH1188 showing greater photochemical responsiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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19 pages, 768 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Selection Strategies for Corn Breeding: A Comprehensive and Systematic Analysis of Full Diallel Populations

by Muhammad Fikri, Muh Farid, Muhammad Fuad Anshori, Amin Nur, Nirwansyah Amier and Salwa Aulia Haruni

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060045 - 29 May 2026

The development of new corn varieties is necessary to meet the corn demand. Using full diallel crosses is a method for developing high-yielding hybrid corn. This development requires systematic selection methods that incorporate various approaches in developing selection indices. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

The development of new corn varieties is necessary to meet the corn demand. Using full diallel crosses is a method for developing high-yielding hybrid corn. This development requires systematic selection methods that incorporate various approaches in developing selection indices. This study aimed to develop a selection index concept for two full diallel cross populations and select potential hybrid crosses for preliminary yield evaluation. The study involved two populations of 100 corn seed genotypes from full diallel crosses (90 F₁ genotypes and 10 selfing elders) and five check varieties per population, planted using a Type II Augmented RCBD in eight blocks. Agronomic characteristics were analyzed using analysis of variance, heritability, factor analysis, and path analysis, with selection criteria aligned with heterotic potential, specific combining analysis, and heterobeltiosis. Analysis revealed significant genetic variation and moderate-to-high heritability for most traits. Correlation, factor, and path analyses identified cob diameter, number of rows per cob, and seeds per row as optimal selection criteria. Selection indices were developed by integrating standard heterosis, specific combining ability, and heterobeltiosis, with weights based on heritability and direct effects. Forty-four hybrid crosses showed potential for preliminary yield tests, with seven having the best final index compared to the reference variety. The p17 × p23 cross had the best potential for the final index. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating multivariate analysis and selection indices in developing superior hybrid corn crosses. Further optimization is recommended through preliminary yield tests and molecular approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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21 pages, 5668 KB

Open AccessReview

Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers as Tools to Enhance Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants

by Mini Devi, Vasudha Datta, Satish Kumar, Bunty Sharma, Damandeep Kaur, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Shafiul Haque and Diwakar Aggarwal

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060044 - 29 May 2026

Epigenetic regulation plays a significant role in controlling plant secondary metabolism and offers a promising strategy to enhance medicinal alkaloid production without altering the genomic sequence. This review highlights major plant epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs, [...] Read more.

Epigenetic regulation plays a significant role in controlling plant secondary metabolism and offers a promising strategy to enhance medicinal alkaloid production without altering the genomic sequence. This review highlights major plant epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs, and their influence on alkaloid biosynthetic pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on chemical epigenetic modulators, such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which can activate silent metabolic genes in a rapid, reversible, and non-GMO manner. Evidence from medicinal plants demonstrates tissue-, dose-, and time-dependent enhancement of alkaloid production. The review further discusses emerging approaches including CRISPR-based epigenome editing, multi-omics integration, and advanced bioinformatics for systems-level understanding of epigenetic regulation. Despite challenges, such as limited species-specific datasets, and concerns regarding long-term stability, epigenetic modulation represents a promising tool for sustainable alkaloid production with important pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Cultivation Techniques for Increasing Crop Yield)

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19 pages, 8689 KB

Open AccessArticle

Not Only Hummingbirds: Reproductive Biology and Pollinators of the High-Andean Endangered Puya raimondii (Bromeliaceae)

by Fernando H. Calderon-Quispe, Francisco Medina Castro and Salvador Mamani Cosi

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060043 - 28 May 2026

Puya raimondii, an endangered high-Andean species, exhibits life-history traits that may strongly influence its reproductive strategy; however, its reproductive biology remains poorly understood. Here, we assessed its floral biology, breeding system, and pollination ecology through field observations and controlled pollination experiments. Flowers [...] Read more.

Puya raimondii, an endangered high-Andean species, exhibits life-history traits that may strongly influence its reproductive strategy; however, its reproductive biology remains poorly understood. Here, we assessed its floral biology, breeding system, and pollination ecology through field observations and controlled pollination experiments. Flowers are incompletely protogynous and herkogamous, with subsequent androecium development leading to contact between anthers and receptive stigma, enabling autonomous self-pollination. Consistent with this mechanism, P. raimondii was found to be self-compatible and capable of autonomous reproduction. The fruit set was high in both populations studied, likely supported by extended floral longevity, abundant nectar and pollen rewards, and a generalized bird pollination system. Hummingbirds were the most frequent visitors; however, passerine birds, including Diglossa brunneiventris, as well as bees, also contributed to pollination to a different extent. These findings indicate that P. raimondii combines reproductive assurance through selfing with the ecological benefits of generalized pollination. This dual strategy may enhance reproductive success under the variable and pollinator-limited conditions of high-Andean ecosystems, highlighting the importance of further ecological and reproductive studies to inform conservation efforts for this endangered species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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18 pages, 3087 KB

Open AccessArticle

Whole-Genome Identification of the Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (CaKTI) Gene Family in Capsicum annuum and Its Response to Verticillium dahliae Infection

by Ying Wang, Liner Zhuo, Jinyi Wu, Xiaotong Wang, Hengfei Lv, Xinmin Huang and Qinqin He

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060042 - 28 May 2026

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae poses a severe threat to pepper (Capsicum annuum) production worldwide. Kunitz trypsin inhibitors (KTIs) play crucial roles in plant disease resistance, yet research on the CaKTI gene family in pepper, especially regarding its regulatory functions [...] Read more.

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae poses a severe threat to pepper (Capsicum annuum) production worldwide. Kunitz trypsin inhibitors (KTIs) play crucial roles in plant disease resistance, yet research on the CaKTI gene family in pepper, especially regarding its regulatory functions in resistance to V. dahliae, remains limited. In this study, members of the CaKTI gene family were systematically identified in the pepper genome, followed by comprehensive analyses of their physicochemical properties, phylogeny, chromosomal localization, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements in promoters, and expression profiles. A total of 22 CaKTI genes were identified, all harboring the beta-trefoil_STI superfamily domain. They were unevenly distributed across four chromosomes, with evident tandem duplication events, and exhibited tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific expression patterns. In the Verticillium-resistant pepper cultivar, five candidate CaKTI genes (CaKTI9, CaKTI6, CaKTI17, CaKTI18, and CaKTI22) were significantly induced and upregulated, particularly in roots, and their expression might be modulated by the methyl jasmonate signaling pathway. This study reveals the molecular features, evolutionary conservation, and defense-associated expression patterns of CaKTI genes in pepper and provides a preliminary exploratory basis for future research on disease resistance and molecular breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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13 pages, 599 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shoot Regeneration Response in the ‘Colombiano’ Ecotype of Physalis peruviana L. Is Influenced by the Interaction of TDZ, NAA, and Explant Type

by Edinson Pooll Acuña-Ramirez, Raúl Vargas, Eyner Huaman and Manuel Oliva-Cruz

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(6), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17060041 - 22 May 2026

Physalis peruviana exhibits highly variable and poorly reproducible morphogenic responses under in vitro conditions, limiting the development of reliable regeneration systems. This study evaluated how the interaction between thidiazuron (TDZ), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and explant type influences shoot regeneration in the Colombiano ecotype [...] Read more.

Physalis peruviana exhibits highly variable and poorly reproducible morphogenic responses under in vitro conditions, limiting the development of reliable regeneration systems. This study evaluated how the interaction between thidiazuron (TDZ), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and explant type influences shoot regeneration in the Colombiano ecotype of Physalis peruviana. A factorial design (2 × 3 × 2) revealed that morphogenic responses were primarily driven by interaction effects rather than by individual plant growth regulators. Hypocotyl explants cultured in 4.54 µM TDZ combined with 0.6 µM NAA showed the highest shoot production, shoot formation capacity, and elongation. In contrast, TDZ alone induced limited shoot production, did not support efficient and organized shoot development, and was associated with abnormal morphologies. The response to NAA was non-linear, with intermediate concentrations maximizing shoot regeneration response, indicating that morphogenic competence operates within a narrow hormonal range. Overall, regeneration in the Colombiano ecotype of P. peruviana evaluated here was governed by the interaction between hormonal balance and explant type, identifying favorable conditions for shoot regeneration under the conditions tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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24 pages, 6271 KB

Open AccessReview

Possible Interaction of Hydrogen Sulfide and Glutathione and Role in the Alleviation of Salinity Stress Impacts in Plants

by Vijay Rupa, Naser A. Anjum, Asim Masood and Nafees A. Khan

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(5), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17050040 - 7 May 2026

Soil salinity as a major abiotic stressor has significantly affected crop production worldwide. However, plants have developed complex signaling networks that enable them to adapt and cope with such environmental shifts. Recent research has demonstrated the involvement of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) [...] Read more.

Soil salinity as a major abiotic stressor has significantly affected crop production worldwide. However, plants have developed complex signaling networks that enable them to adapt and cope with such environmental shifts. Recent research has demonstrated the involvement of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in signaling cascades that link plant development with stress tolerance management. Similarly, glutathione (GSH), a non-enzyme antioxidant, and a vital tripeptide, has been found to protect plants from oxidative damage and regulate metabolic functions under abiotic stress. As a potential scavenger of ROS, GSH maintains cellular redox homeostasis through the ascorbate-GSH cycle and acts as a signaling molecule for the sulfur-status of plants. This review focusses on: (i) revisiting the concept and current status of soil salinity; (ii) highlighting its impact at cellular and whole-plant levels; (iii) elucidating the role of a H₂S and GSH in plant salt stress tolerance; and (iv) exploring the potential interactive roles of H₂S and GSH in mitigating salinity impacts. This review will provide valuable insights into the complex network involving H₂S and GSH, suggesting pathways for developing climate-resilient crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salinity Stress, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 6927 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Application of Sodium Nitroprusside on the Morphophysiology of Passiflora edulis Sims Under Water Deficit

by Anna Paula Marques Cardoso, Walter Esfrain Pereira, Juliane Maciel Henschel, Diego Silva Batista, Francisco Thiago Coelho Bezerra, Maria Alaíne da Cunha Lima, Gleyse Lopes Fernandes de Souza, Patricia da Assunção Macedo, Thayná Kelly Formiga de Medeiros, Adailson Túlio dos Santos Silva, Edmilson Gomes das Neves, Magaly Morgana Lopes da Costa, Aline Daniele da Cunha Lima, Ewerton da Silva Barbosa and Francisca Iris da Silva Souza

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(5), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17050039 - 2 May 2026

The availability of water is a limiting factor for the growth and productivity of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims). The use of bioregulators has been investigated as a strategy to mitigate the effects of abiotic stress. Different concentrations of SNP were [...] Read more.

The availability of water is a limiting factor for the growth and productivity of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims). The use of bioregulators has been investigated as a strategy to mitigate the effects of abiotic stress. Different concentrations of SNP were evaluated on growth, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, and enzymatic activity in Passiflora edulis seedlings under different water conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with two irrigation conditions (80 and 30% of field capacity), combined with three concentrations of SNP (50, 100 and 250 µM) and water (control), with five replications. Water deficit reduced morphological, physiological, and enzymatic parameters. The application of SNP increased root fresh mass (23.56 g at the 100 µM dose) and leaf dry mass (8.21 g at 250 µM SNP), with increases of 24.52% and 30.52% compared to the values obtained under the 50 µM dose, respectively. The highest number of leaves (14) and leaf area (1183.3 cm²) was observed at 250 µM SNP, corresponding to increases of 7.70% and 17.27%, respectively, compared to plants without SNP application. Water deficit reduced growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and enzymatic activity. SNP promotes improvements in growth; however, it does not mitigate water deficit effects in Passiflora edulis seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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13 pages, 2502 KB

Open AccessReview

Systematic Review on the Propagation, Cultivation, and Development of Champereia manillana Bl. var. longistaminea, a Forest Woody Vegetable in China

by Lin Gou, Shang Shi, Chenghao Zhu, Ling Liu, Jianmin Tang, Rong Zou and Xiao Wei

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(5), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17050038 - 1 May 2026

Champereia manillana (Bl.) Merr. var. longistaminea is an evergreen small tree. It belongs to the genus Champereia Griff. (Opiliaceae), and its tender leaves or flower buds can be eaten. It also has important medicinal and nutritional values. Wild populations of C. manillana are [...] Read more.

Champereia manillana (Bl.) Merr. var. longistaminea is an evergreen small tree. It belongs to the genus Champereia Griff. (Opiliaceae), and its tender leaves or flower buds can be eaten. It also has important medicinal and nutritional values. Wild populations of C. manillana are small and has a phenomenon of deforestation. Market development is hindered by propagation constraints, including low seed germination rates and poor rooting of cuttings. Standardized cultivation protocols are currently lacking. This paper systematically reviews the current status of propagation and cultivation research on C. manillana and analyzed the primary challenges. Recent research indicated that seed germination obstacles had been preliminarily overcome, and 50% shading was identified as the optimal cultivation condition. However, challenges remain, including slow growth, lack of standardized water and fertilizer management, and unclear molecular mechanisms regulating development. Future research should focus on improving vegetative propagation efficiency, elucidating growth mechanisms via multi-omics, and establishing standardized cultivation protocols from breeding to harvest. These strategies are essential for the sustainable utilization of C. manillana resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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