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International Journal of Plant Biology

International Journal of Plant Biology is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all different subdisciplines of plant biology, published quarterly online by MDPI (from Volume 13, Issue 1 - 2022).

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, Biological Abstracts and BIOSIS Previews (Web of Science), and other databases.
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2037-0164

Latest Articles

14 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Efficient Micropropagation Protocol for Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1

by Atcha Boonprasert, Pundanai Chitphet, Nuttha Sanevas, Ekaphan Kraichak, Supachai Vuttipongchaikij and Narong Wongkantrakorn

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020064 - 6 Jun 2025

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1), a high-value cultivar known for its elevated curcuminoid and volatile oil content, holds significant potential in pharmaceutical and food applications. However, its commercial propagation is constrained by low rhizome productivity and the limitations of conventional [...] Read more.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1), a high-value cultivar known for its elevated curcuminoid and volatile oil content, holds significant potential in pharmaceutical and food applications. However, its commercial propagation is constrained by low rhizome productivity and the limitations of conventional vegetative propagation. This study aimed to improve the propagation efficiency of turmeric cv. Trang 1 by developing optimized protocols for explant sterilization, shoot proliferation, root induction, and acclimatization. Sprouted rhizome buds were sterilized and cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators, including cytokinins (benzyladenine [BA], thidiazuron [TDZ], and meta-topolin [mT]) and auxins (indole-3-butyric acid [IBA] and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA]). The shoot induction (4.60 ± 1.47 shoots per explant) and shoot height (2.34 ± 0.61 cm) were observed on the MS medium with 3.0 mg/L BA, while the TDZ, at 0.5 mg/L, also induced a high number of shoots (5.22 ± 0.64). When using single shoots derived from bud explants, mT at 1.5 mg/L significantly enhanced the shoot formation. For the root induction, 2.0 mg/L IBA yielded the highest number of roots (7.33 ± 1.49), while NAA was less effective. The plantlets acclimatized in a 1:1 soil and peat moss mixture showed the highest survival rate (86.67%). This improved protocol enables the efficient production of turmeric plantlets, supporting commercial deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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12 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Plant Growth and Development from Biocommunication Perspective

by Guenther Witzany

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020063 - 6 Jun 2025

Different movement patterns are crucial behavioral motifs of plant organisms for reaching essential resources necessary for survival. This requires the accurate evaluation (interpretation) of information inputs regarding (i) abiotic factors such as gravity, light, and water; (ii) neighboring plants; (iii) various beneficial symbionts, [...] Read more.

Different movement patterns are crucial behavioral motifs of plant organisms for reaching essential resources necessary for survival. This requires the accurate evaluation (interpretation) of information inputs regarding (i) abiotic factors such as gravity, light, and water; (ii) neighboring plants; (iii) various beneficial symbionts, including fungi and soil bacteria, as well as pests, which involve attack and defense strategies; and (iv) intraorganismic communication, including transcription, translation, immunity, repair, and epigenetic markings relevant to all regulation processes, finally outlined by a plethora of non-coding RNAs. The coordination of all steps and substeps in plant growth and development necessitates a complex organization of various levels of signaling processes within and between cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. Consequently, we can view a plant body as a coordinated entity that integrates these processes to thrive, representing a unique identity within its environmental niche. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Communication)

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14 pages, 11614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Soil Fungi Isolated from Tropical Fruit Crop Systems for Enhancing Yield and Growth in Dragon Fruit in Ecuador

by Yoansy Garcia, Danilo Valdez, Daniel Ponce de Leon, Hypatia Urjilez, Jaime Santos-Pinargote and Daniel Mancero-Castillo

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020062 - 5 Jun 2025

Rhizospheric fungi are emerging as a critical research component in dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) production systems. Introducing beneficial non-native fungi is increasingly common due to their positive effects on plant growth, yield, and pathogen suppression. However, this practice may disrupt soil microbial [...] Read more.

Rhizospheric fungi are emerging as a critical research component in dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) production systems. Introducing beneficial non-native fungi is increasingly common due to their positive effects on plant growth, yield, and pathogen suppression. However, this practice may disrupt soil microbial communities, and commercial isolates often show limited adaptation to local conditions. This study aimed to identify native beneficial soil fungi associated with dragon fruit cultivation on the Ecuadorian coast and evaluate their effect on commercial production. Fungal isolates from four dragon fruit plantations were identified using microscopy and genetic sequencing (ITS, EF-1α, and beta-tubulin). The selected fungi were isolates closely related to Talaromyces tumuli, Trichoderma asperellum, and Paecilomyces lagunculariae. All isolates were tested for pathogenicity using detached cladode assays at the laboratory, and non-phytopathogenic monomorphic cultures were further evaluated in the field under a randomized complete block design consisting of T. asperellum, Talaromyces tumuli, a combination of both, and a water control. The combination of T. asperellum and Talaromyces spp. showed a favorable trend in terms of the plants’ vegetative development. However, inoculating Talaromyces tumuli into the commercial plants exhibited a slow response during the first 20 days of the field evaluations. Still, it resulted in a significant increase in the fruit’s diameter and weight, with increases of 88.23% and 67.64%, respectively, compared to those in the control. T. asperellum presented a lower number of fruits per plant, although it showed an increase in fruit diameter and weight. In conclusion, using the native beneficial fungi T. asperellum and T. tumuli contributes positively to the dragon fruit production system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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10 pages, 447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicted Drought Tolerance of Poplars and Aspens for Use in Resilient Landscapes

by Brandon M. Miller

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020061 - 2 Jun 2025

Poplars and aspens (Populus L. spp.) are undervalued options for use in managed landscapes. The genus comprises a multitude of taxa often negatively associated with disease susceptibility and short lifespans; however, it also hosts a diverse range of abiotic stress tolerances. The [...] Read more.

Poplars and aspens (Populus L. spp.) are undervalued options for use in managed landscapes. The genus comprises a multitude of taxa often negatively associated with disease susceptibility and short lifespans; however, it also hosts a diverse range of abiotic stress tolerances. The objective of this study was to generate a relative scale of the predicted drought tolerance of Populus spp. to inform site and taxon selection in managed settings. Utilizing vapor pressure osmometry, this study examined seasonal osmotic adjustment and predicted leaf water potential at the turgor loss point (Ψ_po) among several Populus taxa. All evaluated taxa demonstrated the ability to osmotically adjust (ΔΨ_π100) throughout the growing season. Bigtooth aspen (P. grandidentata Michx.) exhibited the most osmotic adjustment (−1.1 MPa), whereas black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook.) exhibited the least (−0.44 MPa). Across the taxa, the estimated mean Ψ_po values in spring and summer were −1.8 MPa and −2.8 MPa, respectively. Chinese aspen (P. cathayana Rehder) exhibited the lowest Ψ_po (−3.32 MPa), whereas black cottonwood exhibited the highest (−2.47 MPa). The results indicate that drought tolerance varies widely among these ten Populus species and hybrids; bigtooth aspen and Chinese aspen are the best suited to tolerating drought in managed landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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11 pages, 795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Germination and Responses of Five Native Veronica Species Under Salinity Stress in Korea

by Jin Woo Kim, Ji Hun Yi, Song E Jeong, Eun Ji Choi, Chung Ho Ko, Ji Young Jung, Sang Heon Kim and Wonwoo Cho

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020060 - 31 May 2025

This study analyzed the seed germination characteristics and physiological responses of five Korean Veronica species (V. daurica, V. nakaiana, V. kiusiana var. glabrifolia, V. pusanensis, and V. pyrethrina) under salinity stress. Preliminary experiments on five Veronica species [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the seed germination characteristics and physiological responses of five Korean Veronica species (V. daurica, V. nakaiana, V. kiusiana var. glabrifolia, V. pusanensis, and V. pyrethrina) under salinity stress. Preliminary experiments on five Veronica species using various NaCl concentrations revealed that treatment with 150 mM NaCl almost completely inhibited seed germination, whereas treatment with >50 mM NaCl significantly decreased seed germination rate and index. Therefore, this study focused on the effects of treatment with 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl for 7 days on the germination rate, germination index, germination energy, germination vigor index, water content, fresh weight, dry weight, and root length of the plants. When treated with 100 mM NaCl, most species had few survivors after 5 days, even if germination had occurred. Almost all parameters significantly decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. Especially, fresh weight and water content decreased with increasing NaCl concentration, while dry weight did not show a significant response to NaCl concentration, suggesting that salinity stress inhibited water uptake, which is crucial for seed germination. Hormonal analysis revealed the presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) and the absence of gibberellic acid. Most species showed no significant changes in IAA and ABA levels with varying NaCl concentrations. However, V. pusanensis showed significantly increased ABA levels with increasing NaCl concentration, and V. daurica showed significantly higher IAA levels at 100 mM NaCl than at other NaCl concentrations. This study demonstrates that salt stress negatively affects Veronica seed germination, with varying intensities among species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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18 pages, 2054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Variability of Local Latvian Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Its Position Within European Germplasm

by Gunārs Lācis, Shreya Jagtap, Laila Dubova, Tetiana Harbovska, Daniels Udalovs, Liene Ziediņa and Ina Alsiņa

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020059 - 30 May 2025

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are considered a socially and economically important crop, with the biggest growers in India, Myanmar, and Brazil. Traditionally, common beans are also grown in most parts of Europe, including Latvia, where cultivation areas have remained relatively constant [...] Read more.

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are considered a socially and economically important crop, with the biggest growers in India, Myanmar, and Brazil. Traditionally, common beans are also grown in most parts of Europe, including Latvia, where cultivation areas have remained relatively constant since the middle of the last century. This is explained by the plant’s higher thermal requirements compared to peas and faba beans more widely grown here. Despite this, landraces adapted to local conditions have been developed, whose origin and potential relationship with another European common bean germplasm is very limited. Therefore, the study aimed to characterise the morphology of the common bean germplasm collected and grown in Latvia to identify the most valuable material for further crop development and evaluate the local landraces in the European common bean germplasm context. The 28 genotypes representing Latvian landraces and European reference genotypes were phenotyped using 26 traits of bean seeds, pods, leaves, flowers, and stems, which were evaluated according to an internationally applied methodology. Latvian varieties showed phenotypical variability and characteristics that were different from those found in other European regions, showing the significance of the germplasm under study and highlighting the need for conservation. Local varieties (landraces) are reservoirs of unique genetic traits. Their adaptability to local environmental conditions, resistance to pests and diseases, and their potential to enhance nutritional quality make them invaluable resources for in situ conservation efforts and targeted genetic improvement programmes. Emphasising the utilisation of these landraces can contribute to sustainable agriculture, climate resilience, and food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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20 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessReview

Glucosinolates in Cruciferous Vegetables: Genetic and Environmental Regulation, Metabolic Pathways, and Cancer-Preventive Mechanisms

by Sujata Kattel and George F. Antonious

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020058 - 29 May 2025

We investigated the genetic and environmental variables determining the glucosinolate (GSL) content of cruciferous vegetables and the implications for cancer prevention. The enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes GSLs, which are sulfur-containing chemicals found mostly in cruciferous vegetables, producing isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are physiologically active molecules. [...] Read more.

We investigated the genetic and environmental variables determining the glucosinolate (GSL) content of cruciferous vegetables and the implications for cancer prevention. The enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes GSLs, which are sulfur-containing chemicals found mostly in cruciferous vegetables, producing isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are physiologically active molecules. GSL breakdown products have considerable anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capabilities, making them vital to human health. The review dives into genetic heterogeneity among cruciferous species, the importance of individual genes in GSL manufacturing, and breeding techniques for increasing GSL content. It also examines how environmental variables like soil type, pH, plant, nutrient availability, and temperature affect GSL levels. This report also covers the function of GSLs in plant defense, their bioavailability in humans, and their mechanisms in cancer prevention, emphasizing the chemicals’ potential for lowering cancer risk through cruciferous vegetable consumption. The findings highlight the necessity of optimizing both genetic and environmental variables required to increase the nutritional content and medicinal potential of cruciferous vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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13 pages, 2259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Vegetative Propagation Techniques for Juniperus communis L. Under Greenhouse Conditions

by Marina Sanz Gallego, Miguel Tomás Gascón and Luis Saúl Esteban Pascual

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020057 - 28 May 2025

Juniperus communis L. can be used for essential oils and ornamental purposes, but currently the population is declining in its natural habitats as the seeds are very slow to germinate, with many seeds also empty. These findings could support both the conservation of [...] Read more.

Juniperus communis L. can be used for essential oils and ornamental purposes, but currently the population is declining in its natural habitats as the seeds are very slow to germinate, with many seeds also empty. These findings could support both the conservation of J. communis and its adoption in sustainable agricultural systems. This study investigated the potential of vegetative propagation evaluating the effects of rooting medium, gender, and Indole 3-Butyric Acid (IBA) treatment on the rooting success of J. communis cuttings. Two types of rooting medium (RM_I vs. RM_II), gender (male vs. female) and two IBA concentrations (0 vs. 4000 ppm) were used. Rooting medium I (RM_I) consists of substrate and perlite (50% + 50%), and rooting medium II (RM II) contains unfertilized blonde peat (65%), substrate (25%), and perlite (10%). The results show the influence of rooting medium, IBA treatment, and gender on the rooting percentage and the number of the primary roots. Female cuttings are more likely to induce rooting than male cuttings (29.69% vs. 19.90%), and the RM_II produces a higher percentage of rooting than RM_I (28.89% vs. 20.70%). In relation to the number of roots per cutting, RM_II was higher than RM_I (7.46 vs. 6.04). Interaction between rooting medium and IBA treatment showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the rooting percentage. Results showed that cuttings treated with 4000 ppm IBA in RM_II achieved the highest rooting percentage (45.57%), with female cuttings outperforming male cuttings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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8 pages, 920 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Method of Evaluating Soybean Pod Recovery from Moisture Stress

by Sarah Kezar, Josie Rice, Tori Booker and Josh Lofton

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020056 - 27 May 2025

Plant mapping was introduced in soybean, but its illustrative capabilities in stress response are yet to be implemented. Methods to track the soybean physiological response are explained in this note by mapping pods in a coordinate system. A growth chamber study was conducted [...] Read more.

Plant mapping was introduced in soybean, but its illustrative capabilities in stress response are yet to be implemented. Methods to track the soybean physiological response are explained in this note by mapping pods in a coordinate system. A growth chamber study was conducted to measure the specific impact of simulated moisture stress on crop yield and pod development across three stages of crop growth. The treatment growth stages were R2, R3, and R5 (Full Bloom, Beginning Pod, and Beginning Seed, respectively), with two moisture stress durations of 7 and 14 days. A coordinate system was developed to understand soybean pod setting and yield by plotting each unique point on the plant using a set of numerical coordinates. This method summarizes soybean morphology during its vegetative and reproductive growth. Utilizing this method, we found that the growth stages during which moisture stress is experienced and the duration of the stress determined and influenced the location of pods on the soybean plant. The stress level factors impact the yield on the mainstem and branches by pod capacity at different magnitudes. This encoding procedure assists in tracking the location of aborted pods. It protects the yield by retaining pods, thereby leading to a better understanding of the stress experienced by these plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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17 pages, 2210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Microbial Diversity in Forest Litter-Based Fermented Bioproducts and Their Effects on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Growth in Senegal

by Alexandre Mahougnon Aurel Zoumman, Paula Fernandes, Mariama Gueye, Clémence Chaintreuil, Laurent Cournac, Aboubacry Kane and Komi Assigbetse

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020055 - 23 May 2025

Reducing the use of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) in agriculture while maintaining crop productivity is the main challenge facing sub-Saharan African family farming systems. The use of effective microorganisms (EM) is among the various innovative approaches for minimizing chemical inputs and the environmental [...] Read more.

Reducing the use of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) in agriculture while maintaining crop productivity is the main challenge facing sub-Saharan African family farming systems. The use of effective microorganisms (EM) is among the various innovative approaches for minimizing chemical inputs and the environmental impact of agricultural production and protecting soil health while enhancing crop yields and improving food security. This study sought to characterize the microbial biodiversity of local beneficial microorganisms (BMs) products from locally fermented forest litter and investigate their ability to enhance tomato plant growth and development. Beneficial microorganisms (BMs) were obtained by anaerobic fermentation of forest litter collected in four agroecological regions of Senegal mixed with sugarcane molasses and various types of carbon sources (groundnut shells, millet stovers, and rice bran in different proportions). The microbial community composition was analyzed using next-generation rDNA sequencing, and their effects on tomato growth traits were tested in greenhouse experiments. Results show that regardless of the litter geographical collection site, the dominant bacterial taxa in the BMs belonged to the phyla Firmicutes (27.75–97.06%) and Proteobacteria (2.93–72.24%). Within these groups, the most prevalent classes were Bacilli (14.41–89.82%), α-proteobacteria (2.83–72.09%), and Clostridia (0.024–13.34%). Key genera included Lactobacillus (13–65.83%), Acetobacter (8.91–72.09%), Sporolactobacillus (1.40–43.35%), and Clostridium (0.08–13.34%). Fungal taxa were dominated by the classes Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, with a prevalence of the acidophilic genus Acidea. Although microbial diversity is relatively uniform across samples, the relative abundance of microbial taxa is influenced by the litter’s origin. This is illustrated by the PCoA analysis, which clusters microbial communities based on their litter source. Greenhouse experiments revealed that five BMs (DK-M, DK-G, DK-GM, NB-R, and NB-M) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced tomato growth traits, including plant height (+10.75% for DK-G and +9.44% for NB-R), root length (+56.84–62.20%), root volume (+84.32–97.35%), root surface area (+53.16–56.72%), and both fresh and dry shoot biomass when compared to untreated controls. This study revealed that forest-fermented litter products (BMs), produced using litter collected from various regions in Senegal, contain beneficial microorganisms known as plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), which enhanced tomato growth. These findings highlight the potential of locally produced BMs as an agroecological alternative to inorganic inputs, particularly within Senegal’s family farming systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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14 pages, 2155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Root Zone Cooling on the Growth and Development of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in a Tropical Climate

by Daruni Naphrom, Choochad Santasup, Werapat Panchai, Suwit Boonraeng and Anucha Promwungkwa

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020054 - 21 May 2025

Strawberry production in tropical and subtropical climates has been adversely affected by rising temperatures and reduced cooling periods, leading to a decrease in flower induction and overall yield. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of root zone cooling on short-day strawberry plants [...] Read more.

Strawberry production in tropical and subtropical climates has been adversely affected by rising temperatures and reduced cooling periods, leading to a decrease in flower induction and overall yield. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of root zone cooling on short-day strawberry plants cultivated under evaporative greenhouse conditions. The cooling methods employed included of four root zone cooling treatments: normal water dripping (NWD), cold-water (10 °C) dripping (CWD), cold-water dripping plus cold-water pipe (CWD + CWP), and normal water dripping plus cold-water pipe (NWD + CWP) embedded within the growing media. The results indicated that the CWD + CWP treatment was particularly effective, reducing RZT by approximately 2 °C compared to other treatments, thereby promoting both vegetative and reproductive growth, particularly in the ‘Akihime’ strawberry. In the absence of root zone cooling, ‘Akihime’ and ‘Pharachatan 88’ were still capable of producing flowers and yield, whereas ‘Pharachatan 80’ was not. In addition, ‘Pharachatan 80’ was affected by CWD + CWP which showed the highest levels of total phenolic compound, total anthocyanin, and total vitamin C among all treatments. It can be concluded that reducing the root zone temperature through the integrated application of cold-water dripping and embedded cold-water pipes in the growing media can enhance the growth and development of short-day strawberry plants cultivated under evaporative greenhouse conditions in a tropical climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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17 pages, 798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Plastics (Geotextiles) on Heavy Metal Accumulation by Industrial Hemp Plants Cultivated in Polluted Mediterranean Soils

by Dimitrios Alexiadis, John Bethanis, Sotiria G. Papadimou, Edoardo Barbieri, Rafaella Vogia, Eftihia Tatsi, Pavlos Tziourrou, Eleni Tsaliki and Evangelia E. Golia

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020053 - 20 May 2025

An attempt was made to simulate the conditions prevailing in an agricultural crop to investigate whether and how geotextile microplastics alter the movement and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. For this purpose, a pot experiment, lasting 149 days, was carried out on [...] Read more.

An attempt was made to simulate the conditions prevailing in an agricultural crop to investigate whether and how geotextile microplastics alter the movement and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. For this purpose, a pot experiment, lasting 149 days, was carried out on soil obtained from a rural area, where pieces of a geotextile in mesoplastic dimensions, of the same chemical composition as that used by farmers in the Greek countryside, were added. Furthermore, metal solutions (Cu, Zn, Cd) were incorporated in the pots at two levels, and incubation prior to planting was carried out for two weeks. Then, industrial hemp was cultivated, while continuous measurements of its horticultural characteristics and of the levels of metals moved from the soil to the plant were made. The plants appeared to be highly resistant to the rather harsh growing conditions, and furthermore, it was observed that the cumulative metal capacity of cannabis was enhanced in most cases. The simultaneous presence of metals and geotextile (plastic) fragments enhanced the amount of Zn and Cd transfer into the soil-to-plant system. Hemp plants exhibited strong resilience abilities in the particularly stressful soil environment, possibly developing defense mechanisms. The experiments are particularly encouraging as they prove that simple and habitual practices in cultivated soils that lead to post-weather erosion of the geotextile may contribute positively in terms of remediation methods for heavy-metal-laden soils, as they indirectly help the plant to remove larger amounts of metal elements. The experiments should be intensified on a wider range of soils of different soil reactions and particle sizes and, of course, should be carried out under real field conditions in Mediterranean soil environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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19 pages, 1111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Rice Amylose Content and Grain Quality Through Marker-Assisted Selection

by Iris Pérez-Almeida, Oscar Navia-Pesantes and Roberto Celi-Herán

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020052 - 20 May 2025

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is essential for global food security and sustains billions worldwide, emphasizing the need to improve production and quality. One key challenge in rice breeding is the inheritance and environmental sensitivity of amylose content, a starch component that influences [...] Read more.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is essential for global food security and sustains billions worldwide, emphasizing the need to improve production and quality. One key challenge in rice breeding is the inheritance and environmental sensitivity of amylose content, a starch component that influences the texture, water absorption, and firmness after cooking, which are crucial for market acceptance. While international markets prefer low-amylose varieties for their softness, intermediate- and high-amylose varieties are favored in Latin America for their firmness. The objective of this study was to develop a molecular quality assessment methodology that, combined with morphological and culinary evaluations, helps in the selection of rice varieties during the breeding process. First, ten Ecuadorian rice materials were evaluated for milling and culinary quality characteristics, revealing significant grain size, sterility, milling yield, cooking time, and texture variations. Amylose content (AC) is genetically regulated by the waxy gene and its allelic variants, affecting granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) enzyme expression. Secondly, to classify rice varieties molecularly based on AC, the testing ten genotypes plus nine control varieties were analyzed using microsatellite (SSR) markers. The waxy molecular marker, combined with metaphor agarose gel electrophoresis (MAGE), proved effective for early-stage AC analysis, reducing variety selection costs and improving breeding efficiency. Additionally, a restriction enzyme protocol assay facilitated variety differentiation by selectively cleaving the waxy gene sequence at a specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, allowing for precise AC genetic classification. By integrating molecular techniques with traditional assessments, this study reveals that using marker-assisted selection in breeding programs, as well as supporting the identification and development of high-quality local rice varieties to meet market demands, improves production efficiency and optimizes the assessment of developing varieties under diverse environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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16 pages, 6553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two New Species of Gomphrena (Amaranthaceae) from Bolivia

by Teresa D. I. Ortuño Limarino, Julia Gutiérrez-Romero, Daniel B. Montesinos-Tubée and Sissi Lozada-Gobilard

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020051 - 13 May 2025

Two new endemic species from Bolivia, Gomphrena vallegrandensis T. Ortuño & S. Lozada-Gobilard and Gomphrena palmariensis T. Ortuño, J. Gutiérrez. & Montesinos, are described and illustrated. The former only occurs in the native open natural grassland close to the Tucuman forest (Prov. Vallegrande), [...] Read more.

Two new endemic species from Bolivia, Gomphrena vallegrandensis T. Ortuño & S. Lozada-Gobilard and Gomphrena palmariensis T. Ortuño, J. Gutiérrez. & Montesinos, are described and illustrated. The former only occurs in the native open natural grassland close to the Tucuman forest (Prov. Vallegrande), and the latter is restricted to the areas with rock outcrops in the subpuna close to the inter-Andean dry forest in the El Palmar Integrated Management Natural Area. A full description of these two new species, notes on their distribution, and a key for their identification are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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13 pages, 1669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Citrus Essential Oils in the Control of the Anthracnose-Causing Fungus Colletotrichum okinawense in Papaya Fruits

by Cássia Roberta de Oliveira Moraes, Aldino Neto Venancio, Marcos Paz Saraiva Camara, Cíntia dos Santos Bento, Luciana Alves Parreira, Mario Ferreira Conceição Santos and Luciano Menini

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020050 - 13 May 2025

Among the numerous diseases that affect papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation, anthracnose, caused by a complex of fungi from the genus Colletotrichum spp., stands out, primarily due to its damage to the commercial part of the papaya, the fruit, specifically the pulp. Although [...] Read more.

Among the numerous diseases that affect papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation, anthracnose, caused by a complex of fungi from the genus Colletotrichum spp., stands out, primarily due to its damage to the commercial part of the papaya, the fruit, specifically the pulp. Although chemical control with synthetic molecules is the most commonly used method to combat anthracnose, it is not the most appropriate solution. The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemical products results in numerous harmful effects on the environment, the health of farmers, and the final consumers. Given these circumstances, the objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from Citrus aurantium var. dulcis L., known as sweet orange, Citrus limon (L.), known as Sicilian lemon, and the major compound present in these oils, limonene, against the pathogens Colletotrichum okinawense, which cause anthracnose in papaya fruits. The percentage inhibition of mycelial growth was evaluated on the seventh day, with estimates of 50% and 90% inhibition, to compare the inhibitory effect among the fungal isolates. Chromatographic analysis revealed that sweet orange EO contains myrcene and limonene. Sicilian lemon essential oil includes myrcene, limonene, α- and β-pinene, and γ-terpinene. Both EOs and limonene exhibited activity against C. okinawense. The 50 µL/mL concentration was the most effective in inhibiting growth. The EOs and limonene showed similar IC₅₀ values, with limonene at 48 µL/mL, Sicilian lemon EO at 51 µL/mL, and sweet orange EO at 57 µL/mL. Full article

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20 pages, 1965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Container Volume and Cuttings Size on the Growth Parameters of Seedlings with a Closed Root System of Two Poplar Genotypes in the Voronezh Region

by Peter Evlakov, Alexey Tseplyaev, Anna Popova, Vladimir Zapletin, Vladlena Ryzhkova, Lyudmila Repnikova and Konstantin Zhuzhukin

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020049 - 12 May 2025

This study examined the bioproductivity of two poplar genotypes propagated by single-tree stem cuttings. The experiment compared variants using cuttings of different lengths (10–22 cm) and containers with volumes from 1 to 3 L. It was found that the best growth performance of [...] Read more.

This study examined the bioproductivity of two poplar genotypes propagated by single-tree stem cuttings. The experiment compared variants using cuttings of different lengths (10–22 cm) and containers with volumes from 1 to 3 L. It was found that the best growth performance of seedlings in height according to the traditional container technology (70.6 ± 5.5–111.5 ± 5.0 cm) was observed in the intersectional hybrid of poplar ‘E.s.-38’ (genotype 1). The predominance of the genotype factor over the technology of rooting cuttings was established. The fast-growing genotype 1, E.s.-38, had higher productivity and plant height indices, suggesting it as a variety that can allow for the growth of standard planting material in containers in one season. For genotype 1, the length of cuttings was 10–14 cm when the container volume was increased to 3 L, which could increase the number of cuttings from one mother plant by 2–3 times. The revealed correlations between the height of the seedling and the diameter of the increment, as well as the analysis of the proportions of plant organs, showed that biological features of the rooting of stem cuttings depended on the genotype of poplars. The natural type G2 was characterized by the prevalence of root system growth over the growth of other organs; in the case of short cuttings, the proportion of leaves increased in plants to enhance photosynthesis and ensure rhizogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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8 pages, 4691 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

An Effective Protocol for Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration in an Indica Rice Cultivar RD43

by Pundanai Chitphet, Nuttha Sanevas, Supachai Vuttipongchaikij and Narong Wongkantrakorn

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020048 - 2 May 2025

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for billions of people globally. Rice cultivar RD43 has been recognized for its health benefits but has faced declining productivity due to climate change. Plant tissue culture serves as a powerful tool for studying [...] Read more.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for billions of people globally. Rice cultivar RD43 has been recognized for its health benefits but has faced declining productivity due to climate change. Plant tissue culture serves as a powerful tool for studying and improving rice cultivars, yet a standardized protocol for rice cv. RD43 is lacking. This study aims to establish an efficient plant tissue culture protocol for rice cv. RD43 by evaluating concentrations of plant growth regulators for callus induction, proliferation, and regeneration. Callus induction was most effective with 4.0 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), while callus proliferation was effective with 2.0 mg/L of 2,4-D. Furthermore, 2.0 mg/L of 6-benzyladenine (BA) yielded the highest plant regeneration, achieving a 50% regeneration rate and producing 9.60 shoots per callus. These findings lay the groundwork for a robust tissue culture protocol for rice cv. RD43 as a means for advanced breeding studies and contributing to global food security amid climate change challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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21 pages, 12264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Partitioning of Diurnal Stem CO₂ Efflux into Local Stem Respiration and Xylem Transport Processes

by Kolby J. Jardine, Regison Oliveira, Parsa Ajami, Ryan Knox, Charlie Koven, Bruno Gimenez, Gustavo Spanner, Jeffrey Warren, Nate McDowell, Guillaume Tcherkez and Jeffrey Chambers

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020046 - 30 Apr 2025

The apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ) of tree stems, defined as the ratio of net stem CO₂ efflux (E_{S_CO2}) to net stem O₂ influx (E_{S_O2}), offers insights into the balance between local respiratory CO₂ production and CO [...] Read more.

The apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ) of tree stems, defined as the ratio of net stem CO₂ efflux (E_{S_CO2}) to net stem O₂ influx (E_{S_O2}), offers insights into the balance between local respiratory CO₂ production and CO₂ transported via the xylem. Traditional static chamber methods for measuring ARQ can introduce artifacts and obscure natural diurnal variations. Here, we employed an open flow-through stem chamber with ambient air coupled with cavity ring-down spectrometry, which uses the molecular properties of CO₂ and O₂ molecules to continuously measure E_{S_CO2}, E_{S_O2}, and ARQ, at the base of a California cherry tree (Prunus ilicifolia) during the 2024 growing season. Measurements across three stem chambers over 3–11-day periods revealed strong correlations between E_{S_CO2} and E_{S_O2} and mean ARQ values ranging from 1.3 to 2.9, far exceeding previous reports. Two distinct diurnal ARQ patterns were observed: daytime suppression with nighttime recovery, and a morning peak followed by gradual decline. Partitioning E_{S_CO2} into local respiration and xylem-transported CO₂ indicated that the latter can dominate when ARQ exceeds 2.0. Furthermore, transported CO₂ exhibited a higher temperature sensitivity than local respiration, with both processes showing declining temperature sensitivity above 20 °C. These findings underscore the need to differentiate stem CO₂ flux components to improve our understanding of whole-tree carbon cycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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16 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lotus tenuis in Association with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Is More Tolerant to Partial Submergence than to High-Intensity Defoliation

by Ileana García

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020047 - 29 Apr 2025

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the association of Lotus tenuis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on its development under high defoliation intensity or partial submergence in a P-deficient soil of the Salado River Basin in a pot experiment. L. tenuis [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the association of Lotus tenuis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on its development under high defoliation intensity or partial submergence in a P-deficient soil of the Salado River Basin in a pot experiment. L. tenuis mycorrhizal plants showed higher tolerance to partial submergence (91%) than to high defoliation intensity (57%). Shoot biomass was the highest in mycorrhizal non-stressed and submerged plants (11.71 g and 12.06 g, respectively), and decreased by 38% in defoliated plants. Both stress conditions caused a negative effect on root growth of plants with or without AMF. High-intensity defoliation can be considered the most stressful scenario for mycorrhizal L. tenuis plants and AMF play a more marked role in P nutrition. Under submergence, AMF caused a net effect on L. tenuis growth, improving carbon and P resource distribution to sustain shoot growth and elongation. Root AMF colonization and nodulation decreased under submergence. High arbuscular colonization percentages were reached under both stress conditions, indicating that the symbiosis may be functional. L. tenuis roots can act as a reservoir of the fungal community under severe stress conditions, allowing the preservation of the AMF inoculum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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15 pages, 3487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Translocation Pattern as Potential Glyphosate Resistance Mechanism in Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) Populations from Lower Saxony

by Markus Radziewicz, Dirk M. Wolber, Thomas Pütz and Diana Hofmann

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020045 - 16 Apr 2025

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used. After years of extensive usage, many weed species have developed resistance due to both target-site (TSR) and non-target-site resistance mechanisms (NTSRs). Alopecurus myosuroides is a competitive weed species. Greenhouse monitoring trials in Germany have revealed reduced [...] Read more.

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used. After years of extensive usage, many weed species have developed resistance due to both target-site (TSR) and non-target-site resistance mechanisms (NTSRs). Alopecurus myosuroides is a competitive weed species. Greenhouse monitoring trials in Germany have revealed reduced glyphosate efficacy against some populations of Alopecurus myosuroides. In a foregoing dose–response study, individual plants from four out of six tested populations survived full (1800 g a.i. ha⁻¹) or double (3600 g a.i. ha⁻¹) glyphosate dose rates permitted, suggesting the presence of tolerant biotypes with yet unknown resistance mechanisms. Our aim was to investigate the absorption and translocation patterns of glyphosate in these biotypes. The plants were first treated with ¹⁴C-glyphosate, and ¹⁴C-glyphosate absorption and translocation were subsequently visualized by phosphorimaging and finally quantified by liquid scintillation counting. The results showed significant differences in the distribution of glyphosate in different plant organs, with significantly more being translocated out of the treated leaf in glyphosate-resistant compared to sensitive (S-) biotypes. The study’s findings are partly in contrast to previous studies that have found reduced translocation. Our study demonstrates the complex nature of glyphosate resistance and suggests further experiments to finally elucidate the underlying resistance mechanisms in the biotypes of the Alopecurus myosuroides studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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