International Journal of Plant Biology

13 pages, 688 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Variation Among Commercial Cultivars and Weed-Like Accessions of Perilla frutescens Collected in South Korea and Japan

by Da Hyeon Lee, Jungeun Cho, Hyeon Park, Tae Hyeon Heo and Ju Kyong Lee

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(4), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17040026 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated morphological variation in 45 accessions of cultivated Perilla frutescens var. frutescens (PFF) and var. crispa (PFC) collected from South Korea and Japan, together with their weedy counterparts, var. frutescens (WPFF) and var. crispa (WPFC) from South Korea, using ten quantitative [...] Read more.

This study evaluated morphological variation in 45 accessions of cultivated Perilla frutescens var. frutescens (PFF) and var. crispa (PFC) collected from South Korea and Japan, together with their weedy counterparts, var. frutescens (WPFF) and var. crispa (WPFC) from South Korea, using ten quantitative and ten qualitative traits. Clear morphological differentiation was observed between cultivated and weedy forms in both varieties, particularly in pigmentation, plant fragrance, and seed-related traits. PFF cultivars were characterized by predominantly green pigmentation, a typical frutescens aroma, and significantly larger and heavier seeds, suggesting stronger phenotypic differentiation in leaf and seed utilization. In contrast, PFC cultivars showed substantial morphological overlap with WPFC and WPFF accessions, indicating comparatively weaker phenotypic differentiation. Principal component analysis showed that the first principal component (PC1) explained 25.7% of the total phenotypic variance and was strongly associated with five quantitative traits (plant height, inflorescence length, floret number, seed size, and 100-seed weight) and five qualitative traits (adaxial and abaxial leaf color, flower color, seed color, and seed hardness). Along PC1, PFF cultivars formed a well-defined cluster, whereas PFC cultivars and the weedy WPFF and WPFC accessions exhibited broader dispersion, reflecting greater morphological variability. These results provide morphological insights into the differentiation between cultivated and weedy Perilla accessions and indicate potential domestication-related patterns. However, these interpretations are based primarily on morphological observations, and further genetic and evolutionary studies will be necessary to clarify the domestication history of these taxa. The identified trait complexes provide a useful phenotypic foundation for marker-assisted breeding, informed cultivar selection, and effective germplasm conservation and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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21 pages, 2452 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Plantlet Regeneration and Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Microshoots of Astragalus glycyphyllos L.

by Ulyana Panova, Olga Kotsupiy, Evgeniya Karpova and Elena Ambros

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(4), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17040025 - 30 Mar 2026

Abstract

Astragalus glycyphyllos (Fabaceae) is known to be a source of flavones, flavonols, and isoflavones, and its in vitro culture may promote the efficiency and sustainability of obtaining pharmacologically valuable fractions. The aim of this study was to develop an effective plantlet regeneration protocol [...] Read more.

Astragalus glycyphyllos (Fabaceae) is known to be a source of flavones, flavonols, and isoflavones, and its in vitro culture may promote the efficiency and sustainability of obtaining pharmacologically valuable fractions. The aim of this study was to develop an effective plantlet regeneration protocol for A. glycyphyllos, providing the accumulation of phenolic compounds and antioxidants in cultured tissues. The results show a maximum seed germination rate (67.8%) after scarification (mechanical with sandpaper followed by treatment with 50% sulfuric acid) and subsequent sterilization with 1.1% sodium hypochlorite solution. The maximum regeneration rate (95%) was achieved on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ thidiazuron. A thidiazuron concentration of 0.05 mg·L⁻¹, combined with a twofold increase in iron chelate content, induced the maximum yield of total flavonoids (8.74 mg·g⁻¹ DW), and significant levels of total phenolics (4.15 mg·g⁻¹) and antioxidants (1.83 mg AAE·g⁻¹) in the microshoot tissues. HPLC analysis showed kaempferol glycosides (1.51 mg·g⁻¹) and acylated kaempferol glycosides (2.76 mg·g⁻¹) as major components. Formononetin in a modest amount (0.09 mg·g⁻¹) was detected in hydrolyzed extracts. The phenolic profiles of the microshoots and native plants coincided in hydroxycinnamic acid composition; meanwhile, quercetin glycosides were present only in in situ plants, and formononetin was found only in the plantlets. The results confirm the prospects of biotechnological methods for the industrial production of standardized medicinal raw materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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22 pages, 1972 KB

Open AccessReview

Wheat Blast: A Threat to Wheat Production in Zambia Under Climate Change

by Patrick Chiza Chikoti, Batiseba Tembo, Xinyao He, David Paul Hodson, Aakash Chawade and Pawan K. Singh

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(4), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17040024 - 24 Mar 2026

Abstract

Wheat blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT), is an emerging fungal disease that poses a serious threat to global wheat production. In Zambia, where wheat is increasingly becoming a vital component for food and nutritional security, the emergence and spread of [...] Read more.

Wheat blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT), is an emerging fungal disease that poses a serious threat to global wheat production. In Zambia, where wheat is increasingly becoming a vital component for food and nutritional security, the emergence and spread of wheat blast is a growing concern under the influence of climate and agricultural practices changes. This review assesses the risk of wheat blast expansion in Zambia by examining regional climatic trends, future climate projections, crop suitability, and the ecological requirements of MoT. Potential disease hotspots are identified, and integrated management strategies, including chemical, cultural, and biotechnological approaches are evaluated. The review highlights the urgent need for coordinated disease surveillance, the development and deployment of resistant cultivars, and climate-resilient farming practices. By consolidating current knowledge and outlining sustainable management strategies, this paper aims to support effective disease mitigation and safeguard wheat production in Zambia in the face of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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18 pages, 4127 KB

Open AccessReview

Hero or Villain: The Importance and Impacts of the Genus Juniperus on Ecosystems

by Cayetano Navarrete-Molina, María A. Sariñana-Navarrete, Cesar A. Meza-Herrera, Ángeles De Santiago-Miramontes, José L. Rodriguez-Alvarez, Raúl A. Cuevas-Jacquez, Luis M. Valenzuela-Núñez, Ricardo I. Ramírez-Gottfried, Edir Torres-Rodriguez and Rubén I. Marín-Tinoco

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030023 - 23 Mar 2026

Abstract

The genus Juniperus species is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere of the planet Earth. These species are notable for their ability to adapt to extreme environmental conditions, playing a crucial role in ecosystem structure and function. Currently, their expansion is being driven [...] Read more.

The genus Juniperus species is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere of the planet Earth. These species are notable for their ability to adapt to extreme environmental conditions, playing a crucial role in ecosystem structure and function. Currently, their expansion is being driven by anthropogenic activities and climate change, posing significant challenges for both control and conservation. The objective of this review was to synthesize the available evidence regarding the ecological importance and impacts of Juniperus on ecosystems, promoting a holistic perspective that contributes to the achievement of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A systematic literature search was conducted using the Scopus database, and only the documents published between 2001 and 2025 were considered for the investigation. The results showed that these species possess a high ecological versatility, favoring their invasive success in disturbed ecosystems, particularly under the influence of climate change and land-use changes. Conversely, Juniperus species facilitate positive ecological outcomes by providing essential ecosystem services that benefit both the human population and the flora and fauna present in these ecosystems. Nevertheless, their expansion also causes negative effects, such as the suppression of herbaceous shrubs and understory cover, alteration of the hydrological function, and accelerated soil erosion, among others. Consequently, the genus Juniperus exhibits a dual ecological role, acting as a hero to many species within these ecosystems, yet a villain to others. In this sense, given its remarkable adaptive dynamism under scenarios of climate change and continuous anthropogenic alterations, it is imperative to promote comprehensive conservation and restoration strategies. These should include ecological monitoring, invasive species control, genetic management, and habitat restoration. Such efforts must be supported by long-term interdisciplinary research to understand and mitigate the ecological, genetic, and social impacts resulting from its expansion. Furthermore, these investigations and strategies must be flexible and locally contextualized to promote genuine ecosystem resilience in the face of the ongoing environmental transformations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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28 pages, 3439 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Vineyard Location on Physicochemical Properties, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Capacity of ‘Touriga Nacional’ Grapes Cultivated in Brazil and Portugal

by Tatiane Otto de França, Bárbara Martins, Bruno Gonçalves de Oliveira, Luiz Antonio Biasi, Renato Vasconcelos Botelho and António M. Jordão

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030022 - 12 Mar 2026

Abstract

The use of new grape cultivars is essential for the continued development of Brazilian viticulture. Thus, this study aimed to determine the general physicochemical parameters, global phenolic composition, and antioxidant capacity of grape musts from the Portuguese red variety ‘Touriga Nacional’ during ripening [...] Read more.

The use of new grape cultivars is essential for the continued development of Brazilian viticulture. Thus, this study aimed to determine the general physicochemical parameters, global phenolic composition, and antioxidant capacity of grape musts from the Portuguese red variety ‘Touriga Nacional’ during ripening in two Brazilian vineyards (states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina). The results were compared with data obtained from the same variety cultivated in a vineyard located in northern Portugal, which is the region of origin of this variety. This research was conducted over three consecutive vintages (2022–2024). Overall, the results indicated that soil and climate conditions at each location were associated with differences in the composition of ‘Touriga Nacional’ grape musts. Grapes from both Brazilian vineyards showed significantly higher berry weight, must volume, and yield compared with grapes collected from the Portuguese vineyard. On the other hand, grapes collected from the vineyard located in the state of Santa Catarina exhibited the highest values of total titratable acidity, malic acid, total phenols, flavonoids, total anthocyanins, and chromatic characteristics. Nevertheless, grapes collected from the Portuguese vineyard showed higher values of total tannins. The results suggest that the ‘Touriga Nacional’ variety shows better adaptation to the conditions of the Santa Catarina vineyard than to those of the Rio Grande do Sul vineyard. These findings help winegrowers, particularly in southern Brazil, to have more options for introducing different grape varieties, thereby contributing to the production of wines with distinctive characteristics, while consumers will have access to a greater diversity of wines available on the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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19 pages, 2214 KB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Water Stress on Growth, Physiology, and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.): Bibliographic Review

by Magdoline Mustafa Ahmed Osman, Ronald Kuunya, Rania Alrasheed, András Tamás, Illés Árpád and Tamás Rátonyi

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030021 - 6 Mar 2026

Abstract

Water stress is a major challenge that limits the growth, development, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide, especially under climate change, particularly abiotic stresses. This review presents a comprehensive bibliometric and literature-based analysis of research on maize’s response to drought [...] Read more.

Water stress is a major challenge that limits the growth, development, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide, especially under climate change, particularly abiotic stresses. This review presents a comprehensive bibliometric and literature-based analysis of research on maize’s response to drought and water scarcity from 1975 to 2025, using VOS viewer1.6.20 software, facilitating the detection of co-authorship networks, thematic groupings, and patterns of keyword co-occurrence within the selected publications. Data from the Web of Science were examined to assess publication trends, keyword networks, and international collaborations. A literature search was conducted by combining the keywords ((“maize”) OR (“corn”) AND (“drought”) OR (“water stress”) AND (“yield”)). Relevant studies were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database using this search string. The Mann–Kendall test revealed a significant positive trend (p = 0.001) in publications on water scarcity (R² = 0.8526), with 396 relevant studies identified globally, regardless of language. The analysis of publication trends demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the volume of publications over the examined period, featuring major contributions from Kenya, Switzerland, Mexico, China, and the United States. The most influential publication focuses on a biotic stressor that significantly reduces maize grain yield. These results emphasise the need for integrated strategies that combine genetic improvement and sustainable irrigation to mitigate the impacts of water stress. This comprehensive analysis provides a foundation for guiding future research and policy development to improve maize resilience against the effects of water stress under changing climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Insights into Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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15 pages, 1159 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multivariate Phenotyping of Early Plasticity in Raphanus sativus L.: Phenotypic Contrasts in the Morphophysiological Response to In Vitro Fertilization

by Luis Cagua-Montaño, Karen Rodas-Pazmiño, Jorge Fabricio Guevara-Viejó, Betty Pazmiño-Gómez, Ignacio Isa-Vargas, Samuel Valle-Asan, Rodrigo Pazmiño-Pérez, Stefany Pilar Jami Jami, Ivana Alexandra Armijos Galarza, Edgar Rodas-Neira and Cristhian Emilio Delgado Espinoza

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030020 - 4 Mar 2026

Abstract

Seed germination and early root growth are decisive for crop establishment, yet responses to ionic environments can be strongly genotype-dependent. This study evaluated the effect of supplementing an agar-based in vitro system with a commercial NPK fertilizer on the germination dynamics and early [...] Read more.

Seed germination and early root growth are decisive for crop establishment, yet responses to ionic environments can be strongly genotype-dependent. This study evaluated the effect of supplementing an agar-based in vitro system with a commercial NPK fertilizer on the germination dynamics and early seedling traits of Raphanus sativus L. Seeds were tested in two solid media: A (1.3% agar, no fertilizer) and AF (1.3% agar supplemented with 0.45 g of granular NPK fertilizer (15–30–15) per 200 mL medium), using a completely randomized 3 × 2 factorial design. Germination percentage and synchrony are key constituents of seedlot evaluation because they jointly capture both viability and the temporal coordination of emergence. However, final germination percentage alone does not reflect the timing and uniformity of germination, which can be critical for predicting establishment and subsequent performance. Therefore, indices such as mean germination time (MGT), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG), and interval germination rates are frequently employed to describe germination dynamics. In addition to germination dynamics, early seedling morphometry (e.g., root and hypocotyl traits) can provide complementary information on early vigor and stress sensitivity under contrasting media or environmental conditions. Root elongation was significantly reduced by fertilization in ASD and GE, whereas AS exhibited consistently shorter roots with no significant response. PCA summarized 86.3% of the total variance in the first two components, separating treatments along a vigour/architecture axis and a germination capacity axis (%G), and hierarchical clustering identified five response groups. Overall, a low-cost agar + fertilizer system effectively discriminated genotype-specific sensitivity to an ionic environment during early establishment, highlighting the need to consider variety-dependent thresholds when using commercial fertilizers for in vitro screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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10 pages, 479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Mineral, Foliar Macro- and Micronutrient, and Biofertilizer Fertilization Strategies on Oil Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Yield and Seed Quality Under Semi-Arid Rainfed Conditions

by Almagul Malimbayeva, Batyrgali Amangaliev, Erbol Zhusupbekov, Akerke Soltanayeva, Aina Sagimbayeva, Zhuldyz Oshakbayeva, Karlyga Rustemova and Maksat Batyrbek

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030019 - 3 Mar 2026

Abstract

Efficient nutrient management is essential for enhancing flax productivity under semi-arid conditions. A two-year field experiment (2024–2025) was conducted in southeast Kazakhstan to evaluate the effects of integrated foliar fertilization with macro- and micronutrients and biofertilizers on the growth, seed quality, and yield [...] Read more.

Efficient nutrient management is essential for enhancing flax productivity under semi-arid conditions. A two-year field experiment (2024–2025) was conducted in southeast Kazakhstan to evaluate the effects of integrated foliar fertilization with macro- and micronutrients and biofertilizers on the growth, seed quality, and yield of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with five treatments: T1 (control, absolute zero fertilization (N₀P₀K₀), i.e., soil without any additional nutrient applications), T2 (N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀), T3 (N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ + foliar macro–micronutrients), T4 (biofertilizer), and T5 (N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ + foliar macro–micronutrients + biofertilizer). Integrated foliar fertilization significantly increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations in vegetative biomass and seeds, leading to higher nutrient uptake and improved nutrient use efficiency compared with mineral fertilization alone. Treatments combining foliar macro- and micronutrients with biofertilizers (T3 and T5) enhanced plant establishment, biomass accumulation, and dry matter allocation to reproductive organs. Seed yield increased from 0.58 to 0.89 t ha⁻¹, while protein and oil contents ranged from 27.0 to 28.4% and 39.8–41.8%, respectively. The combined foliar treatment showed the highest and most stable performance, likely due to improved nutrient uptake and plant growth. These findings indicate that integrated foliar fertilization is an effective and sustainable strategy for improving flax yield stability, nutrient efficiency, and seed quality under semi-arid conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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10 pages, 1057 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

A Novel Biostimulant for Enhancing Biomass and Therapeutic Compounds in Cannabis sativa

by Carlos Armas-Díaz, David Montesinos-Pereira, Lázaro Grisales, Maria Corujo, José Luis Vázquez-Gutiérrez, Daniel Blandón-Granada, Eduardo Hernández-Bolaños, Andrés Acosta-Pérez, Violeta Sánchez-Retuerta, Beatriz Porras, Laura Cuyas and Luis Matías-Hernández

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030018 - 3 Mar 2026

Abstract

Biostimulants represent a sustainable strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, which often exhibit low and variable levels of bioactive compounds. Cannabis sativa, a medicinally important species, produces diverse cannabinoids, such as THC, CBD, CBG, and CBC, whose profiles depend [...] Read more.

Biostimulants represent a sustainable strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, which often exhibit low and variable levels of bioactive compounds. Cannabis sativa, a medicinally important species, produces diverse cannabinoids, such as THC, CBD, CBG, and CBC, whose profiles depend on plant chemotype and determine pharmacological activity. We developed a novel plant-based biostimulant, Tricostimulant™, to optimize cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa. Field trials demonstrated increased biomass and selective enhancement of cannabinoid content. In high-CBD chemotypes, Tricostimulant™ was associated with higher CBD and CBG without relevant changes in THC levels, whereas in high-THC chemotypes, higher THC values were observed without evident variation in CBD. The most pronounced differences were observed when the biostimulant was applied during the vegetative stage, highlighting the importance of application timing. These results indicate the potential of Tricostimulant™ to modulate cannabinoid profiles, contributing to improved optimization and standardization of cannabis-based therapeutics. Further research is required to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of biostimulant action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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23 pages, 3905 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Seasonal Variability of Leaf Surface Micromorphology in Wheat-Related Hybrids with Wheatgrass Ancestry

by Alexander V. Babosha, Pavla O. Loshakova, Danila A. Shchelkanov, Anastasia D. Alenicheva, Margarita M. Gevorkyan and Alina A. Pogost

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030017 - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study used cryoSEM to analyze the seasonal stability of leaf surface micromorphology in cereal hybrids derived from crossing maternal ×Trititrigia cziczinii × Thinopyrum junceum lines with paternal wheat–wheatgrass hybrids. Over two growing seasons, relatively rare traits showed high stability, while most [...] Read more.

This study used cryoSEM to analyze the seasonal stability of leaf surface micromorphology in cereal hybrids derived from crossing maternal ×Trititrigia cziczinii × Thinopyrum junceum lines with paternal wheat–wheatgrass hybrids. Over two growing seasons, relatively rare traits showed high stability, while most traits exhibiting initial diversity demonstrated seasonal variability. Paternal traits (hairs, prickles, elongated silica cells) predominated in hybrids, and hybrid diversity correlated significantly with paternal, but not maternal, line diversity. In 2025, a significant decrease in some paternally specific traits and an increase in rounded silica cells were observed compared to 2024. Coordinated dynamics were revealed: variations in maternal traits correlated positively with each other and negatively with some paternal traits. While certain micromorphological features exhibited relative stability, employing such traits for taxonomic purposes necessitates caution and a thorough understanding of their inherent variability ranges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Trends in Crop Breeding and Sustainable Production)

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22 pages, 2465 KB

Open AccessArticle

VsAPX1 Is Up-Regulated by ABA and Heat Stress in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa)

by Farah Abu Siam, Saeid Abu-Romman, Saja A. K. Al-Rubaye, Ruba M. AL-Mohusaien and Monther T. Sadder

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030016 - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a heme-containing enzyme involved in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) detoxification within the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle. In this study, the full-length genomic DNA and cDNA of an APX1 gene (VsAPX1) were cloned and characterized from [...] Read more.

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a heme-containing enzyme involved in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) detoxification within the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle. In this study, the full-length genomic DNA and cDNA of an APX1 gene (VsAPX1) were cloned and characterized from Vicia sativa. The genomic sequence of VsAPX1 is 2425 bp in length and comprises 10 exons separated by nine introns, with the first intron located within the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR). The corresponding cDNA is 1010 bp long and includes a 61 bp 5′UTR, a 753 bp open reading frame, and a 196 bp 3′UTR. VsAPX1 encodes a predicted cytosolic APX protein of 250 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 27.1 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.60. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the deduced VsAPX1 protein shares high sequence similarity with cytosolic APX1 proteins from other plant species, contains conserved APX domains, and clusters within the cytosolic APX clade in phylogenetic analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that VsAPX1 expression exhibits transient and moderate changes in response to abiotic stress and phytohormone treatments. Transcript levels increased at early time points following heat stress (42 °C), abscisic acid, and salicylic acid treatments, and after 4 h of jasmonic acid exposure, whereas hydrogen peroxide treatment resulted in a gradual down-regulation of expression. Overall, this study provides the first molecular and expression characterization of a cytosolic APX1 gene from Vicia sativa and establishes a foundation for future functional analyses of antioxidant genes in this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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12 pages, 2264 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Atypical Summer Flowering in Date Palms in the Middle Drâa Oases

by Ali Ait Youssef, Reda Meziani, Samira Serghat, Timothy O. Jobe, Mohamed Fokar and Allal Douira

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030015 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Date palms, a vital Moroccan crop that typically flowers once a year, displayed a rare double flowering phenomenon in the summer of 2023. This study investigated the occurrence of this phenomenon across three small oases in the Zagora region of southeastern Morocco. Field [...] Read more.

Date palms, a vital Moroccan crop that typically flowers once a year, displayed a rare double flowering phenomenon in the summer of 2023. This study investigated the occurrence of this phenomenon across three small oases in the Zagora region of southeastern Morocco. Field surveys revealed that 60% of spring-blooming palms also produced a second bloom in July, affecting trees of all ages, sexes, and varieties. This secondary flowering cycle featured a compressed development period, leading to limited fruit enlargement and a failure of most fruit to reach maturity. Analysis suggests that climatic fluctuations, specifically a delayed temperature rise during the normal spring cycle and relatively cooler shifts in July 2023, likely disrupted the palms’ reproductive schedule, triggering the anomaly. Despite the failed second harvest, the phenomenon did not have a negative impact on the palms’ productivity for the subsequent year, confirming that double flowering is a complex, climate-influenced event that requires further research to understand its full implications for local date production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Effect of Climate Change on Crops and Natural Ecosystems, 3rd Edition)

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25 pages, 2020 KB

Open AccessArticle

Growth-Regulatory Effect of Thiazolyl Acetic Acid Derivatives on Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba

by Nataliia Tkachuk, Volodymyr Antonenko, Svitlana Kyriienko, Erzsébet Kohut, Anita Szikura, Yurii Karpenko, Oleksandr Yakovenko, Oksana Sahach, Yaroslav Novikov and Oleksandr Lukash

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(3), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17030014 - 24 Feb 2026

Abstract

The search for new growth-regulating compounds remains a relevant research direction in view of the issue of food security. Previously, a number of thiazolyl acetic acid derivatives have been synthesized, which are promising biologically active compounds according to their physicochemical characteristics. The aim [...] Read more.

The search for new growth-regulating compounds remains a relevant research direction in view of the issue of food security. Previously, a number of thiazolyl acetic acid derivatives have been synthesized, which are promising biologically active compounds according to their physicochemical characteristics. The aim of this work was to study the growth-regulating properties of both previously and newly synthesized thiazolyl acetic acid derivatives using a growth phytotest with Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions of phytotesting growth indicators of test plants of the class Dicotyledones—L. sativum and S. alba under the influence of 10 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL aqueous solutions of the compounds with a comparative analysis of the action of the active components of Rhizopon^TM and herbicide benazolin. It was found that, exhibiting high herbicidal properties at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL (primarily the compound with a benzothiazole fragment), the studied thiazolyl acetic acid derivatives with decreasing concentration (100 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL) reduce phytotoxicity to its complete elimination against L. sativum and S. alba for the compound 2-[2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-aminoethyl-1,3thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid (compound 3), as well as against L. sativum for the compound 5-phenylthiazol-2-yl acetic acid (compound 5). A weak stimulating effect on the length of the above-ground part of S. alba seedlings was recorded for 2-[2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,3thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid (compound 1) and 2-[2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-aminoethyl-1,3thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid (compound 3) at their concentration of 10 μg/mL; however, an improvement in the vitality index under the action of these compounds was not observed. The results obtained in this study indicate the biological activity of both previously and newly synthesized thiazolyl acetic acid derivatives, namely their growth-regulatory properties, expanding knowledge about promising herbicidal compounds with a possible hormetic effect, which requires further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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31 pages, 4821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Grafting with Passiflora spp. as a Productive Strategy in the Cultivation of Passiflora edulis with Saline Water

by Gleyse Lopes Fernandes de Souza, Francisco Thiago Coelho Bezerra, Rejane Maria Nunes Mendonça, Walter Esfrain Pereira, Marlene Alexandrina Ferreira Bezerra, Tayd Dayvison Custódio Peixoto, José Adeilson Medeiros do Nascimento, Roberto Ítalo Lima da Silva, Thayná Kelly Formiga de Medeiros, Maria Alaíne da Cunha Lima, Daniela Rosario de Mello, Anne Alícia Meneses Ferreira Santana, Antenor Pereira de Araújo Neto, Anna Paula Marques Cardoso and Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17020013 - 22 Feb 2026

Abstract

Salinity causes morphophysiological changes that compromise the growth and production of cultivated species, such as Passiflora edulis. However, wild species better tolerate environmental adversities. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of P. edulis scion (Guinezinho, BSR YG1, BRS SC1) grafted on Passiflora rootstocks [...] Read more.

Salinity causes morphophysiological changes that compromise the growth and production of cultivated species, such as Passiflora edulis. However, wild species better tolerate environmental adversities. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of P. edulis scion (Guinezinho, BSR YG1, BRS SC1) grafted on Passiflora rootstocks (P. cincinnata, P. foetida, and P. edulis), regarding the electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.5 and 3.0 dS m⁻¹), and it was hypothesized that rootstocks would mitigate the effects of salinity and that there is a difference between non-grafted cultivars. Grafted plants reached the trellis stage sooner, and the use of P. foetida rootstocks reduced the time to prune the stem. The highest productivity was obtained with the YG1 cultivar grafted onto P. foetida, under irrigation with water salinity, reaching 8073.96 kg ha⁻¹ and exceeding by up to 139.19% the other grafting and electrical conductivity of the irrigation water. The grafting technique proved effective in mitigating the effects of salinity, particularly the combination between P. foetida and YG1 cultivar P. edulis, which showed compatibility and superior agronomic performance under saline stress conditions. These results indicate a promising strategy for the sustainability of yellow passion fruit cultivation in semi-arid regions, contributing to the maintenance of productivity, even in environments with restricted water quality resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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11 pages, 1325 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Composition and Structure of Tree Species in Twelve Plots Within Agroforestry Systems in the Amazonas Department, Peru

by Jaqueline Zuta Lopez, Rosalynn Y. Rivera, Elver Coronel Castro, Nixon Haro, Gerson Meza-Mori, Oscar Gamarra, Manuel Oliva-Cruz, Carlos A. Amasifuen Guerra, José Giacomotti and Elí Pariente

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17020012 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Globally, coffee-based agroforestry systems are recognized for their capacity to integrate agricultural production with biodiversity conservation, particularly in tropical landscapes under intense anthropogenic pressure. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding floristic composition, arboreal structure, and the ecological importance of woody species in Andean [...] Read more.

Globally, coffee-based agroforestry systems are recognized for their capacity to integrate agricultural production with biodiversity conservation, particularly in tropical landscapes under intense anthropogenic pressure. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding floristic composition, arboreal structure, and the ecological importance of woody species in Andean agroforestry systems of the Peruvian Amazon, especially along altitudinal gradients. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity, floristic composition, arboreal structure, and ecological value of woody species in coffee-based agroforestry systems in the Department of Amazonas, Peru. Forest inventories were conducted in twelve one-hectare plots, recording dasometric variables, estimating diversity indices, analyzing floristic affinity, and calculating the Importance Value Index of species. A total of 57 tree species belonging to 41 genera and 25 families were recorded, with moderate diversity levels and a marked dominance of species from the Fabaceae family. The structure showed a predominance of young individuals, concentrated in low and intermediate diameter and height classes, and a moderate shade cover suitable for coffee cultivation. The species with the highest ecological and productive value were Pinus tecunumanii, Colubrina glandulosa, Clitoria juninensis, Inga edulis, and Inga mendozana, which perform key functions related to shade provision and soil fertility. These results are transferable to other coffee agroforestry systems in tropical montane regions and provide relevant evidence for sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, and productive optimization, issues of international interest in the agricultural and agroforestry sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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11 pages, 1675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing of Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) Reveals Photoperiod-Induced FT Homologs as Candidate Tuberigens

by Maria Gancheva and Aleksandr Tkachenko

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17020011 - 10 Feb 2026

Abstract

Oxalis tuberosa (oca) is a tuber crop native to the Andes, valued for its nutrition but understudied genetically. Its strict short-day (SD) tuberization suggests a photoperiodic control mechanism similar to that of potato, where an FT-like protein acts as a mobile “tuberigen” signal. [...] Read more.

Oxalis tuberosa (oca) is a tuber crop native to the Andes, valued for its nutrition but understudied genetically. Its strict short-day (SD) tuberization suggests a photoperiodic control mechanism similar to that of potato, where an FT-like protein acts as a mobile “tuberigen” signal. To identify this key regulator, we generated a de novo genome assembly for oca using long- and short-read sequencing. Integrated transcriptomic analysis of leaves under long-day (LD) and SD conditions, along with stems, roots, and tubers, enabled gene annotation and expression analysis. Our study focused on the Phosphatidylethanolamine-Binding Protein (PEBP) gene family, the source of florigen and tuberigen signals. We identified 23 OtPEBP genes and characterized their expression patterns. Among these, we discovered three FT-like homologs that are specifically and strongly upregulated in leaves under SD conditions. We therefore propose these genes as the prime candidates for the mobile tuberigen signal in oca. This work provides the foundational genomic resource for O. tuberosa and advances our understanding of the conserved photoperiodic network controlling storage organ formation beyond the Solanaceae family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Plant Genetics and Breeding)

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15 pages, 10066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Colletotrichum fructicola Causes Necrotic Leaf Lesions in Avocado (Persea americana) in Amazonas, Peru: First Record and In Vitro Control Using Piper Essential Oils

by Marly Guelac-Santillan, Jherson Rojas-Vargas, Elmer Chávez-Chacón, Eryka Gaslac-Zumaeta, Manuel Oliva-Cruz and Angel F. Huaman-Pilco

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17020010 - 9 Feb 2026

Abstract

Anthracnose is one of the most destructive diseases of avocado worldwide; however, foliar infections remain poorly documented in Peru. We investigated the etiology of necrotic leaf lesions observed in avocado plantations in Amazonas and assessed the in vitro antifungal activity of two Piper [...] Read more.

Anthracnose is one of the most destructive diseases of avocado worldwide; however, foliar infections remain poorly documented in Peru. We investigated the etiology of necrotic leaf lesions observed in avocado plantations in Amazonas and assessed the in vitro antifungal activity of two Piper essential oils (EOs). Incidence was quantified in a 420-tree plot (n = 150 plants). Two representative isolates (MGS03, MGS04) were obtained from symptomatic leaves and characterized by morphology and multilocus sequencing (ITS, CHS-1, ACT, and TUB2). Maximum-likelihood phylogeny within the C. gloeosporioides species complex clustered with C. fructicola. Pathogenicity tests on detached leaves (unwounded inoculation) reproduced field symptoms and fulfilled Koch’s postulates. The antifungal activity of Piper carpunya and P. aduncum EOs (50–1000 µL L⁻¹) was evaluated using poisoned-medium assays, revealing a strong dose-dependent inhibition of mycelial growth. Inhibition reached >89.8% at 500 µL L⁻¹ and ~100% at 1000 µL L⁻¹, with P. aduncum showing slightly higher activity. This study provides the first confirmed record of C. fructicola associated with necrotic leaf lesions in avocado in Peru and demonstrates the promising antifungal potential of Piper EOs as eco-friendly candidates for anthracnose management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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23 pages, 77169 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Complexity of Quercus virgiliana Galls Induced by Andricus quercustozae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

by Sanja Puljas, Juraj Kamenjarin and Ivica Šamanić

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17020009 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Cynipid gall wasps are known for their ability to manipulate host plant development, redirecting undifferentiated tissues into complex, highly specialised structures. In this study, we investigated how Andricus quercustozae larvae manipulate axillary bud tissues of Quercus virgiliana across four key stages of gall [...] Read more.

Cynipid gall wasps are known for their ability to manipulate host plant development, redirecting undifferentiated tissues into complex, highly specialised structures. In this study, we investigated how Andricus quercustozae larvae manipulate axillary bud tissues of Quercus virgiliana across four key stages of gall development: initiation, differentiation and growth, maturation, and lignification. Using detailed histological analyses, we characterised progressive tissue differentiation within galls, focusing on the organisation of nutritive, protective, and vascular tissues. Gall development was marked by sustained hyperplasia and hypertrophy, extensive vascular proliferation, and progressive cell wall lignification, resulting in a complex organ optimised for larval nutrition and protection. To complement these anatomical observations, we conducted a preliminary transcriptomic comparison between gall tissue and unmodified leaf tissue. Gene expression analyses revealed suppression of photosynthesis-related functions and coordinated modulation of developmental, regulatory, and metabolic pathways, consistent with a transition from assimilatory leaf tissue to a specialised nutrient sink. Integration of anatomical and transcriptomic evidence supports a model in which cynipid gall wasps intervene at key regulatory nodes of bud development, progressively reprogramming host tissues to form a functionally autonomous gall. These findings provide new insight into the extended phenotype and highlight the plasticity of plant developmental programmes under insect control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Resistance to Insects)

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15 pages, 25261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Capability of ISSR, SCoT and CEAP Markers for Genetic Diversity Assessment of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) Genotypes

by Mariya Todorova Zhelyazkova

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17010008 - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Lavender has been cultivated in Bulgaria for over a century. The high essential oil content and quality of Bulgarian lavender varieties have established the country as a leading global producer. Studies into the crop’s genetic diversity are essential for selecting varieties best suited [...] Read more.

Lavender has been cultivated in Bulgaria for over a century. The high essential oil content and quality of Bulgarian lavender varieties have established the country as a leading global producer. Studies into the crop’s genetic diversity are essential for selecting varieties best suited to specific environmental conditions, maximizing resilience and yield. Therefore, identifying appropriate genetic markers to monitor lavender diversity is a key prerequisite for developing effective crop selection strategies, particularly in response to the challenges posed by global climate change. In this study, we evaluate the versatility of markers for assessing genetic diversity of lavender genotypes. A total of 96, 97 and 96 bands were recorded using the 13 Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT), 13 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and 14 Cis-Element Aligned Polymorphism (CEAP) primers, respectively. All amplification programs used were successful in the studied genotypes. Additionally, four informative primers of each marker system were applied for assessment of the within-field genetic variability in two lavender plantations from Bulgaria. This is the first report on the combined use and comparison of CEAP, SCoT and ISSR primers in lavender genotypes in Bulgaria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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International Journal of Plant Biology

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