International Journal of Plant Biology

18 pages, 3186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Prediction of the GRAS Transcription Factor Family in Rice Under Abiotic Stress Conditions

by Meng Zhan, Daohe Liu, Yuxing Peng and Yulu Zhou

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030095 - 19 Aug 2025

Abstract

GRAS transcription factors play a crucial role in plant response to abiotic stresses. In this study, 61 members of the rice GRAS family, categorized into nine subfamilies, were identified by searching the latest genome sequence of rice. The OsGRAS genes that may respond [...] Read more.

GRAS transcription factors play a crucial role in plant response to abiotic stresses. In this study, 61 members of the rice GRAS family, categorized into nine subfamilies, were identified by searching the latest genome sequence of rice. The OsGRAS genes that may respond to abiotic stresses were predicted by analyzing the cis-acting elements of the promoters of the genes and the structural features of the proteins. The results showed that the known OsGRAS drought-tolerant genes and OsGRAS salt-tolerant genes have a special structure in their protein structures, and nine genes that may be related to drought tolerance and six genes that may be related to salt tolerance were predicted in this study based on these special structures. The results of tissue expression profiling showed that OsGRAS family genes were expressed in different degrees during plant growth and development, and the expression of DELLA, PAT1, and HAM subfamily members was generally high. Finally, the analysis of the expression levels of 16 randomly selected OsGRAS genes under drought and salt stress conditions showed significant up-regulation of OsGRAS14 and OsGRAS21 under both stress treatments, and OsGRAS52 was significantly down-regulated under drought stress and up-regulated under salt stress. The present study provides important clues for exploring the molecular basis of the mechanism of rice response to abiotic stress, and also provides new ideas for the improvement of rice germplasm resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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17 pages, 1198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Qualitative and Quantitative Relationship of Lettuce Grown in Soilless Systems in a Mediterranean Greenhouse

by Gabriella Impallomeni, Antonio Lupini, Agostino Sorgonà, Antonio Gattuso and Francesco Barreca

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030094 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the qualitative and quantitative performance of lettuce (cv. Romana) grown using different cultivation systems under Mediterranean greenhouse conditions equipped with photoluminescent glass panels. Five systems were compared: outdoor soil (PSO), indoor soil (PSI), aeroponic (A), hydroponic with inorganic nutrients (HSN), [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the qualitative and quantitative performance of lettuce (cv. Romana) grown using different cultivation systems under Mediterranean greenhouse conditions equipped with photoluminescent glass panels. Five systems were compared: outdoor soil (PSO), indoor soil (PSI), aeroponic (A), hydroponic with inorganic nutrients (HSN), and hydroponic with organic nutrients (HSO). Morphological, physiological, and quality parameters were measured alongside solar irradiance and extended PAR. The results showed that aeroponics significantly outperformed other systems in fresh weight (52.7 g), photosynthetic pigments, and carotenoids, while HSO showed the lowest yield and quality. Although PSO had the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content, it exhibited poor yield due to lower water use efficiency and light-induced stress. The PCA analysis highlighted distinct groupings among systems, with A linked to yield and pigment concentration, and PSO associated with antioxidant traits. Despite a 44.8% reduction in solar radiation inside the greenhouse, soilless systems—especially aeroponics—proved effective for maintaining high productivity and quality. These findings support the integration of soilless systems and photoluminescent technologies as sustainable strategies for high-efficiency lettuce production in controlled environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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21 pages, 2771 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding Salt Stress in Watermelon: Impacts on Plant Performance, Adaptive Solutions, and Future Prospects

by Sukhmanjot Kaur, Milena Maria Tomaz de Oliveira and Amita Kaundal

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030093 - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Soil salinity stress, intensified by extreme weather patterns, significantly threatens global watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] production. Watermelon, a moderately salt-sensitive crop, exhibits reduced germination, stunted growth, and impaired fruit yield and quality under saline conditions. As freshwater resources decline [...] Read more.

Soil salinity stress, intensified by extreme weather patterns, significantly threatens global watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] production. Watermelon, a moderately salt-sensitive crop, exhibits reduced germination, stunted growth, and impaired fruit yield and quality under saline conditions. As freshwater resources decline and agriculture’s dependency on irrigation leads to soil salinization, we need sustainable mitigation strategies for food security. Recent advances highlight the potential of using salt-tolerant rootstocks and breeding salt-resistant watermelon varieties as long-term genetic solutions for salinity. Conversely, agronomic interventions such as drip irrigation and soil amendments provide practical, short-term strategies to mitigate the impact of salt stress. Biostimulants represent another tool that imparts salinity tolerance in watermelon. Plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs) have emerged as promising biological tools to enhance watermelon tolerance to salt stress. PGPMs are an emerging tool for mitigating salinity stress; however, their potential in watermelon has not been fully explored. Nanobiochar and nanoparticles are another unexplored tool for addressing salinity stress. This review highlights the intricate relationship between soil salinity and watermelon production in a unique manner. It explores the various mitigation strategies, emphasizing the potential of PGPM as eco-friendly bio-inoculants for sustainable watermelon management in salt-affected soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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21 pages, 1178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Cannabis sativa L. to Inorganic Fertilization (N, P, K): Biomass, Nutrient Uptake and Cannabinoids Profile

by Marianela Simonutti, Gonzalo Berhongaray, Marcos Derita and Juan Marcelo Zabala

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030092 - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. is a high-value medicinal crop whose nutritional requirements and fertilization strategies remain poorly defined, particularly in relation to cannabinoid production. This study evaluated the effects of inorganic fertilization (N, P, and K) on biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake and balance, and [...] Read more.

Cannabis sativa L. is a high-value medicinal crop whose nutritional requirements and fertilization strategies remain poorly defined, particularly in relation to cannabinoid production. This study evaluated the effects of inorganic fertilization (N, P, and K) on biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake and balance, and cannabinoid content in Cannabis sativa L. A high-cannabidiol (CBD) cultivar was propagated from ex vitro cuttings and grown in 10 L pots with commercial substrate. Treatments included a non-fertilized control and increasing doses of N (0–10 g plant⁻¹), P (0–6 g plant⁻¹), and K (0–10 g plant⁻¹), with higher P and K doses applied during the reproductive stage. Biomass production peaked at 5 g N, 2 g P, and 3 g K plant⁻¹, yielding 41.9% more than the control. Fertilized plants showed harvest indexes of 31–42%. Additional P and K during the reproductive stage did not enhance inflorescence biomass and CBD content. Tissue nutrient concentrations increased with fertilization. Inflorescences had maximum N and P levels at 5 g N and 2 g P plant⁻¹, while leaves accumulated more K at 7.5 g K plant⁻¹. CBD content increased and THC (%) decreased progressively with nutrient supply. High nutrient doses, however, led to nutritional imbalances and plant health issues. Nutrient balance analysis showed differential macronutrient extraction by treatment. These findings highlight the importance of optimized fertilization strategies to enhance both biomass and cannabinoid production in high-CBD cannabis cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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11 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Sweetpotato Stem Tissue Development and Structure

by Kerington Bass, Lorin Harvey, Apphia Santy, Guihong Bi and Kelsey Harvey

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030091 - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important global food crop, yet propagation through greenhouse-produced slips is limited by low transplant establishment rates. Previous studies have focused on external morphological traits to improve transplant quality, but the internal anatomical structure of sweetpotato slips [...] Read more.

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important global food crop, yet propagation through greenhouse-produced slips is limited by low transplant establishment rates. Previous studies have focused on external morphological traits to improve transplant quality, but the internal anatomical structure of sweetpotato slips remains largely unexplored. This study examined the effects of four plant growth regulators (PGRs)—flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)—applied foliarly at varying rates to sweetpotato slips grown in a greenhouse. Cross-sections of the stem were stained with toluidine blue O and analyzed microscopically to assess epidermal, collenchyma, parenchyma, and xylem tissue thickness. Flurprimidol at 120 mg·L⁻¹ significantly increased epidermal thickness by 31.8% compared to the control. Paclobutrazol at 30 and 60 mg·L⁻¹ significantly reduced collenchyma thickness by 37.8% and 39.7%, respectively. Other treatments showed no statistically significant differences across measured tissues, although some trends were observed. These findings suggest that certain PGRs may influence internal slip anatomy, particularly the epidermis, which could improve transplant resilience and field performance. Further research is needed to optimize application rates and evaluate long-term agronomic outcomes of anatomical modifications in sweetpotato slips. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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12 pages, 690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Analysis of Fruit Quality and Flavor in Capsicum chinense and Capsicum annuum from Myanmar, Peru, and Japan

by Claudia F. Ortega Morales, Kenji Irie and Makoto Kawase

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030090 - 14 Aug 2025

Abstract

Chili peppers, a staple spice in global cuisine, hold substantial economic value due to their diverse pungency levels and distinctive aromatic profiles. In addition to their sensory attributes, Capsicum fruits exhibit notable morphological diversity and potential health benefits. While contemporary Capsicum breeding efforts [...] Read more.

Chili peppers, a staple spice in global cuisine, hold substantial economic value due to their diverse pungency levels and distinctive aromatic profiles. In addition to their sensory attributes, Capsicum fruits exhibit notable morphological diversity and potential health benefits. While contemporary Capsicum breeding efforts have focused on the yield, shelf life, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, comparatively less emphasis has been placed on the fruit quality and flavor traits increasingly valued by consumers seeking novel flavors and functional foods. We evaluated seven underutilized Capsicum landraces collected from Peru, Myanmar, and Japan and conducted an integrative analysis of their morphological traits, nutritional composition, pungency, and volatile compounds. Our findings highlight C. chinense from Myanmar and Peru as a particularly diverse species, encompassing accessions with mild to very highly pungent, elevated antioxidant content, and significant contributions to fruity aromatic notes. These findings support the development of flavor-driven chili-pepper-based food products with enhanced nutritional value and tailored pungency. Our identification of beneficial alleles also offers opportunities for interspecific breeding to produce novel cultivars aligned with evolving consumer preferences, thereby supporting the commercialization of traditional varieties, conserving genetic resources, and expanding the market potential of new cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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10 pages, 3568 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

CRISPR-Editing AsDREBL Improved Creeping Bentgrass Abiotic Stress Tolerance

by Rong Di, Sreshta Ravikumar, Ryan Daddio and Stacy Bonos

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030089 - 14 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cool-season creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L., As) is extensively used on golf courses worldwide and is negatively affected by several fungal diseases and abiotic stresses including drought and salinity. CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated) gene editing technology was employed [...] Read more.

Cool-season creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L., As) is extensively used on golf courses worldwide and is negatively affected by several fungal diseases and abiotic stresses including drought and salinity. CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated) gene editing technology was employed in this project to knock out the AsDREBL (dehydration responsive element binding-like factor) gene, a potential negative regulator in stress tolerance. With our established single guide RNA (sgRNA)-based CRISPR-editing vector and optimized creeping bentgrass tissue culture system using mature seed-derived embryogenic calli of cv. Crenshaw as explant, more than 20 transgenic plants were produced by gene gun bombardment. Fifteen confirmed AsDREBL mutant plants were tested for drought and salinity tolerance by withholding water and applying salt spray in greenhouse settings. Some of the mutants were shown to be more tolerant of drought and salinity stress compared to the non-edited, wild type Crenshaw plants. Our results demonstrate that CRISPR-gene editing technology can be successfully applied to improve the agronomical traits of turfgrass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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19 pages, 1728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Effect of Different Concentrations of Spent Coffee Grounds on the Metabolomic Profile of Swiss Chard

by Thabiso Motseo and Lufuno Ethel Nemadodzi

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030088 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

In the coming decades, the agricultural system will predictably rely on organic material to produce crops and maintain food security. Currently, the use of inorganic fertilizers to grow crops and vegetables, such as Swiss chard, spinach, and lettuce, is on the rise and [...] Read more.

In the coming decades, the agricultural system will predictably rely on organic material to produce crops and maintain food security. Currently, the use of inorganic fertilizers to grow crops and vegetables, such as Swiss chard, spinach, and lettuce, is on the rise and has been proven to be detrimental to the soil in the long run. Hence, there is a growing need to use organic waste material, such as spent coffee grounds (SCGs), to grow crops. Spent coffee grounds are made of depleted coffee beans that contain important soluble compounds. This study aimed to determine the influence of different levels (0.32 g, 0.63 g, 0.92 g, and 1.20 g) of spent coffee grounds on the metabolomic profile of Swiss chard. The 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results showed that Swiss chard grown with different levels of SCGs contains a total of 10 metabolites, which included growth-promoting metabolites (trehalose; betaine), defense mechanism metabolites (alanine; cartinine), energy-reserve metabolites (sucrose; 1,6 Anhydro-β-D-glucose), root metabolites (thymine), stress-related metabolites (2-deoxyadenosine), caffeine metabolites (1,3 Dimethylurate), and body-odor metabolites (trimethylamine). Interestingly, caprate, with the abovementioned metabolites, was detected in Swiss chard grown without the application of SCGs. The findings of the current study suggest that SCGs are an ideal organic material for growing Swiss chard for its healthy metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Insights of Natural Compounds in Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties)

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14 pages, 5479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Three Provenances of Juglans neotropica Diels to Identify Optimal Seed Sources in the Northern Ecuadorian Andes

by Jorge-Luis Ramírez-López, Mario Añazco, Hugo Vallejos, Carlos Arcos and Kelly Estrada

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030087 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Identifying optimal seed sources is critical for the propagation and restoration of Juglans neotropica Diels in the northern Ecuadorian Andes, where populations are declining due to habitat loss and overexploitation. This study evaluated the seed quality and germination performance of Juglans neotropica from [...] Read more.

Identifying optimal seed sources is critical for the propagation and restoration of Juglans neotropica Diels in the northern Ecuadorian Andes, where populations are declining due to habitat loss and overexploitation. This study evaluated the seed quality and germination performance of Juglans neotropica from three ecologically distinct provenances: a natural regeneration site (Cuyuja), a pure plantation (Natabuela), and an agroforestry system (Pimampiro). Five phenotypically superior trees were selected from each site, and germination was assessed under controlled nursery conditions over a 150-day period using a completely randomized design. Initial viability tests confirmed the physiological integrity of the seeds across all provenances. Germination onset ranged from day 55 to day 73, with significant differences in germination percentage, speed, and uniformity. The agroforestry provenance showed the highest germination rate (69%) and superior performance in all physiological indices, while natural regeneration had the lowest (15%). Post-trial viability assessments indicated that a substantial proportion of non-germinated seeds from Cuyuja remained dormant or deteriorated. These findings underscore the role of agroforestry systems in enhancing seed physiological quality and support their prioritization for large-scale propagation and ecological restoration initiatives involving Juglans neotropica. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Glutamicibacter sp. to Enhance Salinity Tolerance in the Obligate Halophyte Suaeda fruticosa

by Rabaa Hidri, Farah Bounaouara, Walid Zorrig, Ahmed Debez, Chedly Abdelly and Ouissal Metoui-Ben Mahmoud

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030086 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Salinization hinders the restoration of vegetation in salt-affected soils by negatively impacting plant growth and development. Halophytes play a key role in the restoration of saline and degraded lands due to unique features explaining their growth aptitude in such extreme ecosystems. Suaeda fruticosa [...] Read more.

Salinization hinders the restoration of vegetation in salt-affected soils by negatively impacting plant growth and development. Halophytes play a key role in the restoration of saline and degraded lands due to unique features explaining their growth aptitude in such extreme ecosystems. Suaeda fruticosa is an euhalophyte well known for its medicinal properties and its potential for saline soil phytoremediation. However, excessive salt accumulation in soil limits the development of this species. Research findings increasingly advocate the use of extremophile rhizosphere bacteria as an effective approach to reclaim salinized soils, in conjunction with their salt-alleviating effect on plants. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to assess the role of a halotolerant plant growth-promoting actinobacterium, Glutamicibacter sp., on the growth, nutritional status, and shoot content of proline, total soluble carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds in the halophyte S. fruticosa grown for 60 d under high salinity (600 mM NaCl). Results showed that inoculation with Glutamicibacter sp. significantly promoted the growth of inoculated plants under stress conditions. More specifically, bacterial inoculation increased the shoot concentration of proline, total polyphenols, potassium (K⁺), nitrogen (N), and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in shoots, while significantly decreasing Na⁺ concentrations. These mechanisms partly explain S. fruticosa tolerance to high saline concentrations. Our findings provide some mechanistic elements at the ecophysiological level, enabling a better understanding of the crucial role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) in enhancing halophyte growth and highlight their potential for utilization in restoring vegetation in salt-affected soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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13 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antagonism of Two Isolates of the Genus Trichoderma on Fusarium and Botryodiplodia sp., Pathogenic Fungi of Schizolobium parahyba in Ecuador

by Carlos Belezaca-Pinargote, Bélgica Intriago-Pinargote, Brithany Belezaca-Pinargote, Edison Solano-Apuntes, Ricardo Arturo Varela-Pardo and Paola Díaz-Navarrete

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030085 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

A newly emerging disease affecting Schizolobium parahyba (commonly known as pachaco), termed “decline and dieback,” has been reported in association with the fungal pathogens Fusarium sp. and Botryodiplodia sp. This study assessed the antagonistic potential of two Trichoderma sp. isolates (CEP-01 and CEP-02) [...] Read more.

A newly emerging disease affecting Schizolobium parahyba (commonly known as pachaco), termed “decline and dieback,” has been reported in association with the fungal pathogens Fusarium sp. and Botryodiplodia sp. This study assessed the antagonistic potential of two Trichoderma sp. isolates (CEP-01 and CEP-02) against these phytopathogens under controlled laboratory conditions. The effects of three temperature regimes (5 ± 2 °C, 24 ± 2 °C, and 30 ± 2 °C) on the growth and inhibitory activity of two Trichoderma spp. isolates were evaluated using a completely randomized design. The first experiment included six treatments with five replicates, while the second comprised twelve treatments, also with five replicates. All assays were conducted on PDA medium. No fungal growth was observed at 5 ± 2 °C. However, at 24 ± 2 °C and 30 ± 2 °C, both isolates reached maximum growth within 72 h. At 24 ± 2 °C, both Trichoderma spp. isolates exhibited inhibitory activity against Fusarium sp. FE07 and FE08, with radial growth inhibition percentages (RGIP) ranging from 37.6% to 44.4% and 52,8% to 54.6%, respectively. When combined, the isolates achieved up to 60% inhibition against Fusarium sp., while Botryodiplodia sp. was inhibited by 40%. At 30 ± 2 °C, the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma sp. CEP-01 declined (25.6–32.4% RGIP), whereas Trichoderma sp. CEP-02 showed increased inhibition (60.3%–67.2%). The combination of isolates exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against Fusarium sp. FE07 and FE08 (68.4%–69.3%). Nonetheless, the inhibitory effect on Botryodiplodia sp. BIOT was reduced under elevated temperatures across all treatments. These findings reinforce the potential of Trichoderma spp. isolates as a viable and eco-friendly alternative for the biological control of pathogens affecting S. parahyba, contributing to more sustainable disease management practices. The observed inhibitory capacity of Trichoderma sp., especially under optimal temperature conditions, highlights its potential for application in integrated disease management programs, contributing to forest health and reducing reliance on chemical products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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11 pages, 4661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Somatic Embryogenesis in Native Peruvian Fine-Flavor Cocoa Genotypes

by Karol Rubio, Santos Leiva, Manuel Oliva, Jorge R. Diaz-Valderrama and Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030084 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cacao genotypes propagation through plant tissue culture represents a strategic approach for establishing a core collection of elite plants to be used as a donor material source, necessary for increasing new planting areas of cacao. This study aimed to evaluate somatic embryo regeneration [...] Read more.

Cacao genotypes propagation through plant tissue culture represents a strategic approach for establishing a core collection of elite plants to be used as a donor material source, necessary for increasing new planting areas of cacao. This study aimed to evaluate somatic embryo regeneration in ten native fine-aroma cacao genotypes (INDES-06, INDES-11, INDES-14, INDES-32, INDES-52, INDES-53, INDES-63, INDES-64, INDES-66, INDES-70) from the INDES-CES germplasm collection, under in vitro conditions using culture medium supplemented with different concentrations of Thidiazuron (0, 10, and 20 nM). Our results showed an average of 20 and 100% of callogenesis in all genotypes evaluated, but the callus development did not appear after early stages of its induction; however, primary somatic embryos were observed after 42 days after TDZ treatment in the INDES-52, INDES-53, INDES-64, INDES-66, INDES-70 genotypes. The INDES-52 genotype was more responsive to under 20 nM of TDZ, generating an average of 17 embryos per explant. This study contributes to the adaptation and establishment of a protocol for somatic embryo regeneration of fine-flavor cacao genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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14 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Temperature and Sucrose Levels on the Slow Growth of Interspecific Grapevine Hybrids In Vitro

by Lidiane Miranda da Silva, Virginia Silva Carvalho, Alexandre Pio Viana, Daniel Pereira Miranda, Kíssila Motta Defanti and Otalício Damásio da Costa Júnior

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030083 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

Grapevine breeding programs face difficulties in preserving germplasm, especially from species and interspecific hybrids, since most collections are maintained in the field and exposed to biotic and abiotic stress, which can lead to material loss. The Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro [...] Read more.

Grapevine breeding programs face difficulties in preserving germplasm, especially from species and interspecific hybrids, since most collections are maintained in the field and exposed to biotic and abiotic stress, which can lead to material loss. The Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF) Grapevine Breeding Program faces similar challenges, limiting studies on hybrids resistant to the nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), which are valuable for genetic improvement. This study aimed to implement in vitro conservation under minimal growth conditions for interspecific hybrids of Vitis spp. from the UENF program. The protocol followed a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme: two hybrids (CH1.2 and CH1.3), two temperatures (18 ± 1 °C and 27 ± 2 °C), and three sucrose concentrations (10, 20, and 30 g L⁻¹), over 180 days of in vitro culture. The results showed that conservation of the UENF hybrids is feasible using nodal segments as explants, at 18 ± 2 °C and 10 g L⁻¹ of sucrose, for up to four months. This protocol may also be applied to other Vitis spp., contributing to the preservation and continued study of valuable germplasm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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11 pages, 956 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Growth-Promoting Ability of Serratia liquefaciens UNJFSC 002, a Rhizobacterium Involved in Potato Production

by Cristina Andrade Alvarado, Zoila Honorio Durand, Pedro M. Rodriguez-Grados, Dennis Lloclla Tineo, Diego Hiroshi Takei, Carlos I. Arbizu and Sergio Contreras-Liza

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030082 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

Several strains of the genus Serratia isolated from the rhizosphere of crops are plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) that may possess various traits associated with nitrogen metabolism, auxin production, and other characteristics. The objective of the present study was to investigate the in vitro [...] Read more.

Several strains of the genus Serratia isolated from the rhizosphere of crops are plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) that may possess various traits associated with nitrogen metabolism, auxin production, and other characteristics. The objective of the present study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the growth-promoting activity of S. liquefaciens UNJFSC 002 in potato plants. This strain was inoculated into potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions to determine the bacterial strain’s ability to promote growth under controlled conditions. It was found that the S. liquefaciens strain UNJFSC 002 had a significantly greater effect on the fresh and dry weight of the foliage and induced a higher tuber weight per plant and larger tuber diameter compared to the uninoculated potato plants (p < 0.05). Additionally, in vitro, the strain demonstrated the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), as well as the capacity to solubilise tricalcium phosphate in the laboratory. This research reveals the potential of S. liquefaciens UNJFSC 002 as an inoculant to improve potato production, demonstrating its ability to promote the growth and productivity of potato varieties suitable for direct consumption and processing under controlled conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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16 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Characterization of Diaspores, Seed Germination and Estimation of Reproductive Phenology of Cereus fernambucensis (Cactaceae)

by João Henrique Constantino Sales Silva, Aline das Graças Souza and Edna Ursulino Alves

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030081 - 22 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this study the objective was to morphologically characterize fruits, seeds and seedlings of Cereus fernambucensis Lem., as well as evaluate the seed germination and phenological dynamics of these columnar cacti, native to Brazil, which occur in restinga ecosystems. Biometric and morphological determinations [...] Read more.

In this study the objective was to morphologically characterize fruits, seeds and seedlings of Cereus fernambucensis Lem., as well as evaluate the seed germination and phenological dynamics of these columnar cacti, native to Brazil, which occur in restinga ecosystems. Biometric and morphological determinations were performed using 100 fruits, describing seed morphology in external and internal aspects and considering five stages of development for the characterization of seedlings. In the study of seed germination, two light conditions (12 h photoperiod and complete darkness) were tested under 25 °C, in a completely randomized design with four replicates of 50 seeds each. In the estimation of reproductive phenology, information was collected from herbarium specimens on the SpeciesLink online platform, and the exsiccatae were analyzed for the notes on their labels to evaluate reproductive aspects. Fruits showed an average mass of 21.11 g, length of 44.76 mm, diameter of 28.77 mm and about 336 seeds per fruit. Seeds behave as positive photoblastic, with a high percentage of germination under controlled conditions (94%). Germination is epigeal and phanerocotylar, with slow growth and, at 30 days after sowing, the seedling measures approximately 2 cm, which makes it possible to visualize the appearance of the epicotyl and the first spines. The species blooms and bears fruit throughout the year, with peaks of flowering and fruiting in January and March, respectively. The various characteristics make C. fernambucensis a key species for maintaining the biodiversity of restingas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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8 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Stomatal Blocker Delays Strawberry Production

by Jie Xiang, Laura Vickers, James M. Monaghan and Peter Kettlewell

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030080 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

Strawberries have a short shelf-life leading to food loss and waste when production unexpectedly exceeds demand. PGRs may have potential to delay production and reduce food loss and waste, but no PGRs are available for delaying strawberry production. The aim of this preliminary [...] Read more.

Strawberries have a short shelf-life leading to food loss and waste when production unexpectedly exceeds demand. PGRs may have potential to delay production and reduce food loss and waste, but no PGRs are available for delaying strawberry production. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate re-purposing a stomatal blocking film antitranspirant polymer as a PGR to temporarily delay production. Poly-1-p-menthene or water was applied during early fruit ripening in two glasshouse experiments, one on a June-bearer cultivar and one on an everbearer cultivar. Ripe strawberries were harvested during the next 23 days, the cumulative yield was recorded, and the production curves were fitted using polynomial regression in groups. The statistical analysis showed that cubic polynomial regression curves could be fitted separately to each treatment. Application of the blocker delayed the production of both cultivars by 1–2 days during the period of rapid berry production. The delay diminished and cumulative yield returned to the water-treated value by 13 and 18 days after application in the June-bearer and everbearer cultivars, respectively. At 23 days after application, the blocker gave 8% greater cumulative yield in the June-bearer, but not in the everbearer. It was concluded that, if a greater delay could be achieved, there may be potential to use stomatal blockers as PGRs in some cultivars of strawberry to delay production and reduce food loss and waste when unanticipated lower demand occurs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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20 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

by Mengzi Zhang, Nicholas A. Wendrick, Sean M. Campbell, Jacob E. Gazaleh, Heqiang Huo, Katherine A. Thompson-Witrick and Brian J. Pearson

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030079 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are a critical component in beer brewing. The growing demand for craft beer has increased interest in hop cultivation in non-traditional regions where unfavorable climatic conditions hinder optimal yield and quality. To address these challenges, this study investigates [...] Read more.

Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are a critical component in beer brewing. The growing demand for craft beer has increased interest in hop cultivation in non-traditional regions where unfavorable climatic conditions hinder optimal yield and quality. To address these challenges, this study investigates the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on hop cone yield and chemical compositions. In two separate studies, year-1 Cascade hops were subjected to various PGR treatments in the field. PGR treatments generally had minimal effect on the dry cone yield in study I. In study II, a combination of Ethephon at 45 mg/L and ProGibb at 3 mg/L significantly increased the cone yield by 125% compared to the control. While all treatments had a “good quality” hop storage index, a combination of Ethephon and ProGibb produced alpha acid percentages within the commercial standard range. Ethephon at 30 mg/L combined with ProGibb at 2 mg/L enhanced bitterness and aroma, delivering the highest concentration of volatile organic compounds at 569.7 mg/L, thereby enhancing aroma compounds associated with fruity esters, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. This study demonstrates that specific PGR treatments can improve the chemical composition of hops grown in non-traditional regions, with implications for optimizing aroma and bitterness in beer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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19 pages, 2268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methyl Jasmonate and Ammonium Bicarbonate: Distinct and Synergistic Impacts on Indoor Cannabis Production Dynamics

by Jose F. Da Cunha Leme Filho, Spencer Schuchman, Avery Shikanai, Shiksha Sharma, Thais Alberti, Andre A. Diatta, Alan Walters and Karla L. Gage

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030078 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

As high-CBD cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) gains legal and commercial relevance in the United States, studies evaluating how external inputs impact critical traits remain limited. This study investigates the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ammonium bicarbonate (AB), and the genetic source (mother [...] Read more.

As high-CBD cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) gains legal and commercial relevance in the United States, studies evaluating how external inputs impact critical traits remain limited. This study investigates the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ammonium bicarbonate (AB), and the genetic source (mother plant identity) on the growth and secondary metabolite traits of indoor cannabis. Plants were treated with 1 mM MeJA and/or AB under controlled conditions, and key traits, such as plant height, chlorophyll content, biomass, trichome density, and cannabinoid concentration, were measured. The MeJA treatment led to a significant 32% increase in trichome density. However, it did not significantly alter CBD or THC concentrations. The AB treatment enhanced vegetative growth, increasing chlorophyll content and plant height while reducing CBD concentrations, but the biomass gains could compensate for the lower cannabinoid in the total production. An interaction between MeJA and AB altered the CBD content, suggesting that MeJA may mitigate AB’s negative effect on cannabinoid synthesis. The genetic source significantly influenced most of the measured traits, highlighting the role of the genotype in trait expression and the importance of clonal consistency. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of external inputs and genetic factors in cannabis production, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize cultivation strategies. Future studies should refine input combinations and doses to improve both yield and cannabinoid profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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21 pages, 4024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Floristic Diversity, Indicator and Suitable Species for Andean Livestock in the Sillapata Micro-Watershed, Acopalca

by Raúl M. Yaranga, Fernan C. Chanamé, Edith M. Maldonado and Javier A. Orellana

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16030077 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Andean grassland ecosystems in Peru are characterized by diverse plant species adapted to environmental factors including weather, soil type, elevation, slope orientation, and soil moisture. This study evaluated the floristic composition, alpha diversity, indicator species, and suitable species for Andean livestock in the [...] Read more.

Andean grassland ecosystems in Peru are characterized by diverse plant species adapted to environmental factors including weather, soil type, elevation, slope orientation, and soil moisture. This study evaluated the floristic composition, alpha diversity, indicator species, and suitable species for Andean livestock in the Sillapata micro-watershed, Junín region, Peru, across rainy and dry seasons. Data collection involved 100 m linear transects, and analyses included floristic composition and dissimilarity, Shannon-Wiener (H′) and Simpson (D) diversity indices, and the identification of indicator and suitable species using QGIS vs 3.28.14 and R software vs 4.3.2. Results revealed a total of 130 species classified into 74 genera and 23 families, with Asteraceae and Poaceae as the dominant families, exhibiting variations in richness and dissimilarity between control points and seasonal periods. Alpha diversity (H′) ranged from 2.07 to 3.1867, while Simpson’s index (D) ranged from 0.7644 to 0.9234. Six indicator species were identified, along with 11 families containing suitable species, predominantly Poaceae (38–60%), Cyperaceae (11–15%), and Asteraceae (3–9%). The findings indicate that the studied ecosystem exhibits a heterogeneous floristic composition with medium to low and variable diversity, influenced by seasonal climatic changes and the current grassland management regime, which involves rotational grazing with cattle adapted to high-altitude conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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