International Journal of Plant Biology

13 pages, 1669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Citrus Essential Oils in the Control of the Anthracnose-Causing Fungus Colletotrichum okinawense in Papaya Fruits

by Cássia Roberta de Oliveira Moraes, Aldino Neto Venancio, Marcos Paz Saraiva Camara, Cíntia dos Santos Bento, Luciana Alves Parreira, Mario Ferreira Conceição Santos and Luciano Menini

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020050 - 13 May 2025

Abstract

Among the numerous diseases that affect papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation, anthracnose, caused by a complex of fungi from the genus Colletotrichum spp., stands out, primarily due to its damage to the commercial part of the papaya, the fruit, specifically the pulp. Although [...] Read more.

Among the numerous diseases that affect papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation, anthracnose, caused by a complex of fungi from the genus Colletotrichum spp., stands out, primarily due to its damage to the commercial part of the papaya, the fruit, specifically the pulp. Although chemical control with synthetic molecules is the most commonly used method to combat anthracnose, it is not the most appropriate solution. The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemical products results in numerous harmful effects on the environment, the health of farmers, and the final consumers. Given these circumstances, the objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from Citrus aurantium var. dulcis L., known as sweet orange, Citrus limon (L.), known as Sicilian lemon, and the major compound present in these oils, limonene, against the pathogens Colletotrichum okinawense, which cause anthracnose in papaya fruits. The percentage inhibition of mycelial growth was evaluated on the seventh day, with estimates of 50% and 90% inhibition, to compare the inhibitory effect among the fungal isolates. Chromatographic analysis revealed that sweet orange EO contains myrcene and limonene. Sicilian lemon essential oil includes myrcene, limonene, α- and β-pinene, and γ-terpinene. Both EOs and limonene exhibited activity against C. okinawense. The 50 µL/mL concentration was the most effective in inhibiting growth. The EOs and limonene showed similar IC₅₀ values, with limonene at 48 µL/mL, Sicilian lemon EO at 51 µL/mL, and sweet orange EO at 57 µL/mL. Full article

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20 pages, 1965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Container Volume and Cuttings Size on the Growth Parameters of Seedlings with a Closed Root System of Two Poplar Genotypes in the Voronezh Region

by Peter Evlakov, Alexey Tseplyaev, Anna Popova, Vladimir Zapletin, Vladlena Ryzhkova, Lyudmila Repnikova and Konstantin Zhuzhukin

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020049 - 12 May 2025

Abstract

This study examined the bioproductivity of two poplar genotypes propagated by single-tree stem cuttings. The experiment compared variants using cuttings of different lengths (10–22 cm) and containers with volumes from 1 to 3 L. It was found that the best growth performance of [...] Read more.

This study examined the bioproductivity of two poplar genotypes propagated by single-tree stem cuttings. The experiment compared variants using cuttings of different lengths (10–22 cm) and containers with volumes from 1 to 3 L. It was found that the best growth performance of seedlings in height according to the traditional container technology (70.6 ± 5.5–111.5 ± 5.0 cm) was observed in the intersectional hybrid of poplar ‘E.s.-38’ (genotype 1). The predominance of the genotype factor over the technology of rooting cuttings was established. The fast-growing genotype 1, E.s.-38, had higher productivity and plant height indices, suggesting it as a variety that can allow for the growth of standard planting material in containers in one season. For genotype 1, the length of cuttings was 10–14 cm when the container volume was increased to 3 L, which could increase the number of cuttings from one mother plant by 2–3 times. The revealed correlations between the height of the seedling and the diameter of the increment, as well as the analysis of the proportions of plant organs, showed that biological features of the rooting of stem cuttings depended on the genotype of poplars. The natural type G2 was characterized by the prevalence of root system growth over the growth of other organs; in the case of short cuttings, the proportion of leaves increased in plants to enhance photosynthesis and ensure rhizogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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8 pages, 4691 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

An Effective Protocol for Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration in an Indica Rice Cultivar RD43

by Pundanai Chitphet, Nuttha Sanevas, Supachai Vuttipongchaikij and Narong Wongkantrakorn

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020048 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for billions of people globally. Rice cultivar RD43 has been recognized for its health benefits but has faced declining productivity due to climate change. Plant tissue culture serves as a powerful tool for studying [...] Read more.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for billions of people globally. Rice cultivar RD43 has been recognized for its health benefits but has faced declining productivity due to climate change. Plant tissue culture serves as a powerful tool for studying and improving rice cultivars, yet a standardized protocol for rice cv. RD43 is lacking. This study aims to establish an efficient plant tissue culture protocol for rice cv. RD43 by evaluating concentrations of plant growth regulators for callus induction, proliferation, and regeneration. Callus induction was most effective with 4.0 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), while callus proliferation was effective with 2.0 mg/L of 2,4-D. Furthermore, 2.0 mg/L of 6-benzyladenine (BA) yielded the highest plant regeneration, achieving a 50% regeneration rate and producing 9.60 shoots per callus. These findings lay the groundwork for a robust tissue culture protocol for rice cv. RD43 as a means for advanced breeding studies and contributing to global food security amid climate change challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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21 pages, 12264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Partitioning of Diurnal Stem CO₂ Efflux into Local Stem Respiration and Xylem Transport Processes

by Kolby J. Jardine, Regison Oliveira, Parsa Ajami, Ryan Knox, Charlie Koven, Bruno Gimenez, Gustavo Spanner, Jeffrey Warren, Nate McDowell, Guillaume Tcherkez and Jeffrey Chambers

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020046 - 30 Apr 2025

Abstract

The apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ) of tree stems, defined as the ratio of net stem CO₂ efflux (E_{S_CO2}) to net stem O₂ influx (E_{S_O2}), offers insights into the balance between local respiratory CO₂ production and CO [...] Read more.

The apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ) of tree stems, defined as the ratio of net stem CO₂ efflux (E_{S_CO2}) to net stem O₂ influx (E_{S_O2}), offers insights into the balance between local respiratory CO₂ production and CO₂ transported via the xylem. Traditional static chamber methods for measuring ARQ can introduce artifacts and obscure natural diurnal variations. Here, we employed an open flow-through stem chamber with ambient air coupled with cavity ring-down spectrometry, which uses the molecular properties of CO₂ and O₂ molecules to continuously measure E_{S_CO2}, E_{S_O2}, and ARQ, at the base of a California cherry tree (Prunus ilicifolia) during the 2024 growing season. Measurements across three stem chambers over 3–11-day periods revealed strong correlations between E_{S_CO2} and E_{S_O2} and mean ARQ values ranging from 1.3 to 2.9, far exceeding previous reports. Two distinct diurnal ARQ patterns were observed: daytime suppression with nighttime recovery, and a morning peak followed by gradual decline. Partitioning E_{S_CO2} into local respiration and xylem-transported CO₂ indicated that the latter can dominate when ARQ exceeds 2.0. Furthermore, transported CO₂ exhibited a higher temperature sensitivity than local respiration, with both processes showing declining temperature sensitivity above 20 °C. These findings underscore the need to differentiate stem CO₂ flux components to improve our understanding of whole-tree carbon cycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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16 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lotus tenuis in Association with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Is More Tolerant to Partial Submergence than to High-Intensity Defoliation

by Ileana García

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020047 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the association of Lotus tenuis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on its development under high defoliation intensity or partial submergence in a P-deficient soil of the Salado River Basin in a pot experiment. L. tenuis [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the association of Lotus tenuis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on its development under high defoliation intensity or partial submergence in a P-deficient soil of the Salado River Basin in a pot experiment. L. tenuis mycorrhizal plants showed higher tolerance to partial submergence (91%) than to high defoliation intensity (57%). Shoot biomass was the highest in mycorrhizal non-stressed and submerged plants (11.71 g and 12.06 g, respectively), and decreased by 38% in defoliated plants. Both stress conditions caused a negative effect on root growth of plants with or without AMF. High-intensity defoliation can be considered the most stressful scenario for mycorrhizal L. tenuis plants and AMF play a more marked role in P nutrition. Under submergence, AMF caused a net effect on L. tenuis growth, improving carbon and P resource distribution to sustain shoot growth and elongation. Root AMF colonization and nodulation decreased under submergence. High arbuscular colonization percentages were reached under both stress conditions, indicating that the symbiosis may be functional. L. tenuis roots can act as a reservoir of the fungal community under severe stress conditions, allowing the preservation of the AMF inoculum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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15 pages, 3487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Translocation Pattern as Potential Glyphosate Resistance Mechanism in Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) Populations from Lower Saxony

by Markus Radziewicz, Dirk M. Wolber, Thomas Pütz and Diana Hofmann

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020045 - 16 Apr 2025

Abstract

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used. After years of extensive usage, many weed species have developed resistance due to both target-site (TSR) and non-target-site resistance mechanisms (NTSRs). Alopecurus myosuroides is a competitive weed species. Greenhouse monitoring trials in Germany have revealed reduced [...] Read more.

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used. After years of extensive usage, many weed species have developed resistance due to both target-site (TSR) and non-target-site resistance mechanisms (NTSRs). Alopecurus myosuroides is a competitive weed species. Greenhouse monitoring trials in Germany have revealed reduced glyphosate efficacy against some populations of Alopecurus myosuroides. In a foregoing dose–response study, individual plants from four out of six tested populations survived full (1800 g a.i. ha⁻¹) or double (3600 g a.i. ha⁻¹) glyphosate dose rates permitted, suggesting the presence of tolerant biotypes with yet unknown resistance mechanisms. Our aim was to investigate the absorption and translocation patterns of glyphosate in these biotypes. The plants were first treated with ¹⁴C-glyphosate, and ¹⁴C-glyphosate absorption and translocation were subsequently visualized by phosphorimaging and finally quantified by liquid scintillation counting. The results showed significant differences in the distribution of glyphosate in different plant organs, with significantly more being translocated out of the treated leaf in glyphosate-resistant compared to sensitive (S-) biotypes. The study’s findings are partly in contrast to previous studies that have found reduced translocation. Our study demonstrates the complex nature of glyphosate resistance and suggests further experiments to finally elucidate the underlying resistance mechanisms in the biotypes of the Alopecurus myosuroides studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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13 pages, 2364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Moss Walls for Air Quality Monitoring: Extending Their Utility Beyond Traditional Green Infrastructure

by Gana Gecheva, Zhana Petkova, Stoyan Damyanov, Deyana Georgieva, Vesselin Baev, Mariyana Gozmanova, Elena Apostolova-Kuzova and Galina Yahubyan

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020044 - 14 Apr 2025

Abstract

Moss walls are acknowledged, though not widely, for their urban environmental benefits: humidity control, noise reduction, and air filtration. In this pioneering study, three outdoor living moss walls were installed in separate urban green spaces in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. One and five months later, [...] Read more.

Moss walls are acknowledged, though not widely, for their urban environmental benefits: humidity control, noise reduction, and air filtration. In this pioneering study, three outdoor living moss walls were installed in separate urban green spaces in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. One and five months later, the primary moss species used, Hypnum cupressiforme, a well-established biomonitor, was analyzed for 12 potentially toxic elements. The content of all measured elements increased, with zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) showing the most significant rises—17-fold and 3-fold, respectively. The element accumulation is believed to originate from industrial activities related to non-ferrous metals. In addition to accumulating toxic elements, the moss exhibited physiological responses to environmental stress. Total lipids and tocopherols, lipophilic antioxidants produced exclusively by photosynthetic organisms, showed adaptive changes. As a molecular biomarker, the expression of the rbcL gene, which encodes the largest subunit of Rubisco, was analyzed, and showed a correlation with the Ecological Risk Index derived from the moss wall data. While living moss walls have been used to some extent to enhance urban aesthetics and improve air quality, this study is the first to highlight their potential as tools for air quality monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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20 pages, 5204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Metabolomic Profiling of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Reveals Biomarkers Involved in Viral Disease Detection and Monitoring

by Aggrey Keya Osogo, Clabe Wekesa, Francis N. Muyekho, Hassan Karakacha Were and Patrick Okoth

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020043 - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Common bean production is crucial in Western Kenya due to its economic, nutritional, environmental, and cultural importance. However, challenges such as diseases, especially viral diseases, cause significant crop losses. This study sought to identify potential biomarkers for BCMV and BCMNV viral diseases by [...] Read more.

Common bean production is crucial in Western Kenya due to its economic, nutritional, environmental, and cultural importance. However, challenges such as diseases, especially viral diseases, cause significant crop losses. This study sought to identify potential biomarkers for BCMV and BCMNV viral diseases by analyzing small molecule metabolites in diseased common bean systems and gain an understanding of related metabolic pathways. Virus-free Rosecoco bean cultivars were planted and exposed to BCMV and BCMNV in specific regions, with healthy plants serving as controls. Diseased and healthy leaves were collected for metabolite extraction and analyzed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. A total of 354 metabolites were identified across seven pathways, with 51 upregulated metabolites, primarily from fatty acids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Ten metabolites were differentially expressed, with the molecular structures of two successfully determined. These metabolites serve as potential biomarkers for viral disease detection, monitoring, and resistance in common beans. The findings highlight the role of fatty acids and terpenoids, as well as the importance of regional variability in plant hormone regulation in response to stress, suggesting that further research into these pathways will be essential for understanding plant defense mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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16 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photosynthetic Adaptation in Poplar Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress: Integrating Molecular, Physiological, and Biotechnological Perspectives

by Dong Wang, Pawan Kumar Jewaria and Jianwei Xiao

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020042 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the context of global climate change, the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is of increasing concern. Poplars are widely planted because of their fast growth and environmental adaptability. We reviewed the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on photosynthesis [...] Read more.

In the context of global climate change, the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is of increasing concern. Poplars are widely planted because of their fast growth and environmental adaptability. We reviewed the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on photosynthesis in poplar, focusing on the damage caused by adversity conditions to photosynthetic apparatus, which leads to decreased carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage. The mechanisms of photosynthesis response to stress in poplar are reviewed, especially the role of genes regulation in regulating photosynthetic efficiency. These findings are particularly important for improving the resilience of poplar under changing environmental conditions. In addition, we discussed a range of strategies to enhance photosynthesis in poplar under stress, such as genetic engineering and synthetic biology. These approaches provide theoretical guidance for improving the resilience of poplar and insights for improving other crops facing similar challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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21 pages, 4809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of TaMYB Transcription Factor Genes Revealed Possible Early-Stage Selection for Heat Tolerance in Wheat

by Manu Maya Magar, Hui Liu and Guijun Yan

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020041 - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

Wheat quality and quantity are challenged by increasing global temperature, which poses an urgent need for heat tolerance breeding in wheat. The identification of seedling-stage factors highly associated with reproductive-stage performance can enable early-stage selection and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding. [...] Read more.

Wheat quality and quantity are challenged by increasing global temperature, which poses an urgent need for heat tolerance breeding in wheat. The identification of seedling-stage factors highly associated with reproductive-stage performance can enable early-stage selection and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding. This study investigated the myeloblastosis (MYB) gene family, one of the largest transcription factor (TF) gene families in plants, for its response to seedling- and reproductive-stage heat stress in wheat. Genome-wide analysis of MYB TF genes identified 876 TaMYB genes, and 48 genes were selected for qRT-PCR expression analysis based on in silico expression analysis under abiotic stresses. Correlation analysis of the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) expression pattern of selected TaMYB genes in a heat-tolerant genotype (Perenjori) and two heat-sensitive genotypes (Brazil32 and Yitpi) at the seedling stage and grain-filling stage identified five TaMYB genes (TaMYB-327, TaMYB-049, TaMYB-030, TaMYB-226, and TaMYB-023) for the early-stage selection of heat tolerance and four TaMYB genes (TaMYB-232, TaMYB-343, TaMYB-305, and TaMYB399) for the early-stage selection of heat sensitivity in wheat. As important stress-responsive genes, these MYB genes showed similar expression patterns between early and late developmental stages, indicating the existence of a correlation for heat tolerance at the two stages, and therefore providing the theoretical basis for the early selection of heat tolerance in wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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15 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cannabis sativa L. Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable-Element Landscapes in Wild-Type (JL) and Domesticated Genome (CBDRx)

by Mariana Quiroga, Clara Crociara, Esteban Schenfeld, Franco Daniel Fernández, Juan Crescente, Leonardo Vanzetti and Marcelo Helguera

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020040 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. is a globally cultivated plant with significant industrial, nutritional, and medicinal value. Its genome, comprising nine autosomes and sex chromosomes (X and Y), has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of precise breeding for specific enduses. Recent advances have [...] Read more.

Cannabis sativa L. is a globally cultivated plant with significant industrial, nutritional, and medicinal value. Its genome, comprising nine autosomes and sex chromosomes (X and Y), has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of precise breeding for specific enduses. Recent advances have facilitated genome-wide analyses through platforms like the NCBI Comparative Genome Viewer (CGV) and CannabisGDB, among others, enabling comparative studies across multiple Cannabis genotypes. Despite the abundance of genomic data, a particular group of transposable elements, known as miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), remains underexplored in Cannabis. These elements are non-autonomous class II DNA transposons characterized by high copy numbers and insertion preference in non-coding regions, potentially affecting gene expression. In the present study, we report the sequence annotation of MITEs in wild-type and domesticated Cannabis genomes obtained using the MITE Tracker software. We also develop a simple and innovative protocol to identify genome-specific MITE families, offering valuable tools for future research on marker development focused on important genetic variation for breeding in Cannabis sativa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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16 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Allometric Models to Estimate Aboveground Biomass of Individual Trees of Eucalyptus saligna Sm in Young Plantations in Ecuador

by Raúl Ramos-Veintimilla, Hernán J. Andrade, Roy Vera-Velez, José Esparza-Parra, Pedro Panama-Perugachi, Milena Segura and Jorge Grijalva-Olmedo

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020039 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Nature-based solutions (NbS), particularly through forest biomass, are crucial in mitigating climate change. While forest plantations play a critical role in carbon capture, the absence of species-specific biomass estimation models presents a significant challenge. This research focuses on developing allometric models [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Nature-based solutions (NbS), particularly through forest biomass, are crucial in mitigating climate change. While forest plantations play a critical role in carbon capture, the absence of species-specific biomass estimation models presents a significant challenge. This research focuses on developing allometric models to accurately estimate the aboveground biomass of Eucalyptus saligna Sm in Ecuador’s Lower Montane thorny steppe. (2) Methods: Conducted at the Tunshi Experimental Station of ESPOCH in Chimborazo, Ecuador, the research involved 46 trees to formulate biomass predictive models using both destructive and non-destructive methods. Sixteen generic models were tested using the ordinary least squares method. (3) Results: The most effective allometric equation for estimating six-year-old E. saligna biomass was Ln(B) = −0.952 + 1.97∗Ln(dbh), where B = biomass in kg/tree, and dbh = diameter at breast height in cm. This model represents a valuable contribution to improve biomass and carbon estimates in mitigation projects in Ecuador. (4) Conclusions: The tested models stand out for their simplicity, requiring only dbh as input, and demonstrate high accuracy and fit to contribute to the field of climate change mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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13 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Sustainable Cultivation Practices and Advanced Extraction Methods for Improved Cannabis Yield and Cannabinoid Production

by Theerayut Thawonkit, Nednapa Insalud, Rapeephun Dangtungee and Prakash Bhuyar

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020038 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

The rising global demand for medicinal cannabis necessitates the optimization of cultivation, harvesting, and extraction techniques to maximize cannabinoid yield and purity. This study investigates the Foi Thong Phu Pha Yon strain under controlled environmental conditions, evaluating the effects of temperature, humidity, CO [...] Read more.

The rising global demand for medicinal cannabis necessitates the optimization of cultivation, harvesting, and extraction techniques to maximize cannabinoid yield and purity. This study investigates the Foi Thong Phu Pha Yon strain under controlled environmental conditions, evaluating the effects of temperature, humidity, CO₂ concentration, and light exposure on plant growth and cannabinoid biosynthesis. A total of 170 seeds were germinated, with an 85% germination success rate, and various growth strategies, including soil composition, nutrient application, and irrigation methods, were tested to determine the most effective approach. The research findings indicate that vegetative growth was optimal at 27 °C, 70% humidity, and 1200 ppm CO₂ while flowering required a reduced temperature (22 °C), lower humidity (50%), and elevated CO₂ levels (1900 ppm) to enhance cannabinoid production and prevent disease. Furthermore, harvest timing significantly influenced CBD yield, with peak cannabinoid content observed when 80% of trichomes were cloudy white. Over two growing cycles, this study produced 43,200 g of fresh buds, resulting in 7560 g of dried cannabis buds. The extraction process, utilizing dynamic maceration with 95% ethanol, followed by winterization and chromatography, yielded 2343.60 g of cannabis extract, including 589.68 g of CBD, with an average purity of 86.599%. Advanced techniques such as flash chromatography and distillation further refined the CBD isolate, ensuring pharmaceutical-grade quality. These findings highlight the effectiveness of precise environmental control, strategic harvesting, and advanced extraction methodologies in optimizing cannabis production. This research provides valuable insights for agricultural researchers, policymakers, and the pharmaceutical industry, supporting sustainable cultivation practices and improved product quality in the expanding medicinal cannabis market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)

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13 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rhizobium sp. as a Growth Inducer of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Determining the Qualitative Chemical Composition of Its Ethyl Acetate Extract Using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

by Giselle Hernández, Yoania Ríos, Trina H. García, Yusset Louis, Iraida Spengler and Yarelis Ortiz

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010037 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is one of the most important legumes for human consumption due to its contents of proteins, antioxidants, minerals, and bioactive compounds. In the last decade, there has been a growing research interest in increasing yields while reducing or replacing the [...] Read more.

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is one of the most important legumes for human consumption due to its contents of proteins, antioxidants, minerals, and bioactive compounds. In the last decade, there has been a growing research interest in increasing yields while reducing or replacing the use of chemical fertilizers. This has led to a focus on plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizers in sustainable agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to determine the growth-promoting activity of a culture broth of the Gram-negative soil bacteria Rhizobium sp. (F7), which is conserved in the Collection of Beneficial Bacteria at the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture (INIFAT), and to identify the main secondary metabolites present in the ethyl acetate crude extract using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The growth-promoting activity of the culture broth on Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds was evaluated. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate from the culture broth, and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify secondary metabolites. The results indicated that the culture broth of Rhizobium sp. exhibited an in vitro growth-stimulating effect. Furthermore, ten secondary metabolites were identified in the ethyl acetate extract (p-coumaric acid, indole-3-lactic acid, naringenin, and siderophores B and C, among others). These findings highlight the bioactive metabolites produced by Rhizobium sp., a bacterial strain of the INIFAT collection, which have a positive effect as growth promoters in plants. They reveal the potential of Rhizobium sp. as a promising candidate for inclusion in agricultural management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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17 pages, 5179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salinity-Induced VOC Modulation and Physiological Adaptations in Adenosma indiana

by Jinnawat Manasathien, Woraporn Laojinda and Piyanut Khanema

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010036 - 19 Mar 2025

Abstract

Saline environments shape plant metabolism, driving ecological and biochemical adaptations. This study investigated the impact of salinity on Adenosma indiana (Indian scent-wort), a medicinal herb known for its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, to elucidate its adaptive strategies. During [...] Read more.

Saline environments shape plant metabolism, driving ecological and biochemical adaptations. This study investigated the impact of salinity on Adenosma indiana (Indian scent-wort), a medicinal herb known for its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, to elucidate its adaptive strategies. During the flowering stage, samples were collected from four saline microhabitats in Kalasin Province, Thailand. We analyzed soil properties, plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, compatible solutes (anthocyanins, proline, total sugars), and elemental concentrations (K, Na, Ca, Mg) across different tissues. Results showed that A. indiana maintained stable growth while enhancing chlorophyll and β-carotene levels under increasing salinity. GC-MS identified 47 VOCs, including 3-cyclopenten-1-one (first reported in this species) and β-bisabolene, both strongly linked to soil salinity. In low-salinity soils, leaves accumulated high sodium, inducing osmoprotectants (proline, total sugars) and VOCs (D-limonene, α-pinene, terpinolene, 1-octen-3-ol) in peltate glandular trichomes. Conversely, in high-salinity soils, lower leaf sodium levels were associated with increased β-bisabolene and β-caryophyllene production, suggesting distinct biochemical pathways. These findings reveal salinity-driven VOC modulation in A. indiana, highlighting its adaptive potential for medicinal applications in saline environments and its role as a source of salt-tolerant bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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25 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Response of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato) to Phytophthora infestans and Aspergillus niger

by Tavershima Moses Anakaa, Odunayo Joseph Olawuyi and Segun Gbolagade Jonathan

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010035 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

There is limited information on the genetic response of tomato cultivars to pathogens. This study investigated the genetic mechanism of tomato that confers tolerance against Phytophthora infestans (Ph) and Aspergills niger (Asp) infection using different tomato accessions. Also, the [...] Read more.

There is limited information on the genetic response of tomato cultivars to pathogens. This study investigated the genetic mechanism of tomato that confers tolerance against Phytophthora infestans (Ph) and Aspergills niger (Asp) infection using different tomato accessions. Also, the study examined the effect of Ph and Asp infection on the morphology and the chromosome number of the infected tomatoes. Thirty tomato seed accessions were grown in a screen house, using a complete randomized design in triplicate, and evaluated for tolerance to both pathogens using a disease severity rating scale of 1 (highly tolerant) to 6 (highly susceptible), while chromosome assessment was performed using Carnoy’s protocol. Morphological data of 28 characteristics were collected using an IPGRI descriptor, while variance components, genetic advance (GA), and heritability were estimated for treated tomatoes and controls using the R statistical program. Accession NHT0254b, which was highly tolerant to Ph (1.00 ± 0.00) and Asp (1.33 ± 0.58), was diploid (2n = 2x = 24). The Ph-treated NHT0343a was moderately susceptible (3.67 ± 2.31), with 2n = 2x = 23, while NGB00711 was moderately susceptible (4.33 ± 1.16) with 2n = 2x = 22 after Asp treatment, indicating aneuploidy. In Ph treatment, cumulative fruit weight (CFW) had the highest environmental variance (1509.57), while number of seeds (NS) showed the highest genotypic variance (8.22). In Asp treatment, NS exhibited the highest genetic advance (2.97), while CFW had the highest phenotypic variance (754.91). Heritability estimates showed that fruit length (63.0%), the size of core (65.0%), and number of chambers (60.0%) were tolerant to Ph, while only fruit length (56.0%) was tolerant to Asp in terms of yield characteristics. Thus, tolerant accessions and traits are recommended for selection and genetic improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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18 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Salinity Stress in Pea Plants with Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

by Ekaterina Yotsova, Martin Stefanov, Georgi Rashkov, Anelia Dobrikova and Emilia Apostolova

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010034 - 8 Mar 2025

Abstract

Changes in the environment have a significant impact on photosynthetic efficiency, which in turn influences plant growth and yield. Consequently, there is a greater focus on methods to enhance photosynthetic efficiency with the goal of raising plant productivity. In this study, the effects [...] Read more.

Changes in the environment have a significant impact on photosynthetic efficiency, which in turn influences plant growth and yield. Consequently, there is a greater focus on methods to enhance photosynthetic efficiency with the goal of raising plant productivity. In this study, the effects of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) on pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) subjected to moderate salt stress by the addition of 100 mM NaCl to the nutrient solution were investigated. Two concentrations of NPs (50 mg/L and 100 mg/L) were applied through foliar spray on pea leaves. Data showed that NPs prevent salt-induced membrane damage, growth inhibition, and the increase in hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. An analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence curves revealed that TiO₂ NPs decreased the effects of NaCl on the reduction in the open photosystem II centers (corresponding with qp) and their efficiency (Φexc), as well as the activity of the oxygen-evolving complex (Fv/Fo). The co-treatment with TiO₂ NPs and NaCl also improved the photochemical energy conversion of photosystem II (Φ_PSII), alleviated the interaction of Q_A⁻ with plastoquinone, and enhanced electron transport activity and the rate of photosynthesis, compared to the plants treated with NaCl only. Additionally, NPs application under salt stress stimulated cyclic electron transport around photosystem I, thus protecting its photochemical activity. These protective effects of NPs were more pronounced at a concentration of 100 mg/L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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17 pages, 2948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimization of In Vitro Culture Establishment and Shoot Proliferation of “GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium): A Novel Cherry Rootstock

by Ikra Manzoor, Khalid Mushtaq Bhat, Mohammad Amin Mir, Narendran M. Nair, Aashiq Hussain Pandit, Ume Kulsum, Shoeb Quadri, Smithal Deshmukh and Taras Pasternak

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010033 - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

“GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium) is a novel cherry clonal rootstock with the ability to bear fruit early and resist replant situations, and it has a high tolerance to the menaces of Prunus dwarf virus (PDV) and Prunus necrotic [...] Read more.

“GiSelA 17” (Prunus canescens × Prunus avium) is a novel cherry clonal rootstock with the ability to bear fruit early and resist replant situations, and it has a high tolerance to the menaces of Prunus dwarf virus (PDV) and Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV). In this study, two kinds of explants were taken, i.e., shoot tip (E1) (10 mm) and nodal segment (E2) (15 mm) explants. Five different sterilant regimes using sodium hypochlorite, mercuric chloride, and ethyl alcohol were employed to assess surface sterilization. Two types of media, namely Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and twelve and six plant growth regulator combinations with benzyl amino purine (BAP) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were used, respectively, for the establishment and proliferation steps. The results show that maximum culture asepsis (75.33%) was obtained with shoot tips (E1) using 0.05% HgCl₂ for 5 min + 70% ethanol for 10 s (S4), and maximum explant survival (80.33%) was observed in 0.1% HgCl₂ for 5 min (S1) for shoot tips (E1). The maximum establishment rate (83.33%) was found in shoot tips (E1) in MS medium with BAP + IBA (1 + 0.01 mg/L) during the establishment step, with a maximum proliferation rate of 92.00% obtained in MS and BAP (0.75 mg/L). Inferior establishment results (26.66%) were obtained in nodal segments (E2) using WPM and BAP + IBA (1.50 + 0.01 mg/L), with a low proliferation rate (68.66%) in WPM and BAP + IBA (0.25 + 0.01 mg/L). Nonetheless, our research is the first in vitro study on “GiSelA 17” rootstock that focuses on generating the best quality planting material for commercial cherry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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22 pages, 2702 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Importance of the Glomus Genus as a Potential Candidate for Sustainable Agriculture Under Arid Environments: A Review

by Redouane Ouhaddou, Mohamed Anli, Raja Ben-Laouane, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Marouane Baslam and Abdelilah Meddich

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010032 - 3 Mar 2025

Cited by 3

Abstract

Drought and salinity are major factors that hinder crop cultivation and significantly impair agricultural productivity, particularly in (semi)arid regions. These two abiotic constraints cause deterioration in soil structure and reduced fertility and hamper plant growth by limiting access to mineral elements and water, [...] Read more.

Drought and salinity are major factors that hinder crop cultivation and significantly impair agricultural productivity, particularly in (semi)arid regions. These two abiotic constraints cause deterioration in soil structure and reduced fertility and hamper plant growth by limiting access to mineral elements and water, thereby threatening global food security. What’s more, the excessive, long-term use of chemical fertilizers to boost crop productivity can disrupt the balance of agricultural ecosystems, particularly soil health. Faced with these challenges, the sustainable exploitation of natural resources, in particular rhizospheric microorganisms, is an environmentally friendly solution. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an important role as biofertilizers due to their symbiotic relationship with the roots of nearly 80% of plants. They promote not only the growth of host plants but also their resistance to abiotic stresses. Among these fungi, the Glomus genus stands out for its predominance in plants’ rhizosphere thanks to its richness in high-performance species and ecological adaptability. This review highlights the importance of species within this genus in soils, particularly in terrestrial ecosystems subject to (semi-)arid climates. Molecular mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to drought and salt stress in symbiosis with species of the Glomus genus are also explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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