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Fermentation, Volume 11, Issue 12

2025 December - 52 articles

Cover Story: Optimizing diet formulation to control methane emissions from cattle has been of great interest but has remained unachieved. This study developed a simple and practical in vitro fermentation system using rumen fluid to estimate the methane production potential of individual feed ingredients, as well as mixed diets. The system simulates the dynamics of ruminal digestion and calculates the effective ruminal methane production rate (eRMR), expressed in milliliters per gram of dry matter. Importantly, these lab-based eRMR values closely matched actual methane emissions measured in cattle in two separate feeding trials. This innovative system provides a reliable and efficient way to predict methane emissions from cattle diets and helps design feeding strategies to mitigate them. View this paper
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Articles (52)

  • Article
  • Open Access
574 Views
16 Pages

Producing Chlorella vulgaris in Ricotta Cheese Whey Substrate

  • Nahuel Casá,
  • Paola Alvarez,
  • Ricardo Mateucci,
  • Maximiliano Argumedo Moix and
  • Marina de Escalada Pla

Ricotta cheese whey (RCW) is a by-product with nutritional potential, but its use in the human diet is limited due to its high salinity. Chlorella vulgaris can use RCW as a substrate to enhance biomass productivity. The aim of this work was to evalua...

  • Article
  • Open Access
718 Views
20 Pages

In this study, nine different Propionibacterium freudenreichii strains were isolated from Kars Gravyer produced by traditional methods in Turkey and identified by sequencing the 16S–23S intergenic region using species-specific primers. The isol...

  • Article
  • Open Access
608 Views
18 Pages

Biohydrogen production can be derived from low-value lignocellulosic biomass; however, in many biohydrogen producing systems, xylose is utilized less efficiently than glucose, which limits overall substrate conversion. To address this issue, Fe/Mn-mo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
714 Views
20 Pages

High organic loading is known to destabilize anaerobic digestion (AD). This study compared bioaugmentation and pH adjustment under increasing organic loading rate (OLR: 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 gVS L−1 d−1), focusing on the responses of microbial...

  • Article
  • Open Access
705 Views
15 Pages

Silymarin in the Diet of Dairy Cows and Its Impacts on Liver Health, Ruminal Fermentation, Productive Performance, and Milk Quality

  • Pablo Vinicius Novakoski,
  • Luisa Nora,
  • Guilherme Luiz Deolindo,
  • Gilnei Bruno da Silva,
  • Daiane Manica,
  • Margarete Dulce Bagatini and
  • Aleksandro Schafer da Silva

The search for natural alternatives that improve the productive efficiency and metabolic state of dairy cows has driven the use of phytogenic compounds such as silymarin, a flavonolignan extracted from Silybum marianum L. Gaertn with recognized antio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,016 Views
16 Pages

Goat milk can be a vehicle for beneficial microorganisms, such as probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB). During lactic fermentation, the hydrolysis of milk proteins can improve their nutritional properties and sensory attributes and even have benefici...

  • Review
  • Open Access
833 Views
20 Pages

Epipolythiodioxopiperazines: From Chemical Architectures to Biological Activities and Ecological Significance—A Comprehensive Review

  • Qingqing Zhang,
  • Mingyang Jia,
  • Hongyi Li,
  • Tingting Shi,
  • Ying Xu,
  • Taili Zhao,
  • Lixin Zhang,
  • Peipei Zhao and
  • Xuekui Xia

Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs), characterized by a diketopiperazine (DKP) core bridged by disulfide or polysulfide bonds, exhibit exceptional structural diversity and functional adaptability. This review comprehensively explores their multifacete...

  • Article
  • Open Access
807 Views
17 Pages

Bioyogurt Enriched with Provitamin A Carotenoids and Fiber: Bioactive Properties and Stability

  • Camila Bernal-Castro,
  • Ángel David Camargo-Herrera,
  • Carolina Gutiérrez-Cortés and
  • Consuelo Díaz-Moreno

Recent research has focused on yogurts supplemented with plant-derived and apiculture ingredients to enhance functional properties. This study evaluates the symbiotic potential of provitamin A carotenoids, dietary fiber, and oligosaccharides from car...

  • Article
  • Open Access
566 Views
18 Pages

Intraspecific Diversity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Associated with Traditional Fermented Beverages in Chiapas, Mexico

  • Maritza Tawas-Penagos,
  • Ruth Percino-Daniel,
  • José Alberto Narváez-Zapata,
  • René Quezada-Romero,
  • Anne Christine Gschaedler-Mathis and
  • Alma Gabriela Verdugo-Valdez

Traditional fermented beverages from Chiapas, Mexico, represent an important source of microbial diversity, particularly of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In native strains isolated from traditional fermented beverages, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
564 Views
14 Pages

Adding Digestive Enzymes to Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cattle Manure and Industrial Corn Grain Waste

  • Laís Medeiros Cintra,
  • Roberta Passini,
  • Luana Alves Akamine,
  • Kedinna Dias de Sousa,
  • Frank Freire Capuchinho,
  • Sérgio Botelho de Oliveira and
  • Silvia Robles Reis Duarte

Brazil is one of the world’s largest producers of grains and cattle, activities that generate a large amount of organic waste, which has high potential for biogas and methane production. Cattle manure (CM) and industrial waste from corn process...

  • Review
  • Open Access
798 Views
27 Pages

Yeast-Derived Biomolecules as Green Nanoplatforms for Sustainable Lignocellulosic Biorefineries

  • Fabio P. Sanchez Vera,
  • Naiara J. Clerici,
  • Gabriela A. Lourenço,
  • Sara B. Santa Rita,
  • Kiara A. Garcia Bustos,
  • Eduardo Florez Martinez,
  • Guilherme O. Silva,
  • Paulo R. Franco Marcelino,
  • Julio César dos Santos and
  • Silvio S. da Silva

Yeast-derived biomolecules are redefining the boundaries of green nanotechnology. Biosurfactants, exopolysaccharides, enzymes, pigments, proteins, and organic acids—when sourced from carbohydrate-rich lignocellulosic hydrolysates—offer a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
668 Views
14 Pages

Use of Pichia manshurica as a Starter Culture for Spontaneous Cocoa Fermentation in Southern Bahia, Brazil

  • Adriana Barros de Cerqueira e Silva,
  • Eric de Lima Silva Marques,
  • Rachel Passos Rezende,
  • Cristiano Santana,
  • Angelina Moreira Freitas,
  • Maria Clara Bessa Souza,
  • Carine Martins dos Santos,
  • Adriana Cristina Reis Ferreira,
  • Marianna Ramos Soares and
  • Sérgio Eduardo Soares
  • + 6 authors

To improve cocoa fermentation and the quality of its final products, microbial cultures with potential as starters were investigated. Yeasts were considered a promising option due to their adaptability to biotechnological processes and ease of labora...

  • Article
  • Open Access
611 Views
12 Pages

Evaluation of Plant Essential Oils as Natural Alternatives to Monensin in In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation

  • Amelia Barbosa Lima,
  • Kemmily Lima de Almeida,
  • Bruna Eduarda Teixeira de Lima,
  • Khalid Haddi,
  • Ludmila Couto Gomes Passetti,
  • Gustavo Leão Rosado and
  • Cláudia Braga Pereira Bento

Extensive growth promoter use in livestock production has raised concerns about their role in selective pressure on resistant microorganisms, driving interest in natural alternatives such as essential oils (EOs). This study aimed to evaluate the effe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
612 Views
19 Pages

Mulberry (Morus alba) by-products represent underutilized feed resources with potential for ruminant nutrition. This study evaluated the rumen fermentation kinetics and rumen digestibility of dried mulberry pomace (MP) and leaf (ML) to determine opti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
491 Views
12 Pages

Efficient de-redundant colony picking is essential to accelerating strain screening in fermentation microbiology. Conventional random picking is inefficient, exhibits high redundancy, and often misses low-abundance but valuable strains. To address th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
553 Views
19 Pages

Garden waste is a solid waste produced by plant littering or pruning. Improper disposal can easily pollute the environment. The addition of bulking agents (BAs) can improve the efficiency of organic waste composting. In this study, garden waste and d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
544 Views
20 Pages

Caproate Production from Yellow Water Fermentation: The Decisive Roles of Electron Donors

  • Kai Shen,
  • Xing Chen,
  • Jiasheng Shi,
  • Xuedong Zhang,
  • Yaya Sun,
  • He Liu,
  • Salma Tabassum and
  • Hongbo Liu

Caproate is a valuable medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) that is found to be extensively used in biofuel production, food preservation, and the pharmaceutical industries. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from waste streams can be upgraded sustainably thr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,256 Views
16 Pages

Low-Cost Production Process of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast for Craft Beer Fermentation

  • Jessica Rodríguez,
  • Domenica Villavicencio,
  • Alys Raza,
  • Fernanda Hernández-Alomía,
  • Carlos Bastidas-Caldes and
  • María Alejandra Cruz

The production of craft beer depends on the quality and availability of yeast. However, many small breweries in developing countries face high costs due to their reliance on imported yeast strains. Developing efficient and low-cost propagation method...

  • Article
  • Open Access
729 Views
19 Pages

The Influence of Winemaking Processes on the Formation of Biogenic Amines in Wine

  • Karolina Kostelnikova,
  • Mojmir Baron,
  • Michal Kumsta and
  • Jiri Sochor

This study investigated the influence of different winemaking processes, particularly fermentation type and must clarification, on the formation of biogenic amines (BA) in Sauvignon wine. The experiment investigated seven methods of vinification comb...

  • Article
  • Open Access
774 Views
21 Pages

Fermentation of Wheat Bread with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: Study of Changes in Acrylamide and Microbiological Spoilage During Packaging at Different Temperatures

  • Almas Zhanbolat,
  • Ulbala Tungyshbayeva,
  • Zhanat Iskakova,
  • Maryna Mardar,
  • Raushangul Uazhanova,
  • Maxat Iztileuov,
  • Sholpan Amanova,
  • Bakhytkul Assenova,
  • Raushan Izteliyeva and
  • Farida Amutova
  • + 1 author

The safety and shelf life of wheat bread depend not only on recipe formulation and fermentation but also on post-baking handling, particularly the packaging stage. This study focused on evaluating the effect of the temperature of the bread crumb at t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
626 Views
18 Pages

Defatted Soybean Meal-Based Koji Promotes Flavor Development in Deyang Baiwo Soy Sauce: A Comparative Multi-Omics Study

  • Kai-Yao Chen,
  • Na Zhang,
  • Wen-Hu Liu,
  • Cheng Wang,
  • Yong-Qi Hu,
  • Cai-Hong Shen,
  • Li Zeng and
  • Xu Ran

Although the influence of raw material composition on soy sauce koji fermentation is well recognized, the differences in microbial succession and metabolic pathways between whole soybean koji (WSK) and defatted soybean–wheat bran koji (DSK) rem...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,015 Views
21 Pages

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a critical global challenge, requiring novel complementary strategies beyond antibiotic development. Probiotic-fermented foods (PFFs) offer an emerging, low-cost approach to mitigate AMR risk through ecological,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
587 Views
20 Pages

Functional Fortification of Tibicos with Lemon Catnip (Nepeta cataria var. citriodora) Hydrolate: Fermentation Kinetics, Health-Promoting Potentials and Sensory Evaluation

  • Ana Tomić,
  • Olja Šovljanski,
  • Milica Aćimović,
  • Luka Tucakov,
  • Anja Vučetić,
  • Aleksandra Ranitović,
  • Snežana Filip,
  • Staniša Latinović,
  • Jasna Čanadanović-Brunet and
  • Dragoljub Cvetković

The development of plant-based synbiotic beverages is gaining increasing attention as consumers seek sustainable, functional alternatives to dairy products. This preliminary study investigated the fortification of tibicos (water kefir) with lemon cat...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,595 Views
22 Pages

Comprehensive Advances on Probiotic-Fermented Medicine and Food Homology

  • Huijun Dong,
  • Derui Bu,
  • Yutong Cheng,
  • Wen Gao and
  • Fubo Han

In China, the concept of Medicine and Food Homology (MFH) is deeply rooted in the ancient practices of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Nonetheless, challenges persist regarding the low levels of bioactive compounds and limited absorption efficien...

  • Article
  • Open Access
731 Views
17 Pages

Mitigating enteric methane emissions through diet formulation remains a significant challenge in cattle nutrition. This study developed a system to evaluate the methane production potential of feeds, expressed as the effective ruminal methane product...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
848 Views
15 Pages

Enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants contribute significantly to agricultural greenhouse gases. Anti-methanogenic feed additives (AMFA), such as Asparagopsis spp. and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), reduce CH4 emissions by inhibiting methanogen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
737 Views
15 Pages

Candida utilis Biosurfactant from Licuri Oil: Influence of Culture Medium and Emulsion Stability in Food Applications

  • Lívia Xavier de Araújo,
  • Peterson Felipe Ferreira da Silva,
  • Renata Raianny da Silva,
  • Leonie Asfora Sarubbo,
  • Jorge Luíz Silveira Sonego and
  • Jenyffer Medeiros Campos Guerra

Biosurfactants (BSs) are natural, biodegradable compounds crucial for replacing synthetic emulsifiers in the food industry, provided their production costs can be reduced through the use of sustainable and low-cost substrates. This study evaluated th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2,746 Views
15 Pages

High-Protein Diets: Characteristics of Bacterial Fermentation and Its Consequences on Intestinal Health

  • Fatima Omer,
  • Xin Song,
  • Enting Qiao,
  • Xuezhao Sun,
  • Hao Zhang,
  • Mengzhi Wang and
  • Yujia Jing

Although high-protein diets are widespread, the fate of dietary protein, its fermentation by gut microbiota, and the resulting effects on intestinal health are not yet fully understood. This article provides a comprehensive overview of microbial prot...

  • Article
  • Open Access
969 Views
24 Pages

Metabolic and Safety Characterization of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains Isolated from Traditional Rye Sourdough

  • Liis Lutter,
  • Pavel Sahharov,
  • Sana Ben Othman,
  • Lisbeth Luik,
  • Naatan Pikkel,
  • Anna Schneider and
  • Helena Andreson

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a versatile lactic acid bacterium (LAB) with broad ecological and metabolic adaptability, contributing to both technological and probiotic functions. The prevalence and functional diversity of locally adapted L. plant...

  • Article
  • Open Access
622 Views
12 Pages

2G Ethanol Production from a Cellulose Derivative

  • Elton C. Grossi,
  • Romulo D. A. Andrade,
  • Paulo A. Z. Suarez and
  • Sarah S. Brum

The conversion of cellulose into glucose has been a major challenge in improving the competitiveness of 2G ethanol production due to the inefficiency of pre-treatment and the high degree of crystallinity of the cellulose. This study examined the effe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,163 Views
16 Pages

Antifungal Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y48 Postbiotics Combined with Potassium Sorbate in Bread

  • Yasemin Kaya,
  • Sevda Dere,
  • Fatih Bozkurt,
  • Dilara Devecioglu,
  • Funda Karbancioglu-Guler,
  • Mustafa Sengul and
  • Enes Dertli

Mycotoxigenic molds pose a threat to human health and cause economic losses in bread production. To address this issue, postbiotics have emerged as promising natural bioprotective agents due to their antifungal properties. In this study, postbiotics...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
1,141 Views
16 Pages

The growth and development of ruminants are closely linked to the stability and functional capacity of their rumen microbiota. Rumen microbiota transplantation (RMT), which entails the transfer of ruminal microorganisms and their metabolites from hea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
890 Views
23 Pages

The actinobacterial strain Kitasatospora griseola JNUCC 62 was isolated from volcanic wetland soil at Mulyeongari Oreum, Jeju Island, and taxonomically identified through 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome analyses. The complete genome, assembled from Pa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
801 Views
25 Pages

Autochthonous starter and adjunct cultures have gained increasing practical research interest for use in traditional cheese-making in recent years. This study evaluated the performance of a native starter comprising Streptococcus thermophilus ST1 and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
716 Views
18 Pages

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of autochthonous strains (Pediococcus pentosaceus 128b, Latilactobacillus sakei S15, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S91, L. plantarum S24 and Staphylococcus carnosus G109) used as mono and mixed starter cultures...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
844 Views
16 Pages

The rapidly developing food industry necessitates the efficient use of raw materials, which can be achieved through the production of functional ingredients with high nutritional value. Secondary fish raw materials generated during the filleting of A...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,104 Views
18 Pages

Machine Learning-Based Discovery of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus

  • Yuetong Fu,
  • Zeyu Yan,
  • Jingtao Yuan,
  • Yishuai Wang,
  • Wenqiang Zhao,
  • Ziguang Wang,
  • Jingyu Pan,
  • Jing Zhang,
  • Yang Sun and
  • Ling Jiang

The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance, particularly concerning foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and its biofilm contamination, has emerged as a major global challenge to food safety and public health. Biofilm formation signi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,251 Views
19 Pages

Isolation and Partial Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Natural Whey Starter Culture

  • Ida De Chiara,
  • Rosangela Marasco,
  • Milena Della Gala,
  • Alberto Alfano,
  • Darshankumar Parecha,
  • Noemi Costanzo,
  • Chiara Schiraldi and
  • Lidia Muscariello

Natural whey starter (NWS) cultures are microbial consortia characterized by high microbial diversity in terms of genus and species, as well as strains, accounting for the variety of different characteristics and quality of the artisanal fermented fo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,021 Views
13 Pages

D-Allulose is a promising low-calorie rare sugar with significant health benefits. However, its industrial production is hindered by the low catalytic efficiency (≤33% conversion) and unfavorable equilibrium of the key enzyme, D-allulose 3-epimera...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,195 Views
13 Pages

Nutritional and Physicochemical Attributes of Sourdough Breads Fermented with a Novel Pediococcus acidilactici ORE 5 Strain

  • Ioanna Mantzourani,
  • Athanasios Alexopoulos,
  • Gregoria Mitropoulou,
  • Yiannis Kourkoutas and
  • Stavros Plessas

This study evaluated the application of Pediococcus acidilactici ORE 5 (applied in free or immobilized form in a prebiotic matrix called “trahanas”) in sourdough bread production. Specific volumes of all the produced bread samples varied...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,066 Views
33 Pages

Winemaking is facing significant challenges caused by industrialization of the process, climate change, and increased consumer awareness regarding the use of chemical preservatives. Although several solutions have been proposed, the utilization of no...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,153 Views
26 Pages

Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Enhance Fatty Acid Production via Formate Electrolytes

  • Yu Hou,
  • Yubo Wang,
  • Tianpeng Ma,
  • Shuobo Shi,
  • Zheng Wang,
  • Chun Shen,
  • Yunming Fang,
  • Fenghui Ye and
  • Zihe Liu

Fossil fuel overuse drives excessive CO2 emissions, exacerbating environmental degradation and climate change. Coupling electrochemistry with microbial fermentation provides a promising route to convert CO2 into fuels and chemicals. However, microbia...

  • Review
  • Open Access
853 Views
21 Pages

The genus Actinokineospora (family Pseudonocardiaceae) has recently emerged as a prolific source of structurally diverse, biologically active specialized metabolites. Actinokineospora spp. are filamentous actinomycetes isolated from various terrestri...

  • Article
  • Open Access
943 Views
11 Pages

In Situ Digestibility and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Foliage from Native Trees of the Chaco Region: Effects of Tree Species and Tannins

  • María Paz Corrales Marmol,
  • Gilberto Vilmar Kozloski,
  • Patricia Criscioni,
  • Alejandro René Argüello,
  • Maria Eduarda Pieniz Hamerski,
  • Sandro José Giacomini,
  • Celeste Maricel Bonnet,
  • Orlando Rafael Miszczuk,
  • Iván Daniel Filip and
  • Claudio Antonio Pozo

Ruminant production in the Chaco region relies on pastures and native forest foliage, whose nutritional value is poorly characterized and may be influenced by tannins. This study evaluated the in situ digestibility and in vitro ruminal fermentation o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
792 Views
13 Pages

Characterization, Production, and Application of Antifungal Metabolites from Probiotic Levilactobacillus and Lactiplantibacillus Strains Isolated from Fermented Olives

  • Houssam Abouloifa,
  • Sara Gaamouche,
  • Nabil Ghabbour,
  • Ismail Hasnaoui,
  • Nour Eddine Bentouhami,
  • Yahya Rokni,
  • Salwa Karboune and
  • Abdeslam Asehraou

In this study, the characterization, production, and application of antifungal metabolites obtained from the Levilactobacillus (L. brevis S27) and two Lactiplantibacillus (L. pentosus S42 and L. plantarum S62) strains were evaluated. The lactic acid...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
906 Views
25 Pages

From Raw Milk Microbiome to Cheese: The Challenge of Indigenous Natural Starter Culture Exploitation

  • Luigi Chessa,
  • Antonio Paba,
  • Ilaria Dupré,
  • Margherita Addis,
  • Carlo Piga,
  • Massimo Pes and
  • Roberta Comunian

A freeze-dried natural starter culture (NSC) was developed and assessed for its suitability in producing a semi-cooked, 60-day-ripened cheese resembling the protected designation of origin (PDO) Pecorino Sardo. The culture, derived from raw ewe&rsquo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,086 Views
17 Pages

Effect of Co-Digestion Ratios and Temperature on Biomethane Production in Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cheese Whey and Tomato Waste

  • Irfan Ullah,
  • Mohamed Arselene Ayari,
  • Mohammed Talhami,
  • Probir Das,
  • Maryam Al-Ejji,
  • Saoussen Benzarti and
  • Alaa H. Hawari

Tomato processing and dairy industries generate significant effluents worldwide, contributing to environmental pollution and nutrient loss. Anaerobic digestion (AD) offers a sustainable solution by treating these effluents while recovering nutrients...

  • Article
  • Open Access
896 Views
17 Pages

Dark fermentation of food waste for biohydrogen production can simultaneously achieve waste resource utilization and clean energy production. However, the widespread application of this technology remains constrained by challenges such as low substra...

  • Article
  • Open Access
922 Views
15 Pages

Techno-Nutritional Improvement of Gluten-Free Breads Using Spontaneous Sourdough of Quinoa and Buckwheat Flours

  • María Soledad López,
  • Emiliano Jesús Salvucci,
  • María Verónica Baroni,
  • Romina Di Paola,
  • Gabriela Teresa Pérez and
  • Lorena Susana Sciarini

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spontaneous sourdoughs on the quality of gluten-free breads formulated with quinoa (Q) and buckwheat (BW) flours in order to improve their nutritional, technological, and sensory attributes. The mic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,127 Views
14 Pages

The excessive use of synthetic preservatives poses significant threats to food safety and human health. This study systematically investigated the genetic characteristics of the Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) z-6 strain, the antibacteri...

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Fermentation - ISSN 2311-5637