Sustainability

12 pages, 570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heuristic Optimization for the Energy Management and Race Strategy of a Solar Car

by Esteban Betancur, Gilberto Osorio-Gómez and Juan Carlos Rivera

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101576 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8296

Solar cars are known for their energy efficiency, and different races are designed to measure their performance under certain conditions. For these races, in addition to an efficient vehicle, a competition strategy is required to define the optimal speed, with the objective of [...] Read more.

Solar cars are known for their energy efficiency, and different races are designed to measure their performance under certain conditions. For these races, in addition to an efficient vehicle, a competition strategy is required to define the optimal speed, with the objective of finishing the race in the shortest possible time using the energy available. Two heuristic optimization methods are implemented to solve this problem, a convergence and performance comparison of both methods is presented. A computational model of the race is developed, including energy input, consumption and storage systems. Based on this model, the different optimization methods are tested on the optimization of the World Solar Challenge 2015 race strategy under two different environmental conditions. A suitable method for solar car racing strategy is developed with the vehicle specifications taken as an independent input to permit the simulation of different solar or electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Alternative-Energy Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)

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19 pages, 461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Who Takes More Sustainability-Oriented Entrepreneurial Actions? The Role of Entrepreneurs’ Values, Beliefs and Orientations

by Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi, Alexander Brem and Amitab Bhattacharjee

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101636 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 8514

Abstract

We examine the relationships between entrepreneurs’ values, beliefs and orientations with their firms’ engagement in sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial actions, using a sample of 352 newly established businesses from two Asian countries (Bangladesh and Iran). Our results reveal a dual role of entrepreneurs’ values, beliefs [...] Read more.

We examine the relationships between entrepreneurs’ values, beliefs and orientations with their firms’ engagement in sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial actions, using a sample of 352 newly established businesses from two Asian countries (Bangladesh and Iran). Our results reveal a dual role of entrepreneurs’ values, beliefs and orientations when taking sustainability-oriented actions. We confirm that individual differences in the set of values, beliefs and orientations can foster or hinder the sustainability-oriented actions across organizations. Our paper contributes to the growing literature of sustainable entrepreneurship, by providing answers for recent calls for better understanding which entrepreneurial ventures engage more in sustainability-oriented actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurial Sustainability: New Innovative Knowledge)

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9 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumers’ Social Representations of Meat Safety in Two Selected Restaurants of Raymond Mhlaba Municipality in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

by Lumka S. Dastile, Joseph Francis and Voster Muchenje

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101651 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3769

Abstract

This study was conducted at two different restaurants of Raymond Mhlaba Municipality (Alice), Eastern Cape, South Africa, to determine consumers’ social representations of meat safety. A total number of 251 people were interviewed in focus group discussions, each comprising 4–6 interviewees were conducted. [...] Read more.

This study was conducted at two different restaurants of Raymond Mhlaba Municipality (Alice), Eastern Cape, South Africa, to determine consumers’ social representations of meat safety. A total number of 251 people were interviewed in focus group discussions, each comprising 4–6 interviewees were conducted. Each focus group consisted of university students and staff, and members of rural communities surrounding the town of Alice. A semi-structured questionnaire comprising both closed-ended and open-ended questions was used to collect data. Consumers were concerned about the hygiene at the place of purchase and the freshness of meat. Moreover, they revealed that they were always worried about the risk of food-borne diseases. Although food-borne diseases were not cited as a significant problem, related ideas such as “washing of hands before preparation of food to minimize food-borne diseases” were important to consumers. Consumers indicated that meat safety at the abattoirs should be thoroughly managed given that “hygiene during meat processing is important to prevent the occurrence of food-borne diseases”. Consumers in both retail outlets have shown to have a limited understanding of meat safety. Thus, consumers’ social representations, perceptions, and knowledge are complex and dynamic with respect to meat safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

21 pages, 8925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Evapotranspiration Data Assimilation Technique for Streamflow Estimates: A Case Study in a Semi-Arid Region

by Ying Zhang, Ling Zhang, Jinliang Hou, Juan Gu and Chunlin Huang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101658 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5589

Abstract

Streamflow estimates are substantially important as fresh water shortages increase in arid and semi-arid regions where evapotranspiration (ET) is a significant contribution to the water balance. In this regard, evapotranspiration data can be assimilated into a distributed hydrological model (SWAT, Soil and Water [...] Read more.

Streamflow estimates are substantially important as fresh water shortages increase in arid and semi-arid regions where evapotranspiration (ET) is a significant contribution to the water balance. In this regard, evapotranspiration data can be assimilated into a distributed hydrological model (SWAT, Soil and Water Assessment Tool) for improving streamflow estimates. The SWAT model has been widely used for streamflow estimations, but the applications combining SWAT and ET products were rare. Thus, this study aims to develop a SWAT-based evapotranspiration data assimilation system. In particular, SWAT is gridded at Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU) level to incorporate gridded ET products acquired from the remote sensing-based ETMonitor model. In the modeling case, Gridded SWAT (GSWAT) shows a good agreement of streamflow modeling with the original SWAT. Such a scant margin between them is due to the modeling domain mismatch caused by different HRU delineations. In the ET assimilation case, we carry out a synthetic data experiment to illustrate the state augmentation Direct Insertion (DI) method and a real data experiment for the upper Heihe River Basin. The results demonstrate the benefits of the ET assimilation for improving hydrologic processes representations. In the future, more remotely sensed data can be assimilated into the data assimilation system to provide more reliable hydrological predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology for Sustainable Development in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions)

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9 pages, 5038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Lightweight Door Hinges of Commercial Vehicles Using Aluminum Instead of Steel for Sustainable Transportation

by Tufan Gürkan Yılmaz, Mustafa Tüfekçi and Fatih Karpat

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101661 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 9534

Abstract

Recently, lightweight design concepts have come into prominence for vehicle industry, especially for economic and environmental sustainability. Vehicle manufacturers have investigated new material usage to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution as increasing concerns. On the other hand, new legal obligations and global [...] Read more.

Recently, lightweight design concepts have come into prominence for vehicle industry, especially for economic and environmental sustainability. Vehicle manufacturers have investigated new material usage to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution as increasing concerns. On the other hand, new legal obligations and global competition have accelerated this research and development process. Designing components with low-density materials is one the most common methods for reducing CO₂ emissions. Among these materials, aluminum alloys stand out due to their adequate mechanical properties and specific strength. In this work, the study of lightening door hinges of a commercial vehicle is presented. To reduce the weight of vehicle door hinge, three different aluminum alloys are tried out and compared with steel. Finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments are conducted to determine if the safety requirements are fulfilled or not. According to results with an Al7075-T73 alloy, the weight of door hinge can be reduced by approximately 65%. Stress and strain values are suitable for FMVSS0206 standards. Additionally, it passed the corrosion test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Materials)

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19 pages, 5298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Control of Retained Goaf-Side Gateroad under Different Roof Conditions in Deep Underground Y Type Longwall Mining

by Zhiyi Zhang, Hideki Shimada, Takashi Sasaoka and Akihiro Hamanaka

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101671 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5829

Abstract

Stability of the retained goaf-side gateroad (RGSG) is influenced mainly by the movements of the roof strata near coal seam after coalface passes by. To make effective controlling technology for the stability of the RGSG, we analyze the roof structure over the RGSG [...] Read more.

Stability of the retained goaf-side gateroad (RGSG) is influenced mainly by the movements of the roof strata near coal seam after coalface passes by. To make effective controlling technology for the stability of the RGSG, we analyze the roof structure over the RGSG to illustrate the mechanism causing the RGSG instability under different roof conditions. We then examine the dynamic evolution of the deformation and abutment stress in the rock surrounding the RGSG during coal seam mining, using the FLAC3D numerical software to reveal the instability characteristics of the RGSG under different roof conditions. Next, corresponding stability controlling technologies for the RGSGs are proposed and tested in three typical deep underground coalmines. Results show that: sink and rotation of the roof cantilever over the RGSG impose severer influence on the stability of the RGSG. The RGSG suffers disturbances three times during the coal-seam mining, and the deformation and abutment stress in the rock surrounding the RGSG increase significantly when the main roof becomes thicker and the immediate roof becomes thinner. Staged support technology involving grout cable bolts has better controlling results of the RGSG stability than that composed of conventional rock bolts, when the RGSG is beneath weak immediate roof with large thickness. Roof structure optimizing technology involving pre-split technology can improve the stability of the RGSG effectively when the RGSG is covered by hard main roof with large thickness directly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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17 pages, 1360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data Quality Assessment of the Uncertainty Analysis Applied to the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of a Dairy Cow System

by Chun-Youl Baek, Kyu-Hyun Park, Kiyotaka Tahara and Yoon-Young Chun

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101676 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5714

Abstract

The results of an uncertainty analysis are achieved by the statistical information (standard error, type of probability distributions, and range of minimum and maximum) of the selected input parameters. However, there are limitations in identifying sufficient data samples for the selected input parameters [...] Read more.

The results of an uncertainty analysis are achieved by the statistical information (standard error, type of probability distributions, and range of minimum and maximum) of the selected input parameters. However, there are limitations in identifying sufficient data samples for the selected input parameters for statistical information in the field of life cycle assessment (LCA). Therefore, there is a strong need for a consistent screening procedure to identify the input parameters for use in uncertainty analysis in the area of LCA. The conventional procedure for identifying input parameters for the uncertainty analysis method includes assessing the data quality using the pedigree method and the contribution analysis of the LCA results. This paper proposes a simplified procedure for ameliorating the existing data quality assessment method, which can lead to an efficient uncertainly analysis of LCA results. The proposed method has two salient features: (i) a simplified procedure based on contribution analysis followed by a data quality assessment for selecting the input parameters for the uncertainty analysis; and (ii) a quantitative data quality assessment method is proposed, based on the pedigree method, that adopts the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and quality function deployment (QFD). The effects of the uncertainty of the selected input parameters on the LCA results were assessed using the Monte Carlo simulation method. A case study of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a dairy cow system was used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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19 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Fold Embedding: Farm Development in Relation to Its Socio-Material Context

by Ron Methorst, Dirk Roep, Jos Verstegen and Johannes S. C. Wiskerke

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1677; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101677 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5578

Abstract

Understanding heterogeneity in farm development strategies is important in order to design effective policies and support programs to increase the sustainability of agriculture in relation to its socio-material context. Using a unique case study of 102 dairy farmers in The Netherlands, all operating [...] Read more.

Understanding heterogeneity in farm development strategies is important in order to design effective policies and support programs to increase the sustainability of agriculture in relation to its socio-material context. Using a unique case study of 102 dairy farmers in The Netherlands, all operating in a highly similar socio-material context, this paper studies the differences in the relation of farms with the socio-material context. To this end, the concept of three-fold embedding is developed and tested using the ideal-typical characteristics of three patterns of farm development that were identified in the case study: (1) maximising total milk production; (2) optimising milk production using mainly on-farm resources; and (3) diversified on-farm production. Three-fold embedding was conceptualised in relation to the following dimensions: (1) value chain relations; (2) socio-cultural relations; and (3) natural resource relations, while using a scale ranging from a Close to a Stretched set of relations. The concept of three-fold embedding proves to be useful to identify in a non-normative and non-binary manner meaningful differences between patterns of farm development. These differences relate to differences in opportunity identification and strategic decision-making. The concept supports a relational perspective in studying farm strategy development using a sociology of entrepreneurship approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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18 pages, 982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farmland Rental and Productivity of Wheat and Maize: An Empirical Study in Gansu, China

by Ying Liu, Chenggang Wang, Zeng Tang and Zhibiao Nan

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101678 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4181

Abstract

The rapid growth of farmland rental markets in China raises questions about the association of farmland rental and agricultural productivity. Although this issue has been extensively studied, the majority of studies have focused on yields and technical efficiency, with input use and cost [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of farmland rental markets in China raises questions about the association of farmland rental and agricultural productivity. Although this issue has been extensively studied, the majority of studies have focused on yields and technical efficiency, with input use and cost efficiency receiving little attention. This study aimed to determine the statistical association of wheat and maize farmers’ farmland rental behaviors (renting land, not renting land and renting out land) and input use, and the consequent association of farmers’ farmland rental behaviors and cost efficiency. For this purpose, the linear regression model and stochastic frontier model were employed, based on a survey data of 419 wheat and maize farmers in 25 villages in five counties of Gansu Province, China. The study found that farmland rental enhanced productivity and sustainability of agriculture through transferring farmland from households with less productivity to those with high productivity, and it was also helpful to reducing the consumption of fertilizers and chemicals in agricultural production. The results suggest that replacing labor with machines is an important way to reduce production costs, and households specializing in agricultural production use more rational amounts of fertilizers and chemicals than those with low productivity. Thus, the machinery purchase policy in China should continue to give great benefit to farmers. In addition, the machinery purchase subsidization policy has achieved satisfactory results in China, and it could be a good reference for other developing countries. However, some efficiency loss was found in households that rented out their land, and policy makers need to pay some attention to these households. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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16 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Entrepreneurial Activity in the EU: An Empirical Evaluation of Its Determinants

by Valentina Diana Rusu and Angela Roman

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101679 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 7894

Abstract

Entrepreneurship plays a major role in national economies, being considered one of the main engines of economic growth, and an important contributor to creating new jobs and innovations. Identifying the main determinants of entrepreneurial activity is important for helping the decision makers in [...] Read more.

Entrepreneurship plays a major role in national economies, being considered one of the main engines of economic growth, and an important contributor to creating new jobs and innovations. Identifying the main determinants of entrepreneurial activity is important for helping the decision makers in adopting adequate measures to support the creation and development of new businesses. The turbulent economic environment in recent years dominated by economic and financial crises, resulting in a reduction in economic growth but also in an increase in unemployment, has led decision makers to turn their attention again to the determinant factors of entrepreneurship. Starting from those stated above, through this paper we aim to investigate the impact of some macroeconomic, individual and business environment-related factors on the dynamics of entrepreneurial activity in 18 European Union (EU) countries for a period of 14 years (2002–2015). We use three regression models and we apply panel data fixed effect model approach. The results of our study highlight that inflation rate, foreign direct investments, access to finance and total tax rate are the main macroeconomic determinants of entrepreneurship. Also, we find that all individual business-related factors considered in the analysis have a significant impact on total entrepreneurship rate. Full article

17 pages, 1909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Household Survey Data as a Tool to Assess the Carbon Footprint of Rural Tourist Accommodation and Related Services in China: A Case Study of Mount Qingcheng

by Jun Liu, Chu Lin, Li Huang, Jianghuan Zhu, Lijun Wu and Yunyun Li

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101680 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5619

Abstract

The need to improve the accuracy of carbon emission measurements is a major issue which the tourism industry must resolve in order to reduce adverse impacts on climate change and the environment. This study established a detailed consumption list based on household survey [...] Read more.

The need to improve the accuracy of carbon emission measurements is a major issue which the tourism industry must resolve in order to reduce adverse impacts on climate change and the environment. This study established a detailed consumption list based on household survey data and calculated the carbon emissions of accommodation and services of the rural tourism industry of Mount Qingcheng using the input–output and lifecycle methods. Further, it analysed the key factors affecting carbon emissions. The results indicate that within the surveyed area, carbon emissions from accommodation and services amounted to 30.27 kg CO₂/per person per day; these emissions were primarily from indirect sources, which accounted for 74.99% of the total emissions. Emissions from construction and production of durable goods accounted for 13.08% and 21.58% of the total emissions. The omission of these sources of carbon emissions was the primary reason for the carbon emission levels of the tourism industry being underestimated previously. For each additional 10,000 yuan in revenue, accommodation and related services of the rural tourism industry emit an additional 1412.08 kg of CO₂. This is higher than the level of carbon emissions of the agriculture industry, but lower than those of the processing and manufacturing industries. Tourist consumption behaviours and types of tourism operations are important factors affecting carbon emissions. Effective emission reduction strategies include guiding tourist consumption behavioural changes, optimizing tourism operation portfolios, and extending the service life of constructions and durable goods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Tourism and Climate Change: Impact, Adaptation and Mitigation)

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15 pages, 2189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does a Certain Rule Exist in the Long-Term Change of a City’s Livability? Evidence from New York, Tokyo, and Shanghai

by Jiabin Liu and Ji Han

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101681 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8451

Abstract

Livability is the ultimate goal of city development. However, the question of whether the changing pattern of a city’s livability follows a certain rule or not has seldom been argued. To address the question, three cities, including New York, Tokyo, and Shanghai are [...] Read more.

Livability is the ultimate goal of city development. However, the question of whether the changing pattern of a city’s livability follows a certain rule or not has seldom been argued. To address the question, three cities, including New York, Tokyo, and Shanghai are selected for case studies. Based on a proposed assessment framework, the long-term trend and determinants of three cities’ livability are quantified and investigated. The results suggest that the livability of three cities demonstrates a similar changing pattern during the last decades, with the level going through a three-staged N-curve development, increasing at the beginning, then declining in the mid-term, and rebounding afterward. It implies that the staged development rule should be followed when constructing a livable city. Efforts should be targeted towards the most underlying aspects in different periods. The empirical analysis of the three cities ascertains the existence of a development rule regarding livability, and suggests many potential uses for decision-making support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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14 pages, 1274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The European Native Seed Industry: Characterization and Perspectives in Grassland Restoration

by Marcello De Vitis, Holly Abbandonato, Kingsley W. Dixon, Giles Laverack, Costantino Bonomi and Simone Pedrini

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101682 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 8069

Abstract

The European Union committed to restore 15% of degraded ecosystems by 2020, and to comply with this goal, native plant material, such as seeds, is needed in large quantities. The native seed production of herbaceous species plays a critical role in supplying seed [...] Read more.

The European Union committed to restore 15% of degraded ecosystems by 2020, and to comply with this goal, native plant material, such as seeds, is needed in large quantities. The native seed production of herbaceous species plays a critical role in supplying seed for restoration of a key ecosystem: grasslands. The objective of this work is to provide for the first time a characterization of the sector at a multi-country European level together with key information about the community of native seed users via intensive web-based research and a direct survey of industry participants. Based on more than 1300 contacts and direct surveying of more than 200 stakeholders across Europe, responses indicated that: the European native seed industry consists primarily of small to medium enterprises; responding native seed users purchase annually an average of 3600 kg of seeds with an average expenditure of €17,600; the industry (suppliers and consumers) favours development of seed zones and would participate in a European network for knowledge sharing. This study provides framework principles that can guide decisions in this sector, critical for fulfilling the growing demand for native seed as a primary tool for large-scale restoration on the continent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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11 pages, 1151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Conceptual Framework for Agri-Food Tourism as an Eco-Innovation Strategy in Small Farms

by Shang-Yu Liu, Chen-Ying Yen, Kuang-Nan Tsai and Wei-Shuo Lo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101683 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 22178

Abstract

The proposed conceptual framework explores how small-scale farms can combine agricultural products and tourism into an eco-innovation strategy. This paper presents a case study conducted on a family-run farm within the territory of the Paiwan tribal community of the North Dawu Mountain situated [...] Read more.

The proposed conceptual framework explores how small-scale farms can combine agricultural products and tourism into an eco-innovation strategy. This paper presents a case study conducted on a family-run farm within the territory of the Paiwan tribal community of the North Dawu Mountain situated in the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan. The area has become an important coffee-farming region since the Japanese colonial period between 1895 and 1945. For many years, most of the indigenous farmers of the area have cultivated varieties of coffee plants using traditional, non-commercial methods, such as a single-sale channel. The small-scale farmer implements an integrated approach that systematically optimizes supply chain relationships to improve both the upstream and downstream sides of agri-food tourism services. The upstream element of agri-food tourism, for example, can be adjusted to employ organic or “natural” farming methods that allow small-scale farmers to secure an “organic” certification. Based on this approach, a small farm is gradually transformed into a type of educational institution that can demonstrate to customers the methods for farming high-quality organic coffee while also attracting tourists of various backgrounds to experience the downstream components of agri-food tourism in a recreational setting. This case study highlights how a particular small-scale farmer plays an important role in attracting other tribal farmers to engage in sustainable practices that help preserve cultural, social, and environmental systems while also presenting agri-food tourism as a brand identity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developing Tourism in Rural and Agricultural Regions)

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18 pages, 2786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of Arsenate by Nano Scaled Activated Carbon Modified by Iron and Manganese Oxides

by George P. Gallios, Athanasia K. Tolkou, Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis, Katarina Stefusova, Miroslava Vaclavikova and Eleni A. Deliyanni

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101684 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 8528

Abstract

The presence of arsenic in water supplies is a major problem for public health and still concerns large parts of population in Southeast Asia, Latin America and Europe. Removal of arsenic is usually accomplished either by coagulation with iron salts or by adsorption [...] Read more.

The presence of arsenic in water supplies is a major problem for public health and still concerns large parts of population in Southeast Asia, Latin America and Europe. Removal of arsenic is usually accomplished either by coagulation with iron salts or by adsorption with iron oxides or activated alumina. However, these materials, although very efficient for arsenic, normally do not remove other undesirable constituents from waters, such as chlorine and organo-chlorine compounds, which are the results of water chlorination. Activated carbon has this affinity for organic compounds, but does not remove arsenic efficiently. Therefore, in the present study, iron modified activated carbons are investigated as alternative sorbents for the removal of arsenic(V) from aqueous solutions. In addition, modified activated carbons with magnetic properties can easily be separated from the solutions. In the present study, a simple and efficient method was used for the preparation of magnetic Fe₃(Mn²⁺)O₄ (M:Fe and/or Mn) activated carbons. Activated carbons were impregnated with magnetic precursor solutions and then calcinated at 400 °C. The obtained carbons were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Their adsorption performance for As(V) was evaluated. The iron impregnation presented an increase in As(V) maximum adsorption capacity (Q_max) from about 4 mg g⁻¹ for the raw carbon to 11.05 mg g⁻¹, while Mn incorporation further increased the adsorption capacity at 19.35 mg g⁻¹. Full article

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22 pages, 1074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Collaboration Lead to Sustainability? A Study of Public–Private Partnerships in the Swedish Mountains

by Therese Bjärstig

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1685; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101685 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6035

Abstract

The conflicts that frequently manifest in the Swedish mountains often stem from the use and preservation of natural resources. Resistance against protected area proposals, protests concerning the management of large carnivores, the felling of old-growth forests, and disputes over who should be allowed [...] Read more.

The conflicts that frequently manifest in the Swedish mountains often stem from the use and preservation of natural resources. Resistance against protected area proposals, protests concerning the management of large carnivores, the felling of old-growth forests, and disputes over who should be allowed to hunt or fish are all commonplace. There are currently strong trends, both in national and international policy making, towards leaning on various forms of collaborative governance arrangements to deal with such policy failures. Consequently, various forms of partnerships have been initiated to promote more sustainable practices in the mountain regions of Sweden. To what extent has the creation of these collaborative partnerships in natural resource management improved policy output and sustainability outcomes? To examine the issue, data was extracted from 47 semi-structured interviews with 39 project leaders and eight county officials, with the sample randomly selected from a database of 245 public–private collaborative projects in the Swedish mountains. The results indicate that partnerships do lead to improved sustainability, especially when it comes to social outcomes. However, there is a need for more systematic follow-ups by practitioners, particularly on ecological outcomes, where the country administrative boards should take a leading role and facilitate such evaluations in the future. Full article

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5 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Sustainable Consumer Behaviour: A Collection of Empirical Studies

by Gerrit Antonides

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1686; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101686 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 18361

Abstract

We summarise the contributions in this special issue on sustainable consumer behaviour and place them in perspective. Several studies focus on macro- and meso-issues, and others on micro-issues of consumer behaviour. The studies employ a variety of methods, including surveys, field experiments, eye [...] Read more.

We summarise the contributions in this special issue on sustainable consumer behaviour and place them in perspective. Several studies focus on macro- and meso-issues, and others on micro-issues of consumer behaviour. The studies employ a variety of methods, including surveys, field experiments, eye tracking, scale development, and contingent valuation. The 12 contributions from authors of 13 different countries show the wide and varied application of consumer research focused on sustainability issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Consumer Behavior)

10 pages, 3153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stormwater Treatment Evaluation of a Constructed Floating Wetland after Two Years Operation in an Urban Catchment

by Christopher Walker, Katharina Tondera and Terry Lucke

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1687; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101687 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8475

Abstract

Constructed Floating Wetlands (CFW) for stormwater treatment are increasingly used to treat urban runoff. However, studies of large-scale systems and the long-term evaluation of their treatment efficiency are scarce. This article presents the final results of a two-year study of the pollutant removal [...] Read more.

Constructed Floating Wetlands (CFW) for stormwater treatment are increasingly used to treat urban runoff. However, studies of large-scale systems and the long-term evaluation of their treatment efficiency are scarce. This article presents the final results of a two-year study of the pollutant removal performance of a CFW in a stormwater pond capturing runoff from a low-residential catchment in South-East Queensland (Australia) under subtropical conditions. Although the CFW treatment area to catchment ratio was only 0.14%, the results demonstrated a significant removal of both Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Phosphorus (TP) from the stormwater inflows by the CFW. The efficiency ratios for TSS and TP were 81% and 52%, respectively. While the removal rate for total nitrogen was not significant for the CFW evaluated in this study, the ER was still 17%. However, the ERs for nitrate and nitrogen oxide were both 47%. The study results suggest that it may be possible to increase the pollution removal performance of the CFW by upsizing the system and including intermittent re-aeration zones in the surrounding stormwater pond. The results of this research study clearly demonstrate that CFW can be an effective treatment solution for the removal of pollution from urban stormwater runoff. Full article

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17 pages, 1466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Tourism Accommodation Prices by Land Use-Based Hedonic Approach: First Results from the Case Study of the Self-Catering Cottages in Asturias

by Celia Bilbao-Terol, Verónica Cañal-Fernández, Luis Valdés and Eduardo Del Valle

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101688 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6025

Abstract

This study analyses the impacts of environmental amenities associated with agricultural and silvicultural land use on the price of rural tourism accommodation in Asturias (Spain). A hedonic price model that relates the price of rural accommodation to environmental amenities as well as equipment, [...] Read more.

This study analyses the impacts of environmental amenities associated with agricultural and silvicultural land use on the price of rural tourism accommodation in Asturias (Spain). A hedonic price model that relates the price of rural accommodation to environmental amenities as well as equipment, services offered, and the locational characteristics of the accommodation is estimated. The rural accommodations in the study are the self-catering cottages, the intrinsic features of which promote the development of rural tourism sustainability. Geographic information systems (GIS) data are used to measure the location and the proximity to amenities of these self-catering cottages. The main results indicate that agricultural land use has an important impact on the price of accommodation in self-catering cottages. Specifically, a high percentage of grassland in the municipality where the self-catering cottage is sited has a positive effect on rental prices, while a high percentage of arable crops has the opposite effect. The analysis is interesting for decision-making in the context of environmental policies, land use conflict resolution, and rural tourism sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Tourism, Rural Development and Rural Resilience)

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16 pages, 637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Expected Job Satisfaction Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention as Career Choice in the Cultural and Artistic Industry

by Jaeyeob Jeong and Myeonggil Choi

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101689 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6557

Abstract

Artists have chosen a career between employment and self-employment. We studied the factors that influence career choices. We examined the effects of work conditions and employability on job satisfaction, and examined the effect of job satisfaction, outcome expectations and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions. [...] Read more.

Artists have chosen a career between employment and self-employment. We studied the factors that influence career choices. We examined the effects of work conditions and employability on job satisfaction, and examined the effect of job satisfaction, outcome expectations and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, this study examined whether heuristic factors influence entrepreneurial intentions. Our findings suggest that perceived employability positively affected job satisfaction, while expectation gaps in working conditions negatively affected job satisfaction. Secondly, job satisfaction had a negative effect on entrepreneurial intention. In addition, self-efficacy and outcome expectations mediated between job satisfaction and entrepreneurial intention. Finally, overconfidence was positively influenced by job satisfaction and positively affected self-efficacy. This study contributed the study of the entrepreneurial intent to the field of culture and arts. It confirmed the effect of career choice and heuristic factors on entrepreneurial intention. Full article

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21 pages, 2116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Smarter Urban Mobility: Willingness to Pay for an Advanced Traveller Information System in Lyon

by Cristina Pronello, Amandine Duboz and Valentina Rappazzo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1690; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101690 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5693

Abstract

Advanced traveller information systems (ATIS) are meant to assist people in their daily travel decisions as well as to prompt a shift from cars to alternative and more environmentally-friendly transport strategies. Not many comprehensive studies have been undertaken so far in order to [...] Read more.

Advanced traveller information systems (ATIS) are meant to assist people in their daily travel decisions as well as to prompt a shift from cars to alternative and more environmentally-friendly transport strategies. Not many comprehensive studies have been undertaken so far in order to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) for ATIS, despite a development of these tools during the last two decades. This paper aims at analysing the WTP for Optymod’Lyon, a smartphone application which plans your journey travels using real-time information about all available transport modes. To this end, a quali-quantitative approach was adopted, administering a questionnaire to participants and organising focus groups before and after the test of the application. A sample of 42 people living in the metropolitan area of Lyon was involved. Results showed four clusters of participants: idealists, pragmatics, the ambiguous and opportunists. A strong majority of idealists and pragmatics were unwilling to pay, mainly for economic reasons and the availability on the market of free information. They record a lower share of trips to work and a higher share for leisure, shopping and study purposes. Those willing to pay (of which 37.8% were opportunists) report a low monthly charge level (0.2–3 €/month) and are mainly highly-educated car users, travelling for work. Full article

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15 pages, 16335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wall Vegetation Characteristics of Urban and Sub-Urban Areas

by Emrah Yalcinalp and Alperen Meral

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1691; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101691 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6616

Abstract

Unfortunately, we live in a greedy little world and horizontal areas are often too expensive to leave to nature on them. Therefore, creating gardens on vertical surfaces of urban areas has recently been very important to supporting sustainability because these surfaces are still [...] Read more.

Unfortunately, we live in a greedy little world and horizontal areas are often too expensive to leave to nature on them. Therefore, creating gardens on vertical surfaces of urban areas has recently been very important to supporting sustainability because these surfaces are still found to be commercially useless compared with green areas which are generally under pressure from commercial demands and politics. However, these artificial vertical green surfaces are still too far from being common, while too many ordinary walls are spontaneously covered with vegetation already. In this study, we try to address the dynamics of wall vegetation as it has a great potential to make the cities more sustainable. Totally 70 walls (35 in urban and 35 in sub-urban areas) in Trabzon city were examined regarding their ecological, physical and vegetation characteristics. Having identified 1540 plant samples collected from the walls during a year-round intensive field study, we performed statistical analyzes to enumerate the wall vegetation depending on the ecological characteristics; to evaluate if there are different wall vegetation compositions in urban and sub-urban areas; and finally to evaluate growth conditions and basic challenges for the wall vegetation. Full article

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20 pages, 324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Tourism’s Potential as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Terms of Annual Stability: Application to Spanish Rural Destinations in Process of Consolidation

by José María Martín Martín, Jose Antonio Salinas Fernández, José Antonio Rodríguez Martín and Juan De Dios Jiménez Aguilera

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1692; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101692 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 5628

Abstract

Tourism has established itself as an instrument that supports the sustainable development of rural destinations and has both, negative and positive effects. The annual instability of the flow of visitors, known as tourist seasonality, contributes to the intensification of some of these negative [...] Read more.

Tourism has established itself as an instrument that supports the sustainable development of rural destinations and has both, negative and positive effects. The annual instability of the flow of visitors, known as tourist seasonality, contributes to the intensification of some of these negative effects. In this work, we perform an analysis on the evolution of the seasonality intensity during the process of consolidation of the Spanish rural destinations, designed to improve the knowledge about the tourist activity’s capacity to generate a sustainable development alternative steady throughout the year. To guarantee an accurate measurement, we propose the use of a synthetic indicator as a methodological innovation, such as the Method of Distance Pena DP2, that brings together the supply and demand variables. We can observe that tourist seasonality is restrained in smaller destinations that experience a growth in terms of tourists’ arrivals, so it is associated with the early stages of the consolidation process. However, the destinations with a lower seasonality level do not match with those that welcome a larger number of visitors. Those destinations with the potential to obtain more benefits because of their level of consolidation do not have the necessary annual stability to provide employment and income in a steady way throughout the year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Land Uses and Rural Governance)

16 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Piloting of Sustainability Assessment Metrics for Arctic Process Industry in Finland—The Biorefinery Investment and Slag Processing Service Cases

by Roope Husgafvel, Kari Poikela, Juha Honkatukia and Olli Dahl

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1693; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101693 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5928

Abstract

Regionally, there has been a lot of focus on the advancement of sustainable arctic industry and circular economy activities within process industry in the Finnish Lapland. In this study, collaboration between university and industry was established facilitated by regional development actors to develop [...] Read more.

Regionally, there has been a lot of focus on the advancement of sustainable arctic industry and circular economy activities within process industry in the Finnish Lapland. In this study, collaboration between university and industry was established facilitated by regional development actors to develop and pilot test a sustainability assessment approach taking into account previous work in this field. The industry partners in this study were a biorefinery investment in the first case and a slag processing service in the second case. As a result of the joint efforts, novel sets of environmental and economic sustainability assessment indicators and associated sub-indicators were developed and the existing set of social indicators was updated. Moreover, environmental and social sustainability assessments were implemented in the biorefinery case accompanied by a separate evaluation of regional economic impacts. In the slag processing case, environmental, economic and social sustainability were assessed. The results of the sustainability assessments indicated very good level of overall performance in both cases. However, specific elements that contributed to lower level of performance included lack of specific sustainability management and reporting approaches and need for better performance in supply chain sustainability, monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, life cycle thinking and circular economy training. The expected effects of the planned investment on the regional economy were very positive based on the results of the evaluation. Full article

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17 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Nationality Matter in Eco-Behaviour?

by Michelle Bonera, Elisabetta Corvi, Anna Paola Codini and Ruijing Ma

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101694 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5855

Abstract

Although many authors agree on the role of personal values in explaining the main determinants of eco-behaviour, disagreement about the effects of socio-demographic features exists, particularly about the effect of nationality. In an attempt to fill this gap in the literature, this paper [...] Read more.

Although many authors agree on the role of personal values in explaining the main determinants of eco-behaviour, disagreement about the effects of socio-demographic features exists, particularly about the effect of nationality. In an attempt to fill this gap in the literature, this paper contributes to the debate surrounding the main determinants of eco-behaviour, based on a cross-country analysis. To test the role of nationality and personal values in eco-behaviour, a linear regression model involving 353 Chinese and 333 Italian subjects was performed. A stepwise analysis was then conducted to identify the main significant effects. The explorative and stepwise analyses confirmed that nationality is significant when explaining individual eco-behaviour, for both Italian and Chinese people. Moreover, the linear regression model, as a stepwise analysis, showed that regulatory focus and universalism are the main personal values influencing ecological behaviour. Differences emerging from the analysis show significant differences in terms of eco-behaviour and eco-awareness, for the two countries involved in the analysis, that might lead companies to adopt different marketing strategies when promoting eco-products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Consumer Behavior)

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13 pages, 368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community Participation in the Decision-Making Process for Sustainable Tourism Development in Rural Areas of Hong Kong, China

by Bonnie K. L. Mak, Lewis T. O. Cheung and Dennis L. H. Hui

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101695 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 14347

Abstract

Examining the extent to which a community plays a role in the decision-making process in tourism planning can provide a better understanding of how tourism can benefit a community. Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation (ALCP) has been adopted by tourism scholars to understand [...] Read more.

Examining the extent to which a community plays a role in the decision-making process in tourism planning can provide a better understanding of how tourism can benefit a community. Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation (ALCP) has been adopted by tourism scholars to understand both the nature of the participation expected of the community and the community’s actual participation in tourism development. However, the literature on tourism development and community involvement is underdeveloped in the context of urban tourism, and few studies have attempted to identify the differences between the expected and actual participation of local residents. Identifying this gap reveals the reasons behind it and generates possible suggestions and solutions. The level of community participation of Tai O residents has been assessed by employing Arnstein’s framework. The results indicated the difference between the level of local residents’ expected and actual participation in tourism development. The reasons for the difference are identified, and suggestions for improvement are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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18 pages, 2072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normative Beliefs, Attitudes, and Social Norms: People Reduce Waste as an Index of Social Relationships When Spending Leisure Time

by Wei-Ta Fang, Eric Ng, Ching-Ming Wang and Ming-Lin Hsu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101696 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 116 | Viewed by 21169

Abstract

This study has adopted and refined Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, theory of reasoned action, and the value–belief–norm theory by Stern et al. to investigate the effects of normative beliefs, attitudes, and social norms on pro-environmental behavioral intentions. A total of 391 valid [...] Read more.

This study has adopted and refined Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, theory of reasoned action, and the value–belief–norm theory by Stern et al. to investigate the effects of normative beliefs, attitudes, and social norms on pro-environmental behavioral intentions. A total of 391 valid responses were collected from visitors to a theme park in Taiwan. A structure equation analysis indicated that the overall fit of the proposed model was supported. It was also found that both attitudes and social norms had positive and significant influence on waste reduction. While the results did not reveal any direct relation between normative beliefs and behavioral intentions, normative beliefs had positive direct influence on social norms and attitudes, which in turn had an impact on behavioral intentions. The findings provided further insights about pro-environmental behavioral intentions from an Asia perspective and highlighted important implications for environmental policies and education to reduce waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste, Space, and Place)

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27 pages, 3375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Prospective Insect Based Feed Production in West Africa

by Martin Roffeis, Joana Almeida, Maureen Elizabeth Wakefield, Tatiana Raquel Alves Valada, Emilie Devic, N’Golopé Koné, Marc Kenis, Saidou Nacambo, Elaine Charlotte Fitches, Gabriel K. D. Koko, Erik Mathijs, Wouter M. J. Achten and Bart Muys

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101697 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8662

Abstract

While the concept of insect based feeds (IBFs) promises great potential, especially in developing countries, the sustainability performance of IBF production remains widely underexplored. Drawing on experimental data from rearing trials in West Africa, three different insect production systems were modelled ex-ante. The [...] Read more.

While the concept of insect based feeds (IBFs) promises great potential, especially in developing countries, the sustainability performance of IBF production remains widely underexplored. Drawing on experimental data from rearing trials in West Africa, three different insect production systems were modelled ex-ante. The generic models served as a basis to analyse and compare the process performances of different IBF production systems using Musca domestica and Hermetia illucens reared on different substrates. The results show that the input efficiency in the production of IBF is largely determined by the quality of rearing substrates, the larval development time and the employed inoculation practises, i.e., the method by which eggs or larvae are added to rearing substrates. The H. illucens system ranked highest for conversion efficiency (substrate input per IBF output), but showed substantially higher inputs in labour, fossil energy and output of wastewater. M. domestica systems operated at lower conversion efficiencies, which resulted in higher outputs of residue substrates, together with higher emissions, land requirements, built infrastructure and water. By offering full disclosure of generic inventory data, this study provides data and inspiration for prospect research and development activities and offers a reference to future life cycle assessments (LCAs) on IBF. Full article

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14 pages, 1342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reviewing the Progress in the Identification, Conservation and Management of China-Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS)

by Wenjun Jiao and Qingwen Min

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1698; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101698 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7988

Abstract

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations launched a global partnership initiative for the conservation and adaptive management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in 2002. China is one of the first countries that responded to the GIAHS initiative, witnessed by [...] Read more.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations launched a global partnership initiative for the conservation and adaptive management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in 2002. China is one of the first countries that responded to the GIAHS initiative, witnessed by the designation of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture by FAO in June 2005. It is also the first country that identifies and conserves agricultural heritage systems at the national level, demonstrated by the initiation of China-Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS) by Chinese Ministry of Agriculture in March 2012. In the past five years, progress on the identification, conservation and management of China-NIAHS has been widely achieved in China; however, challenges such as lack of adequate mastery of potential agricultural heritage systems, lack of local popularization of their concept and connotations, and lack of endogenous motives for their conservation and development are also in front of China. This paper reviewed the progress and discussed the challenges, aiming to help formulate suggestions for the future conservation and management of agricultural heritage systems and also to provide an opportunity for other countries to understand the nation’s efforts on the conservation and management of agricultural heritage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting the Sustainability of Agricultural Heritage Systems through Dynamic Conservation)

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15 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Impacts of an Urban Living Lab from the Participants’ Perspective: Livewell Yarra

by Darren Sharp and Robert Salter

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101699 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5240

Abstract

Urban living labs have emerged as transition arenas for undertaking process-oriented and reflexive experiments in the multi-stakeholder governance of sustainability. This paper evaluates Livewell Yarra, an urban living lab in Melbourne, Australia, that brought together academic researchers and community actors to engage in [...] Read more.

Urban living labs have emerged as transition arenas for undertaking process-oriented and reflexive experiments in the multi-stakeholder governance of sustainability. This paper evaluates Livewell Yarra, an urban living lab in Melbourne, Australia, that brought together academic researchers and community actors to engage in experiments for low-carbon living. This paper evaluates transition team experiments in governance of the lab itself and community experiments in carbon reduction that took place in people’s homes and small group settings known as decarb groups. This paper’s primary research question is: what are the direct impacts of urban living lab experiments from the participants’ perspective? The research methods utilised include action research, asset-based community development, participatory co-design and most significant change research. This paper evaluates experiments in low-carbon living through data collected via stories of change from participant interviews. The results indicate that experiments in urban living labs create opportunities for social learning and empowerment, but also raise issues of leadership and ownership of transition governance. The findings suggest that Livewell Yarra could have benefited from clearer agenda setting and continuous monitoring to feedback results. The paper concludes by suggesting future research directions that utilise the operational processes of transition management to support experiments in urban living labs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization Strategies in Developing Countries)

16 pages, 4132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Urban Climate Landscape Patterns on Land Surface Temperature in Wuhan, China

by Yasha Wang, Qingming Zhan and Wanlu Ouyang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101700 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 7177

Abstract

Facing urban warming, mitigation and adaptation strategies are not efficient enough to tackle excessive urban heat, especially at the local scale. The local climate zone (LCZ) classification scheme is employed to examine the diversity and complexity of the climate response within a city. [...] Read more.

Facing urban warming, mitigation and adaptation strategies are not efficient enough to tackle excessive urban heat, especially at the local scale. The local climate zone (LCZ) classification scheme is employed to examine the diversity and complexity of the climate response within a city. This study suggests that zonal practice could be an efficient way to bridge the knowledge gap between climate research and urban planning. Urban surfaces classified by LCZ are designated as urban climate landscapes, which extends the LCZ concept to urban planning applications. Selecting Wuhan as a case study, we attempt to explore the climatic effect of landscape patterns. Thermal effects are compared across the urban climate landscapes, and the relationships between patch metrics and land surface temperature (LST) are quantified. Results indicate that climate landscape layout is a considerable factor impacting local urban climate. For Wuhan, 500 m is an optimal scale for exploring landscape pattern-temperature relationships. Temperature contrast between surrounding landscape patches has a major influence on LST. Generally, fragmental landscape patches contribute to heat release. For most climate landscape types, patch metrics also have a significant effect on thermal response. When three metrics are included as predictive variables, 53.3% of the heating intensity variation can be explained for the Large Lowrise landscape, while 57.4% of the cooling intensity variation can be explained for the Water landscape. Therefore, this article claims that land-based layout optimization strategy at local scale, which conforms to planning manner, should be taken into account in terms of heat management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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13 pages, 436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing Consumers’ Preferences for Environmental Attributes of Pasta. Insights from an ABR Approach

by Edi Defrancesco, Maria Angela Perito, Irene Bozzolan, Leonardo Cei and Gianluca Stefani

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101701 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4891

Abstract

Consumer appreciation for food environmental attributes has recently gained in importance. The health-related attributes have received less attention in the literature, if organic farming products are excluded. We measure the consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for a traditional Italian product, pasta, when environmental [...] Read more.

Consumer appreciation for food environmental attributes has recently gained in importance. The health-related attributes have received less attention in the literature, if organic farming products are excluded. We measure the consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for a traditional Italian product, pasta, when environmental and healthy attributes are added to it in turn. Relying on the prospect theory and on the bundling/unbundling debate, attributes cannot be perceived by consumers in absolute values. Accordingly, we assess if the way in which attributes are presented to consumers influences their WTP by comparing an “unbundling” approach—informing consumers of all product attributes and then subtracting one of them, to a “bundling” approach, progressively adding further attributes to the product’s description. To do this, we administered a questionnaire to a sample of households in North-Central Italy. WTP is elicited using an attribute based referenda format, slightly modified in accordance with our research objectives. The results show that Italian consumers, with the exception of specific subgroups, tend to prefer a traditional pasta product, probably because of both their taste preferences and eating habits. Some evidence emerged of an endowment effect, consumers valuing environmental attributes more when they feel themselves entitled to them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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11 pages, 3619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Carbon Stock Changes in Forest and Related Uncertainty

by Pasquale A. Marziliano, Giuliano Menguzzato and Vittoria Coletta

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101702 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3918

Abstract

For the evaluation of changes in the carbon stock of living biomass, two methods are reported in the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry: (1) the default method, which requires the biomass carbon loss to be subtracted from the [...] Read more.

For the evaluation of changes in the carbon stock of living biomass, two methods are reported in the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry: (1) the default method, which requires the biomass carbon loss to be subtracted from the biomass carbon increment for the reporting year; and (2) the stock change method, which requires two consecutive biomass carbon stock inventories for a given forest area at two points in time. We used three methods to estimate above-ground biomass: (1) application of allometric equations, (2) constant BEF (biomass expansion factor), and (3) age-dependent BEF, following which we evaluated the changes in carbon stock and the related uncertainty. Our study was carried out in a Douglas fir plantation composed of plots with three different planting densities, monitored at three different ages (15, 25, and 40 years old). Results showed the highest uncertainty in the estimates based on the constant BEF, whereas the use of allometric equations led to the lowest uncertainty in the estimates. With a constant BEF, it is usually difficult to obtain a reliable value for the whole tree biomass because stem proportion increases with tree size at the expense of the other components. The age-dependent BEFs aim to reduce the bias representing the actual change in stock, thus we found a lower uncertainty in the estimates by using this method compared to the constant BEF. The default method had the highest uncertainty (35.5–48.1%) and gave an estimate higher by almost double compared to the stock change method, which had an uncertainty ranging from 2.9% (estimated by the allometric equation) to 3.4% (estimated by the constant BEF). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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13 pages, 1010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Building Pro-Environment Behaviors: Are Green Users Also Green Buyers?

by Xiaohuan Xie, Yi Lu and Zhonghua Gou

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101703 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 8894

Abstract

Pro-environment behaviors play a key role in advancing the development of green buildings. This study investigated the link between two green building pro-environment behaviors that require dissimilar resources: energy savings that do not require money in order to be more environmentally friendly and [...] Read more.

Pro-environment behaviors play a key role in advancing the development of green buildings. This study investigated the link between two green building pro-environment behaviors that require dissimilar resources: energy savings that do not require money in order to be more environmentally friendly and willingness to pay that involves economic resources including spending money in order to be more environmentally friendly. This study points out that the two pro-environment behaviors can be positively linked to each other. People who behave in an environmentally friendly manner at work would also be likely to pay an extra cost for a green building when buying a new home. The consistency of the two pro-environment behaviors can be explained by their common environmental beliefs: limits to growth and eco-crisis. The green building movement should prioritize pro-environmental behaviors and associated environmental beliefs to support green building policies, guidelines, and tools. Full article

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13 pages, 2245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disinfection in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Evaluation of Effectiveness and Acute Toxicity Effects

by Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, Gianpaolo Alloisio, Eleonora Gozio and Ilaria Benigna

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1704; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101704 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 9105

Abstract

In Italy, urban wastewater disinfection is regulated in the third part of Legislative Decree n. 152/2006, which states that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) must include a disinfection unit, with a capacity exceeding 2000 Population Equivalent (PE). This treatment shall ensure microbial quality and [...] Read more.

In Italy, urban wastewater disinfection is regulated in the third part of Legislative Decree n. 152/2006, which states that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) must include a disinfection unit, with a capacity exceeding 2000 Population Equivalent (PE). This treatment shall ensure microbial quality and health security. The legislation provides the following limits for wastewater: Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration below 5000 CFU 100 mL⁻¹ (recommended value), active chlorine concentration below 0.2 mg L⁻¹ and lack of acute toxicity. The compliance with these conditions is shown by means of the study of correct disinfectant dosage, which also depends on wastewater characteristics. An investigation at the regional level (from 2013 to 2016) shows a correlation between acute toxicity discharge and disinfection treatment through chemical reagents (mainly with the use of chlorine compounds and peracetic acid). The experimental work concerns two active sludge WWTPs in northern Italy with small capacity (10,000–12,000 PE). The activities provide the assessment of microbiological quality and toxicity of WWTPs effluents in relation to the dosage of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, by means of the use of batch tests. The results show that with similar disinfectant dosage and comparable initial E. coli concentration, peracetic acid exhibits the best performance in terms of microbial removal (with removal yields up to 99.99%). Moreover, the acute toxicity was evident at higher doses and therefore with higher residuals of peracetic acid (2.68 mg L⁻¹) compared to the free residual chlorine (0.17 mg L⁻¹). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances for Water and Wastewater Treatment and Reuse with Emphasis in Applications in Vulnerable Communities)

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18 pages, 2240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Post-Mining Land Use: Are Closed Metal Mines Abandoned or Re-Used Space?

by Sonja Kivinen

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101705 - 23 Sep 2017

Cited by 101 | Viewed by 13100

Abstract

Sustainable land use in post-mining areas has received more attention only recently. This study examined landscape characteristics and post-mining land use in 51 metal mining sites in Finland. Studied mines were closed during the period of 1924–2016, and over half of them had [...] Read more.

Sustainable land use in post-mining areas has received more attention only recently. This study examined landscape characteristics and post-mining land use in 51 metal mining sites in Finland. Studied mines were closed during the period of 1924–2016, and over half of them had been active more than 10 years. Mines were typically located in sparsely populated forest landscapes. Cultural and recreational functions were found in one third of the sites, especially in significant historical mining areas close to the population centers. Further, nearly one third of the post-mining sites included new activities related to industry and infrastructure. The diversity of post-mining functions was generally limited in small and isolated sites. Re-opening of five closed mines was planned or under development, and exploration permits (or claims) were applied or admitted for half of the post-mining areas. The results showed that every closed mine is unique and thus, sustainable post-mining land use requires careful evaluation of potentials and limitations (e.g., contamination and other hazards) of the sites. Increasing sizes of new mining projects calls for paying more attention on future post-mining landscapes in order to avoid degraded and underused areas from environmental, social and economic perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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19 pages, 923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Spatial Plans: A Spanish Case Study

by Sergio Segura and Belen Pedregal

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101706 - 23 Sep 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6543

Abstract

Spatial planning, as a regional and subregional public policy, establishes a territorial integral vision implemented through spatial plans, aimed at achieving a balanced and sustainable spatial development and improving quality of life. To enhance the effectiveness of these plans, evaluation and monitoring are [...] Read more.

Spatial planning, as a regional and subregional public policy, establishes a territorial integral vision implemented through spatial plans, aimed at achieving a balanced and sustainable spatial development and improving quality of life. To enhance the effectiveness of these plans, evaluation and monitoring are needed. This paper critically analyses the monitoring and evaluation framework for spatial plans in Spain. Based on extensive literature, legislative, and document review, as well as in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, the paper describes the legal provisions of spatial plans and how they work in practice. One of the main conclusions is that, although many laws and spatial plans have been adopted in Spain, they do not include sufficient details and provisions regarding basic monitoring and evaluation procedures. This practice is in fact highly dependent on the political will of regional governments. The main progress on monitoring and evaluation of spatial plans is achieved thanks to the enforcement of environmental legislation. Finally, it is suggested that the role of specific bodies, public participation, territorial observatories, and indicator systems should be strengthened as key elements of the evaluation and monitoring procedures for spatial planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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35 pages, 1088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Food Systems Strategies: A Promising Tool for Implementing the SDGs in Practice ^†

by Rositsa T. Ilieva

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1707; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101707 - 23 Sep 2017

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 12606

Abstract

The UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the transition from Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), heralds an important turn in global sustainability policy. With implementation now taking place in all countries, regardless of GDP, a key question is [...] Read more.

The UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the transition from Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), heralds an important turn in global sustainability policy. With implementation now taking place in all countries, regardless of GDP, a key question is how affluent governments in large metropolitan areas can effectively contribute to global sustainable development. This paper argues that urban food systems strategies—a relatively new tool in local policymaking in the Global North—have the potential to amplify and consolidate national and international efforts in this direction and facilitate a more synergistic approach to SDG implementation. An in-depth comparative analysis of the 2030 Agenda and the sustainable food systems strategies of five of the ten largest cities in North America—New York, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Toronto—helps to uncover key gaps and areas of convergence between goals, objectives, and evaluation frameworks. Goal- and indicator-level analyses cast light on promising areas for cross-jurisdictional cooperation and suggest that, while not without limitations, urban food systems strategies offer manifold pathways to streamline global, national, and local implementation efforts and effectively forward the 2030 Agenda over the next decade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs))

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19 pages, 3069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Geometry Parameters on Energy and Thermal Performance of School Buildings in Cold Climates of China

by Anxiao Zhang, Regina Bokel, Andy Van den Dobbelsteen, Yanchen Sun, Qiong Huang and Qi Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101708 - 24 Sep 2017

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 16448

Abstract

This paper discusses the role of geometry parameters including building shape, window to wall ratio, room depth, and orientation on the energy use and thermal comfort of school buildings in cold climates of China. The annual total energy demand and summer thermal discomfort [...] Read more.

This paper discusses the role of geometry parameters including building shape, window to wall ratio, room depth, and orientation on the energy use and thermal comfort of school buildings in cold climates of China. The annual total energy demand and summer thermal discomfort time were compared through computer simulations with DesignBuilder. Furthermore, a questionnaire was conducted that related to the students’ subjective preference for various building geometry parameters. Results showed that a maximum of 13.6% of energy savings and 3.8% of thermal comfort improvement when compared to the reference case could be achieved through variations in geometry parameters. The H shape performed the best when the building thermal performance and students’ preferences were considered, as well as the various design options for architects. Window to wall ratio, room depth, and orientation should also be carefully addressed in terms of different building types. The results of this study can serve as a reference for architects and school managers in the early design stages of schools in cold climates of China. Full article

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18 pages, 3108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Sustainable Street Tree Planting Patterns to Be Resistant against Fine Particles (PM_2.5)

by Suyeon Kim, Sangwoo Lee, Kwangil Hwang and Kyungjin An

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101709 - 24 Sep 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5435

Abstract

Recent health threats from fine particles of PM_2.5 have been warned by various health organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other international governmental agencies. Due to the recognised threats of such particulate materials within urban areas, counter measures against PM [...] Read more.

Recent health threats from fine particles of PM_2.5 have been warned by various health organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other international governmental agencies. Due to the recognised threats of such particulate materials within urban areas, counter measures against PM_2.5 have been largely explored; however, the methods in the context of planting types and structures have been neglected. Therefore, this study investigated and analysed the concentration levels of PM_2.5 in roads, planting areas, and residential zones within urban areas. Moreover, the study attempted to identify any meaningful factors influencing the reduction of PM_2.5 and their efficiencies. After surveying PM_2.5 in winter and spring season, there were serious reductions of PM_2.5 concentrations within the areas of pedestrian paths, planting, and residential areas compared to other urban areas. In particular, a significant low level of PM_2.5 concentrations was shown in the residential areas located behind planting bands as green buffer. This research also found that three-dimensional volumes and quantity of planting rows play a critical role in reducing PM_2.5. A negative correlation was shown between the fluctuated concentration rate of PM_2.5 and quantity of planting rows—single row of trees showed fluctuated concentration rate of PM_2.5, 84.77%, followed by double rows of trees 79.49%, and triple rows of trees 75.02%. Especially, trees need to be planted at certain distance to allow wind to diffuse fine particles rather than dense planting. Finally, planting shrubs also significantly reduces the concentration level of PM_2.5—the fluctuated concentration rate of the single layer showed 88.79%, while the double layer and the multi-layer showed 81.16% and 68.93%, respectively—since it increases three-dimensional volume of urban plantings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dust Events in the Environment)

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15 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Focus on Tax Avoidance and Financial Ratio Analysis

by Jeongho Kim and Chaechang Im

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101710 - 24 Sep 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9964

Abstract

This study is an attempt to find a causal relation between financial ratios and tax avoidance. Aside from direct financial responsibilities, we conjecture that firms that avoid taxes will also face indirect negative financial repercussions, such as degradation of their reputation in the [...] Read more.

This study is an attempt to find a causal relation between financial ratios and tax avoidance. Aside from direct financial responsibilities, we conjecture that firms that avoid taxes will also face indirect negative financial repercussions, such as degradation of their reputation in the investment market. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility) activities are reflected in the market as firms make a commitment to society, and investors perceive a positive value in an investment in such firms. Between the two contradictory drivers, tax avoidance and CSR activities, we seek to find their interplaying relation with financial ratios. From this study, tax authorities can regulate firms that engage in tax avoidance and encourage firms to conduct CSR activities. We summarize our findings as below: First, CSR activities deter tax avoidance, specifically in firms that are actively engaged in CSR. On the other hand, passive involvement in CSR does not have any influence on tax avoidance. Secondly, we find that current asset turnover, the labor-to-equipment ratio, the noncurrent liabilities ratio, and the net income-to-equity ratio all have a positive and significant influence on corporate tax avoidance. Conversely, common equity growth has been shown to be negatively related with corporate tax avoidance. From this empirical study, we contribute to the studies on tax avoidance by showing that there can be a voluntary method to reduce corporate tax avoidance in firms, which is by encouraging them to engage in CSR activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

13 pages, 3089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimum Insulation Thickness for Building Exterior Walls in 32 Regions of China to Save Energy and Reduce CO₂ Emissions

by Jihui Yuan, Craig Farnham and Kazuo Emura

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101711 - 24 Sep 2017

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 9755

Abstract

China accounts for approximately 30% of the CO₂ emissions—one of the largest proportions from a single nation. Therefore, reducing the CO₂ emissions in China will play a decisive role in global CO₂ emissions reduction. This paper is a proposal of [...] Read more.

China accounts for approximately 30% of the CO₂ emissions—one of the largest proportions from a single nation. Therefore, reducing the CO₂ emissions in China will play a decisive role in global CO₂ emissions reduction. This paper is a proposal of optimum insulation thickness (OIT) for the exterior walls of buildings in 32 regions of China to save energy and reduce CO₂ emissions. The determination of the OIT for exterior walls its impact on the annual total energy cost and annual CO₂ emissions per unit area of building exterior walls were calculated for 32 regions of China using the life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and degree-days (DD) method. The results indicate that the annual total energy cost decreases up to the OIT level, and increases beyond the OIT level. The annual CO₂ emissions can be reduced by increasing the insulation thickness. It is predicted that the average total energy cost of 32 regions can potentially be decreased by about $5/m²-year (40%) and the average CO₂ emissions of the 32 regions can potentially be reduced by about 27 kg/m²-year (63%) when the OIT is applied. It also shows it is more effective to apply the OIT for the exterior walls of buildings to save annual total energy cost and reduce annual CO₂ emissions in the Severe Cold and Hot Summer & Cold Winter climatic zones rather than the other climatic zones of China. Full article

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32 pages, 11366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investment Strategy in a Closed Loop Supply Chain: The Case of a Market with Competition between Two Retailers

by Sungwook Yoon and Sukjae Jeong

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101712 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4902

Abstract

To survive in the ceaseless cycle of competition, businesses have developed strategies to become sustainable. These strategies include reusing products, which can lead not only to the creation of economic benefits but also to improvements in a corporation’s social and environmental responsibility. Product [...] Read more.

To survive in the ceaseless cycle of competition, businesses have developed strategies to become sustainable. These strategies include reusing products, which can lead not only to the creation of economic benefits but also to improvements in a corporation’s social and environmental responsibility. Product reuse can also increase the profit earned on new products by compensating customers who bring in old products to buy new ones, as the ensuing remanufacturing process allows for the reuse of materials and thus drives down costs. As businesses have come to recognize these values, the marketing competition to retrieve used products from customers has intensified. This research focuses on identifying effective compensation strategies to determine the appropriate advertising investment and trade-in value in a market where two homogeneous retailers compete. Retailers advertise to secure more customers to trade in their used products and to generate more trade-in sales than competitors do. A retailer’s results may vary according to its competitor’s investment strategy, which makes it useful to employ information on past competitor investment patterns to plan future investment strategies. However, as competitors using one another’s information may intensify the competition, better investment results could be obtained by ignoring competitor investment information. Therefore, this study suggests four competition strategies that determine the advertisement costs and trade-in allowance spent by retailers and discusses the difference in the profits obtained by the retailers under each of the four strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reverse Logistics: An Interdisciplinary Approach)

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19 pages, 3556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Marcellus Shale Fracking and Susquehanna River Stakeholder Attitudes: A Five-Year Update

by Mark Heuer and Shan Yan

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101713 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8696

Abstract

The attitudes of Susquehanna River stakeholders regarding natural gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in the Marcellus Shale region reflect differing concerns on economic, social, and environmental issues based on gender, education level, and income. The focus on the U.S. State of Pennsylvania section of [...] Read more.

The attitudes of Susquehanna River stakeholders regarding natural gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in the Marcellus Shale region reflect differing concerns on economic, social, and environmental issues based on gender, education level, and income. The focus on the U.S. State of Pennsylvania section of the Susquehanna River derives from the U.S. States of New York and Maryland, neighbors of Pennsylvania to the immediate north and south, respectively, enacting bans on fracking, while Pennsylvania has catapulted, through Marcellus fracking, to become the second largest natural gas producing state in the U.S. In this Pennsylvania survey, female and more highly educated stakeholders favor a moratorium on fracking, while males and lower income stakeholders support fracking. Of the four categories used to organize the survey, i.e. economic opportunity, health and safety, communities, and energy security, the category of health and safety ranked first in both the 2012 and 2017 survey. Full article

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18 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency and Sustainability of CSR Projects

by Maria-Teresa Bosch-Badia, Joan Montllor-Serrats and Maria-Antonia Tarrazon-Rodon

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101714 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 10508

Abstract

The progressive expansion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been accompanied by an increasing interest from regulators and market analysts. Governments and supra-national organisations have issued guidance rules on CSR, while market analysts have created a set of gatekeepers focused on its evaluation, [...] Read more.

The progressive expansion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been accompanied by an increasing interest from regulators and market analysts. Governments and supra-national organisations have issued guidance rules on CSR, while market analysts have created a set of gatekeepers focused on its evaluation, publishing rankings and comparative reports. The UN Global Compact and the sustainability indexes are two relevant examples. The complexity and some of the functions of this CSR infrastructure have common features with the financial system. Information is at the core of both. The distinction between information and noise is central for building up efficient financial markets. The aim of this paper is to analyse how information can be separated from noise in CSR. To this end, we develop a qualitative model that centres on the following variables: the CSR features of the project under consideration, its financial features, its relationship with corporate strategy, the performance metrics for its analysis, the different kinds of risk it involves, and its impact on value creation. This model relies on two common functions that we identify in the CSR infrastructure and the financial system: the defining function and the performance information function. The model is applied to Adidas’ CSR policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

14 pages, 28735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Interactions between the Settlement Network, Natural Landscape and Zones of Economic Activities: A Case Study in a Greek Region

by Athena Yiannakou, Dimosthenis Eppas and Dimitra Zeka

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101715 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6204

Abstract

The structure of a settlement network has been influenced historically by physical, geographical and socioeconomic factors. Theories of spatial development have focused on the interaction between urban areas and socioeconomic processes considering the natural surroundings as a steady parameter rather than a potentially [...] Read more.

The structure of a settlement network has been influenced historically by physical, geographical and socioeconomic factors. Theories of spatial development have focused on the interaction between urban areas and socioeconomic processes considering the natural surroundings as a steady parameter rather than a potentially varying element contributing to spatial development. Over the past 25 years in Greece, a number of socio-economic factors along with improvements in transport infrastructure led to crucial changes in the traditional settlement system. The development of new economic activities was often associated with the special characteristics of the natural landscape. In this way, natural landscape as a dynamic element interacts with the built environment and the economic activities of a place, leading to the formation of new clusters of relationships. Using the case study of the Region of Western Macedonia, a mountainous, border zone Greek region, and based on an interactive framework of analysis whereby human and natural systems are considered strongly interconnected, this paper examines the spatial interactions between the settlement network, as the basic representation of human activity, the natural landscape, as a crucial element of the natural system, and the dynamic zones of economic activities, as a parameter that encompasses crucial attributes of both human and natural systems. The paper proposes that the heterogeneity of these interactions and the way they affect the thresholds and resilience of a specific place are important for the understanding of spatial change and for an integrated spatial planning for sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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15 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeting International Food Aid Programmes: The Case of Productive Safety Net Programme in Tigray, Ethiopia

by Hossein Azadi, Fien De Rudder, Koen Vlassenroot, Fredu Nega and Jan Nyssen

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101716 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6546

Abstract

Ethiopia has experienced more than five major droughts in the past three decades, leading to high dependency on international food aids. Nevertheless, studies indicate that asset depletion has not been prevented; neither did food insecurity diminish. Since 2004/5, the Productive Safety Net Programme [...] Read more.

Ethiopia has experienced more than five major droughts in the past three decades, leading to high dependency on international food aids. Nevertheless, studies indicate that asset depletion has not been prevented; neither did food insecurity diminish. Since 2004/5, the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) has been implemented to improve food security in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Critics point out that the implementation of food aid programmes can have negative impacts as well as positive outcomes for local communities. Accordingly, this survey study aimed to analyse the distribution and allocation of food aids in the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in Tigray. Results of 479 interviews revealed that targeting different households in the PSNP has been considerably linked to socio-demographic attributes among which age and size of family were decisive factors to receive food aids. Furthermore, older households with smaller family size received more direct support. Inequality between genders was another major finding of this study. When combined with the marital status, there was also a big difference in the percentage of married or unmarried women receiving food aids. These findings could provide fundamental information for policy intervention to correct food security programmes at household level and reduce hunger. Given that, socio-demographic factors can help to identify particular and usually different requirements, vulnerabilities and coping strategies of the members of the food aid programme, so that they can be much more addressed when an emergency happens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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19 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Environmental Accounting and Reporting Practices of Listed Banking Companies in Bangladesh

by Md. Abdul Kaium Masud, Seong Mi Bae and Jong Dae Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101717 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 11469

Abstract

“Bangladesh faces many ecological challenges, including air and water contamination, land degradation, and waste management”. Bangladesh faces many ecological challenges, including air and water contamination, land degradation, and waste management. This study was designed to investigate the extent and nature of environmental accounting [...] Read more.

“Bangladesh faces many ecological challenges, including air and water contamination, land degradation, and waste management”. Bangladesh faces many ecological challenges, including air and water contamination, land degradation, and waste management. This study was designed to investigate the extent and nature of environmental accounting and reporting of listed banks in Bangladesh in 12 major categories. Information was collected from the annual reports of 20 banks listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange for the period 2010 to 2014. The results indicate that the banks examined significantly disclosed environmental information for the 12 categories. The study found that banks disclosed the most environmental information for green banking and renewable energy categories, whereas they disclosed the least for environmental recognition and waste management categories. Furthermore, yearly comparison reveals that disclosure of environmental information increased sharply from 16% in 2010 to 83% in 2014. In addition, Bangladesh Bank’s recent fruitful initiatives on environmental disclosures were reviewed, and the findings of the 12 categories have managerial implications for policy makers in corporations as well as the government. It is recommended that professional accounting bodies of Bangladesh, along with international and government policy makers develop a separate conceptual framework for environmental accounting and reporting for the financial and non-financial sectors of the country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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22 pages, 6340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Becoming Urban: Exploring the Transformative Capacity for a Suburban-to-Urban Transition in Australia’s Low-Density Cities

by Peter Newton, Denny Meyer and Stephen Glackin

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1718; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101718 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 12427

Abstract

Metropolitan planning and development of Australia’s cities for much of the past 75 years has been strongly influenced by what could be termed the “North American model” of low-density, car-dependent suburban development on greenfield master-planned housing estates. The negative social, economic and environmental [...] Read more.

Metropolitan planning and development of Australia’s cities for much of the past 75 years has been strongly influenced by what could be termed the “North American model” of low-density, car-dependent suburban development on greenfield master-planned housing estates. The negative social, economic and environmental consequences associated with perpetuating this low-density greenfield model were becoming evident by the 1990s and “compact city” policies began to feature, albeit in piecemeal fashion, in the long-term metropolitan planning strategies of the major capital cities in Australia. This compact city transition, from “suburban” to “urban” (i.e., from a low-density urban form dominated by detached housing with its own surrounding private space to one where there is a significant presence of medium-density and apartment accommodation), remains a challenging work in progress, as reflected in a rapid succession of metropolitan planning strategies—and reviews—for cities such as Melbourne and Sydney since the beginning of this century. Urban infill targets of 70% for new housing construction in these cities now represents a major break with the past and a challenge to the major stakeholders involved in urban development in Australia: state and local government, the property development industry and residents of the established, ageing “greyfield” suburbs that are a focus for intensified redevelopment. This paper comprises four parts. The introduction identifies the multiple challenges confronting 21st-century urban development in Australia. The second part frames transitions required for a regenerative retrofitting of the established suburbs of its major cities, with particular focus on the greyfields. The third section extends transition management research into an examination of the transformative capacity of each of the four key stakeholder groups that are central to achieving such a regenerative transition. To date, the greatest resistance to more intensive redevelopment has come from urban residents. The final section of the paper focuses on this stakeholder group, and draws on data from a major household survey that examines the attitudes of resident property owners in the middle suburbs of Sydney and Melbourne to neighborhood change and medium-density housing development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustaining Suburbia: Reassessing the Policies, Systems, and Form of Decentralized Growth)

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25 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Responsible Innovation: A Complementary View from Industry with Proposals for Bridging Different Perspectives

by Marc Dreyer, Luc Chefneux, Anne Goldberg, Joachim Von Heimburg, Norberto Patrignani, Monica Schofield and Chris Shilling

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1719; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101719 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 11534

Abstract

This paper presents a consensus view on Responsible Innovation by a group of industry practitioners, each with high level management experience in driving innovation from within industrial companies operating in different sectors. The authors argue that, while a substantial body of academic research [...] Read more.

This paper presents a consensus view on Responsible Innovation by a group of industry practitioners, each with high level management experience in driving innovation from within industrial companies operating in different sectors. The authors argue that, while a substantial body of academic research on Responsible Research & Innovation (RRI) of potential interest now exists, it is failing to have impact in the industrial community, where it is understood to be partially targeted, because many of the concepts, tools and methodologies are not aligned with current industrial practices. This is leading to a misconception as to where industry stands on topics addressed by RRI and difficulties in forwarding a dialogue that is meaningful to both parties. The need to distinguish between processes relating to research and innovation is argued, together with the view that research into RRI should encompass more of the on-going work being carried out in related fields such as the role of companies in society, the debate around Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Shared Value (CSV), responsible digital innovation, the elements of ethical leadership, sustainable investment policies and work on establishing social impact factors as well as public concerns on innovation. Directions for an alignment of the terminology and concepts are also proposed. This paper is to be viewed as an attempt at bridging perspectives with the aim of finding common ground to develop the field of RRI further so that it provides effective concepts, tools and methodologies to guide industrial innovation towards better societal outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in Industry)

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18 pages, 14814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding User Satisfaction Evaluation in Low Occupancy Sustainable Workplaces

by Rosi Fieldson and Behzad Sodagar

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101720 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7399

Abstract

This paper presents the findings of a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) applied to a building in the UK. The design of the building was generated through an externally funded research project over two years from 2005 to 2007. The construction of the building was [...] Read more.

This paper presents the findings of a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) applied to a building in the UK. The design of the building was generated through an externally funded research project over two years from 2005 to 2007. The construction of the building was completed in 2010. After a period of occupancy, a POE of the building was carried out in 2015. The POE offered an opportunity to investigate the effect of occupant behaviour on the performance of the building and their level of comfort and satisfaction. We adopted a field survey method to evaluate the comfort and satisfaction of users by asking them a series of questions to analyse how they felt in different parts of the building throughout the course of the year. In our analysis, the users were prompted to provide a subjective measure of the building regarding a range of internal conditions such as air temperature, humidity, air movement, air quality, daylight, artificial light, and noise. The analysis supports the notion that in naturally-ventilated buildings some users may find the building to be hot in summer while cold in winter. The high level of control the users have over the operation of the building contributes to their comfort and satisfaction. The users demonstrated a tendency to be satisfied despite environmental factors and to forgive some aspects of the building which are not performing as they should. The paper offers a perspective on statistical user satisfaction in a low occupancy building and attempts to explain the role of workplace wellbeing on occupant perception of comfort in this case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Post Occupancy Evaluation)

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19 pages, 893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Human Knowledge and Communication on Operational Benefits Gained from Six Sigma

by Jorge L. García-Alcaraz, Liliana Avelar-Sosa, Juan I. Latorre-Biel, Emilio Jiménez-Macías and Giner Alor-Hernández

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101721 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5207

Abstract

Six Sigma (SS) is a production philosophy focused on human experiences and knowledge, aimed to minimize defects of products and services. The appropriate implementation of SS requires an education process, reliable data analysis, efficient didactic material, statistical techniques and human knowledge to improve [...] Read more.

Six Sigma (SS) is a production philosophy focused on human experiences and knowledge, aimed to minimize defects of products and services. The appropriate implementation of SS requires an education process, reliable data analysis, efficient didactic material, statistical techniques and human knowledge to improve communication and operational benefits. In this article, we present a structural equation model integrating those aspects as latent variables and relating them with ten hypotheses. Data for hypothesis validation were gathered among 301 manufacturing companies, and assessed using partial least squares (PLS) to estimate direct, indirect, and total effects. As results, we found that access to reliable information, trusted analysis and knowledgeable management are crucial for SS implementation at the problem definition stage. Likewise, to execute and control SS projects, it is important to be trained in statistical techniques through clear didactic materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data: Implications for Sustainability, Policy Making and Competitiveness)

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11 pages, 343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability and Financial Performance of Companies in the Energy Sector in Romania

by Dragos Paun

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101722 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6799

Abstract

In the article, we focus on the question of sustainability in the renewable energy sector of Romania. The aim of the current paper is to analyze the financial performance of the companies operating in the field. Our assumption is that the success of [...] Read more.

In the article, we focus on the question of sustainability in the renewable energy sector of Romania. The aim of the current paper is to analyze the financial performance of the companies operating in the field. Our assumption is that the success of the implementation of the energy switch from classic to renewables relies on the businesses operating in this industry. In our article, we have selected the most prominent players in the energy industry, comparing the performance of those that are producing renewable energy to the ones that are producing energy using fossil fuels. Our analysis has shown that, starting with 2013, the companies have encountered financial difficulties, which has led to a halt in investments and the questioning of the sustainability of entering the market. After analyzing the data, we have seen that the investments have been rather opportunistic, based on the commitment of the government to keep the subsidies introduced by the policy, and have not been based on the realistic long-term financial performance of the companies in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

16 pages, 2489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Framework for Understanding Urban Social Vulnerability from a Network Perspective

by Yi Ge, Wen Dou and Haibo Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101723 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 13859

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in China has strengthened the connection and cooperation among cities and has also led urban residents to be more vulnerable in adverse environmental conditions. Vulnerability research has been an important foundation in urban risk management. To make cities safe and resilient, [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization in China has strengthened the connection and cooperation among cities and has also led urban residents to be more vulnerable in adverse environmental conditions. Vulnerability research has been an important foundation in urban risk management. To make cities safe and resilient, it is also necessary to integrate the connection among cities into a vulnerability assessment. Therefore, this paper proposed a new conceptual framework for urban social vulnerability assessment based on network theory, where a new dimension of social vulnerability (connectivity) was added into the framework. Using attribute data, the traditional social vulnerability index of a city (SVI_node) was calculated via the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model. With the relational data retrieved from the Baidu search index, a new dimension (connectivity) of social vulnerability (SVI_connectivity) was evaluated. Finally, an integrated social vulnerability index (SVI_urban) was measured combined with SVI_node and SVI_connectivity. This method was applied in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, where the top three high values of SVI_node belonged to the cities of Taizhou (Z), Jiaxing, and Huzhou. The three lowest cities were Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Shanghai. For SVI_urban, the social vulnerability of cities in different hierarchies behaved differently. For Hierarchies 2 and 3, when compared to SVI_node, the SVI_urban was significantly reduced. However, the variation between SVI_node and SVI_urban in Hierarchy 4 was slight. Furthermore, an increase for the city of Taizhou (J) in its social vulnerability was achieved after connecting to the network. Huzhou, in Hierarchy 5, increased its social vulnerability the most when adding connectivity in the social vulnerability assessment. Based on the results of our case study, a conclusion was drawn that network connectivity had an influence on social vulnerability. However, when connectivity was strong enough, it could help cities to mitigate their traditional social vulnerability, whereas a loose connection in the network aggregated their traditional social vulnerability. Hence, the latter should be emphasized in future urban risk management. Full article

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16 pages, 3224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Eco-Design and Life Cycle Assessment Standards for Environmental Impact Reduction of an Industrial Product

by Alberto Navajas, Leire Uriarte and Luis M. Gandía

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101724 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 13257

Abstract

Eco-design is included within the framework of the standard for “Environmental management systems—Guidelines for incorporating Eco-design” (ISO 14006:2011). Eco-design process, as defined in standard, has six steps: (i) Specify product functions; (ii) Environmental assessment of products; (iii) Strategies of improvement; (iv) Environmental objectives; [...] Read more.

Eco-design is included within the framework of the standard for “Environmental management systems—Guidelines for incorporating Eco-design” (ISO 14006:2011). Eco-design process, as defined in standard, has six steps: (i) Specify product functions; (ii) Environmental assessment of products; (iii) Strategies of improvement; (iv) Environmental objectives; (v) Product specification; and (vi) Technical solutions. Step (ii), determination of the stage or process of the product life cycle that has the highest environmental impact; this is perhaps the most controversial step because the standard does not specify which tool should be used. This lack of specification has generated some distrust with regard to eco-design, hindering its development. In order to make a trustworthy eco-design, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) should be applied as a tool for environmental impact quantification. The main objective of this work is to apply standardised eco-design methodology for the reduction of the environmental impact of an industrial product in Spain using LCA as a tool for the environmental product assessment. LCA standardised process (ISO 14040,14044:2006) is included in the eco-design process. A glass container intended for cough syrup delivery has been selected as an industrial product to be eco-designed. Following the methodology described, the overall normalised impact decreased 35.1% when a PET container substituted a glass container. Environmental impacts have been reduced following standardised eco-design and LCA methodologies, serving as an example to industry and administration regarding how to eco-design with the confidence of obtaining reliable results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-design and Green Chemistry)

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13 pages, 850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment between a Metered Dose Inhaler and Electric Nebulizer

by Brandon Goulet, Lars Olson and Brooke K. Mayer

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101725 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8878

Abstract

Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a product based on the materials and processes used to manufacture the item as well as the item’s use and disposal. The objective of this LCA was to evaluate and compare the environmental impact [...] Read more.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a product based on the materials and processes used to manufacture the item as well as the item’s use and disposal. The objective of this LCA was to evaluate and compare the environmental impact of a metered dose inhaler, specifically the Proventil^® HFA inhaler (Merk & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), and an electric nebulizer, specifically the DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide^® nebulizer (DeVilbiss, Port Washington, NY, USA). GaBi LCA software was used to model the global warming potential (GWP) of each product by using substantiated data and well-justified assumptions for the components, manufacturing, assembly, and use of both devices. The functional unit used to model each device was one dose of the active drug, albuterol sulfate. The inhaler’s GWP, 0.0972 kg CO₂-eq, was greater than the nebulizer’s even when uncertain parameters were varied ±100×. During the use phase ofa the inhaler, which accounted for approximately 96% of the inhaler’s total GWP, HFA 134a is used as a propellant to deliver the drug. The total GWP for the electric nebulizer was 0.0294 kg CO₂-eq assuming that the mouthpiece was cleaned in a dishwasher, while it was 0.0477 kg CO₂-eq when the nebulizer mouthpiece was hand washed between uses. The GWP breakeven scenario between dishwashing and hand washing occurred when the mouthpiece accounted for 10% of the dishwasher load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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13 pages, 2666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infiltration and Soil Loss Changes during the Growing Season under Ploughing and Conservation Tillage

by Gergely Jakab, Balázs Madarász, Judit Alexandra Szabó, Adrienn Tóth, Dóra Zacháry, Zoltán Szalai, Ádám Kertész and Jeremy Dyson

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101726 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6690

Abstract

Decreased water retention and increased runoff and soil loss are of special importance concerning soil degradation of hilly crop fields. In this study, plots under ploughing (conventional) tillage (PT) and conservation tillage (CT; 15 years) were compared. Rainfall simulation on 6 m² [...] Read more.

Decreased water retention and increased runoff and soil loss are of special importance concerning soil degradation of hilly crop fields. In this study, plots under ploughing (conventional) tillage (PT) and conservation tillage (CT; 15 years) were compared. Rainfall simulation on 6 m² plots was applied to determine infiltration and soil loss during the growing season. Results were compared with those measured from 1200 m² plots exposed to natural rainfalls in 2016. Infiltration was always higher under CT than PT, whereas the highest infiltration was measured under the cover crop condition. Infiltration under seedbed and stubble resulted in uncertainties, which suggests that natural pore formation can be more effective at improving soil drainage potential than can temporary improvements created by soil tillage operations. Soil erodibility was higher under PT for each soil status; however, the seedbed condition triggered the highest values. For CT, soil loss volume was only a function of runoff volume at both scales. Contrarily, on PT plots, some extreme precipitation events triggered extremely high soil loss owing to linear erosion, which meant no direct connection existed between the scales. Improved soil conditions due to conservation practice are more important for decreasing soil loss than the better surface conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Science in Conservation Agricultural Systems)

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23 pages, 3284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Sustainable Development of an Economic-Energy-Environment (3E) System Based on System Dynamics (SD): A Case Study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in China

by Yi Zuo, Ying-ling Shi and Yu-zhuo Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101727 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 14490

Abstract

The sustainable development of an economic-energy-environment (3E) system has received increasing attention by the government because it both determines national development and individuals’ health at the macro and micro level. In this paper, we synthetically consider various important factors based on analysis of [...] Read more.

The sustainable development of an economic-energy-environment (3E) system has received increasing attention by the government because it both determines national development and individuals’ health at the macro and micro level. In this paper, we synthetically consider various important factors based on analysis of the existing literature and use system dynamics (SD) to establish models of sustainable development of a 3E system. The model not only clearly shows the complex logical relationship between the factors but also reveals the process of the 3E system. In addition, the paper provides a case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China by using a scenario analysis method. The models proposed in this paper can facilitate an understanding of the sustainable development pattern of a 3E coordination system and help to provide references for policy-making institutions. The results show that the long-term development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region’s 3E system is not sustainable, but it can be changed through the adjustment of the energy structure and an increase in investment in environmental protection, which can improve the environmental quality and ensure continuous growth rather than excessive growth of energy consumption and the gross domestic product (GDP). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Policy and Policy Implications—Good Examples and Critical Reflections)

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19 pages, 3295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought Dynamics and Vegetation Productivity in Different Land Management Systems of Eastern Cape, South Africa—A Remote Sensing Perspective

by Valerie Graw, Gohar Ghazaryan, Karen Dall, Andoni Delgado Gómez, Ayman Abdel-Hamid, Andries Jordaan, Ruben Piroska, Joachim Post, Jörg Szarzynski, Yvonne Walz and Olena Dubovyk

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101728 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 14896

Abstract

Eastern Cape Province in South Africa has experienced extreme drought events during the last decade. In South Africa, different land management systems exist belonging to two different land tenure classes: commercial large scale farming and communal small-scale subsistence farming. Communal lands are often [...] Read more.

Eastern Cape Province in South Africa has experienced extreme drought events during the last decade. In South Africa, different land management systems exist belonging to two different land tenure classes: commercial large scale farming and communal small-scale subsistence farming. Communal lands are often reported to be affected by land degradation and drought events among others considered as trigger for this process. Against this background, we analyzed vegetation response to drought in different land management and land tenure systems through assessing vegetation productivity trends and monitoring the intensity, frequency and distribution of the drought hazard in grasslands and communal and commercial croplands during drought and non-drought conditions. For the observation period 2000–2016, we used time series of 250 m Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Climate Hazard Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) precipitation data with 5 km resolution. For the assessment of vegetation dynamics, we: (1) analyzed vegetation productivity in Eastern Cape over the last 16 years with EVI; (2) analyzed the impact of drought events on vegetation productivity in grasslands as well as commercial and communal croplands; and (3) compared precipitation-vegetation dynamics between the drought season 2015/2016 and the non-drought season 2011/2012. Change in total annual vegetation productivity could detect drought years while drought dynamics during the season could be rather monitored by the VCI. Correlation of vegetation condition and precipitation indicated areas experiencing significant vegetation productivity trends showing low and even negative correlation coefficients indicating other drivers for productivity change and drought impact besides rainfall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover)

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15 pages, 2846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Association of Shrubs and Their Interrelation to Burrowing Site Preference of Subterranean Rodents on Dune Slope in the Otindag Sandy Land, China

by Lina Jiang, Xiao Wang, Long Li, Zhongjie Shi and Xiaohui Yang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101729 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4727

Abstract

Rangelands worldwide have more shrubs now, and subterranean rangeland rodents show close interaction to shrubs when choosing a burrowing site. The study was conducted in Otindag Sandy Land in Inner Mongolia, China with the objective of determining the effects of slope position on [...] Read more.

Rangelands worldwide have more shrubs now, and subterranean rangeland rodents show close interaction to shrubs when choosing a burrowing site. The study was conducted in Otindag Sandy Land in Inner Mongolia, China with the objective of determining the effects of slope position on spatial pattern and interaction of shrubs; how rodents choose their habitat in different slope; and shrubs and rodents influence each other. To accomplish the objective set, we used three physiographic units: Plot 1 (upper slope), Plot 2 (middle slope), and Plot 3 (lower slope), and all individual woody plants and rodent holes in the three plots were mapped. The result of the study showed that: (1) two shrub species show a random distribution trend in all three plots except an aggregated trend only at the smaller scale on the upper slope; (2) the majority of subterranean rodents preferred to select their burrowing sites under the shrub crown, and these selected shrub individuals had generally larger crown length than those unselected individuals. At the same time, the majority of these burrowing sites were located on the lower right direction. (3) The distribution of rodents holes differ across the slopes in the study area. In the three samples, the relative locations of burrowing sites to shrubs are mostly distributed down slope of shrubs. From upper slope to lower slope, this trend gradually enhanced. Our conclusion is that the increase in shrubs represents a pioneer phase in the rehabilitation of degraded sandy land ecosystems, and colonization of subterranean rangeland rodents near the shrubs is a clear indicator of stabilization of sand dunes. Full article

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20 pages, 2167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting Transportation Sector CO₂ Emissions Growth in China: An LMDI Decomposition Analysis

by Yi Liang, Dongxiao Niu, Haichao Wang and Yan Li

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101730 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 7260

Abstract

China has now become the largest country in carbon emissions all over the world. Furthermore, with transportation accounting for an increasing proportion of CO₂ emissions year by year, the transportation sector has turned out to be one of the main sectors which [...] Read more.

China has now become the largest country in carbon emissions all over the world. Furthermore, with transportation accounting for an increasing proportion of CO₂ emissions year by year, the transportation sector has turned out to be one of the main sectors which possesses a high growth speed in CO₂ emissions. To accurately analyze potentially influencing factors which accelerate the process of CO₂ emissions of transportation sector in China, based on carbon accounting by the checklists method of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC), in this paper, we propose a decomposition model using Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition analysis technology and modified fixed growth rate method. Then effects of six influencing factors including energy structure, energy efficiency, transport form, transportation development, economic development and population size from 2001 to 2014 were quantitatively analyzed. Consequently, the results indicate that: (1) economic development accounts most for driving CO₂ emissions growth of the transportation sector, while energy efficiency accounts most for suppressing CO₂ emissions growth; (2) the pulling effects of natural gas, electricity and other clean energy consumption on CO₂ emissions growth offset the inhibitory effects of traditional fossil fuels, making energy structure play a significant role in promoting CO₂ emissions growth; (3) the inhibitory effects of railways and highways lead to inhibitory effects of transport form on CO₂ emissions growth; (4) transportation development plays an obvious role in promoting CO₂ emissions, while the effects of population size is relatively weaker compared with those of transportation development. Furthermore, the decomposition model of CO₂ emissions factors in transport industry constructed in this paper can also be applied to other countries so as to provide guidance and reference for CO₂ emissions analysis of transportation industry. Full article

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17 pages, 4077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resolving Stack Effect Problems in a High-Rise Office Building by Mechanical Pressurization

by Jung-yeon Yu, Kyoo-dong Song and Dong-woo Cho

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101731 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8847

Abstract

In high-rise buildings, the stack effect causes various problems, especially problems related to excessive pressure differences across main entrance doors and elevator doors, particularly in heating seasons. To reduce the stack effect, this study aims to find effective operation schemes for the HVAC [...] Read more.

In high-rise buildings, the stack effect causes various problems, especially problems related to excessive pressure differences across main entrance doors and elevator doors, particularly in heating seasons. To reduce the stack effect, this study aims to find effective operation schemes for the HVAC systems in a 60-story commercial building, located in Seoul, Korea. Field measurements were conducted to identify the problems related to the stack effect in the building. Computer simulations were conducted to examine the effectiveness of various HVAC operation schemes in reducing the stack effect. Then, an optimum and effective operation scheme was adopted from the computer simulation results and applied in the field. The adopted scheme was used to pressurize the upper zone of the building. Through field application and an adjustment process, a proper amount of air volume was found to effectively pressurize the upper zone of this building, solving the problems related to the stack effect. The required air volume for pressurization was maintained in the building by reducing the volume of the exhaust air (EA) while maintaining a constant volume of outdoor air (OA). Full article

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18 pages, 1308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adoption of Falsified Medical Products in a Low-Income Country: Empirical Evidence for Suriname

by Philip Hans Franses and Madesta Lede

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101732 - 26 Sep 2017

Viewed by 4615

Abstract

Based on detailed shipping figures for Suriname’s main harbour in Paramaribo, we estimate the total shipments (in kilograms) of original and falsified medical products for 1996–2008 across five product categories. Using various time series techniques and diffusion models, we document that total cumulative [...] Read more.

Based on detailed shipping figures for Suriname’s main harbour in Paramaribo, we estimate the total shipments (in kilograms) of original and falsified medical products for 1996–2008 across five product categories. Using various time series techniques and diffusion models, we document that total cumulative shipments of falsified products make about 40% of total shipments. We observe that there are apparently two distinct sets of consumers for original and for falsified products. Subsequently, we survey more than 300 citizens of Suriname from various demographics and ask questions about their potential adoption of falsified medicines. We find that income, age, and family size have no correlation, while the way people are insured does. Hence, the two sets of consumers can roughly be identified and clear-cut policy suggestions are presented. “The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 1% of medicines available in the developed world is likely to be counterfeited. This figure rises to 10% globally, although in some developing countries they estimate one third of medicines are counterfeit” (Various internet sites consulted January 2010 and the best estimate we have). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics)

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15 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation and Healing of Coverage Hole in Hybrid Sensor Networks: A Simulation Approach

by Guanglin Zhang, Chengsi Qi, Wenqian Zhang, Jiajie Ren and Lin Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101733 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3349

Abstract

Nowadays, wireless sensor network which consists of numerous tiny sensors has been widely used. One of the major challenges in such networks is how to cover the sensing area effectively and maintain longer network lifetime with limited energy simultaneously. In this paper, we [...] Read more.

Nowadays, wireless sensor network which consists of numerous tiny sensors has been widely used. One of the major challenges in such networks is how to cover the sensing area effectively and maintain longer network lifetime with limited energy simultaneously. In this paper, we study hybrid sensor network which contains both static and mobile sensors. We divide monitoring area into Delaunay Triangulation (DT) by using of Delaunay theory, estimate static sensors coverage holes, calculate the number of assistant mobile sensors and then work out the positions of assisted mobile nodes in each triangle. Next, mobile sensors will move to heal the coverage holes. Compared with the similarity methods, the algorithm HCHA we proposed is simpler, the advantages of our algorithm mainly represents in the following aspects. Firstly, it is relatively simple to estimate coverage hole based on Delaunay in our proposed algorithm. Secondly, we figure out the quantitative number range of assisted sensors those need to heal the coverage holes. Thirdly, we come up with a kind of deployment rule of assisted sensors. Full article

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19 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessReview

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

by María Fernanda Jaramillo and Inés Restrepo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101734 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 385 | Viewed by 30988

Abstract

For centuries, wastewater has been improperly used in agriculture, presenting potential risks to public health and the environment. In the context of scientific development, and confronted by an increasing water crisis, wastewater reuse merits consideration because the practice helps decrease water use pressure [...] Read more.

For centuries, wastewater has been improperly used in agriculture, presenting potential risks to public health and the environment. In the context of scientific development, and confronted by an increasing water crisis, wastewater reuse merits consideration because the practice helps decrease water use pressure and moderates water pollution. Thus, this article presents a literature review that addresses the effects, both positive and negative, of wastewater use in agriculture, emphasizing the effects on the soil environment. The literature review reveals that, until the 1990s, research studies promoted the use of wastewater for irrigation purposes from a treatment approach, while proposing “end of pipe” conventional solutions. However, more recent research studies (2012–2016) reveal that agricultural reuse significantly affects soil texture properties, while also causing possible alterations of the biomass and microbiota. In addition, research in this period has been oriented to the quantitative evaluation of microbiological risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for a Sustainable Water Use and Re-Use)

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15 pages, 5316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability-Based Flood Hazard Mapping of the Swannanoa River Watershed

by Ebrahim Ahmadisharaf, Alfred J. Kalyanapu and Eun-Sung Chung

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101735 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7479

Abstract

An integrated framework is presented for sustainability-based flood hazard mapping of the Swannanoa River watershed in the state of North Carolina, U.S. The framework uses a hydrologic model for rainfall–runoff transformation, a two-dimensional unsteady hydraulic model flood simulation and a GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making [...] Read more.

An integrated framework is presented for sustainability-based flood hazard mapping of the Swannanoa River watershed in the state of North Carolina, U.S. The framework uses a hydrologic model for rainfall–runoff transformation, a two-dimensional unsteady hydraulic model flood simulation and a GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making technique for flood hazard mapping. Economic, social, and environmental flood hazards are taken into account. The importance of each hazard is quantified through a survey to the experts. Utilizing the proposed framework, sustainability-based flood hazard mapping is performed for the 100-year design event. As a result, the overall flood hazard is provided in each geographic location. The sensitivity of the overall hazard with respect to the weights of the three hazard components were also investigated. While the conventional flood management approach is to assess the environmental impacts of mitigation measures after a set of feasible options are selected, the presented framework incorporates the environmental impacts into the analysis concurrently with the economic and social influences. Thereby, it provides a more sustainable perspective of flood management and can greatly help the decision makers to make better-informed decisions by clearly understanding the impacts of flooding on economy, society and environment. Full article

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1 pages, 124 KiB

Open AccessErratum

Erratum: Marzouk, M., et al. Assessing Environmental Impact Indicators in Road Construction Projects in Developing Countries. Sustainability 2017, 9, 843

by Mohamed Marzouk, Eslam Mohammed Abdelkader, Mohamed El-zayat and Ahmed Aboushady

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101736 - 26 Sep 2017

Viewed by 3472

Abstract

The authors of this paper [1] have agreed they would like to add Eslam Mohammed Abdelkader as the second co-author, as he made a significant contribution to the research methodology [...]
Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic and Management Systems: Perspectives of Uncertainty and Data Driven Optimization)

18 pages, 2104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Operation Scheduling Make a Difference: Tapping the Potential of Optimized Design for Skipping-Stop Strategy in Reducing Bus Emissions

by Xumei Chen, Xiaomi Han, Lei Yu and Changhai Wei

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101737 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3168

Abstract

The idea of corporate social responsibility has promoted bus operation agencies to rethink how to provide not only efficient but also environmentally friendly services for residents. A study on the potential of using an optimized design of skip-stop services, one of the essential [...] Read more.

The idea of corporate social responsibility has promoted bus operation agencies to rethink how to provide not only efficient but also environmentally friendly services for residents. A study on the potential of using an optimized design of skip-stop services, one of the essential operational strategies in practice, to reduce emissions is conducted in this paper. The underlying scheduling problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem with the primary objective of optimizing the total costs for both passengers and operating agencies, as well as with the secondary objective of minimizing bus emissions. A solution method is developed to solve the problem. A real-world case of Route 16 in Beijing is studied, in which the optimal scheduling strategy that maximizes the cost savings and environmental benefits is determined. The costs and emissions of the proposed scheduling strategy are compared with the optimal scheduling with skip-stop services without considering bus emissions. The results show that the proposed scheduling strategy outperforms the other operating strategy with respect to operational costs and bus emissions. A sensitivity study is then conducted to investigate the impact of the fleet size in operations and passenger demand on the effectiveness of the proposed stop-skipping strategy considering bus emissions. Full article

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17 pages, 3821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Migration and Housing Choice in Ho Chi Minh City: Toward Sustainable Housing Development in Vietnam

by Ducksu Seo and Youngsang Kwon

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101738 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 14415

Abstract

Since the initiation of Vietnam’s Doi Moi policy in 1986, the rate of urbanization has rapidly increased with a great influx of immigrants from rural areas. With such migration becoming a large acceleration factor for urban growth, the shortage of housing has become [...] Read more.

Since the initiation of Vietnam’s Doi Moi policy in 1986, the rate of urbanization has rapidly increased with a great influx of immigrants from rural areas. With such migration becoming a large acceleration factor for urban growth, the shortage of housing has become a critical problem in the cities. The Vietnamese government encouraged self-built housing and public–private partnerships to produce different types of housing stock. There are few available academic studies about housing choice in Vietnam to help understand movement dynamics and to foster sustainable housing development. The purpose of this study is to analyze housing choice and moving determinants in Ho Chi Minh City, and thereby establish recommendations for sustainable housing development in Vietnam. For an empirical study, a citizen questionnaire survey was conducted in HCMC and an in-depth analysis was carried out. The results indicate that the row house type for single-family housing is strongly preferred, but a preference for apartments is also observed for future planning. The factors influencing housing choice and movement are family income, housing ownership, housing typology, and commuting environment. These phenomena suggest that the government should prudently consider affordable housing development in many districts. The results of this study will help to establish policies for sustainable housing development in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization Strategies in Developing Countries)

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21 pages, 1333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Freedom of Mass Communication in the Digital Age in the Case of the Internet: “Freedom House” and the USA Example

by Ayhan Dolunay, Fevzi Kasap and Gökçe Keçeci

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101739 - 7 Oct 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7749

Abstract

Similar to various other disciplines, there have been significant changes and developments in the communication domain during the first quarter of the 21st century. The use of the Internet, which is considered as a vital communication tool in modern times, and often referred [...] Read more.

Similar to various other disciplines, there have been significant changes and developments in the communication domain during the first quarter of the 21st century. The use of the Internet, which is considered as a vital communication tool in modern times, and often referred to as the “digital information communication era/digital era”, has become increasingly popular and has experienced significant development and change. Such change has led to a transformation in the concept of “new media” and has extended its scope to include the concept of social media; thus, the Internet has become an essential aspect of life due to its characteristics of facilitating information access and socialization. The “Internet” can be interpreted in different ways, including an important mass communication tool that serves the purposes of globalization (within McLuhan’s Global Village Theory); or an important tool in the simulation universe (within Bourdieu’s Simulation Universe Theory); or a new public sphere (within Habermas’s Public Sphere Theory). However, in addition to its benefits, the “harm” has also become an issue that is subject to analysis as much as the legal responsibility dimension of the concept. From this perspective, various countries around the world have started to use different practices in relation to the access and use of terms in political and legal aspects. In particular, “the Internet censorship” has become vital in the determination of limits, since crossing such lines could damage the fundamental principles of human rights and democracy. The American organization, Freedom House, which conducts regular studies to identify the status of relevant limitations as well Internet freedoms and publishes reports accordingly, is a leading supervisory body when it comes to “the freedoms” on a global scale. Based on the independence of analysis conducted in various countries by Freedom House on the practices of those countries from an international political and economic perspective based on political rights and human rights; at the specific level, this study assesses the analysis of Freedom House conducted on the USA in different periods within the framework of decisions made by American courts and statements from politicians. In general, this study aims to discuss the possibility of Freedom House maintaining its activities in an independent structure. This study has a multi-disciplinary nature, with communication science focusing on the concept of the Internet as a basic communication tool; with the jurisprudence due to the assessment of legal arrangements used for internet censorship, given by other geographical example, with a particular focus on the example of the USA and related court decisions; and political science due to the regulation of the subject and the preparation of related laws by the government and interpretation of the matter by politicians. Additionally, pursuant to the data collected in relation with all disciplines, the status of Internet freedom in the USA, which is indicated in the reports of Freedom House to be one of the countries with the most freedom, and objectivity analysis of Freedom House will be performed through the content analysis (legal analysis and comparative analysis) method. Full article

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15 pages, 909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reasons to Adopt ISO 50001 Energy Management System

by Frederic Marimon and Martí Casadesús

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101740 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 13017

Abstract

Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to analyze the relationships between the corporate motivations that lead organizations to establish the ISO 50001 Energy Management System (EnMS) standard, and the difficulties and benefits derived from its adoption. Design/methodology/approach: Three independent exploratory factor [...] Read more.

Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to analyze the relationships between the corporate motivations that lead organizations to establish the ISO 50001 Energy Management System (EnMS) standard, and the difficulties and benefits derived from its adoption. Design/methodology/approach: Three independent exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted in order to identify (i) sources of motivation: social requirements, ecology drivers, and competitive advantage; (ii) the difficulties of an ISO 50001 adoption: operational difficulties and organizational difficulty; and (iii) types of benefits: ecological benefits and operational benefits. In a second step, an exploratory path analysis, performed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), was used to analyze the relations among motivation, difficulties, and benefits related to the adoption of the ISO 50001 standard. Findings: Social requirements explain operational difficulties, which in turn impacts on operational benefits. Ecology drivers are directly related to ecological benefits. Organizational difficulties have an inverse relationship with operational and ecological benefits. Operational difficulties are related to operational benefits and ecological benefits. Research limitations/implications: The questionnaire was disseminated to 87 Spanish companies with ISO 50001 certification. Managers and other practitioners such as consultants, auditing companies, and official organizations in charge of developing standards might find useful implications. Originality/value: The standard was published in 2011 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This paper contributes to assessment of the benefits of the standard by collecting information directly from the pioneer organizations that have adopted it, and provides clues on how to implement the standard and improve it in future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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17 pages, 1825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Integrated Air Pollution and Climate Change Policies: Case Study in the Thermal Power Sector in Chongqing City, China

by Qian Zhou, Helmut Yabar, Takeshi Mizunoya and Yoshiro Higano

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101741 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6381

Abstract

The cost of environmental degradation has already had a dramatic impact on the Chinese economy. In order to curb these trends, the government of China has introduced stricter regulations. With this in mind, it is important to quantify the potential co-benefits of introducing [...] Read more.

The cost of environmental degradation has already had a dramatic impact on the Chinese economy. In order to curb these trends, the government of China has introduced stricter regulations. With this in mind, it is important to quantify the potential co-benefits of introducing air pollution and climate change mitigation policies. This study proposes relevant scenarios ranging from the current trends (baseline) to the introduction of different policies in the thermal power sector, including different carbon tax rates, technology innovation promotion, and technology cost reduction methods. We aim to comparatively evaluate the impact of the proposed policies within the thermal sector and within the entire socio-economic system. To this end, we used a dynamic input–output (I-O) model, into which high-efficiency technologies were incorporated as new thermal power industries in order to estimate policy impact during the time period 2010–2025. The results of this study demonstrated that the introduction of one or more of the following policies: carbon taxes, subsidies, technology innovation, and technology cost reduction, has no notable impact on the environment or the economy without the implementation of environment regulations. In contrast, the strong support of a government subsidy coupled with strict environmental regulations will promote technological innovation, for example through the natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) and the integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC). Our study also showed that the reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions as well as energy consumption would curb economic development to a certain extent. Taking this into consideration, innovation must also be promoted in other economic sectors. This research provides a strong reference for policy-makers to identify effective polices under different types of environmental regulations. Full article

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18 pages, 1646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decomposition Analysis of the Factors that Influence Energy Related Air Pollutant Emission Changes in China Using the SDA Method

by Shichun Xu, Wenwen Zhang, Qinbin Li, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang and Ruyin Long

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101742 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5183

Abstract

We decompose factors affecting China’s energy-related air pollutant (NO_x, PM_2.5, and SO₂) emission changes into different effects using structural decomposition analysis (SDA). We find that, from 2005 to 2012, investment increased NO_x, PM_2.5, [...] Read more.

We decompose factors affecting China’s energy-related air pollutant (NO_x, PM_2.5, and SO₂) emission changes into different effects using structural decomposition analysis (SDA). We find that, from 2005 to 2012, investment increased NO_x, PM_2.5, and SO₂ emissions by 14.04, 7.82 and 15.59 Mt respectively, and consumption increased these emissions by 11.09, 7.98, and 12.09 Mt respectively. Export and import slightly increased the emissions on the whole, but the rate of the increase has slowed down, possibly reflecting the shift in China’s foreign trade structure. Energy intensity largely reduced NO_x, PM_2.5, and SO₂ emissions by 12.49, 14.33 and 23.06 Mt respectively, followed by emission efficiency that reduces these emissions by 4.57, 9.08, and 17.25 Mt respectively. Input-output efficiency slightly reduces the emissions. At sectoral and sub-sectoral levels, consumption is a great driving factor in agriculture and commerce, whereas investment is a great driving factor in transport, construction, and some industrial subsectors such as iron and steel, nonferrous metals, building materials, coking, and power and heating supply. Energy intensity increases emissions in transport, chemical products and manufacturing, but decreases emissions in all other sectors and subsectors. Some policies arising from our study results are discussed. Full article

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14 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Attention to Eco-Labels Predicts Consumer Preferences for Pollinator Friendly Plants

by Hayk Khachatryan, Alicia L. Rihn, Benjamin Campbell, Chengyan Yue, Charles Hall and Bridget Behe

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101743 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6928

Abstract

Recent declines in pollinator populations have led to widespread concern due to their impact on food/crop production and the environment. Contrary to growing interest in the use of insecticides in urban landscapes, the relationship between pollinator-related eco-labels, visual attention, and preferences for plants [...] Read more.

Recent declines in pollinator populations have led to widespread concern due to their impact on food/crop production and the environment. Contrary to growing interest in the use of insecticides in urban landscapes, the relationship between pollinator-related eco-labels, visual attention, and preferences for plants is less understood. The present study combines eye tracking and stated preference experiments to examine the effects of pollinator-related labels on consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay. Results show that the pollinator-friendly attribute positively correlates with consumers’ purchasing decisions and visual attention supports that relationship. Implications of mandatory labeling of pesticide content for the horticultural industry are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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16 pages, 3278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Measure Carbon Emission Reduction in China’s Public Building Sector: Retrospective Decomposition Analysis Based on STIRPAT Model in 2000–2015

by Minda Ma, Liyin Shen, Hong Ren, Weiguang Cai and Zhili Ma

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101744 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 5951

Abstract

Productive building energy efficiency (BEE) work is an approved factor in the progress of sustainable urbanization in China, with the assessment of carbon emission reduction in China’s public buildings (CERCPB) being an essential element of this endeavor. Nevertheless, such evaluation has been hampered [...] Read more.

Productive building energy efficiency (BEE) work is an approved factor in the progress of sustainable urbanization in China, with the assessment of carbon emission reduction in China’s public buildings (CERCPB) being an essential element of this endeavor. Nevertheless, such evaluation has been hampered by inadequate and inefficient approaches; this is the first study to utilize the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Type I (LMDI-I) to decompose the equation of China’s public building carbon emissions (CPBCE) with the connected driving factors (population in China, floor areas of China’s existing public buildings, building service level index of China’s existing public buildings, and the comparable CPBCE intensity), and this equation was established by the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model. The LMDI and STIRPAT approaches subsequently assessed the CERCPB values from 2001 to 2015. The results indicated that: (1) Only the contribution of the comparable CPBCE intensity to CPBCE was negative during 2001–2015; this represents the CERCPB value for the period. (2) The assessment results indicated that CERCPB has accumulated considerably with the swift progress of BEE work in China in 2001–2015. The CERCPB values in 2001–2005, 2006–2010, and 2011–2015 were 69.29, 158.53, and 277.86 million tons of carbon dioxide, respectively. (3) This study demonstrated that the positive effect of implementing public BEE work in China had led to significant results in 2001–2015, which can be regarded as a prerequisite for producing the considerable accumulation of CERCPB over this period. Overall, this study illustrated the feasibility of employing the LMDI and STIRPAT approaches for assessing the CERCPB value. Accordingly, we believe the results of this study are a significant driving force in the next phase of the development of the carbon emission control strategy of public buildings and sustainable urbanization in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization Strategies in Developing Countries)

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17 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cost–Benefit Analysis to Assess the Effectiveness of Frontal Center Curtain Airbag

by Bo Kyeong Lee, Eun Jin Han, So Young Sohn, Yong Sun Kim, Jong Young Yoon and Jun Yeol Choi

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101745 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4758

Abstract

Several new varieties of airbags are under consideration for development. However, their commercialization decision must be backed by a positive Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) outcome. In this study, we propose a CBA framework for the frontal center curtain airbag, a newly designed safety system [...] Read more.

Several new varieties of airbags are under consideration for development. However, their commercialization decision must be backed by a positive Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) outcome. In this study, we propose a CBA framework for the frontal center curtain airbag, a newly designed safety system intended to reduce the injury risk of rear-seat passengers. The proposed CBA covers not only economic benefits of the producer but also the effectiveness in sustainable reduction of the fatal and injury rate. In this context, with accumulated field data on road traffic accidents, a forecasting method reflecting the reduced casualties and the market share of vehicle sales associated with frontal center curtain airbag is utilized. Our results suggest that the use of frontal center curtain airbags helps to reduce the number of casualties with a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) of 3 or above by 87.4%. Furthermore, both the initial market penetration rate and price of the frontal center curtain airbag significantly influence its socioeconomic benefits. By evaluating the effectiveness of the frontal center curtain airbag, our study can contribute to the decision making for its commercialization. Full article

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18 pages, 1012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Structural Conditions and Cultural Inertia on Water Usage and Landscape Decision-Making in a California Metropolitan Area

by Madhusudan Katti, Andrew R. Jones, Derya Özgöç Çağlar, Henry D. Delcore and Kaberi Kar Gupta

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101746 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6453

Abstract

Urban development and planning are increasingly centered on matters of sustainability, balancing economic development with ecosystem services and biological diversity within urban environments. In addition to these institutional and structural factors, the decision-making process within individual households must be understood to address rising [...] Read more.

Urban development and planning are increasingly centered on matters of sustainability, balancing economic development with ecosystem services and biological diversity within urban environments. In addition to these institutional and structural factors, the decision-making process within individual households must be understood to address rising concerns about water use. Therefore, individual characteristics and preferences that influence the use of water also warrant examination. In response to a survey of occupants of single-family residences in the Fresno Clovis Metropolitan Area of California, contextual interviews and focus group interviews with a homeowner sub-sample, we find evidence of an interplay of social—structural, institutional, and cultural factors involved in influencing individual water use behaviors and landscape decision-making. The complexity of residential behaviors and decision-making poses some potential issues with regards to the interactions between individual households and institutional actors in matters of water usage and landscaping, as residents surveyed indicate relatively little confidence in institutions and groups to make wise water policy decisions. We conclude that the promotion and implementation of sustainable water use practices will require not only environmental education for the citizenry, but also a tailoring of information for environmental educational initiatives that address the particularities of individual neighborhoods and communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in an Urbanizing World: The Role of People)

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22 pages, 5802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Reduction Strategies Based on an NW Small-World Network with a Progressive Carbon Tax

by Bin Wu, Wanying Huang and Pengfei Liu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101747 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4401

Abstract

There is an increasingly urgent need to reduce carbon emissions. Devising effective carbon tax policies has become an important research topic. It is necessary to explore carbon reduction strategies based on the design of carbon tax elements. In this study, we explore the [...] Read more.

There is an increasingly urgent need to reduce carbon emissions. Devising effective carbon tax policies has become an important research topic. It is necessary to explore carbon reduction strategies based on the design of carbon tax elements. In this study, we explore the effect of a progressive carbon tax policy on carbon emission reductions using the logical deduction method. We apply experience-weighted attraction learning theory to construct an evolutionary game model for enterprises with different levels of energy consumption in an NW small-world network, and study their strategy choices when faced with a progressive carbon tax policy. The findings suggest that enterprises that adopt other energy consumption strategies gradually transform to a low energy consumption strategy, and that this trend eventually spreads to the entire system. With other conditions unchanged, the rate at which enterprises change to a low energy consumption strategy becomes faster as the discount coefficient, the network externality, and the expected adjustment factor increase. Conversely, the rate of change slows as the cost of converting to a low energy consumption strategy increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Footprint: As an Environmental Sustainability Indicator)

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25 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessReview

Food and Gastronomy for Sustainable Place Development: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Different Theoretical Approaches

by Chiara Rinaldi

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101748 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 136 | Viewed by 22326

Abstract

Food and gastronomy (F&G) are increasingly recognized as potentially determinant elements for the sustainable development of places. A commonly held theory in many research fields is that F&G can contribute to the economic, social and environmental sustainability of places while potentially representing elements [...] Read more.

Food and gastronomy (F&G) are increasingly recognized as potentially determinant elements for the sustainable development of places. A commonly held theory in many research fields is that F&G can contribute to the economic, social and environmental sustainability of places while potentially representing elements that increase those places’ attractiveness and competitiveness. This literature review investigates three main research streams: agriculture and rural studies, place branding and place marketing and food tourism. The aim is to reduce the research fragmentation by offering a more holistic perspective on how F&G are understood in different research areas to identify common and transversal elements that might represent the core of F&G’s potential for place development. These areas have been analysed to identify common, recurrent and significative local F&G resources. Significance in this context indicates that the identified local F&G resources have emerged as meaningful at the local and global levels; that is, they are embedded in the place (spatially and culturally) and are able to identify and differentiate the place in global competition. The analysis reveals that all local F&G resources that support place distinctiveness and attractiveness should also address and strengthen the link between the place (territorial/geographical dimensions) and the people (cultural dimensions). Full article

23 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Agriculture and Quality of Working Life: Analytical Perspectives and Confirmation from Research

by Giorgio Gosetti

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101749 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4003

Abstract

We begin by examining the multidimensional nature of sustainability, a concept we generally understand in terms of three overarching dimensions (environmental, social and economic), and propose that the concept of social sustainability be translated in terms of those aspects that we believe connote [...] Read more.

We begin by examining the multidimensional nature of sustainability, a concept we generally understand in terms of three overarching dimensions (environmental, social and economic), and propose that the concept of social sustainability be translated in terms of those aspects that we believe connote good working conditions. Stepping beyond a concept of sustainability that is dependent on the imposition of limits, we take as our starting point the concept of decent work adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and argue that it is possible to conceive of, and even design, a sustainable job within a sustainable economy and society by thinking in terms of quality of working life. Subsequently, having introduced some of the changes we are witnessing in the world of work, and in the agricultural sector in particular, we provide a theoretical and methodological description of a model framework we propose for analysing quality of working life. In the concluding part of the essay, we include some of the results of a research project that investigated quality of working life among employees of farms and agricultural businesses in a province in northern Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

16 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sponsorship for the Sustainability of Historical-Architectural Heritage: Application of a Model’s Original Test Finalized to Maximize the Profitability of Private Investors

by Luigi Dolores, Maria Macchiaroli and Gianluigi De Mare

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101750 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4271

Abstract

This paper deals with private sponsorship as a tool for the redevelopment of Italy’s vast wealth of historical-architectural public heritage sites. Italian law provides for the stipulation of sponsorship agreements by and between public sector agencies or entities (which need financial resources to [...] Read more.

This paper deals with private sponsorship as a tool for the redevelopment of Italy’s vast wealth of historical-architectural public heritage sites. Italian law provides for the stipulation of sponsorship agreements by and between public sector agencies or entities (which need financial resources to restore or re-qualify property) and private sector investors (which guarantee the capital sought by the public sector in exchange for significant returns on their investments) raising various economic issues, particularly in connection with the profitability thresholds for private sector investors in return for the public sector’s use of their financial resources. In this paper, the authors focus on how private sector investors determine how much of their businesses turnover constitutes the optimal percentage level of overall income that may be invested in sponsorships to maximize business profitability. For this purpose, a model based on past works on the subject (Bucci et al., 2003) has been chosen by the authors. Such model gives a solution for verifying a sponsorship’s profitability. This model is static and is applicable to single-product companies that invest in sponsorships, under the theories of monopolistic competition and of Cobb-Douglas production function. Our objectives are to present this model, explaining in detail the mathematical steps, simplifying the model where possible in order to reduce the levels of complexity in its application, and finally to apply it to real case scenarios of cultural sponsorships. Full article

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18 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Self-Evaluation System of Quality Planning for Tourist Attractions in Taiwan: An Integrated AHP-Delphi Approach from Career Professionals

by Luan Chen, Eric Ng, Shyh-Chang Huang and Wei-Ta Fang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101751 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8336

Abstract

This study seeks to identify a set of key indicators along with weightings for tourist attractions in Taiwan, and develop a quality management self-evaluation mechanism for tourism businesses, using an advanced integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process and Delphi (AHP-Delphi) approach derived from the supply [...] Read more.

This study seeks to identify a set of key indicators along with weightings for tourist attractions in Taiwan, and develop a quality management self-evaluation mechanism for tourism businesses, using an advanced integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process and Delphi (AHP-Delphi) approach derived from the supply side perspective. This research study comprises two phases: (1) Delphi method analysis that involves 17 experts, providing confirmation about the evaluation criteria; and (2) Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method which aims to allocate weightings to the evaluation criteria from the experts. Findings from the Delphi method analysis revealed the acceptance of two dimensions, six sub-dimensions and 17 indicators as key evaluation criteria. The AHP method analysis indicated that the most significant dimension was managing quality, with tourism services and public sector facilities being the most important sub-dimension and indicator respectively. The self-evaluation mechanism proposed in this planning perspectives can assist tourism businesses and national/regional Destination Management Organization to identify quality management problems and possible ways of enhancing quality tourism, so that tourism experience, and tourist’s satisfaction can be further improved effectively between the conflicting views by career professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism Planning and Sustainable Development)

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19 pages, 2203 KiB

Open AccessReview

Long-Term Sustainability from the Perspective of Cullet Recycling in the Container Glass Industry: Evidence from Italy

by Mario Testa, Ornella Malandrino, Maria Rosaria Sessa, Stefania Supino and Daniela Sica

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101752 - 1 Oct 2017

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 14187

Abstract

Glass manufacturing is a high-volume process, during which large substance quantities are transformed into commercial products, and significant amounts of non-renewable resources and energy (i.e., thermal fuels and electrical power) are consumed. The main purpose of this study is to give a critical [...] Read more.

Glass manufacturing is a high-volume process, during which large substance quantities are transformed into commercial products, and significant amounts of non-renewable resources and energy (i.e., thermal fuels and electrical power) are consumed. The main purpose of this study is to give a critical explanation of the performance of the Italian container glass industry from the perspective of cullet being recycled, to outline the opportunities for transition towards circular business models that stimulate innovation in new sectors based on reverse-cycle activities for recycling. In 2015, disparate performances have been achieved as regards the container glass recycling rate in northern, central, and southern Italy, accounting for around 73%, 64%, and 55%, respectively. In fact, only northern Italy is in line with European targets, as by 2025 it will only need to increase its current performance by two percentage points, unlike central and southern Italy that will have to increase performance by, respectively, 11% and 20%. This shows a need to improve the efficiency of municipal waste collection systems in central and southern Italy, where undifferentiated waste still holds appreciable amounts of glass. Consequently, we propose several improvement channels, from the revision of waste legislation to the re-engineering of waste management supply chains. Full article

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17 pages, 2751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outdoor Thermal Comfort in a Transitional Space of Canopy in Schools in the UK

by Choul Woong Kwon and Kang Jun Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101753 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5335

Abstract

There has been a significant increase in opportunities to improve school environments in the UK. There has, however, been little study on the design of sheltered transitional spaces, despite growing architectural demand for this, examples of which can be easily found in most [...] Read more.

There has been a significant increase in opportunities to improve school environments in the UK. There has, however, been little study on the design of sheltered transitional spaces, despite growing architectural demand for this, examples of which can be easily found in most primary schools in the UK. Computer simulations (Rayman, Ecotect and Winair4) were performed to identify the influence of different parameters: that of having a canopy; the effect of the transmissivity of the canopy material (three transparencies 0%, 50% and 90% were considered); orientation (four orientations—north, east, south and west—were considered); and location (three cities: London, Manchester and Glasgow). The combined effects of canopy transparency and orientation were shown to be critical design considerations in affecting comfort conditions in outdoor spaces. It was found that outdoor comfort conditions in the transitional space can be enhanced by 41.5% in August by choosing a canopy of 0% transparency, compared with a canopy of 90% transparency in London. The fixed canopy with a higher transparency helped to increase outdoor thermal comfort in Glasgow, while one with a lower transparency showed better performance during summer in London. This research will help design environmentally sophisticated transitional spaces in schools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Simulation and Resilience of Buildings to Extreme Weather Events)

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26 pages, 1154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Scheduling of Cloth Production Processes by Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm with Tabu-Enhanced Local Search

by Rui Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1754; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101754 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5852

Abstract

The dyeing of textile materials is the most critical process in cloth production because of the strict technological requirements. In addition to the technical aspect, there have been increasing concerns over how to minimize the negative environmental impact of the dyeing industry. The [...] Read more.

The dyeing of textile materials is the most critical process in cloth production because of the strict technological requirements. In addition to the technical aspect, there have been increasing concerns over how to minimize the negative environmental impact of the dyeing industry. The emissions of pollutants are mainly caused by frequent cleaning operations which are necessary for initializing the dyeing equipment, as well as idled production capacity which leads to discharge of unconsumed chemicals. Motivated by these facts, we propose a methodology to reduce the pollutant emissions by means of systematic production scheduling. Firstly, we build a three-objective scheduling model that incorporates both the traditional tardiness objective and the environmentally-related objectives. A mixed-integer programming formulation is also provided to accurately define the problem. Then, we present a novel solution method for the sustainable scheduling problem, namely, a multi-objective genetic algorithm with tabu-enhanced iterated greedy local search strategy (MOGA-TIG). Finally, we conduct extensive computational experiments to investigate the actual performance of the MOGA-TIG. Based on a fair comparison with two state-of-the-art multi-objective optimizers, it is concluded that the MOGA-TIG is able to achieve satisfactory solution quality within tight computational time budget for the studied scheduling problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Sustainability: Modeling and Applications)

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20 pages, 21315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revisiting Ecosystem Services: Assessment and Valuation as Starting Points for Environmental Politics

by Adam Jadhav, Sharolyn Anderson, Michael J. B. Dyer and Paul C. Sutton

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101755 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6701

Abstract

The paradigm of ecosystem services (ES) and the methods of monetary valuation have become boundary objects, spanning disciplines and earning particular purchase in policy circles. However, the notion of ES and ES valuation have also been subjected to multiple critiques, ranging from their [...] Read more.

The paradigm of ecosystem services (ES) and the methods of monetary valuation have become boundary objects, spanning disciplines and earning particular purchase in policy circles. However, the notion of ES and ES valuation have also been subjected to multiple critiques, ranging from their varying precision to the potential for neoliberalization of nature. This paper does not attempt to refute such critiques but rather revisits the potentials of the ES paradigm and the specific method of benefit transfer valuation for their utility as a form of environmental politics and sustainability practice. We find they have particular relevance in contexts where “data” are not readily available or are not legible to policy makers as well as where the imperative of “development” remains ideological. We argue for ES assessment and, specifically, rapid ES valuation as a first-pass tactic to inform evaluation of potentially environmentally degrading projects or environmental management. We demonstrate this using a simple benefit transfer analysis to offer an initial evaluation of (wet) landscape ES in a lightly touched estuary in Karnataka, India, where a state-backed proposal to develop an industrial shipping port is gathering steam. While we recognize and do not categorically reject critiques of the ES paradigm, we nonetheless argue for valuation as a starting point for politics that highlight and make visible ES benefits and users implicated by “development” and other kinds of environmental change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Ecosystems: Monitoring, Management, Restoration, Preservation, and Valuation)

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12 pages, 919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corporate Environmental Responsibility and Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations in China

by Zhaojun Yang, Weihao Liu, Jun Sun and Yali Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1756; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101756 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5718

Abstract

In China, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) play an important supervisory role to address ecological issues together with government regulation and enterprise implementation. This study examines the effect of ENGO presence on corporate environmental responsibility (CER) performance, along with internal factors as covariate variables. [...] Read more.

In China, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) play an important supervisory role to address ecological issues together with government regulation and enterprise implementation. This study examines the effect of ENGO presence on corporate environmental responsibility (CER) performance, along with internal factors as covariate variables. With a sample of 677 enterprises, it operationalizes the independent variable in terms of the number of ENGOs within certain distances from each enterprise, and the dependent variable based on the corporate social responsibility report using the specific criteria in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability reporting guidelines. The results of Tobit regression analyses indicate that ENGO presence is conducive to CER performance, and asset size, power concentration, and industry type also make differences. The findings suggest that ENGOs are helpful in solving environment issues by bridging the gap between private and public sectors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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17 pages, 3537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring the Performance of Industrial Green Development Using a Non-Radial Directional Distance Function Approach: A Case Study of Jiangxi Province in China

by Wei Wang, Hualin Xie, Fucai Lu and Xinmin Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1757; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101757 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4599

Abstract

The industrial sector is a major contributor to resource consumption and environmental pollution in China. The energy-intensive industrial development and energy structure are dominated by coal, which has produced an enormous amount of industrial pollutants in China, and put great pressure on the [...] Read more.

The industrial sector is a major contributor to resource consumption and environmental pollution in China. The energy-intensive industrial development and energy structure are dominated by coal, which has produced an enormous amount of industrial pollutants in China, and put great pressure on the ecological environment. Hence, improving the performance of industrial green development (PIGD) has become an urgent task of utmost importance. This study applies a global non-radial directional distance function to estimate the PIGD for Jiangxi Province during 2003–2015, and provides targeted policy suggestions. The empirical results show a rising trend in the PIGD in Jiangxi Province. At the city level, Nanchang and Fuzhou performed considerably better than other cities in regards to their PIGD. However, the poor environmental performance caused by the excessive discharge of industrial pollutants has also hindered its PIGD. Most cities in Jiangxi Province failed to efficiently use resources, especially energy and labor, in industrial production. The results of the influencing factor analysis show that the performance of industrial green development in Jiangxi could be improved through increasing per capita GDP, decreasing the share of coal consumption in the total industrial energy consumption, and decreasing the share of industrial GDP in the total GDP. Furthermore, a more efficient use of environmental management investment funds and timely transfer of the surplus industrial labor are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Development under Climate Change)

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26 pages, 969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Practices in Industry: Providing the Right Incentives

by Agata Gurzawska, Markus Mäkinen and Philip Brey

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101759 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 14860

Abstract

Abstract: Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a term used by policy-makers and academics to refer to research and innovation that is ethically acceptable and socially desirable. Despite the fact that the vast majority of research and innovation (R&I) is funded and [...] Read more.

Abstract: Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a term used by policy-makers and academics to refer to research and innovation that is ethically acceptable and socially desirable. Despite the fact that the vast majority of research and innovation (R&I) is funded and produced by industry, companies tend to have no awareness or recognition of this concept. This is unfortunate, as the RRI paradigm could be mutually beneficial for both business and society: it could help businesses realise competitive opportunities while also leading to positive economic, societal and environmental impacts. This paper investigates how industry can be incentivised to engage in research and innovation following the approach of RRI. We propose a matrix of incentives for stimulating the adoption of RRI. We categorise incentives according to three dichotomies: external and internal, instrumental and non-instrumental, direct and indirect. The incentives are formalised in a causal loop diagram, which can be used to demonstrate the sound character of investing in RRI from a business perspective. We discuss examples of incentives, including corporate reputation and critical consumerism, certification, employee engagement, and governance. Lastly, to ensure effective implementation of RRI, we outline factors for the realisation of successful incentives for RRI in industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in Industry)

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19 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transport Emissions and Energy Consumption Impacts of Private Capital Investment in Public Transport

by Yunqiang Xue, Hongzhi Guan, Jonathan Corey, Bing Zhang, Hai Yan, Yan Han and Huanmei Qin

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101760 - 3 Oct 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6243

Abstract

Introducing private capital into the public transport system for its sustainable development has been increasing around the world. However, previous research ignores emissions and energy consumption impacts, which are important for private capital investment policy-making. To address this problem, the system dynamic (SD) [...] Read more.

Introducing private capital into the public transport system for its sustainable development has been increasing around the world. However, previous research ignores emissions and energy consumption impacts, which are important for private capital investment policy-making. To address this problem, the system dynamic (SD) approach was used to quantitatively analyze the cumulative effects of different private capital investment models in public transport from the environmental perspective. The SD model validity was verified in the case study of Jinan public traffic. Simulation results show that the fuel consumption and emission reductions are obvious when the private capital considering passenger value invests in public transport compared with the no private capital investment and traditional investment models. There are obvious cumulative reductions for fuel consumption, CO₂, CO, SO₂, and PM10 emissions for 100 months compared with no private capital investment. This research verifies the superiority of the passenger value investment model in public transport from the environmental point of view, and supplies a theoretical tool for administrators to evaluate the private capital investment effects systematically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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18 pages, 1655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Governance and Management Framework for Green IT

by J. David Patón-Romero, Maria Teresa Baldassarre, Mario Piattini and Ignacio García Rodríguez de Guzmán

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1761; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101761 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 10997

Abstract

In recent years, Green Information Technology (IT) has grown enormously, and has become an increasingly important and essential area, providing multiple benefits to the organizations that focus on it. It is for this reason that there is an increasing number of organizations embracing [...] Read more.

In recent years, Green Information Technology (IT) has grown enormously, and has become an increasingly important and essential area, providing multiple benefits to the organizations that focus on it. It is for this reason that there is an increasing number of organizations embracing the idea of Green IT. However, Green IT is a very young field and each organization implements it according to its own criteria. That is why it is extremely important to develop the bases or best practices of governance and management that allow organizations to implement Green IT practices correctly and standardize them. In this article, we propose the “Governance and Management Framework for Green IT”, establishing the characteristics needed to carry out the governance and management of Green IT in an organization, and perform audits in this area. This framework is based on COBIT 5, which is a general framework for the control and audit of different areas related to IT. The results obtained through different validations demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the framework developed in the field of Green IT, providing a complete guide to the organizations in their efforts to implement, control and/or improve the practices of Green IT in their processes and day-to-day operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced IT based Future Sustainable Computing)

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34 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Measurement and Risk Modelling Using Applications of Vine Copulas

by David E. Allen, Michael McAleer and Abhay K. Singh

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101762 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6507

Abstract

This paper features an application of Regular Vine copulas which are a novel and recently developed statistical and mathematical tool which can be applied in the assessment of composite financial risk. Copula-based dependence modelling is a popular tool in financial applications, but is [...] Read more.

This paper features an application of Regular Vine copulas which are a novel and recently developed statistical and mathematical tool which can be applied in the assessment of composite financial risk. Copula-based dependence modelling is a popular tool in financial applications, but is usually applied to pairs of securities. By contrast, Vine copulas provide greater flexibility and permit the modelling of complex dependency patterns using the rich variety of bivariate copulas which may be arranged and analysed in a tree structure to explore multiple dependencies. The paper features the use of Regular Vine copulas in an analysis of the co-dependencies of 10 major European Stock Markets, as represented by individual market indices and the composite STOXX 50 index. The sample runs from 2005 to the end of 2013 to permit an exploration of how correlations change indifferent economic circumstances using three different sample periods: pre-GFC (January 2005–July 2007), GFC (July 2007– September 2009), and post-GFC periods (September 2009–December 2013). The empirical results suggest that the dependencies change in a complex manner, and are subject to change in different economic circumstances. One of the attractions of this approach to risk modelling is the flexibility in the choice of distributions used to model co-dependencies. The practical application of Regular Vine metrics is demonstrated via an example of the calculation of the VaR of a portfolio made up of the indices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics)

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16 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attitudes of the Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability Segment in Hungary

by Zoltán Szakály, József Popp, Enikő Kontor, Sándor Kovács, Károly Pető and Helga Jasák

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101763 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7109

Abstract

The aim of the research was to define the size of the Hungarian LOHAS (Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability) consumer group by analyzing its lifestyle based on sustainable values. To achieve this goal, a representative questionnaire-based survey was carried out involving 1000 individuals [...] Read more.

The aim of the research was to define the size of the Hungarian LOHAS (Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability) consumer group by analyzing its lifestyle based on sustainable values. To achieve this goal, a representative questionnaire-based survey was carried out involving 1000 individuals in Hungary. During the value-orientated research, 25 lifestyle statements were drawn up. According to the results, five value-based segments could be distinguished. The largest cluster, the young trend followers group, reflects the characteristics of the LOHAS consumers’ lifestyle to the greatest extent. However, this segment cannot entirely be regarded as a consumer group devoted to LOHAS values, which is why a further segmentation of this group was necessary. As a result of this further segmentation, the third sub-cluster, which emphasizes the ethical (competence) statements the most, can be identified with the LOHAS consumer group, which makes up 8.7% of the Hungarian population. Further research is necessary to find out whether the situation regarding value orientation in Hungary is similar to that in other Eastern European countries whose social and cultural backgrounds are very similar. Revealing the values of the Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability segment contributes to the extension of the literature. Full article

11 pages, 1621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterogeneous Value of Water: Empirical Evidence in South Korea

by Yoon Lee, Sungchul Cho, Haejin Han, Kyoungmin Kim and Yongsuk Hong

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101764 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3382

Abstract

Anthropogenic pressures have exacerbated self-sustaining river services, and growing concerns over sustaining river system become global problematic issues that lead us to implement river restoration projects. Of those projects, governing diverse needs and desires from stakeholders for those who have various water values [...] Read more.

Anthropogenic pressures have exacerbated self-sustaining river services, and growing concerns over sustaining river system become global problematic issues that lead us to implement river restoration projects. Of those projects, governing diverse needs and desires from stakeholders for those who have various water values are key elements of identifying the success of the project. In fact, the Korean government has had concern over restoring the rivers which brings to construct 16 weirs in four major rivers and may fail to achieve main goal of the project, which is to ameliorate water quality. In this study, principle component analysis and multinomial logit model were executed to investigate major socioeconomic variables to influence water values in terms of sustainability in Korea. Evitable evidences have been found that age, income, education level, and city dwelling are the most effective variables to estimate water values. In addition, a monotonous water development project and a myopic view could cause major dejection across the nation and may lead to the failure of water governance. Unfortunately, the latter may be observed in Korea as one of the reasons for the recent amplification of major conflicts. Full article

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18 pages, 4202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Online Destination Images Using a Topic-Based Sentiment Analysis Approach

by Gang Ren and Taeho Hong

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101765 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 7445

Abstract

With the development of Web 2.0, many studies have tried to analyze tourist behavior utilizing user-generated contents. The primary purpose of this study is to propose a topic-based sentiment analysis approach, including a polarity classification and an emotion classification. We use the Latent [...] Read more.

With the development of Web 2.0, many studies have tried to analyze tourist behavior utilizing user-generated contents. The primary purpose of this study is to propose a topic-based sentiment analysis approach, including a polarity classification and an emotion classification. We use the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model to extract topics from online travel review data and analyze the sentiments and emotions for each topic with our proposed approach. The top frequent words are extracted for each topic from online reviews on Ctrip.com. By comparing the relative importance of each topic, we conclude that many tourists prefer to provide “suggestion” reviews. In particular, we propose a new approach to classify the emotions of online reviews at the topic level utilizing an emotion lexicon, focusing on specific emotions to analyze customer complaints. The results reveal that attraction “management” obtains most complaints. These findings may provide useful insights for the development of attractions and the measurement of online destination image. Our proposed method can be used to analyze reviews from many online platforms and domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mobile Technology and Smart Tourism Development)

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17 pages, 1353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Urbanization Economies Impact TFP of R&D Performers: Evidence from China

by Meihong Dai, Xianneng Li and Yuduo Lu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101766 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5560

Abstract

There have been extensive studies exploring the relationship between agglomeration economies and economic growth. However, far less attention is paid to the nonlinear relationship of urbanization economies–firm productivity nexus, especially in developing countries. This paper aims to explore how urbanization economies impact the [...] Read more.

There have been extensive studies exploring the relationship between agglomeration economies and economic growth. However, far less attention is paid to the nonlinear relationship of urbanization economies–firm productivity nexus, especially in developing countries. This paper aims to explore how urbanization economies impact the total factor productivity (TFP) of research and development (R&D) performers using a large sample of Chinese manufacturing firms. The generalized propensity score matching methodology is employed to not only address the selection-bias and endogenous issues, but also quantitatively investigate how firm TFP responds to urbanization economies at each urbanization level. Based on the full data sample, our results show that there exists an S-shaped relationship between urbanization economies and TFP of Chinese R&D performers. Importantly, there is an optimal interval in which urbanization economies’ impact on firm TFP can be maximized. There is also a threshold value, only beyond which a further increase in urbanization economies improves firm TFP, and a saturation point, beyond which a further increase in urbanization economies does not increase and even decrease firm TFP. The relationship between urbanization economies and TFP of Chinese R&D performers presents a consistent pattern for firms in high- and medium–low-technology industries, as well as in Eastern and North East China. However, for firms in Central and Western China, there is a much smaller and even no range of optimal interval of urbanization economies, respectively. Our research helps provide insights into policy makers to maximize urbanization economies’ positive impact on firm TFP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization Strategies in Developing Countries)

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18 pages, 1766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Revival and Restructuring of a Traditional Folk Festival: Cultural Landscape and Memory in Guangzhou, South China

by Huiling Chen and Wei Tao

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101767 - 6 Oct 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9276

Abstract

Landscape is an important object for research on local culture from a cultural geographical perspective. It is the spatial nature of memory that has seen the integrative study of memory and landscape receive increased attention from human geographers. The Qiqiao Festival is a [...] Read more.

Landscape is an important object for research on local culture from a cultural geographical perspective. It is the spatial nature of memory that has seen the integrative study of memory and landscape receive increased attention from human geographers. The Qiqiao Festival is a traditional folk festival in the Lingnan region of Southern China. After half a century of suppression, the Qiqiao Festival in Zhucun was publically revitalized as the Guangzhou Qiqiao Cultural Festival, which coincided with the changing structure and significance of the landscape. This paper selected Zhucun, a typical urban village, as its case study and constructed an index system of festival landscapes. Through in-depth interviews, this paper studied the revival and restructure process of the Qiqiao Festival, and the role that landscapes play in the formation mechanism of memory on the part of subjects with different identities. The results showed that the elite and the local government selectively restructure festival landscapes, replacing authentic landscapes with “official” ones. The selection and production of a festival landscape constructed different memories among the subjects, where the festival memory of grassroots villagers was self-constructed and mostly came from traditional festival landscape elements while top-down interventions in the festival landscape constructed a different “official” memory for citizens and migrants to those of the villagers. The contemporary festival deviates from the original, which has weakened the conscious degree of cultural evolution and has had a reaction on the authenticity of memory. This research serves a reference for approaches in planning and conserving intangible cultural heritage in historic villages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Local Heritage and Sustainability)

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10 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of Decision Factors on the Price of South Korea’s Certified Emission Reductions in Use of Vector Error Correction Model

by Sumin Park and Yong-Gil Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101768 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3431

Abstract

This study analyzes factors affecting the price of South Korea’s Certified Emission Reduction (CER) using statistical methods. CER refers to the transaction price for the amount of carbon emitted. Analysis of results found a co-integration relationship among the price of South Korea’s CER, [...] Read more.

This study analyzes factors affecting the price of South Korea’s Certified Emission Reduction (CER) using statistical methods. CER refers to the transaction price for the amount of carbon emitted. Analysis of results found a co-integration relationship among the price of South Korea’s CER, oil price (WTI), and South Korea’s maximum electric power demand, which means that there is a long-term relationship among the three variables. Based on this result, VECM (vector error correction model) analysis, impulse response function, and variance decomposition were performed. As the oil price (WTI) increases, the demand for gas in power generation in Korea declines while the demand for coal increases. This leads to increased greenhouse gas (GHG; e.g., CO₂) emissions and increased price of South Korea’s CERs. In addition, rising oil prices (WTI) cause a decline in demand for oil products such as kerosene, which results in an increase in South Korea’s maximum power demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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18 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mathematical Modeling and a Hybrid NSGA-II Algorithm for Process Planning Problem Considering Machining Cost and Carbon Emission

by Jin Huang, Liangliang Jin and Chaoyong Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101769 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4663

Abstract

Process planning is an important function in a manufacturing system; it specifies the manufacturing requirements and details for the shop floor to convert a part from raw material to the finished form. However, considering only economical criterion with technological constraints is not enough [...] Read more.

Process planning is an important function in a manufacturing system; it specifies the manufacturing requirements and details for the shop floor to convert a part from raw material to the finished form. However, considering only economical criterion with technological constraints is not enough in sustainable manufacturing practice; formerly, criteria about low carbon emission awareness have seldom been taken into account in process planning optimization. In this paper, a mathematical model that considers both machining costs reduction as well as carbon emission reduction is established for the process planning problem. However, due to various flexibilities together with complex precedence constraints between operations, the process planning problem is a non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP) hard problem. Aiming at the distinctive feature of the multi-objectives process planning optimization, we then developed a hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA)-II to tackle this problem. A local search method that considers both the total cost criterion and the carbon emission criterion are introduced into the proposed algorithm to avoid being trapped into local optima. Moreover, the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is also adopted to determine the best solution from the Pareto front. Experiments have been conducted using Kim’s benchmark. Computational results show that process plan schemes with low carbon emission can be captured, and, more importantly, the proposed hybrid NSGA-II algorithm can obtain more promising optimal Pareto front than the plain NSGA-II algorithm. Meanwhile, according to the computational results of Kim’s benchmark, we find that both of the total machining cost and carbon emission are roughly proportional to the number of operations, and a process plan with less operation may be more satisfactory. This study will draw references for the further research on green manufacturing in the process planning level. Full article

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16 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Task-Oriented and Relationship-Building Communications between Air Traffic Controllers and Pilots

by Inwon Kang, Shin Han and Jiwon Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1770; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101770 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6155

Abstract

By questioning the lopsided attention on task-oriented factors in air traffic controller-pilot communication, the current study places an equal weighting on both task-oriented and relationship-building communications, and investigates how each type of communication influences sustainable performance in airline operation team. Results show that [...] Read more.

By questioning the lopsided attention on task-oriented factors in air traffic controller-pilot communication, the current study places an equal weighting on both task-oriented and relationship-building communications, and investigates how each type of communication influences sustainable performance in airline operation team. Results show that both task-oriented and relationship-building communications in terms of sustainability of team process predicted greater communication satisfaction at work. Also, both task interdependence and shared leadership influenced both types of air traffic controller-pilot communication. However, only relationship-building communication had a direct influence on perceived work performance whereas task-oriented communication had not. Along with task-oriented factors, this study raises the relationship-oriented factors as important resources for the sustainable team performance in airline industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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16 pages, 355 KiB

Open AccessReview

Police Perspectives on Road Safety and Transport Politics in Germany

by Stefan Gössling

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101771 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8567

Abstract

Road safety is a key concern of transport governance. In the European Union, a Road Safety Programme was adopted in 2011, with the objective to reduce road deaths in Europe by 50% in the period from 2011 to 2020. Evidence suggests, however, that [...] Read more.

Road safety is a key concern of transport governance. In the European Union, a Road Safety Programme was adopted in 2011, with the objective to reduce road deaths in Europe by 50% in the period from 2011 to 2020. Evidence suggests, however, that this goal will not be met. Against this background, this paper investigates police perspectives on traffic laws, traffic behaviour, and transport policy. Police officers working with road safety are in a unique position to evaluate and judge the efficiency of road safety policies, as they record traffic offences, fine, investigate, and witness in court. Geographically, focus is on transport policy in Germany, a country with a dense road network, high levels of car ownership, and a large number of car manufacturers. A total of 14 semi-structured interviews were carried out with police officers in a wide variety of positions within the traffic police in Freiburg. Thematic analysis is used to analyse content and to identify aspects that represent major areas of concern. Officers affirm that traffic laws question traffic safety, for instance with regard to speed and speed limits, or elderly drivers. Specific recommendations for changes in transport policies are made, and results are discussed in the context of their implications for road safety and the European Union’s Road Safety Programme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport Policy)

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20 pages, 964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Environmental Mitigation Potential of Photovoltaic-Powered Irrigation in the Production of South African Maize

by Sarah Wettstein, Karen Muir, Deborah Scharfy and Matthias Stucki

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101772 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7501

Abstract

Agriculture is under pressure to reduce its environmental impact. The use of renewable energy sources has potential to decrease these impacts. Maize is one of the most significant crops in South Africa and approximately 241,000 hectares are irrigated. This irrigation is most commonly [...] Read more.

Agriculture is under pressure to reduce its environmental impact. The use of renewable energy sources has potential to decrease these impacts. Maize is one of the most significant crops in South Africa and approximately 241,000 hectares are irrigated. This irrigation is most commonly powered by grid electricity generated using coal. However, South Africa has high solar irradiation, which could be used to generate photovoltaic electricity. The aim of this study was to determine the environmental mitigation potential of replacing grid-powered irrigation in South African maize production with photovoltaic irrigation systems using Life Cycle Assessment. The study included the value chain of maize production from cultivation to storage. Replacing grid electricity with photovoltaic-generated electricity leads to a 34% reduction in the global warming potential of maize produced under irrigation, and—applied at a national level—could potentially reduce South Africa’s greenhouse gas emissions by 536,000 t CO₂-eq. per year. Non-renewable energy demand, freshwater eutrophication, acidification, and particulate matter emissions are also significantly lowered. Replacing grid electricity with renewable energy in irrigation has been shown to be an effective means of reducing the environmental impacts associated with South African maize production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 6th World Sustainability Forum - Selected Papers)

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13 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Environmental Costs of Photovoltaic Power Plants in South Korea: A Choice Experiment Study

by Hee-Jong Yang, Seul-Ye Lim and Seung-Hoon Yoo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101773 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5927

Abstract

The photovoltaic (PV) power supplies renewable and sustainable electricity without greenhouse gases and air pollutants emissions. However, the potential environmental impacts caused by PV power plants can negatively affect both the ecosystem and human life. Thus, the environmental costs arising from the PV [...] Read more.

The photovoltaic (PV) power supplies renewable and sustainable electricity without greenhouse gases and air pollutants emissions. However, the potential environmental impacts caused by PV power plants can negatively affect both the ecosystem and human life. Thus, the environmental costs arising from the PV power plants should be measured and the efforts to reduce them should be made. To this end, this article seeks to assess the environmental costs of PV power plants using a choice experiment (CE). Four attributes chosen for this purpose are habitat loss, landscape destruction, hazardous materials, and light pollution. The trade-offs between each attribute and price were successfully assessed in the CE survey of 1000 South Korean respondents. The environmental costs of a one percentage point increase in habitat loss, landscape destruction, hazardous materials, and light pollution caused by PV power plants are estimated to be KRW 135 (USD 0.12), 53 (0.05), 122 (0.11), and 158 (0.14), respectively, per household per month. The findings can provide policymakers with useful information for both evaluating and planning the PV power plant-related policies. Full article

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17 pages, 1018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Built Environment, Travel Attitudes and Travel Behaviour: Quasi-Longitudinal Analysis of Links in the Case of Greeks Relocating from US to Greece

by Dimitris Milakis, Dimitrios Efthymiou and Constantinos Antoniou

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1774; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101774 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5077

Abstract

In this study, the possible causal links between the built environment, travel attitudes and travel behaviour of people that have moved between totally different urban and transportation contexts were investigated. A quasi-longitudinal design was developed to collect data about the perceived neighbourhood characteristics, [...] Read more.

In this study, the possible causal links between the built environment, travel attitudes and travel behaviour of people that have moved between totally different urban and transportation contexts were investigated. A quasi-longitudinal design was developed to collect data about the perceived neighbourhood characteristics, neighbourhood preferences, travel attitudes and changes in car, walking and bicycle usage of 51 Greeks who relocated from the US to Greece. Variable reduction techniques were applied prior to developing our models because of the small sample size. The results of this study offer support for a causal relationship between the built environment and travel behaviour identified in the existing literature. For instance, longer travel time to city center was associated with higher car use, higher density neighbourhoods and increased accessibility to local amenities were associated with increased bike use and better access to a district shopping center was associated with more walking after relocation. Our results also showed that in contexts like Greece, where transport infrastructures are not adequately developed, lack of safe bike conditions and easy access to public transportation are important determinants of bicycle use and walking. Thus, according to our results, promoting sustainable mobility in contexts like Greece would require not only enhancing accessibility through relocation of activities, but also by improving infrastructures for public transport, bicycle and walking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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14 pages, 4169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysing the Impacts of Various Environmental Parameters on the Biodiversity Status of Major Habitats

by Lisa Winter, Markus Berger, Nikolay Minkov and Matthias Finkbeiner

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101775 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5670

Abstract

Background: Anthropogenic impacts on the environment often result in loss of biodiversity. However, the effects of different parameters (such as soil pH) on biodiversity, which can be influenced by human activities, are poorly investigated on a global scale. The paper at hand [...] Read more.

Background: Anthropogenic impacts on the environment often result in loss of biodiversity. However, the effects of different parameters (such as soil pH) on biodiversity, which can be influenced by human activities, are poorly investigated on a global scale. The paper at hand proposes an approach to examine the relationship between biodiversity and several parameters, which can be anthropogenically influenced, on a major habitat scale. The goal is to describe the relationship of a single parameter and biodiversity by means of a mathematical model within one major habitat. Methods: Geographic information system (GIS) data for the parameters “mean soil pH”, “mean share of cultivated land” and “mean temperature in June” for the whole world were overlaid with GIS data for the ecoregions proposed by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). By means of the software ArcGIS 10.4 (Esri Deutschland GmbH, Kranzberg, Germany), an average parameter value per ecoregion for all considered parameters was determined. Moreover, the index “biodiversity status” was introduced and determined for every ecoregion by means of the indicators “number of species”, “number of endemic species”, and “mean share of grassland and forest” for each ecoregion. As all ecoregions can be assigned to one of the 14 major habitats (as defined by the WWF), a Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted to analyse whether the parameters and the biodiversity status’ differentiate between the 14 major habitats. A mathematical model, which depicts the impact of the parameters on biodiversity, was established by means of curve fitting. Results: The Kruskal–Wallis test reveals that a significant difference (p-value of 0.000) regarding the considered parameter and the biodiversity status exists between the different major habitats. By means of a regression analysis and curve fitting, mathematical models were developed which describe the relation of the biodiversity status and the parameters for 14 major habitats. Full article

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12 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bonus Point System for Refuse Classification and Sustainable Development: A Study in China

by Shijie Guo, Guomin Ding, Qian Zhao and Meini Jiang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101776 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8368

Abstract

The rapid growth of household waste not only endangers the environment and people’s health, but also limits social and economic development. The effective sorting and recycling of garbage can control this problem. Adopting a semi-quantitative case study method, our researchers investigated the effect [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of household waste not only endangers the environment and people’s health, but also limits social and economic development. The effective sorting and recycling of garbage can control this problem. Adopting a semi-quantitative case study method, our researchers investigated the effect of a bonus point system for refuse classification that improves the accuracy of refuse classification and the residents’ environment awareness. In the system, residents will receive some gifts after sorting the garbage correctly. We also investigated the attitudes of residents and companies towards this novel system. Our researchers employed various methods to analyze garbage-sorting data, questionnaires completed by residents, and interview records. The results show that use of a bonus point system affects the management of domestic waste by improving the accuracy and enhancing the awareness of garbage sorting. Overall, residents support the system and benefit from it, which increases participation and consciousness of environmental protection. However, continuous publicity and coordination of various policies are required to promote the wide-range implementation and sustainable development of this system. Full article

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17 pages, 10002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residential Spatial Differentiation Based on Urban Housing Types—An Empirical Study of Xiamen Island, China

by Caige Sun, Tao Lin, Yu Zhao, Meixia Lin and Zhaowu Yu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1777; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101777 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5322

Abstract

Residential spatial differentiation, also called residential segregation, is a representation of the differentiation of social stratum in economic income, social status, education degree, lifestyle, and other aspects, based on an urban geographical space. In this paper, Xiamen Island is taken as example to [...] Read more.

Residential spatial differentiation, also called residential segregation, is a representation of the differentiation of social stratum in economic income, social status, education degree, lifestyle, and other aspects, based on an urban geographical space. In this paper, Xiamen Island is taken as example to calculate the dissimilarity index and the multi-group dissimilarity index at three scales (districts, sub-districts, and communities) by using the land area, population size, and green space area of different housing types. The characteristics of residential differentiation are analyzed. It is found that both spatial differentiation and multi-group spatial differentiation have significant scale effects. The smaller the scale of the spatial statistics unit, the larger the spatial differentiation and multi-group spatial differentiation. Significant differences are found in residential differentiation among different housing types. The residential differentiation is, not only demonstrated in land area and population size, but also in the resources of green space. More importantly, a balanced allocation of green space will help to reduce the degree of residential differentiation. With urban expansion and social-economic development, residential spatial differentiation will likely change. An understanding of residential differentiation is a guide for urban master planning and detailed regulatory planning. It will help to promote social harmonious development and urban sustainable development by the reasonable configuration of land and resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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15 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Process Innovation and Innovation Benefit: The Mediating Effect of Firm Image

by Yuan Ma, Guisheng Hou and Baogui Xin

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101778 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 102 | Viewed by 8103

Abstract

By evaluating green process innovation and its innovator’s benefit including short- and long-term dimensions, we first analyzed the relationship between green process innovation and its benefits. Second, we set up a regression model to test the hypotheses using 267 survey data from coal [...] Read more.

By evaluating green process innovation and its innovator’s benefit including short- and long-term dimensions, we first analyzed the relationship between green process innovation and its benefits. Second, we set up a regression model to test the hypotheses using 267 survey data from coal mining firms in China. Finally, we verified the positive relationship between green process innovation and its long-term benefit, and the non-significant relationship between green process innovation and its short-term benefit, and the mediating effect played by firm image in the long run. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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36 pages, 1886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empirical Study on Sustainable Opportunities Recognition. A Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Joinery Industry Analysis Using Augmented Sustainable Development Process Model

by Eduard-Gabriel Ceptureanu, Sebastian-Ion Ceptureanu, Mihai Cristian Orzan, Ovidiu Niculae Bordean and Violeta Radulescu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101779 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7156

Abstract

This paper analyzes factors influencing recognition of sustainable opportunities by using an augmented sustainability process model. The conceptual model used two main factors, Knowledge and Motivation, and one moderating variable, Social embeddedness. We investigated entrepreneurs from PVC joinery industry and concluded that while [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes factors influencing recognition of sustainable opportunities by using an augmented sustainability process model. The conceptual model used two main factors, Knowledge and Motivation, and one moderating variable, Social embeddedness. We investigated entrepreneurs from PVC joinery industry and concluded that while market orientation and sustainable entrepreneurial orientation definitely and positively influence sustainable opportunity recognition, others variables like knowledge of the natural/communal environment, awareness of sustainable development or focus on success have less support. Among all variables analyzed, perception of the threat of the natural/communal environment and altruism toward others have the poorest impact on opportunity recognition. Finally, we concluded that social embeddedness has a moderating effect on sustainable opportunity recognition, even though the results were mixed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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13 pages, 3388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting Historical Vegetation Changes in the Dunhuang Oasis Protected Area Using Landsat Images

by Xiuxia Zhang and Yaowen Xie

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101780 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4483

Abstract

Abstract: Given its proximity to an artificial oasis, the Donghu Nature Reserve in the Dunhuang Oasis has faced environmental pressure and vegetation disturbances in recent decades. Satellite vegetation indices (VIs) can be used to detect such changes in vegetation if the satellite [...] Read more.

Abstract: Given its proximity to an artificial oasis, the Donghu Nature Reserve in the Dunhuang Oasis has faced environmental pressure and vegetation disturbances in recent decades. Satellite vegetation indices (VIs) can be used to detect such changes in vegetation if the satellite images are calibrated to surface reflectance (SR) values. The aim of this study was to select a suitable VI based on the Landsat Climate Data Record (CDR) products and the absolute radiation-corrected results of Landsat L1T images to detect the spatio-temporal changes in vegetation for the Donghu Reserve during 1986–2015. The results showed that the VI difference (ΔVI) images effectively reduced the changes in the source images. Compared with the other VIs, the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) displayed greater robustness to atmospheric effects in the two types of SR images and was more responsive to vegetation changes caused by human factors. From 1986 to 2015, the positive changes in vegetation dominated the overall change trend, with changes in vegetation in the reserve decreasing during 1990–1995, increasing until 2005–2010, and then decreasing again. The vegetation changes were mainly distributed at the edge of the artificial oasis outside the reserve. The detected changes in vegetation in the reserve highlight the increased human pressure on the reserve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GISc Contributions to the Study and Understanding of Geographies of Change)

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16 pages, 4917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Cash Flow-Based Optimal Investment Timing Using Two-Color Rainbow Options Valuation for Economic Sustainability Appraisement

by Yonggu Kim, Keeyoung Shin, Joseph Ahn and Eul-Bum Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101781 - 1 Oct 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5587

Abstract

This research determines the optimal investment timing using real options valuation to support decision-making for economic sustainability assessment. This paper illustrates an option pricing model using the Black-Scholes model applied to a case project to understand the model performance. Applicability of the project [...] Read more.

This research determines the optimal investment timing using real options valuation to support decision-making for economic sustainability assessment. This paper illustrates an option pricing model using the Black-Scholes model applied to a case project to understand the model performance. Applicability of the project to the model requires two Monte Carlo simulations to satisfy a Markov process and a Wiener process. The position of project developers is not only the seller of products, but it is also the buyer of raw materials. Real options valuation can be influenced by the volatility of cash outflow, as well as the volatility of cash inflow. This study suggests two-color rainbow options valuation to overcome this issue, which is demonstrated for a steel plant project. The asymmetric results of the case study show that cash outflow (put option) influences the value of the steel plant project more than cash inflow (call option) does of which the discussion of the results is referred to a sensitivity analysis. The real options valuation method proposed in this study contributes to the literature on applying the new model, taking into consideration that investors maximize project profitability for economic sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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15 pages, 2141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Divergent Developmental Trajectories and Strategic Coupling in the Pearl River Delta: Where Is a Sustainable Way of Regional Economic Growth?

by Yi Liu, Yutian Liang, Shiping Ma and Kaixuan Huang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101782 - 9 Oct 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4856

Abstract

This paper interprets regional economic sustainability in the context of the globalization of late-coming regions. Drawing upon the concept of strategic coupling from economic geography, this paper proposes two types of strategic coupling, captive and proactive coupling, for better understanding regional sustainability and [...] Read more.

This paper interprets regional economic sustainability in the context of the globalization of late-coming regions. Drawing upon the concept of strategic coupling from economic geography, this paper proposes two types of strategic coupling, captive and proactive coupling, for better understanding regional sustainability and resilience through the experiences of the Pearl River Delta in China. It finds that sub-regional economies under captive coupling become highly dependent on exogenous growth and are vulnerable to external shocks. This trajectory looks less sustainable according to the general understanding, but it interestingly shows better resilience during and after the 2008 global financial crisis. In contrast, the ones under proactive coupling are less volatile, but growing much slower and are less resilient. By reporting these regional economic dynamics, this paper argues that sustainability in late-coming regions cannot be explained by either intra-regional forces or the means of global integration alone. In contrast, it has to be explained by the combination of both; the alleged strategic coupling in which economic growth and learning happens. This paper thus calls for greater attention to strategic coupling, the trade-off of globalization and resilience for understanding regional sustainability, rather than purely focusing on resource utilization and ecological balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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15 pages, 2007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Driving Range of Electric Vehicles Influence Electric Vehicle Adoption?

by Seiho Kim, Jaesik Lee and Chulung Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101783 - 1 Oct 2017

Cited by 101 | Viewed by 15643

Abstract

This study aims to determine the influential factors on the market share of electric vehicles through panel data analysis based on time series data from 2011 to 2015 in 31 countries. We selected five significant independent variables that are expected to affect electric [...] Read more.

This study aims to determine the influential factors on the market share of electric vehicles through panel data analysis based on time series data from 2011 to 2015 in 31 countries. We selected five significant independent variables that are expected to affect electric vehicle adoption based on literature review. The econometric model in this study suggests that the relative price of electric vehicle compared to internal combustion engine vehicle, driving range, and number of models available in markets are correlated to the market share of electric vehicles. On the other hand, relationship between recharging infrastructure—an important factor for electric vehicle adoption in many studies—and market share of electric vehicles turned out to be insignificant in this study. From a political point of view, we argue that policy makers need to allocate more resources to research and development in order to extend driving range at the early stage of electric vehicle deployment in the markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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16 pages, 3183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Notifiable Sexually Transmitted Infections in China: Epidemiologic Trends and Spatial Changing Patterns

by Bin Zhu, Yang Fu, Jinlin Liu and Ying Mao

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101784 - 1 Oct 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9760

Abstract

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have become one of the major public health threats to the sustainable development of human beings. Among all of the STIs in China, three are listed as the notifiable infectious diseases, i.e., gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS, which demand more [...] Read more.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have become one of the major public health threats to the sustainable development of human beings. Among all of the STIs in China, three are listed as the notifiable infectious diseases, i.e., gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS, which demand more attention. This study aims to detect, describe, and compare the spatial-temporal clustering of these notifiable STIs in China and to relate spatial analysis results to epidemiologic trends during the past decade. A descriptive epidemiology analysis and a spatial autocorrelation analysis (global and local) are adopted to study the epidemiologic trends and spatial changing patterns of STIs respectively. The results indicated that there were regional disparities and spatial clusters in the spatial distribution of notifiable STIs in China. However, the incidence rates of the three notifiable STIs displayed relatively different characteristics in epidemiologic trends and the agglomeration level. Overall, the Yangtze River Delta region, the southwestern border area, and some other border regions are the places demanding more attention. In the end, we propose a three-dimensional prevention and control strategy, which focuses on not only the most-at-risk populations, but also the most-at-risk areas and most-at-risk timings. Besides, some measures targeting more than one STI should also be formulated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Advances in Research on Sustainable Ecosystems)

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22 pages, 3170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dispatchable Hydrogen Production at the Forecourt for Electricity Demand Shaping

by Abdulla Rahil and Rupert Gammon

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101785 - 2 Oct 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5868

Abstract

Environmental issues and concerns about depletion of fossil fuels have driven rapid growth in the generation of renewable energy (RE) and its use in electricity grids. Similarly, the need for an alternative to hydrocarbon fuels means that the number of fuel cell vehicles [...] Read more.

Environmental issues and concerns about depletion of fossil fuels have driven rapid growth in the generation of renewable energy (RE) and its use in electricity grids. Similarly, the need for an alternative to hydrocarbon fuels means that the number of fuel cell vehicles is also expected to increase. The ability of electricity networks to balance supply and demand is greatly affected by the variable, intermittent output of RE generators; however, this could be relieved using energy storage and demand-side response (DSR) techniques. One option would be production of hydrogen by electrolysis powered from wind and solar sources. The use of tariff structures would provide an incentive to operate electrolysers as dispatchable loads. The aim of this paper is to compare the cost of hydrogen production by electrolysis at garage forecourts in Libya, for both dispatchable and continuous operation, without interruption of fuel supply to vehicles. The coastal city of Derna was chosen as a case study, with the renewable energy being produced via a wind turbine farm. Wind speed was analysed in order to determine a suitable turbine, then the capacity was calculated to estimate how many turbines would be needed to meet demand. Finally, the excess power was calculated, based on the discrepancy between supply and demand. The study looked at a hydrogen refueling station in both dispatchable and continuous operation, using an optimisation algorithm. The following three scenarios were considered to determine whether the cost of electrolytic hydrogen could be reduced by a lower off-peak electricity price. These scenarios are: Standard Continuous, in which the electrolyser operates continuously on a standard tariff of 12 p/kWh; Off-peak Only, in which the electrolyser operates only during off-peak periods at the lower price of 5 p/kWh; and 2-Tier Continuous, in which the electrolyser operates continuously on a low tariff at off-peak times and a high tariff at other times. The results indicate that Scenario 2 produced the cheapest electricity at £2.90 per kg of hydrogen, followed by Scenario 3 at £3.80 per kg, and the most expensive was Scenario 1 at £6.90 per kg. Full article

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19 pages, 4861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Cellular Automata with the Deep Belief Network for Simulating Urban Growth

by Ye Zhou, Feng Zhang, Zhenhong Du, Xinyue Ye and Renyi Liu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101786 - 2 Oct 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5764

Abstract

Sustainable urban development is a focus of regional policy makers; therefore, how to measure and understand urban growth is an important research topic. This paper quantified the amount of urban growth on land use maps that were derived from multi-temporal Landsat images of [...] Read more.

Sustainable urban development is a focus of regional policy makers; therefore, how to measure and understand urban growth is an important research topic. This paper quantified the amount of urban growth on land use maps that were derived from multi-temporal Landsat images of Jiaxing City as a rapidly-growing city in Zhejiang Province from 2000–2015. Furthermore, a new approach coupled the heuristic bat algorithm (BA) and deep belief network (DBN) with the cellular automata (CA) model (DBN-CA), which was developed to simulate the urban expansion in 2015 and forecast the distribution of urban areas of Jiaxing City in 2024. The BA was proposed to obtain the best structure of the DBN, while the optimized DBN model considered the nonlinear spatial-temporal relationship of driving forces in urban expansion. Comparisons between the DBN-CA and the conventional artificial neural network-based CA (ANN-CA) model were also performed. This study demonstrates that the proposed model is more stable and accurate than the ANN-CA model, since the minimum and maximum values of the kappa coefficient of the DBN-CA were 77.109% and 78.366%, while the ANN-CA’s values were 63.460% and 76.151% over the 200 experiments, respectively. Therefore, the DBN-CA model is a potentially effective new approach to survey land use change and urban expansion and allows sustainability research to study the health of urban growth trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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27 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Policy Scenarios for Sustainable Urban Growth Management: A Delphi Approach

by Sajida Perveen, Md. Kamruzzaman and Tan Yigitcanlar

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101787 - 2 Oct 2017

Cited by 91 | Viewed by 10118

Abstract

In many parts of the world, a rapid urbanization process is taking place at an unprecedented scale, and its drastic impacts on societies and the environment are evident. To combat the externalities of such rapid, and to a degree uncontrolled, development, many cities [...] Read more.

In many parts of the world, a rapid urbanization process is taking place at an unprecedented scale, and its drastic impacts on societies and the environment are evident. To combat the externalities of such rapid, and to a degree uncontrolled, development, many cities around the globe introduced various urban growth management policies. However, policy making—to provide sustainable outcomes, while generating growth opportunities—has been a daunting task for urban administrators. To ease the task, scenario-based planning methods are introduced to produce alternative visions for managing urban growth in sustainable ways by incorporating various socio-environmental issues. However, even though modelling urban growth and associated impacts based on these scenarios have emerged to strengthen and quantify the future of urban policies and related planning actions, this process has a number of glitches. Major issues include the uncertainties associated with the selection of suitable methods to generate scenarios, identify indicators to be used to assess scenarios, evaluate scenarios to prioritize for policy formulation, and assess the impacts of policy scenarios. This paper aims to address the challenge of developing suitable policy scenarios for sustainable urban growth. As for the methodological approach, the study undertakes a thorough review of the literature and current practices, and conducts a two-round Delphi survey—involving experts from public, private and academic sectors specialized in the fields of urban planning, environmental planning, social planning, transportation modelling, and economic development. The expert driven policy scenarios are validated in a local context by comparing findings against the policy options as proposed in the South East Queensland Regional Plan 2017 (Australia). The findings offer valuable guidelines for planners, modellers, and policy makers in adopting suitable methods, indicators, and policy priorities, and thus, easing the daunting task of generating sustainable policy solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

0 pages, 3410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RETRACTED: The Optimal Decision Combination in Semiconductor Manufacturing

by Sungwook Yoon, Jihyun Kim and Sukjae Jeong

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101788 - 2 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5221 | Retraction

Abstract

Wafer fabrication is a capital-intensive and highly complex manufacturing process. In a wafer fabrication facility (fab), wafers are grouped as a lot to go through repeated sequences of operations to build circuitry. Lot scheduling is an important task for manufacturers in order to [...] Read more.

Wafer fabrication is a capital-intensive and highly complex manufacturing process. In a wafer fabrication facility (fab), wafers are grouped as a lot to go through repeated sequences of operations to build circuitry. Lot scheduling is an important task for manufacturers in order to improve production efficiency and satisfy customers’ demands of on-time delivery. Cycle time and average work-in-process reduction while meeting customers’ requirements play an important role in improving the competitiveness and sustainability of a semiconductor manufacturer. In this research, we propose the optimal combination rules for lot scheduling problems in wafer fabs, focusing on three complex areas of decision making: lot release control, batch sizing, and dispatching lots to enhance competitiveness and sustainability of a semiconductor facility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing)

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22 pages, 7931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatility Spillovers and Causality of Carbon Emissions, Oil and Coal Spot and Futures for the EU and USA

by Chia-Lin Chang, Michael McAleer and Guangdong Zuo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101789 - 2 Oct 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5996

Abstract

Recent research shows that the efforts to limit climate change should focus on reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide over other greenhouse gases or air pollutants. Many countries are paying substantial attention to carbon emissions to improve air quality and public health. The [...] Read more.

Recent research shows that the efforts to limit climate change should focus on reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide over other greenhouse gases or air pollutants. Many countries are paying substantial attention to carbon emissions to improve air quality and public health. The largest source of carbon emissions from human activities in some countries in Europe and elsewhere is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. The prices of fuel and carbon emissions can influence each other. Owing to the importance of carbon emissions and their connection to fossil fuels, and the possibility of [¹] Granger (1980) causality in spot and futures prices, returns, and volatility of carbon emissions, crude oil and coal have recently become very important research topics. For the USA, daily spot and futures prices are available for crude oil and coal, but there are no daily futures prices for carbon emissions. For the European Union (EU), there are no daily spot prices for coal or carbon emissions, but there are daily futures prices for crude oil, coal and carbon emissions. For this reason, daily prices will be used to analyse Granger causality and volatility spillovers in spot and futures prices of carbon emissions, crude oil, and coal. As the estimators are based on quasi-maximum likelihood estimators (QMLE) under the incorrect assumption of a normal distribution, we modify the likelihood ratio (LR) test to a quasi-likelihood ratio test (QLR) to test the multivariate conditional volatility Diagonal BEKK model, which estimates and tests volatility spillovers, and has valid regularity conditions and asymptotic properties, against the alternative Full BEKK model, which also estimates volatility spillovers, but has valid regularity conditions and asymptotic properties only under the null hypothesis of zero off-diagonal elements. Dynamic hedging strategies by using optimal hedge ratios are suggested to analyse market fluctuations in the spot and futures returns and volatility of carbon emissions, crude oil, and coal prices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics)

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20 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Words to Action: Incorporation of Sustainability in Architectural Education

by Badiossadat Hassanpour, Resmiye Alpar Atun and Soheil Ghaderi

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1790; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101790 - 6 Oct 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5191

Abstract

Schools of architecture play a major role in motivating and inspiring students to gain competencies in sustainability through pedagogical practices. However, at the operational level, the incorporation of sustainability within architectural programmes needs to be integrated into both the curricula and teaching methods. [...] Read more.

Schools of architecture play a major role in motivating and inspiring students to gain competencies in sustainability through pedagogical practices. However, at the operational level, the incorporation of sustainability within architectural programmes needs to be integrated into both the curricula and teaching methods. There are few studies on how architectural programmes’ curricula and pedagogical practices can be institutionally articulated, as well as on how the required coherency among components can be empowered operationally. Since the interrelation of the courses form the structure of the curricula and provide certain inputs for the students’ knowledge and skill, any operational risk can harm the quality assurance. Therefore, an operational framework aimed for a coordinated incorporation of sustainability in architectural programmes is required. In order to achieve this, scrutinising substantial equivalence programmes could provide constructive outcomes for the improvement of the existing programmes and future experiences for students. In order to determine the articulation of sustainability issues in architectural education, in this research, a recently accredited school in the Eastern Mediterranean region was chosen as a case study. The study includes an analysis of course descriptions, teaching methods, and teacher and student perceptions about the incorporation of sustainability into the courses. Also, jury sessions’ evaluation criteria are assessed as a pedagogical tool. Then, the horizontal and vertical articulation of courses within the curricula and their coordination were studied accordingly. The findings reveal that horizontal and vertical relations between different course types that share similar learning objectives are very important. However, this relation and continuum should be perceivable by students, tutors, and the relevant stakeholders; otherwise, any attempt would remain superficial. Accordingly, the association of sustainability with pre-defined evaluation criteria for grading is very important. The methodological tools and lessons from this study can assist young architecture programmes with the incorporation of sustainability into their programme without changing its spirit, through the coordination of courses within curricula and adopted pedagogical tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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9 pages, 1244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Sustainable Development of Tourism in South Tyrol: An Analysis of Tourists’ Perception

by Katia Laura Sidali, David Huber and Guenter Schamel

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101791 - 3 Oct 2017

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8525

Abstract

Although sustainable tourism concepts are gaining in importance everywhere, related research is quite fragmented with many studies concentrating on environmental sustainability. Seeking to contribute to the general discussion, we first examine the perceptions of sustainability among tourists using a best–worst scaling method applied [...] Read more.

Although sustainable tourism concepts are gaining in importance everywhere, related research is quite fragmented with many studies concentrating on environmental sustainability. Seeking to contribute to the general discussion, we first examine the perceptions of sustainability among tourists using a best–worst scaling method applied to important aspects of sustainable tourism. Our results show that experiencing nature in an intense and profound way is considered the most important aspect of sustainable tourism whereas grappling with the culture of the host region is perceived as the least important aspect of sustainable tourism in our sample. Second, we analyze if socio-demographic and/or other factors have significant implications for the propensity to increase expenditures for sustainable holiday offers. Applying a simple regression model, we can show that age has a significant and positive impact on the propensity to spend more on a sustainable holiday offer such as overnight stays in an accommodation that is carbon-neutral. Other socio-demographic variables such as gender, education, and income are not significant. Moreover, hotel stars and average expenditures per person per night are significant and have a positive effect on the propensity to spend more on carbon-neutral housing. Two simple policy implications can be drawn: (1) sustainable tourism experiences should prioritize landscape and natural beauty; and (2) sustainable tourism offers are best suited for higher-priced and/or higher starred hotels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developing Tourism in Rural and Agricultural Regions)

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19 pages, 1774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy System Models as a Means of Visualising Barriers and Drivers of Forest-Based Biofuels: An Interview Study of Developers and Potential Users

by Magdalena Fallde, Johan Torén and Elisabeth Wetterlund

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1792; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101792 - 3 Oct 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4777

Abstract

Forest-derived biofuels have been on the agenda for several decades. Despite extensive research and development efforts, forest biofuel concepts have nevertheless not yet been realized on any significant scale. The discrepancy between the expectations from the research community and the lack of momentum [...] Read more.

Forest-derived biofuels have been on the agenda for several decades. Despite extensive research and development efforts, forest biofuel concepts have nevertheless not yet been realized on any significant scale. The discrepancy between the expectations from the research community and the lack of momentum regarding biofuel production raises the question of if and how research results can be used to achieve such goals. Here, we report results from an interview study with the aim of evaluating how energy system models can be used to illustrate barriers and drivers for forest biofuels, with focus on Swedish conditions, using the BeWhere model as case. The study is framed as an example of expertise, and problematizes how energy system models are interpreted among expected users. While the interviews revealed some general scepticism regarding models, and what kinds of questions they can answer, the belief was also expressed that increased complexity might be an advantage in terms of being able to accommodate more barriers against forest biofuels. The study illustrates the complexity of this policy area, where an energy system model can answer some, but never all, ‘what if…?’ questions. The results reveal a need for reformation in energy system modelling in order to more explicitly make society the subject of the work, and also illustrate that the belief in expertise as a tool for consensus-building in decision-making should be questioned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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18 pages, 3682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristic Rain Events: A Methodology for Improving the Amenity Value of Stormwater Control Measures

by Jonas Smit Andersen, Sara Maria Lerer, Antje Backhaus, Marina Bergen Jensen and Hjalte Jomo Danielsen Sørup

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101793 - 3 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4833

Abstract

Local management of rainwater using stormwater control measures (SCMs) is gaining increased attention as a sustainable alternative and supplement to traditional sewer systems. Besides offering added utility values, many SCMs also offer a great potential for added amenity values. One way of achieving [...] Read more.

Local management of rainwater using stormwater control measures (SCMs) is gaining increased attention as a sustainable alternative and supplement to traditional sewer systems. Besides offering added utility values, many SCMs also offer a great potential for added amenity values. One way of achieving amenity value is to stage the rainwater and thus bring it to the attention of the public. We present here a methodology for creating a selection of rain events that can help bridge between engineering and landscape architecture when dealing with staging of rainwater. The methodology uses quantitative and statistical methods to select Characteristic Rain Events (CREs) for a range of frequent return periods: weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, bi-monthly, and a single rarer event occurring only every 1–10 years. The methodology for selecting CREs is flexible and can be adjusted to any climatic settings; here we show its use for Danish conditions. We illustrate with a case study how CREs can be used in combination with a simple hydrological model to visualize where, how deep and for how long water is visible in a landscape designed to manage rainwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Management)

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20 pages, 3856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Current Scoring Distribution by Evaluation Criteria in Korean Long-Life Housing Certification System Cases

by Eunyoung Kim and Eunkyoung Hwang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101794 - 3 Oct 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3549

Abstract

Peoples lifestyles are diversifying due to an increase in the types of residents housing and family structures. The ratio of apartment housing in Korea was 59.9% (9806 households) in 2015, and this type accounts for the largest ratio among all housing types. However, [...] Read more.

Peoples lifestyles are diversifying due to an increase in the types of residents housing and family structures. The ratio of apartment housing in Korea was 59.9% (9806 households) in 2015, and this type accounts for the largest ratio among all housing types. However, the life of the physical housing is approximately 30–40 years, which is relatively shorter in comparison to that of overseas houses. Therefore, the certification system for long-life housing, which had longer social and physical service life, was newly established in 24 December 2014. However, all apartment houses only acquired the normal grade (grade 4). The purpose of this study is to investigate all long-life housing certification cases and analyze the acquired score and status of each evaluation item. The total number of certification cases was 283, and the data analysis and FGI (Focus Group Interview) investigation method were used as the methods of study. As a result of analysis and summary, 173 cases (61.13%) received 50 points and 106 cases (37.46%) received 51 points. All these cases were considered normal grade. The result of this study is as follows. First, a system to maintain the long-life housing certification system operation agency is necessary. Second, the reason for an item with no score was the evasion by construction companies due to an increase in both the construction expense and sale price. Therefore, various incentive plans are necessary and should be executed accordingly. Third, it is necessary to improve the detailed evaluation standards of the certification system and reexamine its scoring system. Long-life housing is a housing type in preparation for changes in the residential environment in future. The significance of this study is that the content shall be utilized as preliminary data for improving the system through the analysis of evaluation items in the certification system. Full article

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16 pages, 1513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Development of Low P-Emission Substrate for the Protection of Urban Water Bodies Collecting Green Roof Runoff

by Agnieszka Karczmarczyk, Anna Baryła and Paweł Kożuchowski

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101795 - 4 Oct 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5139

Abstract

Urbanization leads to higher phosphorus (P) concentration in urban catchments. Among different stormwater retention measures, green roofs are the least efficient in phosphorus retention. Moreover, much research has shown that green roofs act as sources of phosphorus, and they can emit P in [...] Read more.

Urbanization leads to higher phosphorus (P) concentration in urban catchments. Among different stormwater retention measures, green roofs are the least efficient in phosphorus retention. Moreover, much research has shown that green roofs act as sources of phosphorus, and they can emit P in significant loads. In this study low P emission green roof substrate was developed based on the proposed step by step procedure for the selection of materials including laboratory tests, column experiments, and the monitoring of the open air green roof model. Developed substrate is the mixture of crushed red brick (35% of volume), crushed limestone (20% of volume), and sand (45% of volume), and is characterized by a bulk density of 1.52 g/cm³, water permeability of 9 mm/min, water capacity of 24.6% of volume, and granulometric composition that meets the Landscaping and Landscape Development Research Society (FLL) guidelines. Limestone was added to limit the potential P leaching from crushed red brick and vegetated mate consisted of Sedum album, Sedum acre, Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum spurium, Sedum reflexum, Sedum sexangulare, Dianthus deltoides, Dianthus carthusianorum, and Thymus vulgaris. The open air model experiment was run for 319 days, from March 2015 to February 2016. The total water runoff from the green roof model amounted to 43.3% of runoff from the reference roof. The only one runoff event polluted with phosphorus was connected with the outflow of melted snow from an unfreezing green roof model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Management)

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18 pages, 435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Paradox of Water Abundance in Mato Grosso, Brazil

by Christopher Schulz and Antonio A. R. Ioris

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1796; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101796 - 4 Oct 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6560

Abstract

While much effort has gone into studying the causes and consequences of water scarcity, the concept of water abundance has received considerably less attention in academic literature. Here, we aim to address this gap by providing a case study on the perceptions and [...] Read more.

While much effort has gone into studying the causes and consequences of water scarcity, the concept of water abundance has received considerably less attention in academic literature. Here, we aim to address this gap by providing a case study on the perceptions and political implications of water abundance in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. Combining a political ecology perspective on contemporary water governance (empirically based on stakeholder interviews with members of the state’s water sector) with an overview of the environmental history of this hydrosocial territory, we argue, first, that water abundance has become a foundational element of Mato Grosso’s identity, situated in the wider context of natural resource abundance more generally and second, that water abundance today is a contested concept witnessing discursive struggles around its political implications and meaning. More specifically, there is a clash between the dominant conceptualisation of water abundance as a foundation for rich economic, ecological, social, and cultural values and benefits, often espoused by members of the political and economic elite, e.g., for marketing purposes, and a more critical but less widespread conceptualisation of water abundance as a source of carelessness, lack of awareness, and poor water governance, typically put forth by more informed technical staff of the public sector and civil society activists. By providing a distinct treatment and discussion of the concept of water abundance, our research has relevance for other water-rich regions beyond the immediate regional context. Full article

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15 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Energy Storage Increase the Efficiency of an Electricity Market with Integrated Wind and Solar Power Generation?—A Case Study of Korea

by Jung Youn Mo and Wooyoung Jeon

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1797; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101797 - 4 Oct 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5581

Abstract

In recent years, increasing requests to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have led to renewable resources rapidly replacing conventional power sources. However, the inherent variability of renewable sources reduces the reliability of power systems. Energy storage has been proposed as a viable alternative, as [...] Read more.

In recent years, increasing requests to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have led to renewable resources rapidly replacing conventional power sources. However, the inherent variability of renewable sources reduces the reliability of power systems. Energy storage has been proposed as a viable alternative, as it can mitigate the variability of renewable energy sources and increase the efficiency of power systems by lowering peak electricity demand. In this study, we evaluate the benefits of integrating energy storage with combined wind and solar power generation in the Korean power system through using the dynamic optimization method. Realistic wind and photovoltaic solar power generation scenarios were estimated for actual sites. The results show that the wind power-based system benefitted more from energy storage than the combined wind and solar photovoltaic power-based system. This is because the high variability of wind power was reduced when it was combined with solar power. Co-optimization for energy and reserve costs was more beneficial than optimization for energy costs alone, which suggests that the reliability offered by storage is an important cost-saving factor, in addition to the reduction of energy costs by price arbitrage. Finally, the analysis was conducted under various scenarios to determine the validity of energy storage cost effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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19 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shedding New Light on Project Portfolio Risk Management

by Mariusz Hofman, Seweryn Spalek and Grzegorz Grela

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1798; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101798 - 4 Oct 2017

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5807

Abstract

This paper constitutes an innovative attempt to analyse the risks and negative phenomena dependencies within a project portfolio. Based on the available literature, the risks and negative phenomena (that is, the problems with the availability of resources, interpersonal conflicts, irregularities in the portfolio [...] Read more.

This paper constitutes an innovative attempt to analyse the risks and negative phenomena dependencies within a project portfolio. Based on the available literature, the risks and negative phenomena (that is, the problems with the availability of resources, interpersonal conflicts, irregularities in the portfolio balance, etc.) specific to a project portfolio were identified. Theoretical constructs were then used to connect the identified risks with the negative phenomena. Structural equations were used to confirm the existence and quality of these constructs, as well as models describing connections between phenomena. The determination of the structural equations also provided a setting in which statistical methods (χ², RMSEA and CFI) could be used to investigate the level of fit of the constructs and models to the empirical data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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18 pages, 1947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Sustainable Stocks Offer Diversification Benefits for Conventional Portfolios? An Empirical Analysis of Risk Spillovers and Dynamic Correlations

by Mehmet Balcilar, Riza Demirer and Rangan Gupta

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101799 - 4 Oct 2017

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 6508

Abstract

This paper explores the potential diversification benefits of socially responsible investments for conventional stock portfolios by examining the risk spillovers and dynamic correlations between conventional and sustainability stock indexes from a number of regions. We observe significant unidirectional volatility transmissions from conventional to [...] Read more.

This paper explores the potential diversification benefits of socially responsible investments for conventional stock portfolios by examining the risk spillovers and dynamic correlations between conventional and sustainability stock indexes from a number of regions. We observe significant unidirectional volatility transmissions from conventional to sustainable equities, suggesting that the criteria applied for socially responsible investments do not necessarily shield these securities from common market shocks. While significant dynamic correlations are observed between sustainable and conventional stocks, particularly in Europe, the analysis of both in- and out-of-sample dynamic portfolios suggests that supplementing conventional stock portfolios with sustainable counterparts improves the risk/return profile of stock portfolios in all regions. The findings overall suggest that sustainable investments can indeed provide diversification gains for conventional stock portfolios globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics)

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15 pages, 381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing Levels of CSR Disclosure by Forestry Companies in China

by Feifei Lu, Robert Kozak, Anne Toppinen, Dalia D’Amato and Zuomin Wen

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101800 - 4 Oct 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6550

Abstract

Abstract: With the international community’s increasing concern for social and environmental problems, the fulfilment and disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been advocated and promoted across the world. Forestry companies, which are particularly sensitive to environmental and social issues, are increasingly [...] Read more.

Abstract: With the international community’s increasing concern for social and environmental problems, the fulfilment and disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been advocated and promoted across the world. Forestry companies, which are particularly sensitive to environmental and social issues, are increasingly developing and improving their levels of CSR disclosure. However, information on emerging country contexts is still lacking. To fill this gap, this study focuses on Chinese forestry companies’ CSR disclosure and introduces new disclosure indices through content analysis of annual reports by listed companies between 2011–2015. It then builds a correlation analysis of the factors influencing these companies’ disclosure indices in order to gain a better understanding of the current situation for CSR implementation by forestry companies in emerging economies like China. Although context-specific, our findings can provide a reference for researchers and policy makers, and promote sustainable development via improved CSR disclosure by forestry companies, especially in developing regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Innovation and Value Co-Creation: Finding the Strategic Link in Business Management towards Sustainability)

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14 pages, 920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consequential Implications of Municipal Energy System on City Carbon Footprints

by Jani Laine, Juudit Ottelin, Jukka Heinonen and Seppo Junnila

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1801; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101801 - 5 Oct 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6324

Abstract

Climate change mitigation is an important goal for cities globally. Energy production contributes more than half of the global greenhouse gas emissions, and thus the mitigation potential of local municipal energy systems is important for cities to recognize. The purpose of the study [...] Read more.

Climate change mitigation is an important goal for cities globally. Energy production contributes more than half of the global greenhouse gas emissions, and thus the mitigation potential of local municipal energy systems is important for cities to recognize. The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of local municipal energy systems in the consumption-based carbon footprint of a city resident. The research supplements the previous carbon footprint assessments of city residents with an energy system implication analysis. The study includes 20 of the largest cities in Finland. The main findings of the study are as follows: first, the municipal combined heat and power energy system contributes surprisingly little (on average 18%) to the direct carbon footprint of city residents, supporting some previous findings about a high degree of outsourcing of emissions in cities in developed countries. Second, when indirect emissions (i.e., the implication of a municipal energy system on the national energy system) are allocated to city residents, the significance of the local energy system increases substantially to 32%. Finally, without the benefits of local combined heat and power technology based electricity consumption, the carbon footprints would have increased by an additional 13% to 47% due to the emissions from compensatory electricity production. The results also show that the direct application of consumption-based carbon assessment would imply a relatively low significance for municipal energy solutions. However, with a broader understanding of energy system dynamics, the significance of municipal energy increases substantially. The results emphasize the importance of the consequential energy system implications, which is typically left out of the evaluations of consumption-based carbon footprints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition towards Low-Impact and Regenerative Human Settlements)

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23 pages, 2660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Livelihood Implications and Perceptions of Large Scale Investment in Natural Resources for Conservation and Carbon Sequestration: Empirical Evidence from REDD+ in Vietnam

by Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak and Lawal Mohammed Marafa

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1802; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101802 - 5 Oct 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7242

Abstract

The complex relationship between local development and current large scale investments in natural resources in the Global South for the purpose of conservation and carbon sequestration is not fully understood yet. The Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation programme (REDD+) is an [...] Read more.

The complex relationship between local development and current large scale investments in natural resources in the Global South for the purpose of conservation and carbon sequestration is not fully understood yet. The Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation programme (REDD+) is an example of such investment. This study examines the livelihood implications and perceptions of REDD+ among indigenous and forest-dependent communities in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. A systems-based livelihood survey has been conducted with two communities affected by REDD+ (n = 102)—Kala Tonggu village (participating in UN-REDD, a multilateral programme) and Hieu commune (participating in a REDD+ project of Fauna and Flora International). The positive effects of REDD+ included: introduction of community-based forest management; shifting power relations in favour of local communities; communities receiving financial benefits for forest monitoring; and positive community perceptions on REDD+. The negative impacts concerned: more restricted access to the natural forest; raising false expectations on the financial benefits of REDD+; increasing risks of food insecurity; exclusion of customary institutions and forest classifications; and lack of livelihood alternatives in dealing with changing socio-ecological conditions. Based on the findings of this study, we argue that REDD+ implementation needs to incorporate the temporality and dynamics of community livelihoods, power relations, and customary and formal socio-ecological systems more comprehensively. This to ultimately achieve inclusive local development and effective conservation of global forest commons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development at the Crossroads of Capital Flows and Migration: Leaving no One Behind?)

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12 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Development Projects Pursuing Short-Term Benefits at the Expense of Sustainability?

by Yigezu Yigezu, Tamer El-Shater and Aden Aw-Hassan

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1803; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101803 - 5 Oct 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3183

Abstract

When evaluated purely on financial grounds, most developmental interventions targeting the livestock sector exhibit a positive impact. This study also provides empirical evidence that a project which provided loans to livestock producers in Syria succeeded in increasing the annual farm income and reducing [...] Read more.

When evaluated purely on financial grounds, most developmental interventions targeting the livestock sector exhibit a positive impact. This study also provides empirical evidence that a project which provided loans to livestock producers in Syria succeeded in increasing the annual farm income and reducing the income risk. However, these annual benefits were accompanied by a reduction in technical efficiency which, unabated, may compound over the years and compromise the livestock enterprise’s sustainability. The development lesson from these findings is that misguided interventions with well-known short-term livelihoods benefits could, in the long run, hurt the very sector which they aim to support. Full article

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15 pages, 2306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Analysis of Energy Production from Food Waste through Anaerobic Digestion, Pyrolysis and Integrated Energy System

by Suraj Adebayo Opatokun, Ana Lopez-Sabiron, German Ferreira and Vladimir Strezov

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1804; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101804 - 5 Oct 2017

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 10969

Abstract

The environmental performance of industrial anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, and integrated system (AD sequence with pyrolysis) on food waste treatment were evaluated using life cycle assessment. The integrated treatment system indicated similar environmental benefits to AD with the highest benefits in climate change [...] Read more.

The environmental performance of industrial anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, and integrated system (AD sequence with pyrolysis) on food waste treatment were evaluated using life cycle assessment. The integrated treatment system indicated similar environmental benefits to AD with the highest benefits in climate change and water depletion in addition to the increased energy generation potential and the production of valuable products (biochar and bio-oil). Pyrolysis results illustrated higher impact across water, fossil fuel, and mineral depletion, although still providing a better option than conventional landfilling of food waste. The dewatering phase in the AD process accounted for 70% of the treatment impact while the pre-treatment of the food waste was responsible for the main burden in the pyrolysis process. The study indicated that the three treatment options of food waste management are environmentally more favorable than the conventional landfilling of the wastes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Trends in Municipal Solid Waste Management)

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16 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of the Acceptance of Sustainable Production Strategies among Dairy Farmers: Development and Testing of a Modified Technology Acceptance Model

by Simona Naspetti, Serena Mandolesi, Jeroen Buysse, Terhi Latvala, Philippa Nicholas, Susanne Padel, Ellen J. Van Loo and Raffaele Zanoli

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1805; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101805 - 6 Oct 2017

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 9726

Abstract

An extended version of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was applied by means of Structural Equation Modelling to testing various hypotheses on attitudes and intentions of dairy farmers towards three novel sustainable production strategies, as well as the influence of organic practices and [...] Read more.

An extended version of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was applied by means of Structural Equation Modelling to testing various hypotheses on attitudes and intentions of dairy farmers towards three novel sustainable production strategies, as well as the influence of organic practices and collaborative behaviours, such as information sharing with supply-chain partners. Data on the acceptance of three sustainable production strategies, namely ‘Agro-forestry’, ‘Alternative protein source’, and ‘Prolonged maternal feeding’ were collected by a survey of dairy farmers in six European Union (EU) countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Italy, United Kingdom). We found that perceived usefulness is the key determinant of acceptance, while the intention to adopt a sustainable production strategy may derive from the influence of opinions (and behaviours) of relevant others (e.g., leading dairy farmers, family members, advisors) showing the role of interactions among farmers and other stakeholders in the adoption of innovations. Finally, the perceived usefulness of all of the investigated strategies is higher for organic farmers, while collaborative patterns reduce the impact of subjective norm on usefulness and overall acceptance. Our findings should encourage policy makers to consider the important role of supply chain management practices, including collaboration, to enhance the sustainability of dairy farming systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 3870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tartary Buckwheat Genetic Diversity in the Himalayas Associated with Farmer Landrace Diversity and Low Dietary Dependence

by Weijuan Huang, Devra I. Jarvis, Selena Ahmed and Chunlin Long

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1806; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101806 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4702

Abstract

While crop genetic diversity supports ecological processes and food security, there have been few cross-cultural studies evaluating the influence of cultural and dietary factors on the conservation of genetic resources. This study examines genetic diversity patterns of tartary buckwheat in 18 smallholder farming [...] Read more.

While crop genetic diversity supports ecological processes and food security, there have been few cross-cultural studies evaluating the influence of cultural and dietary factors on the conservation of genetic resources. This study examines genetic diversity patterns of tartary buckwheat in 18 smallholder farming communities across five regions of China (Yunnan Province, Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan Province) and Bhutan managed by Yi, Tibetan, and Bhutanese farmers using ethnobotanical surveys and DNA barcoding. Findings emphasize that high dietary dependence linked to a single crop may result in simplification of genetic diversity as well as agricultural systems and landscapes more broadly. We advocate for the diversification of crops in agricultural systems as well as diets through the integration of scientific research and farmers’ ecological knowledge and practices towards meeting global food security while supporting environmental well-being through biodiversity conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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21 pages, 1381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Large and Small Scale Hydropower for Energy and Water Security in the Spanish Duero Basin

by Beatriz Mayor, Ignacio Rodríguez-Muñoz, Fermín Villarroya, Esperanza Montero and Elena López-Gunn

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1807; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101807 - 6 Oct 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8567

Abstract

Hydropower has been increasingly seen as a two-fold solution to the provision of renewable energy and water storage. However, the massive deployment of both large and small scale hydropower projects has been reported to cause important environmental impacts at the basin scale. This [...] Read more.

Hydropower has been increasingly seen as a two-fold solution to the provision of renewable energy and water storage. However, the massive deployment of both large and small scale hydropower projects has been reported to cause important environmental impacts at the basin scale. This study assesses the differential contributions to regional energy and water security of large (LHP) and small (SHP) scale hydropower deployment in the Spanish Duero basin, as well as associated cumulative environmental impacts. This is performed through a selection of indicators measured in absolute and relative terms. The results suggest that LHP deployment contributes more to energy and water security, performing better in 10 of the 12 indicators. It also shows higher absolute environmental impacts on flow regime and habitat loss. Meanwhile, when analyzed in relative terms, SHP shows greater impacts in all categories as a result of cumulative effects cascading along the rivers system. These findings suggest that optimizing the use of existing hydropower infrastructure would be beneficial for energy, water and environmental security. This could be implemented by substantially reducing the number of low capacity plants with almost no impact on final energy generation, while enhancing the pumping and storage potential of higher capacity plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technology Commercialization through Sustainable Knowledge Sharing from University-Industry Collaborations, with a Focus on Patent Propensity

by Junghee Han

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1808; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101808 - 7 Oct 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4882

Abstract

The process of technology commercialization involves numerous hurdles, from the original idea to its translation into the market. Patenting brings to light the research activities created through university-industry collaborations. This paper explores patent propensity, as related to commercializing innovative activities resulting from collaborations [...] Read more.

The process of technology commercialization involves numerous hurdles, from the original idea to its translation into the market. Patenting brings to light the research activities created through university-industry collaborations. This paper explores patent propensity, as related to commercializing innovative activities resulting from collaborations between universities and regional small and medium enterprises (SMEs). To achieve our aims, we apply a robust regression analysis to test five research hypotheses using firm-level data on 263 firms located in the Gwangju region of Korea. Our empirical results show that certain industry characteristics are negatively related to the propensity to patent. In addition, and contrary to expectations, it is found that the InnoBiz firms that the government designated as innovative SMEs are not performing any differently from general firms. It is only the CEO’s academic credentials that are found to be positively related to propensity to patent. From the findings, we can conclude that patenting propensity is likely related to CEOs’ managerial strategies rather than the particular characteristics of the technology in question. We also suggest new technology commercialization related with universities’ policies and support to promote regional SMEs including conglomerated firms as well as universities. Full article

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18 pages, 5554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation and Life Cycle Cost Analysis Model of a Gondola-Type Exterior Wall Painting Robot

by Dong-Jun Yeom, Eun-Ji Na, Mi-Young Lee, Yoo-Jun Kim, Young Suk Kim and Chung-Suk Cho

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1809; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101809 - 8 Oct 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5586

Abstract

The amount and market size of apartment complex exterior wall painting work continues to increase each year in South Korea. Nevertheless, there are difficulties with the supply and demand of human resources due to the high risks associated with conventional painting work. To [...] Read more.

The amount and market size of apartment complex exterior wall painting work continues to increase each year in South Korea. Nevertheless, there are difficulties with the supply and demand of human resources due to the high risks associated with conventional painting work. To resolve these issues, research and development has recently been conducted on a Gondola-type Exterior Wall Painting robot (GEWPro). The aims of this study were to develop a performance evaluation and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis model for a GEWPro and deduce its performance and economic efficiency through a case study. According to the results, the performance of the automated method was 16.8% higher than that of the conventional method, and the economic efficiency was also superior (benefit/cost ratio 6.39). These results show that the proposed performance evaluation and LCC analysis model can predict the productivity and economic efficiency of automated methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction)

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16 pages, 1360 KiB

Open AccessReview

Circular Business Models: Defining a Concept and Framing an Emerging Research Field

by Julia L. K. Nußholz

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1810; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101810 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 306 | Viewed by 25641

Abstract

To aid companies in transitioning towards a circular economy and adopting strategies such as reuse, repair, and remanufacturing, the concept of circular business models has been developed. Although the concept draws on contributions from various academic disciplines, and despite its increasingly frequent use, [...] Read more.

To aid companies in transitioning towards a circular economy and adopting strategies such as reuse, repair, and remanufacturing, the concept of circular business models has been developed. Although the concept draws on contributions from various academic disciplines, and despite its increasingly frequent use, few scholars clearly define what a circular business model is. Understanding about what makes a business model circular is diverse, hampering the theoretical development and practical application of circular business models. This study aims to help frame the field of circular business model research, by clarifying the fundamentals of the concept from the perspectives of resource efficiency and business model innovation. Expanding on these findings, a review of how the concept is used in recent academic literature is provided. It shows that a coherent view is lacking on which resource efficiency strategies classify a business model as circular. This study clarifies which resource efficiency strategies can be deemed as relevant key strategies for circular business models, and suggests a new definition of the concept. With the definition grounded in analysis of the fundamentals in terms of resource efficiency and business models, the study contributes to theoretical advancement and effective implementation of circular business models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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14 pages, 2166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Production Line Evaluation Based on Evidential Reasoning

by Zhexuan Zhou, Yajie Dou, Jianbin Sun, Jiang Jiang and Yuejin Tan

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101811 - 9 Oct 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4185

Abstract

Many production line imbalances have been observed in the pursuit of higher profits. A sustainable production line, also called balanced, leads to lower costs, good production environments, and green manufacturing. A decision analysis method, such as production line evaluation, is often employed to [...] Read more.

Many production line imbalances have been observed in the pursuit of higher profits. A sustainable production line, also called balanced, leads to lower costs, good production environments, and green manufacturing. A decision analysis method, such as production line evaluation, is often employed to help decision makers make sustainable decisions. In this study, a sustainable decision-making model is proposed for the evaluation of engine manufacturing. To solve uncertainties in manufacturing industries while maintaining lower costs and an efficient production environment, evidential reasoning is used in order to evaluate the sustainable production line effectively. First, uncertainties in the engine production line and deficiencies in the existing methods for evaluating the sustainable production line are analyzed. Then, evidential reasoning evaluation of the sustainable engine production line model is proposed and an example is presented; to be specific, the analysis of three production line plans is conducted using evidential reasoning, and plan P₃ is found to be the best. Finally, a FlexSim simulation is used to prove the feasibility of evidential reasoning evaluation, verifying its suitability for achieving sustainable production line evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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13 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Political Connections, Government Subsidies and Technical Innovation of Wind Energy Companies in China

by Jiaan Qu, Jie Cao, Xinting Wang, Jiexin Tang and James O. Bukenya

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1812; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101812 - 9 Oct 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3952

Abstract

Developing wind energy is one of the win win measures in response to climate changes and energy security. In order to promote technical innovation in the wind-energy industry, the government grants various fiscal subsidies to wind-energy companies every year. To acquire these subsidies, [...] Read more.

Developing wind energy is one of the win win measures in response to climate changes and energy security. In order to promote technical innovation in the wind-energy industry, the government grants various fiscal subsidies to wind-energy companies every year. To acquire these subsidies, enterprises often employ those with political backgrounds as members of the board of directors and board of supervisors. On the one hand, the acquisition of subsidies may indeed promote the technical innovation capacity of enterprises, but, on the other hand, due to the existence of “the grabbing hand”, the technical innovation capacity of enterprises may be weakened. We selected 35 Chinese wind-energy listed companies to analyze the relationship between political connections, subsidies and the technical innovation capacity. Results indicate that, political connections to an enterprise weaken its innovative potential and achievement. Moreover, the higher the strength of political connections is, the stronger the negative impact it will bring to the innovative capacity of the enterprise. Modulation of government subsidies, however, can alleviate the negative effects of political connections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

18 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DMOs and Rural Tourism: A Stakeholder Analysis the Case of Tucker County, West Virginia

by Doug Arbogast, Jinyang Deng and Kudzayi Maumbe

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1813; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101813 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 10414

Abstract

Rural destination management organizations (DMOs) are faced with considerable challenges as they attempt to promote economic prosperity through tourism. This study sought to identify rural destination management challenges in Tucker County, West Virginia; identify the roles and activities of the destinations DMOs in [...] Read more.

Rural destination management organizations (DMOs) are faced with considerable challenges as they attempt to promote economic prosperity through tourism. This study sought to identify rural destination management challenges in Tucker County, West Virginia; identify the roles and activities of the destinations DMOs in addressing these challenges; and develop a perceived destination management framework. DMO challenges include maintaining authenticity and sense of place; economic diversification; seasonality, low wage jobs, and lack of employees; connecting resorts to small businesses and communities; and establishing a common vision, identity, and coordination of activities. While the majority of tourism literature calls for DMOs to play a dual marketing and management role, this paper makes an important contribution by identifying the need for a Convention and Visitors Bureau and a separate organization with a specific mission to sustainably develop and manage tourism and coordinate activities of the stakeholder network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developing Tourism in Rural and Agricultural Regions)

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65 pages, 2340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to Solve Environmental Sustainability Problems: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis

by Abbas Mardani, Dalia Streimikiene, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Fausto Cavallaro, Mehrbakhsh Nilashi, Ahmad Jusoh and Habib Zare

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1814; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101814 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 17244

Abstract

Most methodological areas assume common serious reflections to certify difficult study and publication practices, and, therefore, approval in their area. Interestingly, relatively little attention has been paid to reviewing the application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in environmental sustainability problems despite the growing [...] Read more.

Most methodological areas assume common serious reflections to certify difficult study and publication practices, and, therefore, approval in their area. Interestingly, relatively little attention has been paid to reviewing the application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in environmental sustainability problems despite the growing number of publications in the past two decades. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to fill this gap by conducting a wide search in two main databases including Web of Science and Scopus to identify the studies which used SEM techniques in the period from 2005 to 2016. A critical analysis of these articles addresses some important key issues. On the basis of our results, we present comprehensive guidelines to help researchers avoid general pitfalls in using SEM. The results of this review are important and will help researchers to better develop research models based on SEM in the area of environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Methodologies for Sustainability Assessment: Theory and Practice)

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19 pages, 819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reveal or Conceal? Signaling Strategies for Building Legitimacy in Cleantech Firms

by Ekaterina S. Bjornali, Ferran Giones and Anders Billstrom

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101815 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5928

Abstract

New entrants in technology-intense industries are in a race to build legitimacy in order to compete with established players. Legitimacy has been identified as a driver of venture survival and growth; it helps mitigate third-party uncertainty and so facilitates access to resources, engagement [...] Read more.

New entrants in technology-intense industries are in a race to build legitimacy in order to compete with established players. Legitimacy has been identified as a driver of venture survival and growth; it helps mitigate third-party uncertainty and so facilitates access to resources, engagement with customers and other stakeholders. Nevertheless, we know little about how legitimacy is built and how new entrants build legitimacy in complex technology-intensive industries. In this research we explore how Norwegian cleantech firms use signaling and strategic actions to build legitimacy. We analyze five cases while investigating their actions in different phases of the venture’s evolution. The results suggest that, contrary to signaling theory expectations, young clean-tech firms do not always build legitimacy by conveying information on their strengths. Instead, we observe that they use signaling strategies to address the specific concerns of different stakeholders. This is very much contingent upon the evolutionary stage of the venture and the firm’s current weaknesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurial Sustainability: New Innovative Knowledge)

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17 pages, 956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Conservation Tillage and Nutrient Management Practices on Soil Fertility and Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)–Rice System in North Eastern Region of India

by Gulab Singh Yadav, Rahul Datta, Shamina Imran Pathan, Rattan Lal, Ram Swaroop Meena, Subhash Babu, Anup Das, S. N. Bhowmik, Mrinmoy Datta, Poulami Saha and Pawan Kumar Mishra

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1816; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101816 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 7833

Abstract

Over centuries and even today, traditional farming practices are well performed without any ecological degradation. However, management practice such as conservative tillage combined with nutrient and residue could increase the crop production as well as soil fertility. A three-year replicated study was conducted [...] Read more.

Over centuries and even today, traditional farming practices are well performed without any ecological degradation. However, management practice such as conservative tillage combined with nutrient and residue could increase the crop production as well as soil fertility. A three-year replicated study was conducted to assess the effects of agronomic modification of traditional farming practices on productivity and sustainability of rice (wet season)–rice (dry season) system (RRS). The replacement of farmers practice (T₂) with conservation effective tillage (no-till (NT)) and integrated nutrient management (INM) practice along with 30% residue retention (T₅) enhanced the straw, root and biomass yield of both wet season rice (WR), dry season rice (DR) and system as a whole over T₂. Treatment T₅ recorded significantly lower soil bulk density (ρ_b) and higher pH than the T₂ after three years of the experiment. Further, treatment T₅ increased total soil organic carbon (2.8%), total soil organic carbon stock (2.8%), carbon sequestration rate (336.5 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), cumulative carbon stock (142.9%) and carbon retention efficiency (141.0%) over T₂ of 0–20 cm depth after three year. The soil microbial biomass carbon concentration was significantly the highest under T₅. Similarly, the dehydrogenase activity was the maximum under T₅. Adoption of conservation tillage and nutrient management practice involving NT and INM along with residue retention can enhance the system productivity, and C and N sequestration in paddy soils is thereby contributing to the sustainability of the RRS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Input into Agricultural Soils)

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14 pages, 512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Second Life of Food: An Assessment of the Social Impact of Food Redistribution Activities in Emilia Romagna, Italy

by Matteo Vittuari, Fabio De Menna, Silvia Gaiani, Luca Falasconi, Alessandro Politano, Jana Dietershagen and Andrea Segrè

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1817; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101817 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 9653

Abstract

The increased relative poverty and migration crisis in Europe are determining a raise of food insecurity levels. Cities and regions are experiencing—and to some extent stimulating—a growth of food recovery initiatives. Food redistribution activities (FRAs) are acknowledged as a tool for addressing food [...] Read more.

The increased relative poverty and migration crisis in Europe are determining a raise of food insecurity levels. Cities and regions are experiencing—and to some extent stimulating—a growth of food recovery initiatives. Food redistribution activities (FRAs) are acknowledged as a tool for addressing food insecurity and preventing food surplus wastage ensuring economic, environmental, and social benefits. This paper aimed to identify the characteristics of FRAs and their social impact in the context of the Emilia Romagna region (Italy). A literature review and two experts’ consultations were carried out to inventory and categorize relevant social impacts. A questionnaire was then drafted and submitted to a sample of FRAs operating in the region. Results provided a profile of the surveyed food redistribution activities in terms of type of food redistributed, service provided, and workforce. In addition, the qualitative investigation allowed the identification of hotspots in terms of social, economic, psychological, health, and political impacts as perceived by engaged stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Food Supply Chain and Food Industry)

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29 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategy Analysis of Recycling and Remanufacturing by Remanufacturers in Closed-Loop Supply Chain

by Xiaofeng Long, Tong Shu, Shou Chen, Shouyang Wang, Kin Keung Lai and Yan Yang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101818 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4120

Abstract

The paper investigates interactions in a two-period closed-loop supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a single remanufacturer. In the context of recycling and remanufacturing by the remanufacturer, the manufacturer and remanufacturer choose different production strategies. By comparing the costs, profits and [...] Read more.

The paper investigates interactions in a two-period closed-loop supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a single remanufacturer. In the context of recycling and remanufacturing by the remanufacturer, the manufacturer and remanufacturer choose different production strategies. By comparing the costs, profits and equilibrium quantity of supply chain members in decentralized and centralized models, we focus on the conditions under which the remanufacturer chooses to sell the remanufactured products and compete with the manufacturer. Different cooperative strategies can affect closed-loop supply chain decision-making. The article analyzes the impact of each cost and recycling rate on the productions and profits of the manufacturer and remanufacturer, and compares the total profits of members between two models. The sensitivity analysis of the models shows that the centralized model can be an effective way of achieving greater efficiency in terms of the overall supply chain. This study provides insights into the remanufacturing theory, which might guide remanufacturing operations and strategies. Full article

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13 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid MCDM Model for Improving the Electronic Health Record to Better Serve Client Needs

by James J. H. Liou, Ming-Tsang Lu, Shu-Kung Hu, Chia-Hua Cheng and Yen-Ching Chuang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101819 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5917

Abstract

Although the electronic health record (EHR) is a promising innovation in the healthcare industry, the implementation of EHR has been relatively slow. A theoretical structure for the exploration and improvement of this usage of EHR is proposed. Incorporating the theoretical structure of TOE [...] Read more.

Although the electronic health record (EHR) is a promising innovation in the healthcare industry, the implementation of EHR has been relatively slow. A theoretical structure for the exploration and improvement of this usage of EHR is proposed. Incorporating the theoretical structure of TOE (technology-organization-environment), we apply the DEMATEL (decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory) technique to illustrate the influence-matrix and to construct the INRM (influential network relationship map). Based on this DEMATEL influence matrix and the fundamental concepts of ANP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), we derive influential weights for the criteria. These influential weights are then combined with the modified VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) method to find ways to understand and enhance the usage of EHR technology. The outcome demonstrates that our model can not only be used for implementation of EHR technology, but can also be applied to analyze the gaps in performance between the aspiration level and present performance values in individual criterion/dimension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Sustainability: Modeling and Applications)

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14 pages, 4844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying the Areas Benefitting from the Prevention of Wind Erosion by the Key Ecological Function Area for the Protection of Desertification in Hunshandake, China

by Yu Xiao, Gaodi Xie, Lin Zhen, Chunxia Lu and Jie Xu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1820; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101820 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4391

Abstract

Research on the spatial flow of ecosystem services can help to identify the spatial relationships between service-providing areas (SPAs) and service-benefitting areas (SBAs). In this study, we used the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to stimulate the flow paths of the [...] Read more.

Research on the spatial flow of ecosystem services can help to identify the spatial relationships between service-providing areas (SPAs) and service-benefitting areas (SBAs). In this study, we used the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to stimulate the flow paths of the wind erosion prevented by ecosystems in Hunshandake, China. By interpolating these paths, the SBAs were identified, and their benefits in terms of land cover, population, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were determined. The results indicated that the flow paths mostly extended to the eastern part of the study area, and the estimated cover of the SBAs was 39.21% of the total area of China. The grid cells through which many (≥10%) of the trajectories passed were mainly located in the western part of north-eastern China and the eastern part of northern China. The benefitting population accounted for 74.51% of the total population of China, and the GDP was 67.11% of the total in 2010. Based on this research, we described a quantitative relationship between the SPAs and the SBAs and identified the actual beneficiaries. This work may provide scientific knowledge that can be used by decision makers to develop management strategies, such as ecological compensation to mitigate damage from sandstorms in the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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24 pages, 1217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corporate Social Responsibility Drivers and Barriers According to Managers’ Perception; Evidence from Spanish Firms

by José María Agudo-Valiente, Concepción Garcés-Ayerbe and Manuel Salvador-Figueras

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101821 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 11460

Abstract

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a dominant issue in both research and practice of management. However, the underlying processes in the relationship between the degree of development of CSR in companies and the drivers/barriers that determine this development are still at the [...] Read more.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a dominant issue in both research and practice of management. However, the underlying processes in the relationship between the degree of development of CSR in companies and the drivers/barriers that determine this development are still at the center of an intense debate. The purpose of this empirical study is to examine these relationships. We investigate a sample of 416 Spanish firms; based on a multifactorial framework, our study considers both the subjective and objective drivers/barriers, analyzing their joint effect on the final degree of sustainability. A structural equation model is established and a Bayesian approach is used, enabling exact inferences about the model’s parameters and handling missing data with random imputation, thus increasing the study’s reliability. The results show that this degree is related to what managers believe CSR to be (subjective drivers/barriers) and what managers expect it to accomplish or outcomes (objective drivers/barriers). Full article

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17 pages, 422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Assessment Framework of Offshore Wind Power Projects Applying Equator Principles and Social Life Cycle Assessment

by Yu-Che Tseng, Yuh-Ming Lee and Shih-Jung Liao

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101822 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8734

Abstract

This paper reviews offshore wind power project finance and provides an integrated assessment that employs Equator Principles, life cycle assessment, risk assessment, materiality analysis, credit assessment, and ISAE 3000 assurance. We have not seen any comprehensive review papers or book chapters that covers [...] Read more.

This paper reviews offshore wind power project finance and provides an integrated assessment that employs Equator Principles, life cycle assessment, risk assessment, materiality analysis, credit assessment, and ISAE 3000 assurance. We have not seen any comprehensive review papers or book chapters that covers the entire offshore wind power project finance process. We also conducted an SWancor Formosa Phase 1 case study to illustrate the application of integrated assessment to better assist policymakers, wind farm developers, practitioners, potential investors and observers, and stakeholders in their decisions. We believe that this paper can form part of the effort to reduce information asymmetry and the transaction costs of wind power project finance, as well as mobilize green finance investments from the financial sector to renewable energy projects to achieve a national renewable energy policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsible Value Chains for Sustainability: Practices and Challenges from EcoBalance)

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16 pages, 3843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of the Viability of Low-Grade Biofuels in Small-Scale Appliances

by Araceli Regueiro, Lucie Jezerská, David Patiño, Raquel Pérez-Orozco, Jan Nečas and Martin Žídek

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1823; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101823 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3537

Abstract

This experimental work aims to study the viability of making use of agricultural and forest residues as an alternative to produce biofuels for commercial devices. It focuses on the feasibility of three non-commercial biomass fuels in an underfed biomass pilot combustor with a [...] Read more.

This experimental work aims to study the viability of making use of agricultural and forest residues as an alternative to produce biofuels for commercial devices. It focuses on the feasibility of three non-commercial biomass fuels in an underfed biomass pilot combustor with a power range of 7–12 kW_th (500–800 kW/m²). To carry out the investigation, the repeatability of the facility was studied using fuel with a high ash content. The relative deviations in the main parameters considered (combustion rate, gaseous emissions and particulate matter emissions) were below 10%. A feasibility analysis was performed by comparing the result obtained with a barley and leaf pellet with that obtained with a commercial wood pellet as a reference. The parameters used in this study were the operational parameters of the plant as well as the particle concentration and distribution, fouling and slagging. Comparing the results of the different fuels, it was determined that 25% leaf + 75% wood pellet (lp25) could be used as a commercial pellet with the incorporation of an additive. However, the two other fuels presented undesirable behavior characterized by high particle concentrations and notable amounts of slag. Full article

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26 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full Random Coefficients Multilevel Modeling of the Relationship between Land Use and Trip Time on Weekdays and Weekends

by Tae-Hyoung Tommy Gim

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101824 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3773

Abstract

Interests in weekend trips are increasing, but few have studied how they are affected by land use. In this study, we analyze the relationship between compact land use characteristics and trip time in Seoul, Korea by comparing two research models, each of which [...] Read more.

Interests in weekend trips are increasing, but few have studied how they are affected by land use. In this study, we analyze the relationship between compact land use characteristics and trip time in Seoul, Korea by comparing two research models, each of which uses the weekday and weekend data of the same travelers. To secure sufficient numbers of subjects and groups, full random coefficients multilevel models define the trip as level one and the neighborhood as level two, and find that level-two land use characteristics account for less variation in trip time than level-one individual characteristics. At level one, weekday trip time is found to be reduced by the choice of the automobile as a travel mode, but not by its ownership per se. In addition, it becomes reduced if made by high income travelers and extended to travel to quality jobs. Among four land use characteristics at level two, population density, road connectivity, and subway availability are shown to be significant in the weekday model. Only subway availability has a positive relationship with trip time and this finding is consistent with the level-one result that the choice of automobile alternatives increases trip time. The other land use characteristic, land use balance, turns out to be a single significant land use variable in the weekend model, implying that it is concerned mainly with non-work, non-mandatory travel. Full article

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23 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Electrification Efforts Based on Off-Grid Photovoltaic Systems in the Andean Region: Comparative Assessment of Their Sustainability

by Sarah Feron, Raúl R. Cordero and Fernando Labbe

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101825 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6920

Abstract

In this paper, we comparatively assess the sustainability of rural electrification efforts based on off-grid solutions in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. Our assessment considers four dimensions of sustainability (institutional, economic, environmental, and socio-cultural). We found that Ecuador and Chile have consistently failed to [...] Read more.

In this paper, we comparatively assess the sustainability of rural electrification efforts based on off-grid solutions in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. Our assessment considers four dimensions of sustainability (institutional, economic, environmental, and socio-cultural). We found that Ecuador and Chile have consistently failed to ensure mechanisms for the operation and maintenance of the deployed off-grid systems, which has made these solutions in poor Chilean and Ecuadorian communities inevitably unsustainable. Although Peru has adopted a cross-tariff scheme, the Peruvian case shows that ensuring the funding of off-grid PV solutions is not enough. Peruvian officials appear to be unaware of the importance of local participation (local values and lifestyles are constantly disregarded) and most of the projects have been designed without the participation and engagement of the communities, which has often led to project failures and payment defaults. However, although each country has its particular challenges, we found that the three Andean countries have consistently neglected the importance of strong formal institutions with a flexible and decentralized structure, which in turn significantly compromised the rural electrification effort in these countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 3148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting the Spatially Non-Stationary Relationships between Housing Price and Its Determinants in China: Guide for Housing Market Sustainability

by Yanchuan Mou, Qingsong He and Bo Zhou

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1826; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101826 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6098

Abstract

Given the rapidly developing processes in the housing market of China, the significant regional difference in housing prices has become a serious issue that requires a further understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Most of the extant regression models are standard global modeling techniques [...] Read more.

Given the rapidly developing processes in the housing market of China, the significant regional difference in housing prices has become a serious issue that requires a further understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Most of the extant regression models are standard global modeling techniques that do not take spatial non-stationarity into consideration, thereby making them unable to reflect the spatial nature of the data and introducing significant bias into the prediction results. In this study, the geographically weighted regression model (GWR) was applied to examine the local association between housing price and its potential determinants, which were selected in view of the housing supply and demand in 338 cities across mainland China. Non-stationary relationships were obtained, and such observation could be summarized as follows: (1) the associations between land price and housing price are all significant and positive yet having different magnitudes; (2) the relationship between supplied amount of residential land and housing price is not statistically significant for 272 of the 338 cities, thereby indicating that the adjustment of supplied land has a slight effect on housing price for most cities; and (3) the significance, direction, and magnitude of the relationships between the other three factors (i.e., urbanization rate, average wage of urban employees, proportion of renters) and housing price vary across the 338 cities. Based on these findings, this paper discusses some key issues relating to the spatial variations, combined with local economic conditions and suggests housing regulation policies that could facilitate the sustainable development of the Chinese housing market. Full article

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27 pages, 9673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Service and Associated Ridership Impacts near a New Light Rail Transit Line

by Jeongwoo Lee, Marlon Boarnet, Douglas Houston, Hilary Nixon and Steven Spears

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101827 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5583

Abstract

Los Angeles (LA), for many years a city with limited rail transit, is substantially expanding its public transit system. This paradigm change in transportation policy and investment creates new requirements for monitoring. One area needing evaluation is whether new, high quality transit options, [...] Read more.

Los Angeles (LA), for many years a city with limited rail transit, is substantially expanding its public transit system. This paradigm change in transportation policy and investment creates new requirements for monitoring. One area needing evaluation is whether new, high quality transit options, such as light rail, near existing transit services increase sustainable transportation mode shares and reduce car travel. Few studies have explored light rail’s role as a catalyst to increase overall transit use and achieve sustainability goals within an auto-oriented city like LA. Metro’s data show that trips taken on its bus and rail system dropped overall by 10.5% between 2009 and 2016, but its rail ridership grew 21% during the same period due to the debut of the Gold Line and Expo Line extensions. We analyze changes to bus service and associated ridership impacts that resulted from the opening of these two LRT lines in LA. The immediate effect of the city’s bus service changes along the Gold Line light rail extension appear to be associated with a net “bus plus rail” ridership decline in that corridor. In contrast, the Expo Line corridor experienced an initial increase in ridership during the two years immediately after its opening, possibly because the bus service was not reduced by the same magnitude as along the Gold Line extension. Our findings indicate that changes in bus service made to coincide with the introduction of new light rail transit (LRT) can negatively affect the overall transit ridership in the corridor. Planners and policy makers should closely monitor changes in bus service and ridership associated with new rail transit to ensure investments results in an overall net increase in more sustainable travel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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17 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Configurational Paths to Social Performance in SMEs: The Interplay of Innovation, Sustainability, Resources and Achievement Motivation

by Sascha Kraus, Janina Burtscher, Thomas Niemand, Norat Roig-Tierno and Pasi Syrjä

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1828; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101828 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 6579

Abstract

In today’s world of increasing ecological, social and economic issues, the question as to how businesses can become a vehicle towards more sustainable development has become more relevant than ever. Crucial to a more sustainable economy is the successful implementation of sustainable practices [...] Read more.

In today’s world of increasing ecological, social and economic issues, the question as to how businesses can become a vehicle towards more sustainable development has become more relevant than ever. Crucial to a more sustainable economy is the successful implementation of sustainable practices through entrepreneurial activities. Although there are attempts to describe how sustainable entrepreneurs differentiate themselves, the question of how some entrepreneurs manage to successfully create a sustainable enterprise, while others do not, remains unanswered. The aim of this research is to find causal patterns that explain the success of sustainable entrepreneurs, using their social performance as a measure. Using a configuration approach-based fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of 598 Austrian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we could identify four different combinations of the interconnected variables of innovation orientation, environmental sustainability, resource leveraging and achievement motivation, which all lead to social performance depending on the respective networking intensity of the firms. The only variable that is included in all combinations is environmental sustainability, thus indicating it may be either crucial to or a prerequisite for achieving social performance in SMEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurial Sustainability: New Innovative Knowledge)

14 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voice Behavior, Supervisor Attribution and Employee Performance Appraisal

by Xiaoyan Su, Yating Liu and Nancy Hanson-Rasmussen

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1829; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101829 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8496

Abstract

Employees contribute to the sustainability of organizations in many ways, yet the specific impact of employee voice on employee performance appraisal, as an element of organization sustainability, is not clear. Based on the attribution theory, we present a model to investigate the relationship [...] Read more.

Employees contribute to the sustainability of organizations in many ways, yet the specific impact of employee voice on employee performance appraisal, as an element of organization sustainability, is not clear. Based on the attribution theory, we present a model to investigate the relationship between employee voice and employee performance appraisal. Using the PLS (Partial Least Squares) method, we test our model’s hypotheses with 273 dyads of supervisor-employee questionnaires administered on a branch of a state-owned enterprise in China. The results show that promotive voice is positively attributed to prosocial motives and constructive motives, while prohibitive voice is not significantly attributed to prosocial motives and constructive motives. The attribution of prosocial motives and constructive motives has a significant and positive effect on employees’ performance appraisal. Moreover, the attribution of prosocial motives and constructive motives fully mediates the relationship between promotive voice and performance appraisal, but has no mediating effects on the relationship between prohibitive voice and performance appraisal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Statistical Techniques and Sustainability Studies: Selected Papers from the 9th International Conference on PLS and Related Methods (PLS'17))

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22 pages, 1860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing “Wicked Problems” through Governance for Sustainable Development—A Comparative Analysis of National Mineral Policy Approaches in the European Union

by Andreas Endl

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101830 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9076

Abstract

The achievement of sustainable development (SD) in the supply of minerals poses significant challenges for governments and public administrations on all levels, because ensuring a sustainable supply constitutes a “wicked” problem that has no clear set of alternative solutions due to its social, [...] Read more.

The achievement of sustainable development (SD) in the supply of minerals poses significant challenges for governments and public administrations on all levels, because ensuring a sustainable supply constitutes a “wicked” problem that has no clear set of alternative solutions due to its social, institutional and scientific complexities. This paper explores how this problem is addressed through “governance for SD” principles (horizontal policy integration and participation; long-term vision/short-term action; and reflexivity and learning) in the design and delivery of national mineral policy strategies (NMS) in five EU Member States (Austria, Finland, Greece, Portugal and Sweden). Following a grounded theory approach on data collected through document analysis and complementary qualitative interviews, the author identified several analytical categories for the selected governance for SD’ principles. Although no “one-size-fits-all” recipe for best practice on governance for SD exists in the five NMS, Finland, Portugal and Sweden meet high standards: These NMS display practical examples of governance for SD integration and, thus, lay the foundations for achieving policy outcomes in the sectoral policy strategies of the mineral supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Mining, Minerals and Energy Industries)

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17 pages, 1340 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research on Climate Change Policies and Rural Development in Latin America: Scope and Gaps

by Bruno Locatelli, Paulina Aldunce, Abigaïl Fallot, Jean-François Le Coq, Eric Sabourin and Jeimar Tapasco

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1831; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101831 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7925

Abstract

Research on climate change policies can contribute to policy development by building an understanding of the barriers faced in policy processes, and by providing knowledge needed throughout policy cycles. This paper explores the thematic coverage of research on climate change policies related to [...] Read more.

Research on climate change policies can contribute to policy development by building an understanding of the barriers faced in policy processes, and by providing knowledge needed throughout policy cycles. This paper explores the thematic coverage of research on climate change policies related to rural areas, rural development, and natural resource management in Latin America. A three-tier framework is proposed to analyse the selected literature. The results show that research studies have focussed on the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from forests, and adaptations to climate change in agriculture. There is little policy research on other vulnerable sectors (e.g., water and health) and emitting sectors (e.g., energy and industry) in the context of rural development. Our analysis highlights the various research gaps that deserve increased scientific attention, including: cross-sector approaches, multi-level governance, and the stages of policy adoption, implementation and evaluation. In addition, the selected literature has a limited contribution to theoretical discussions in policy sciences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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10 pages, 4342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perspectives on the Direction of the Suncheon Bay National Garden from Local Residents and Non-Local Visitors

by Moohan Kim, Jong-Sang Sung and Jin-Wook Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1832; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101832 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4085

Abstract

As Korea’s first national garden, the Suncheon Bay National Garden is a major tourist attraction and a space of enjoyment for visitors. However, in 2016 its sudden establishment necessitates many discussions and measures, and requires that it seek direction based on current perceptions [...] Read more.

As Korea’s first national garden, the Suncheon Bay National Garden is a major tourist attraction and a space of enjoyment for visitors. However, in 2016 its sudden establishment necessitates many discussions and measures, and requires that it seek direction based on current perceptions for its continued use in the future. This study begins a search for that direction by examining perspectives of local residents and non-local visitors on the relationships between visitors’ purposes, spatial needs, and required features. The research methodology included a survey administered to Suncheon residents and tourists on these factors. Results were analyzed by multiple correlation analysis and networking between the variables, and differences between Suncheon residents and non-local visitors were deduced; relationships among the factors were also verified. Both locals and visitors saw a need to emphasize garden experiences and education. The study also presents items that differ by respondent group. This study provides information that can be referred to when implementing management and plans for other national gardens. Full article

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10 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Value Co-Creation: Increasing Women’s Presence in Management Positions through Competition against a Set Target

by Irene Comeig, Ainhoa Jaramillo-Gutiérrez and Federico Ramírez

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1833; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101833 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4907

Abstract

Despite empirical evidence that women’s presence in management positions is a source of value co-creation for firms, these positions are still male-dominated. Some evidence from experimental economics suggests that one reason for this imbalance is that women shy away from competition. However, most [...] Read more.

Despite empirical evidence that women’s presence in management positions is a source of value co-creation for firms, these positions are still male-dominated. Some evidence from experimental economics suggests that one reason for this imbalance is that women shy away from competition. However, most of these studies have focused on competition systems that pit individuals against each other. We present an economic laboratory experiment that compares competition against others with competition against a set target. The crucial difference is that whereas the former involves competing against opponents, the latter does not. Our results show that significantly more women are willing to compete against a set target than against others. Furthermore, there is no reduction in men’s participation and no general efficiency reduction. Our findings suggest that firms that aim at value co-creation and sustainability through a gender-neutral promotion mechanism should introduce competition against a set target and reduce competition against others. This paper contributes to dispelling stereotypes about women’s reluctance to compete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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23 pages, 767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi Criteria Credit Rating Model for Small Enterprise Using a Nonparametric Method

by Guotai Chi and Zhipeng Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101834 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6825

Abstract

A small enterprise’s credit rating is employed to measure its probability of defaulting on a debt, but, for small enterprises, financial data are insufficient or even unreliable. Thus, building a multi criteria credit rating model based on the qualitative and quantitative criteria is [...] Read more.

A small enterprise’s credit rating is employed to measure its probability of defaulting on a debt, but, for small enterprises, financial data are insufficient or even unreliable. Thus, building a multi criteria credit rating model based on the qualitative and quantitative criteria is of importance to finance small enterprises’ activities. Till now, there has not been a multicriteria credit risk model based on the rank sum test and entropy weighting method. In this paper, we try to fill this gap by offering three innovative contributions. First, the rank sum test shows significant differences in the average ranks associated with index data for the default and entire sample, ensuring that an index makes an effective differentiation between the default and non-default sample. Second, the rating equation’s capacity is tested to identify the potential defaults by verifying a clear difference between the average ranks of samples with default ratings (i.e., not index values) and the entire sample. Third, in our nonparametric test, the rank sum test is used with rank correlation analysis made to screen for indices, thereby avoiding the assumption of normality associated with more common credit rating methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Sustainability: Modeling and Applications)

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19 pages, 7566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community Resident’s Opinions and Perceptions on the Effectiveness of Waste Management and Recycling Potential in the Umkhanyakude and Zululand District Municipalities in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa

by Bonginkosi Robert Dlamini, Isaac Tebogo Rampedi and Ayodeji Peter Ifegbesan

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101835 - 16 Oct 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9331

Abstract

Despite new environmental laws and regulations in South Africa during the last two decades, especially around municipal solid waste management, there is little emphasis towards waste minimization through recycling. Whereas most waste management research in South Africa has focused on urban municipalities, not [...] Read more.

Despite new environmental laws and regulations in South Africa during the last two decades, especially around municipal solid waste management, there is little emphasis towards waste minimization through recycling. Whereas most waste management research in South Africa has focused on urban municipalities, not much is known regarding the effectiveness of waste management services and recycling challenges in rural areas. This paper reports on the effectiveness of waste management practices from the perspective of community residents in selected rural districts of the KwaZulu-Natal province. A random sample comprised of 333 community residents was selected for questionnaire-administered interviews. Based on the opinions and perceptions of respondents, the provision of waste management services is generally inadequate. Apart from the successful collection of domestic solid wastes (66.7%) from households by municipalities, the collection of recyclable waste materials from illegal waste dumps (75%) and from households (68.7%) are not being adequately provided. Thus, levels of dissatisfaction regarding municipal collection services are very high (97.3%) amongst respondents. Furthermore, systematic recycling initiatives that involve communities are largely non-existent and most (96.7%) respondents lack relevant technical knowledge on waste recycling and how it can be carried out effectively through waste segregation at source and other processes. Full article

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14 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes, Problems, and Challenges in Swedish Spatial Planning—An Analysis of Power Dynamics

by Till Koglin and Fredrik Pettersson

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1836; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101836 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7917

Abstract

During the past few decades, the Swedish spatial planning system has experienced numerous problems and challenges. In particular, there have been changes in legislation and an increased neoliberalisation of planning that gives private actors a larger influence over the planning processes in Sweden. [...] Read more.

During the past few decades, the Swedish spatial planning system has experienced numerous problems and challenges. In particular, there have been changes in legislation and an increased neoliberalisation of planning that gives private actors a larger influence over the planning processes in Sweden. In this article, we analyse these changes through the lenses of collaborative and neoliberal planning in order to illuminate the shifting power relations within spatial planning in Sweden. We analyse the changes of power relations from three dimensions of power based on interviews with different kinds of planners throughout Sweden. We show that power relations in the Swedish spatial planning system have shifted and that neoliberalisation and an increased focus on collaborative planning approaches have made spatial planning more complex in recent decades. This has led to a change of role for planners form actual planners to collaborators. We conclude that market-oriented planning (neoliberal planning) and collaborative planning have made it more difficult for spatial planners in Sweden to work towards sustainable urban futures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport Policy)

13 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Responses of Soil Seed Bank and Vegetation to the Increasing Intensity of Human Disturbance in a Semi-Arid Region of Northern China

by Cui Li, Bo Xiao, Qinghai Wang, Ruilun Zheng and Juying Wu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1837; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101837 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5323

Abstract

To provide more insights into the responses of the soil seed bank and vegetation to human disturbance intensity, we selected four land use types, including: native grassland (no human disturbance), abandoned artificial grassland (light human disturbance), artificial grassland (moderate human disturbance), and farmland [...] Read more.

To provide more insights into the responses of the soil seed bank and vegetation to human disturbance intensity, we selected four land use types, including: native grassland (no human disturbance), abandoned artificial grassland (light human disturbance), artificial grassland (moderate human disturbance), and farmland (severe human disturbance) in a semi-arid climate of northern China. The species composition and density of the soil seed bank were measured, as well as the species composition and amount of vegetation. The native grassland had a significantly higher soil seed density and species richness than the other land use types. Moreover, the common species both in the soil seed bank and vegetation between the native grassland and other land use types gradually decreased as disturbance intensity increased. The abandoned artificial grassland and artificial grassland still had abundant soil seed banks according to their seed density (≥28.2% of the native grassland) and species richness (≥70.0% of the native grassland) to restore the vegetation. Conversely, it was hard to restore the vegetation on the farmland due to its low soil seed density (10.0% of the native grassland) and species richness (40.0% of the native grassland). In conclusion, human disturbance would generate significant negative effects on the soil seed bank in desertified regions in a semi-arid climate; however, the soil seed bank in land use types with light/moderate disturbance are more adapted to vegetation restoration compared with land use types with severe disturbance in a semi-arid region. Full article

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14 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Tariff Reduction on Grain Self-Sufficiency: Evidence from Country-Level Panel Data

by Younghyeon Jeon and Byeong-il Ahn

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1838; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101838 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5858

Abstract

This paper investigates the effects of a tariff reduction on the grain self-sufficiency and the sustainability of domestic grain production. We develop a theoretical model in which trade, tariff, and supply-demand equations are explicitly included, with the classification of food importing and exporting [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the effects of a tariff reduction on the grain self-sufficiency and the sustainability of domestic grain production. We develop a theoretical model in which trade, tariff, and supply-demand equations are explicitly included, with the classification of food importing and exporting countries. Estimation results based on panel data for 150 countries over 17 years show that the effects of domestic tariff of food-importing countries on the grain self-sufficiency rate (SSR) are positive. This implies that market expansion through tariff reduction will have a negative effect on the importing country’s food SSR and sustainable domestic supply. Using the estimated coefficients on the empirical equations, we derived the elasticities of grain SSR with respect to the tariff rate of food-importing countries. Those are in the ranges of 0.221–0.387. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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13 pages, 497 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Sustainability as Practice: Reflections on the Creation of an Institutional Logic

by Minelle E. Silva and Marina D. Figueiredo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1839; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101839 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 8163

Abstract

Debates over social and organisational sustainability are constant because sustainability must stem from beliefs and goals that social and economic actors share. However, there is still a gap in the knowledge about how sustainability is practiced. In this theoretical paper, we use institutional [...] Read more.

Debates over social and organisational sustainability are constant because sustainability must stem from beliefs and goals that social and economic actors share. However, there is still a gap in the knowledge about how sustainability is practiced. In this theoretical paper, we use institutional logic (IL) to assume that the logic of sustainability can contribute to sustainability studies by explaining how practices are socially constructed and shared among actors. We consider sustainability as a practice by articulating IL through an understanding of practice-based studies (PBS). Sustainability as a practice facilitates the emergence of new organisational values and contributes to changes that support a new institutional logic. Hence, we define the institutional logic of sustainability (ILS) as a theoretical approach enabling comprehension of how sustainability can be observed and practiced through socially constructed actions and intentions. We highlight its relevance to deep sustainability studies and argue that by using different roles and meanings surrounding its performance, sustainability as a practice can facilitate studies about organisations. Full article

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10 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Role of Vegetal Ecosystems in CO₂ Capture

by Giuseppe Di Vita, Manuela Pilato, Biagio Pecorino, Filippo Brun and Mario D’Amico

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1840; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101840 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4699

Abstract

The reduction of carbon emissions is a worldwide global challenge and represents the objective of many scientists that are trying to modify the role of carbon, turning a problem into an opportunity. The potential of CO₂ capture and storage by vegetal species [...] Read more.

The reduction of carbon emissions is a worldwide global challenge and represents the objective of many scientists that are trying to modify the role of carbon, turning a problem into an opportunity. The potential of CO₂ capture and storage by vegetal species is significant because of their capacity to absorb exceeding carbon emission. The purpose of the present paper is to draw a picture of the role of vegetal ecosystems on carbon fixation by identifying the most significant scientific contributions related to the absorption by vegetal species. In particular the aim of this paper is to examine different forms of CO₂ sequestration made by plants and crops involved in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Results highlight the important role played by agricultural soils, forests, perennial plants, and algae, looking at the overall reduction of carbon emissions. In addition, results show that some bioenergy crops allow substantial storage of carbon dioxide, providing a significant contribution to climate change mitigation. Full article

18 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agricultural Policies and Their Impact on Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries: Lessons Learned from Three Water Basins in Cape Verde

by Serafin Corral, Alayde Serruto Díaz, Maria Del Cristo Monagas and Eduardo Cuenca García

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1841; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101841 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7662

Abstract

Agriculture is the main driving force of rural economies so there is a need to promote sustainable rural development and hence improve the living conditions of local communities. This article analyses the role of agricultural policies in reducing poverty in rural communities. Two [...] Read more.

Agriculture is the main driving force of rural economies so there is a need to promote sustainable rural development and hence improve the living conditions of local communities. This article analyses the role of agricultural policies in reducing poverty in rural communities. Two aspects will be analysed: firstly, whether there has been a reduction in poverty in the basins analysed for the period 2006–2013; and secondly, whether that poverty reduction, to the extent that it has occurred, has been due to the agricultural policies applied. The analysis shows that the agricultural policies implemented helped to diversify and enhance agricultural production, so that a reduction in effective poverty occurred. However, these policies need to work jointly and in harmony with other economic sectors. Full article

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10 pages, 214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influences of Production Factors with Profit on Agricultural Heritage Systems: A Case Study of the Rice-Fish System

by Shaohui Liu, Wenjun Jiao, Qingwen Min and Jianzhong Yin

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1842; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101842 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4490

Abstract

With the mobility and off-farm employment of rural villagers, agricultural production has been influenced by the absence of labor force in the past few years. In particular, the inadequate assignment of resources has threatened the sustainability of some Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems [...] Read more.

With the mobility and off-farm employment of rural villagers, agricultural production has been influenced by the absence of labor force in the past few years. In particular, the inadequate assignment of resources has threatened the sustainability of some Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems due to their low profit. In this paper, the influences of labor force and capital on agricultural heritage systems are analyzed, taking the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System (QRFCS) as an example, so as to maximize profit along with the sustainability of agricultural heritage. The Cobb-Douglas Production Function is applied to examine the impacts of these major factors on agricultural productivity based on a survey held among 32 households in Longxian Village, Qingtian County, China. Subsequently, the profit maximization problem can be solved by a marginal rate of technical substitution under production standard. We come to the conclusion that the output elasticity coefficients of labor and capital are 0.6 and 0.4. Our results also indicate that the maximum yield of rice and field-fish is 0.84 kg under the level of 9 Yuan RMB and 0.24 man-days per square meter. The net profit can hit 24.8 Yuan RMB regardless of human resource cost. In contrast, the demand of 218,800 m² paddy fields exceeds the human resources available for the Rice-Fish system in QRFCS, thereby it is necessary to promote the refluence of skilled farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting the Sustainability of Agricultural Heritage Systems through Dynamic Conservation)

24 pages, 1780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synchro-Modality and Slow Steaming: New Business Perspectives in Freight Transportation

by Guido Perboli, Stefano Musso, Mariangela Rosano, Roberto Tadei and Moritz Godel

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1843; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101843 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 10605

Abstract

The logistics sector faces substantial challenges in meeting customer demands for higher service quality, speed and flexibility under conditions of continued growth in world trade and worldwide transportation movements, increasing distances and vulnerabilities of the supply chain. Additional challenges relate to the economic [...] Read more.

The logistics sector faces substantial challenges in meeting customer demands for higher service quality, speed and flexibility under conditions of continued growth in world trade and worldwide transportation movements, increasing distances and vulnerabilities of the supply chain. Additional challenges relate to the economic and environmental sustainability of logistics operations. While a lot of attention was devoted in the past decades to the operational and technical aspects, the business development phase has been put aside, causing the market failure of several projects. The paper presents the SYNCHRO-modal supply chain eco-NET (SYNCHRO-NET) project, which will demonstrate the effectiveness of slow steaming combined with synchro-modality in reducing the cost and the emissions of international supply chains and improving reliability and sustainability through the optimization of the planning process. Differently from other similar projects, SYNCHRO-NET combines operational aspects with a business perspective and represents a stakeholder-driven approach aimed at developing a close-to-market solution over the timeframe of the project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Supply Chain Operations and Collaboration in the Big Data Era)

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16 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Impact of a Wave Energy Converter on an Unbalanced Distribution Grid and Corrective Actions

by Hugo Mendonça, Rosa M. De Castro, Sergio Martínez and David Montalbán

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1844; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101844 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5170

Abstract

Renewable energy is steadily increasing its penetration level in electric power systems. Wind and solar energy have reached a high degree of maturity, and their impacts on the grid are well known. However, this is not the case for emerging sources like wave [...] Read more.

Renewable energy is steadily increasing its penetration level in electric power systems. Wind and solar energy have reached a high degree of maturity, and their impacts on the grid are well known. However, this is not the case for emerging sources like wave energy. This work explores the impact of the fluctuating power injected by a wave energy converter on the distribution grid voltage and proposes a strategy for mitigating the induced voltage fluctuations. The paper describes the mechanics of how a fluctuating active power injection leads to grid voltage fluctuations and presents an unbalanced three-phase power flow tool that allows one to quantitatively analyze the voltage evolution at every phase and bus of a distribution grid driven by this power injection. The paper also proposes a corrective action for mitigating the voltage fluctuations that makes use of the hardware resources already available in the wave energy converter, by means of a control strategy on the reactive capability of the grid-side inverter. The use of a STATCOM as additional reactive compensation equipment is also explored. The effectiveness of the proposal is assessed in the IEEE 13-bus test feeder showing that, in some cases, the wave energy converter by itself is able to mitigate the voltage fluctuations that it causes. If not, a STATCOM can provide the extra reactive capability needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Energy Technologies: A Sustainable Energy Source)

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14 pages, 1643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Phosphorus Recovery from Swine Wastewater in Beijing, China

by Qiming Wang, Tao Zhang, Xinyue He and Rongfeng Jiang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101845 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3749

Abstract

The nutrient management of phosphorus (P) contained in swine wastewater is an important challenge to enhance P use efficiency. In the present study, assessment of P recovery from swine wastewater in Beijing was performed. P amounts of swine wastewater increased from 11,687 tons [...] Read more.

The nutrient management of phosphorus (P) contained in swine wastewater is an important challenge to enhance P use efficiency. In the present study, assessment of P recovery from swine wastewater in Beijing was performed. P amounts of swine wastewater increased from 11,687 tons in 1980 to 16,237 tons in 2014. Without treatment of swine wastewater, P concentration will reach a maximum 1.20 mg/L. The maximum P recovery was 99.36% under the condition of crystallization coupled BPR (biological phosphorus removal) when the operating conditions were 60.6 mg/L for C_p (initial P concentration (mg/L)), 1.2 for Mg/P (magnesium-to-P molar ratio), 9.7 for pH of crystallization process, and 8.0 for pH, 1.6 h for anaerobic stage time, 15 days for sludge retention time of BPR. The P concentration for water quality was 0.03 mg/L to meet the water regulation standard. Under this situation, if the target P concentration were set as Grade II and III, pig breeding numbers reached 42.07 and 95.90 million heads. Construction investments for the crystallization, BRP, and coupled methods are 411 (10⁴ Yuan, 604,307 USD), 301 (10⁴ Yuan, 442,580 USD), and 551 (10⁴ Yuan, 810,170 USD), respectively. The running costs are 15.205 (10⁴ Yuan/year, 22,360 USD/year), 28.907 (10⁴ Yuan/year, 42,500 USD/year) and 44.112 (10⁴ Yuan/year, 64,860 USD/year). To manage non-point pollution, swine wastewater treatment facilities should be used and pig breeding numbers should be managed within reasonable ranges. Full article

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22 pages, 4431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment System Based on WebGIS for Heavy Metal Pollution in Farmland Soils in China

by Shouhui Pan, Kaiyi Wang, Li Wang, Zhibin Wang and Yanyun Han

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1846; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101846 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6204

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution in farmlands is a serious threat to sustainable agricultural development and has become a major agro-ecological problem that has attracted public concern in China. This study proposes a soil–crop collaborative risk assessment model that aims to assess the potential safety [...] Read more.

Heavy metal pollution in farmlands is a serious threat to sustainable agricultural development and has become a major agro-ecological problem that has attracted public concern in China. This study proposes a soil–crop collaborative risk assessment model that aims to assess the potential safety risks of heavy metal pollution in farmland soils by considering the concentrations of heavy metals in soils and the accumulation effects of heavy metals in crops. Based on these effects, a decision support system for risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil is established, in which technologies such as web-based geographic information system, quick response code, radio frequency identification, and web service are introduced as the bases. The proposed system is composed of a mobile data acquisition terminal (MDAT) and a web-based information system (WIS). The MDAT, which is a portable computerized device running on the Android platform, is used for data acquisition or query, and the WIS is used for risk assessment, data management, and information visualization. The system is employed in some county-level cities in China for risk assessment and supervision of heavy metal pollution in farmlands. The practical application results show that the system provides highly efficient decision support for risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in farmland soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Statistical Techniques and Sustainability Studies: Selected Papers from the 9th International Conference on PLS and Related Methods (PLS'17))

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17 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress and Prospects for Tourism Footprint Research

by Shuxin Wang, Yiyuan Hu, Hong He and Genxu Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1847; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101847 - 15 Oct 2017

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8186

Abstract

The tourism footprint family comprises the tourism ecological footprint (TEF), the tourism carbon footprint (TCF) and the tourism water footprint (TWF). The tourism footprint represents an important tool for quantitatively assessing the impact of tourism activities on the ecosystem of a tourist destination. [...] Read more.

The tourism footprint family comprises the tourism ecological footprint (TEF), the tourism carbon footprint (TCF) and the tourism water footprint (TWF). The tourism footprint represents an important tool for quantitatively assessing the impact of tourism activities on the ecosystem of a tourist destination. This paper systematically reviews the relevant literature on TEF, TCF and TWF, analyses and summarizes the main progress and failures in the analytical frameworks, research methods, measurement results, environmental impacts and reductions in the tourism footprint. This paper also proposes areas for further developing the tourism footprint research, including unifying the analytical frameworks and boundaries of the tourism footprint, distinguishing the geographical scope of the tourism footprint effectively, improving the process of analyzing the environmental impact of the tourism footprint, measuring the tourism footprint scientifically and roundly, performing space-time calculations of the tourism footprint, and expanding the tourism footprint family by introducing new members. Accordingly, this paper is devoted to the continued study of the tourism footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Footprint: As an Environmental Sustainability Indicator)

22 pages, 6741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What is 5G? Emerging 5G Mobile Services and Network Requirements

by Heejung Yu, Howon Lee and Hongbeom Jeon

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101848 - 15 Oct 2017

Cited by 205 | Viewed by 29849

Abstract

In this paper, emerging 5G mobile services are investigated and categorized from the perspective of not service providers, but end-users. The development of 5G mobile services is based on an intensive analysis of the global trends in mobile services. Additionally, several indispensable service [...] Read more.

In this paper, emerging 5G mobile services are investigated and categorized from the perspective of not service providers, but end-users. The development of 5G mobile services is based on an intensive analysis of the global trends in mobile services. Additionally, several indispensable service requirements, essential for realizing service scenarios presented, are described. To illustrate the changes in societies and in daily life in the 5G era, five megatrends, including the explosion of mobile data traffic, the rapid increase in connected devices, everything on the cloud, hyper-realistic media for convergence services and knowledge as a service enabled by big-data analysis, are examined. Based on such trends, we classify the new 5G services into five categories in terms of the end-users’ experience as follows: immersive 5G services, intelligent 5G services, omnipresent 5G services, autonomous 5G services and public 5G services. Moreover, several 5G service scenarios in each service category are presented, and essential technical requirements for realizing the aforementioned 5G services are suggested, along with a competitiveness analysis on 5G services/devices/network industries and the current condition of 5G technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Services and Scenarios: Challenges and Solutions)

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18 pages, 6089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Environmental Optimization of an Airport Terminal Building’s Wall and Roof Insulation

by Mehmet Kadri Akyüz, Önder Altuntaş and Mehmet Ziya Söğüt

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1849; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101849 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8653

Abstract

HVAC systems use the largest share of energy consumption in airport terminal buildings. Thus, the efficiency of the HVAC system and the performance of the building envelope have great importance in reducing the energy used for heating and cooling purposes. In this study, [...] Read more.

HVAC systems use the largest share of energy consumption in airport terminal buildings. Thus, the efficiency of the HVAC system and the performance of the building envelope have great importance in reducing the energy used for heating and cooling purposes. In this study, the application of thermal insulation on the walls and roof of the Hasan Polatkan Airport terminal building was investigated from energy, environment and cost aspects. This study determined the optimum insulation thickness and assessed its effects on environmental performance based on energy flows. Environmental payback periods were calculated depending on the optimum insulation thickness. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to assess whether the decrease in energy consumption after applying the insulation balanced the environmental effects during the period between the production and application of the thermal insulation material. The global warming potential (GWP) based on IPCC100, and the effects on human health (HH), the ecosystem and natural resources were evaluated according to the ReCiPe method. LCA results were obtained by processing data taken from ecoinvent 3 database present in the Sima Pro 8.3.0.0 software. Applying thermal insulation on the walls and roof of the terminal building was found to decrease heat loss by 48% and 56%, respectively. In addition, the analyses showed that the environmental payback periods for the thermal insulation were shorter than the economic payback periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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18 pages, 31864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Criteria Analyses of Urban Planning for City Expansion: A Case Study of Zamora, Spain

by Marco Criado, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Fernando Santos-Francés, Sergio Veleda and Caridad Zazo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101850 - 16 Oct 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8702

Abstract

This study has established a methodology to determine the most environmentally suitable area for the expansion of Zamora (Spain) using geographic information system (GIS) technology. The objective was to develop a GIS-based methodology for the identification of urban peripheral areas that are suitable [...] Read more.

This study has established a methodology to determine the most environmentally suitable area for the expansion of Zamora (Spain) using geographic information system (GIS) technology. The objective was to develop a GIS-based methodology for the identification of urban peripheral areas that are suitable for the accommodation of new buildings and services, that are compliant with environmental criteria, and that guarantee an adequate quality of life for the future population such that extra construction costs are avoided. The methodological core is based on two multi-criteria analyses (MCAs): MCA-1 determines areas suitable for building—the most environmentally sustainable areas that do not present risks or discomforts to the population—by analyzing the restrictive factors; MCA-2 takes the sectors that received a favorable evaluation in MCA-1, determines which of those have a lower economic overhead for construction, and analyzes the different conditioning criteria related to their pre-existing infrastructures. Finally, the location of the sectors is determined by a decision factor that satisfies some strategic need of the municipality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in an Urbanizing World: The Role of People)

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18 pages, 388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Contribution of Physical Geographers to Sustainability Research

by Terence Day

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101851 - 16 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8843

Abstract

A physical geographers’ scope of practice is not defined by any regulatory or academic organization, so perception of the potential contribution of physical geography to sustainability research has been nebulous or informal, at best. In order to understand what physical geographers can do [...] Read more.

A physical geographers’ scope of practice is not defined by any regulatory or academic organization, so perception of the potential contribution of physical geography to sustainability research has been nebulous or informal, at best. In order to understand what physical geographers can do to enhance sustainability, this paper describes a systematic review of peer-reviewed research on sustainability published in three physical geography journals. The results show that physical geographers are active in sustainability research in terms of a spatial perspective, an understanding of human interactions with the environment, and an ability to recognize, interpret, and project environmental change and its impacts. The depth of this understanding is facilitated by a physical geographers’ understanding of the natural world, process and system concepts, the ways that systems are linked and interact, and a willingness to deploy a wide range of methodologies to secure that knowledge. The expertise of physical geographers makes an important contribution to sustainability research and should be considered when multidisciplinary teams are assembled. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Geography and Environmental Sustainability)

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15 pages, 6444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Growth Control DSS Techniques for De-Sprinkling Process in Italy

by Bernardino Romano, Lorena Fiorini, Francesco Zullo and Alessandro Marucci

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101852 - 16 Oct 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4479

Abstract

This article relates to the concept of urban expansion reduction in limited areas, called “de-sprinkling districts”, and methods of designation of their range, as well as modelling and management of their network. This concept was developed from research concluded in 2016, referring to [...] Read more.

This article relates to the concept of urban expansion reduction in limited areas, called “de-sprinkling districts”, and methods of designation of their range, as well as modelling and management of their network. This concept was developed from research concluded in 2016, referring to 50 years of urban evolution in Italy, that investigated and diagnosed the forms of urban growth focusing on the Italian model. For this model, the authors of this paper proposed an alternative definition (urban sprinkling) with respect to the sprawl international standard. Certainly this urban model established in Italy during the mentioned years is due to an inefficient control of peripheral areas and new conurbations’ development, both in forms and functions. The cause is to be searched for in the importance given to single towns’ general plans and the minor role of strategic planning (province and region). The political and social assumption that urban development according to the extreme sprinkling model is no longer feasible is gaining ground. However, implementing de-sprinkling processes will not be easy. In this paper, criteria to create a decision support system (DSS) for administrators and municipalities is illustrated. These criteria aim at dealing, technically and politically, with sprinkling and planning medium-term containment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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14 pages, 5971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Driving Forces in Vegetation Variation in the Grain for Green Program Region, China

by Hao Wang, Guohua Liu, Zongshan Li, Xin Ye, Bojie Fu and Yihe Lü

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101853 - 16 Oct 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5423

Abstract

The Chinese government introduced six ecological restoration programs to improve its natural environment. Although these programs have proven successful in improving local environmental conditions, some studies have questioned their effectiveness when regions suffer from extreme weather conditions. Using the Grain for Green Program [...] Read more.

The Chinese government introduced six ecological restoration programs to improve its natural environment. Although these programs have proven successful in improving local environmental conditions, some studies have questioned their effectiveness when regions suffer from extreme weather conditions. Using the Grain for Green Program (GGP) region as a study area, we estimated vegetation activities in the GGP region from 2000 to 2010 to clarify the trends in vegetation growth and their driving forces. The results showed that: (1) vegetation activities improved in the GGP region during 2000-2010, with 58.94% of the area showing an increased trend in the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index); (2) 26.33% of the increased vegetation was caused by human interference, and 11.61% by climate variation, human activity was the dominant cause, and resulted in 54.68% of the degradation compared to 4.74% from climate change; and, (3) the contribution of different land use types to the NDVI interannual variations showed that high contribution regions were focused in the arid and semiarid areas, where the vegetation growth is associated with variations in recipitation and temperature. However, conversions between farmland and grassland or forest had a significant effect on the change in the NDVI trend. Therefore, although climate conditions can affect vegetation growth, human activities are more important in vegetation changes, and appropriate human activities would contribute to its continual improvement. Hence, we recommend establishing an assessment and scientific management mechanism for eco-risks in the design and management of ecosystem restoration programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Forest Management)

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9 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Impact and Nutritional Improvement of Elevated CO₂ Treatment: A Case Study of Spinach Production

by Yuna Seo, Keisuke Ide, Nobutaka Kitahata, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu and Kiyoshi Dowaki

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101854 - 16 Oct 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7640

Abstract

The agriculture sector is known to be the one of the major contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. At the same time, global climate changes have affected the agriculture sector. In order to strengthen the sustainable development of agriculture, it is important [...] Read more.

The agriculture sector is known to be the one of the major contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. At the same time, global climate changes have affected the agriculture sector. In order to strengthen the sustainable development of agriculture, it is important to promote environmentally friendly farming and simultaneously increase the economic value. To improve the productivity of agriculture, technical advancements have occurred. Among those, we have focused on CO₂ treatment in cultivation. We aimed to clarify the effectiveness of the elevated CO₂ treatment of spinach based on GHG emission and the economic value using the eco-efficiency score. We assumed that nutrition could represent the value of the vegetable. We measured weights, vitamin C, and CO₂ emissions of elevated CO₂ treatment and conventional production. We used life cycle assessment (LCA) to estimate CO₂ emissions. CO₂ emissions of a 100-g bouquet of spinach were estimated from agricultural inputs, farming, transport, and distribution center processes at a model spinach farm in Japan. CO₂ emission of elevated CO₂ treatment was 29.0 g-CO₂, and was 49.0 g-CO₂ for conventional production. The net weight of a bouquet of elevated CO₂-treated spinach was 1.69-fold greater than that of conventional production. Vitamin C per 100 g spinach produced via elevated CO₂ treatment was 15.1 mg, and that of conventional production was 13.5 mg on average. Finally, based on the above results, we assessed the eco-efficiency scores of the elevated CO₂ treatment and conventional production of spinach, enabling integration of the nutritional value and the environmental impact. The score showed that elevated CO₂ treatment (0.76) was 2.9-fold more efficient than conventional production (0.26). This study suggested that elevated CO₂ treatment could enhance growth and nutritional value of spinach, and further contribute to CO₂ reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsible Value Chains for Sustainability: Practices and Challenges from EcoBalance)

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13 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Task Characteristics and Work Engagement: Exploring Effects of Role Ambiguity and ICT Presenteeism

by Sang-Hoon Lee, Yuhyung Shin and Seung Ik Baek

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101855 - 16 Oct 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6254

Abstract

In order to secure organizational sustainability in a rapidly changing environment, it is necessary to implement a decentralized and flexible work environment. In such work environments, normally individuals are provided with autonomy and independence in performing tasks, thus allowing them to further engage [...] Read more.

In order to secure organizational sustainability in a rapidly changing environment, it is necessary to implement a decentralized and flexible work environment. In such work environments, normally individuals are provided with autonomy and independence in performing tasks, thus allowing them to further engage in their given work. This study investigated task antecedents of work engagement, and further explored the process of how task characteristics affect work engagement. It focused on examining the mediating effect of role ambiguity on the task characteristics-work engagement relationship and the moderating effect of information and communication technology (ICT) presenteeism on the task characteristics–role ambiguity relationship through multiple regression analyses and a bootstrapping procedure on survey data collected from 202 South Korean employees. It found that task interdependence and autonomy were negatively associated with role ambiguity. Of the two task characteristics, only task interdependence had a negative relationship with role ambiguity, and this relationship was significantly moderated by ICT presenteeism such that the negative association between task interdependence and role ambiguity was more pronounced when ICT presenteeism was high than when it was low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Technological Change on Employment, Skills and Earnings)

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14 pages, 1742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Topping Trees on Biomass and Nitrogen Removal in the Thinning of Norway Spruce Stands

by Christoph Huber, Maximilian Kastner, Eduard Hochbichler and Karl Stampfer

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101856 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3360

Abstract

In Central Europe, full-tree (FT) harvesting is an increasingly common harvesting method in steep terrain harvesting due to the increased use of highly economical processor tower yarders. In conventional FT harvesting, nutrient removal from harvest sites is substantially higher than in cut-to-length (CTL) [...] Read more.

In Central Europe, full-tree (FT) harvesting is an increasingly common harvesting method in steep terrain harvesting due to the increased use of highly economical processor tower yarders. In conventional FT harvesting, nutrient removal from harvest sites is substantially higher than in cut-to-length (CTL) harvesting due to the extraction of nutrient-rich branches and foliage. One strategy to reduce the adverse impact of FT harvesting is to cut off the tops of felled trees prior to extraction (topping). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of implementing topping treatments in FT harvesting on biomass and nutrient removal. The effect of conventional FT harvesting on the amount of logging residues left on the site was assessed in three different Norway spruce (Picea abies)-dominated stands following cable yarding operations by collecting logging residues from the forest floor. The additional effect of topping trees on the amount of logging residues was assessed by using biomass models. These models were created based on the data of 25 sample trees, which were felled and sampled destructively within the stands. The results show that conventional FT harvesting considerably increases nutrient removal in comparison to CTL, but still do not remove all nutrients from the sites. After conventional FT harvesting, 5–18% of the nutrients remained on the sites. Topping trees at a diameter of 8 cm substantially increased the amount of remaining nutrients to 30–34%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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17 pages, 1418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Green Computing Awareness for Environmental Sustainability and Economic Security as a Stochastic Optimization Problem

by Emmanuel Okewu, Sanjay Misra, Rytis Maskeliūnas, Robertas Damaševičius and Luis Fernandez-Sanz

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101857 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 11261

Abstract

The role of automation in sustainable development is not in doubt. Computerization in particular has permeated every facet of human endeavour, enhancing the provision of information for decision-making that reduces cost of operation, promotes productivity and socioeconomic prosperity and cohesion. Hence, a new [...] Read more.

The role of automation in sustainable development is not in doubt. Computerization in particular has permeated every facet of human endeavour, enhancing the provision of information for decision-making that reduces cost of operation, promotes productivity and socioeconomic prosperity and cohesion. Hence, a new field called information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) has emerged. Nonetheless, the need to ensure environmentally friendly computing has led to this research study with particular focus on green computing in Africa. This is against the backdrop that the continent is feared to suffer most from the vulnerability of climate change and the impact of environmental risk. Using Nigeria as a test case, this paper gauges the green computing awareness level of Africans via sample survey. It also attempts to institutionalize green computing maturity model with a view to optimizing the level of citizens awareness amid inherent uncertainties like low bandwidth, poor network and erratic power in an emerging African market. Consequently, we classified the problem as a stochastic optimization problem and applied metaheuristic search algorithm to determine the best sensitization strategy. Although there are alternative ways of promoting green computing education, the metaheuristic search we conducted indicated that an online real-time solution that not only drives but preserves timely conversations on electronic waste (e-waste) management and energy saving techniques among the citizenry is cutting edge. The authors therefore reviewed literature, gathered requirements, modelled the proposed solution using Universal Modelling Language (UML) and developed a prototype. The proposed solution is a web-based multi-tier e-Green computing system that educates computer users on innovative techniques of managing computers and accessories in an environmentally friendly way. We found out that such a real-time web-based interactive forum does not only stimulate the interest of the common man in environment-related issues, but also raises awareness about the impact his computer-related activities have on mother earth. This way, he willingly becomes part of the solution to environment degradation in his circle of influence. Full article

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12 pages, 809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Resource Economics, Planetary Boundaries and Strong Sustainability

by Edward B. Barbier and Joanne C. Burgess

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101858 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 11545

Abstract

Earth systems science maintains that there are nine “planetary boundaries” that demarcate a sustainable, safe operating space for humankind for essential global sinks and resources. Respecting these planetary boundaries represents the “strong sustainability” perspective in economics, which argues that some natural capital may [...] Read more.

Earth systems science maintains that there are nine “planetary boundaries” that demarcate a sustainable, safe operating space for humankind for essential global sinks and resources. Respecting these planetary boundaries represents the “strong sustainability” perspective in economics, which argues that some natural capital may not be substituted and are inviolate. In addition, the safe operating space defined by these boundaries can be considered a depletable stock. We show that standard tools of natural resource economics for an exhaustible resource can thus be applied, which has implications for optimal use, price paths, technological innovation, and stock externalities. These consequences in turn affect the choice of policies that may be adopted to manage and allocate the safe operating space available for humankind. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Resources Economics)

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18 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Ecological Compensation Standards for Fallow Heavy Metal-Polluted Farmland in China Based on Farmer Willingness to Accept

by Xue Xie, Hualin Xie, Cheng Shu, Qing Wu and Hua Lu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101859 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6356

Abstract

In the context of China’s trial fallow policy; the heavy metal pollution of farmland is addressed via field surveys in Hunan Province, where the fallow policy has been implemented, and in Jiangxi Province, where it has not been implemented. We measured and analyzed [...] Read more.

In the context of China’s trial fallow policy; the heavy metal pollution of farmland is addressed via field surveys in Hunan Province, where the fallow policy has been implemented, and in Jiangxi Province, where it has not been implemented. We measured and analyzed willingness to accept (WTA) using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) Farmer awareness of heavy metal pollution and pollution sources is higher in Jiangxi Province than in Hunan Province; (2) Ignoring the impact of other factors, the WTA of farmers is 902 (yuan /mu) in Jiangxi Province and 902.26 (yuan /mu) in Hunan Province. Considering the influence of the basic characteristics of the respondents using the parameter estimation method, the WTA of farmers is 839.34 (yuan/mu) in Jiangxi Province and 934.39 (yuan/mu) in Hunan Province. There is little difference in WTA between the two provinces, but both estimates are higher than the national compensation standards; (3) The factors that affect the WTA of farmers in Jiangxi Province are gender, education level, average annual income and per capita arable land. The factors that affect the WTA of farmers in Hunan Province are age, education level, family size, average annual income, per capita arable land area and farmer occupation; (4) At present, the means and methods of compensation for the implementation of the fallow policy are recognized by most farmers. The paper concludes with some policy suggestions based on above findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Cooperation for the Sustainable Development and Management in Northeast Asia)

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17 pages, 5977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Value Assessment of Artificial Wetland Derived from Mining Subsided Lake: A Case Study of Jiuli Lake Wetland in Xuzhou

by Laijian Wang, Lachun Wang, Pengcheng Yin, Haiyang Cui, Longwu Liang and Zhenbo Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101860 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4990

Abstract

Mining subsided lakes are major obstacles for ecological restoration and resource reuse in mining regions. Transforming mining subsided lakes into artificial wetlands is an ecological restoration approach that has been attempted in China in recent years, but a value assessment of the approach [...] Read more.

Mining subsided lakes are major obstacles for ecological restoration and resource reuse in mining regions. Transforming mining subsided lakes into artificial wetlands is an ecological restoration approach that has been attempted in China in recent years, but a value assessment of the approach still needs systematic research. This paper considers Jiuli Lake wetland, an artificial wetland derived from restoration of a mining subsided lake in plain area, as a case study. A value assessment model for the artificial wetland was established based on cost–benefit analysis by means of field monitoring, social surveys, GIS geostatistics, raster calculation methods, etc. Empirical analysis and calculations were performed on the case study region. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) after ecological restoration, ecosystem services of Jiuli Lake wetland which has become a national level wetland park yield positive values; (2) the improved environment of the Jiuli Lake wetland has a spillover effect on the price of surrounding land, resulting in land price appreciation; (3) using GIS geostatistics and raster calculation methods, the impact range, strength, and value of the spillover effect can be explicitly measured; (4) through the establishment of a value assessment model of the artificial wetland, incomes of the ecological restoration was found to be sufficient to cover the implementation costs, which provides a research foundation for economic feasibility of ecological restoration of mining subsided lakes. Full article

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18 pages, 4623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Channels to West: Exploring the Migration Routes between Romania and France

by Marius Lupșa Matichescu, Alexandru Dragan and Daniel Lucheș

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101861 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5719

Abstract

The integration of East European Countries in European Union has long-term consequences, with migration being one of the main social effects of this process. From an economic perspective, the research on migration has attracted considerable attention, whereas the analyses focused on the social [...] Read more.

The integration of East European Countries in European Union has long-term consequences, with migration being one of the main social effects of this process. From an economic perspective, the research on migration has attracted considerable attention, whereas the analyses focused on the social networks are more scarce. The importance of these social networks becomes more substantial due to their quality and ability to reduce costs, risks of movement and uncertainty. Although the migratory networks are known at national levels, there are very few data related to the territorial distribution of migration network between origin and destination areas. In this context, Romania registered the highest level of emigration toward Western European countries, and this case study offers illustrative insights for the broader literature. In order to illustrate the territorial distribution of migrants’ network between Romania and France, we used an exhaustive analysis of the trajectories of all clients who used one of the largest transport companies operating between Romania and France (8094 cases). Using the benefits of this evidence-based approach, we identified the regions and the Romanian towns most affected by the migration phenomenon. Complementary, we illustrated the territorial distribution and the preferred destination regions in France for the Romanian immigrants. We present the migration networks that exist between the towns of the two countries and identify the intensity of each migration circuit. Full article

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16 pages, 7049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Built-Up Area Expansion in 2D and 3D on Regional Surface Temperature

by Hongyan Cai and Xinliang Xu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101862 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4274

Abstract

Many studies have reported the thermal effects of urban expansion from non-built-up land; however, how changes in building height in built-up land influence the regional thermal environment is still uncertain. Thus, taking the transitional region between the Chinese megacities of Beijing and Tianjin [...] Read more.

Many studies have reported the thermal effects of urban expansion from non-built-up land; however, how changes in building height in built-up land influence the regional thermal environment is still uncertain. Thus, taking the transitional region between the Chinese megacities of Beijing and Tianjin as the study area, this study investigated the impacts of built-up land expansion in 2D and 3D on regional land surface temperature (LST). The expansion in 2D refers to the conversion from non-built-up land to built-up land, whereas the expansion in 3D characterized the building height change in the built-up land, referring to the conversion from low- and moderate-rise building (LMRB) to high-rise building (HRB) lands. The land use change from 2010 to 2015 was manually interpreted from high spatial resolution SPOT5 and Gaofen2 images, and the LST information in the corresponding period was derived from Landsat5/8 thermal images using an image-based method. The results showed that between 2010 and 2015, approximately 87.25 km² non-built-up land was transformed to built-up land, and 13.21 km² LMRB land was built into HRB land. These two types of built-up land expansions have induced opposing thermal effects in regard to regional surface temperature. The built-up land expansions from cropland and urban green land have raised the regional LST. However, the built-up land expansion from LMRB to HRB lands has induced a cooling effect. Thus, this study suggested that for the cooling urban design, the building height should also be considered. Furthermore, for future studies on thermal impacts of urbanization, it should be cautioned that, besides the urban area expansion, the building height change should also be emphasized due to its potential cooling effects. Full article

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24 pages, 788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Precision Agriculture Increase the Profitability and Sustainability of the Production of Potatoes and Olives?

by Frits K. Van Evert, Daniel Gaitán-Cremaschi, Spyros Fountas and Corné Kempenaar

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101863 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 77 | Viewed by 9933

Abstract

For farmers, the application of Precision Agriculture (PA) technology is expected to lead to an increase in profitability. For society, PA is expected to lead to increased sustainability. The objective of this paper is to determine for a number of common PA practices [...] Read more.

For farmers, the application of Precision Agriculture (PA) technology is expected to lead to an increase in profitability. For society, PA is expected to lead to increased sustainability. The objective of this paper is to determine for a number of common PA practices how much they increase profitability and sustainability. For potato production in The Netherlands, we considered variable rate application (VRA) of soil herbicide, fungicide for late blight control, sidedress N, and haulm killing herbicide. For olive production in Greece, we considered spatially variable application of P and K fertilizer and lime. For each of the above scenarios, we quantified the value of outputs, the cost of inputs, and the environmental costs. This allowed us to calculate profit as well as social profit, where the latter is defined as revenues minus conventional costs minus the external costs of production. Social profit can be considered an overall measure of sustainability. Our calculations show that PA in potatoes increases profit by 21% (420 € ha⁻¹) and social profit by 26%. In olives, VRA application of P, K, and lime leads to a strong reduction in nutrient use and although this leads to an increase in sustainability, it has only a small effect on profit and on social profit. In conclusion, PA increases sustainability in olives and both profitability and sustainability in potatoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Agriculture Technologies for a Sustainable Future: Current Trends and Perspectives)

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21 pages, 2680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life-Cycle Assessment: A Comparison between Two Optimal Post-Tensioned Concrete Box-Girder Road Bridges

by Vicent Penadés-Plà, José V. Martí, Tatiana García-Segura and Víctor Yepes

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101864 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 9953

Abstract

The goal of sustainability involves a consensus among economic, environmental and social factors. Due to climate change, environmental concerns have increased in society. The construction sector is among the most active high environmental impact sectors. This paper proposes new features to consider a [...] Read more.

The goal of sustainability involves a consensus among economic, environmental and social factors. Due to climate change, environmental concerns have increased in society. The construction sector is among the most active high environmental impact sectors. This paper proposes new features to consider a more detailed life-cycle assessment (LCA) of reinforced or pre-stressed concrete structures. Besides, this study carries out a comparison between two optimal post-tensioned concrete box-girder road bridges with different maintenance scenarios. ReCiPe method is used to carry out the life-cycle assessment. The midpoint approach shows a complete environmental profile with 18 impact categories. In practice, all the impact categories make their highest contribution in the manufacturing and use and maintenance stages. Afterwards, these two stages are analyzed to identify the process which makes the greatest contribution. In addition, the contribution of CO₂ fixation is taken into account, reducing the environmental impact in the use and maintenance and end of life stages. The endpoint approach shows more interpretable results, enabling an easier comparison between different stages and solutions. The results show the importance of considering the whole life-cycle, since a better design reduces the global environmental impact despite a higher environmental impact in the manufacturing stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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21 pages, 15839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Leisure Venues Are and Why? A Geospatial Perspective in Wuhan, Central China

by Yaolin Liu, Ying Jing, Enxiang Cai, Jiaxing Cui, Yang Zhang and Yiyun Chen

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101865 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5024

Abstract

Urban leisure venues proffer spatial carriers for citizens’ leisure activities and their functions rely heavily on the spatial configuration, which have largely been ignored. The increasing needs for healthy leisure life and the availability of geospatial open data provide a rising opportunity to [...] Read more.

Urban leisure venues proffer spatial carriers for citizens’ leisure activities and their functions rely heavily on the spatial configuration, which have largely been ignored. The increasing needs for healthy leisure life and the availability of geospatial open data provide a rising opportunity to fill this gap. To examine the spatial distribution of leisure venues and explore its underlying dominating factors, we adopt geospatial analysis techniques—point pattern analysis and cluster analysis with multi-sources geospatial data in Wuhan, Central China. Results conclude interesting spatial discrepancy based on a three-level clustered pattern of 86520 leisure venues. We find that (1) most clusters are in urban center along the Yangtze River with all 1st-level clusters and plentiful 2nd-level and 3rd-level clusters; (2) There are just sporadic clusters in suburban areas—no 1st-level, merely one 2nd-level and some few 3rd-level ones. Moreover, we demonstrate three underlying dominating factors (i.e., the policy, population and economy) and identify that (1) No systematic (spatial-relevant) leisure policy framework is formed; (2) Population density and commercial centers have positive correlation with the distribution of leisure venues. This study contributes to spatial-relevant leisure policy-making for facilitating healthy leisure life, optimizing leisure space, guiding people-oriented urbanization transition and promoting urban competence. Full article

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20 pages, 5789 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Synthesis of Studies on Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics during 1930–2015 in Bangladesh

by Raju Rai, Yili Zhang, Basanta Paudel, Shicheng Li and Narendra Raj Khanal

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101866 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 13246

Abstract

Land use and land cover (LULC) is dynamic and changes in it have important environmental and socio-economic consequences. The pathways and pace of change vary with space and time and are related to the interaction between human activities and biophysical conditions in an [...] Read more.

Land use and land cover (LULC) is dynamic and changes in it have important environmental and socio-economic consequences. The pathways and pace of change vary with space and time and are related to the interaction between human activities and biophysical conditions in an area. This study provides a systematic review of the changing status, patterns, and compositions of LULC in Bangladesh on national, regional, and local scales over the past 85 years. The primary LULC classes in Bangladesh are agricultural land, urban and built-up area, forest and vegetation, water bodies, and wetlands. Most of the country is covered with agricultural land, followed by urban areas; the latter has been expanding rapidly in the area surrounding the capital city, Dhaka, especially the southern capital area. Forest cover is mostly concentrated in southeast Bangladesh, the Chittagong district, and the mangrove forests are predominantly located in the southwest, with the Gangetic delta. High population growth, rapid urbanization, and infrastructure development have been directly associated with changing patterns of land use across the country. In recent decades, urban areas and water bodies have been increasing, to the detriment of both forests and agricultural land. Most of the studies reviewed here describe a general trend involving agricultural and forested land being transformed into urban areas. Full article

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17 pages, 4957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cleaner Production Applied in a Small Furniture Industry in Brazil: Addressing Focused Changes in Design to Reduce Waste

by Carlos Mario Gutiérrez Aguilar, Ronald Panameño, Alexei Perez Velazquez, Beatriz Elena Angel Álvarez, Asher Kiperstok and Sandro Fábio César

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101867 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 14428

Abstract

The wood industry is known for being among the biggest resource consumers, having a relatively low yield. The wood furniture industry as part of the wood industry also remains a big generator of residues and a big consumer of resources. Diverse solutions and [...] Read more.

The wood industry is known for being among the biggest resource consumers, having a relatively low yield. The wood furniture industry as part of the wood industry also remains a big generator of residues and a big consumer of resources. Diverse solutions and technologies have been developed to deal with the residues generated, but those technologies are mostly applied at the end of the production chain with limited results. Cleaner production represents a program based on continuous strategies applied to a more sustainable use of materials and energy, minimizing waste and pollution. This paper presents a case study of a cleaner production program developed in a small furniture industry in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, applying the concepts of cleaner production with parameters of ecodesign developed for the furniture industry. The object of study was the production of a wooden chair made from eucalyptus wood. The application of the cleaner production program and ecodesign parameters allowed a detailed characterization of the waste, resulting in opportunities for a reduction of the use of raw material by 30%, a reduction in waste by 49% and allowing a reduction in energy by 36% due to simplification of the productive process. Among the strategies applied were reshaping pieces, redesigning, and the substitution of materials. The results suggest that despite the existence of more complex environmental methods and approaches, the application of cleaner production plus ecodesign parameters could be more achievable for micro and small furniture industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Materials)

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17 pages, 4672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Kalman Filter for Estimating a Process Disturbance in a Building Space

by Deuk-Woo Kim and Cheol-Soo Park

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101868 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6667

Abstract

This paper addresses an application of the Kalman filter for estimating a time-varying process disturbance in a building space. The process disturbance means a synthetic composite of heat gains and losses caused by internal heat sources e.g., people, lights, equipment), and airflows. It [...] Read more.

This paper addresses an application of the Kalman filter for estimating a time-varying process disturbance in a building space. The process disturbance means a synthetic composite of heat gains and losses caused by internal heat sources e.g., people, lights, equipment), and airflows. It is difficult to measure and quantify the internal heat sources and airflows due to their dynamic nature and time-lag impact on indoor environment. To address this issue, a Kalman filter estimation method was used in this study. The Kalman filtering is well suited for situations when state variables of interest cannot be measured. Based on virtual and real experiments conducted in this study, it was found that the Kalman filter can be used to estimate the time-varying process disturbance in a building space. Full article

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22 pages, 2681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures and Retrofitting Solutions for Social Housing Buildings in Spain as a Way to Mitigate Energy Poverty

by Juan Aranda, Ignacio Zabalza, Andrea Conserva and Gema Millán

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101869 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 7378

Abstract

Energy poverty is a common issue in social housing all over Europe, with a harder impact in Southern European countries. Social housing buildings play an important role in energy poverty. They are usually owned and managed by public institutions and usually share common [...] Read more.

Energy poverty is a common issue in social housing all over Europe, with a harder impact in Southern European countries. Social housing buildings play an important role in energy poverty. They are usually owned and managed by public institutions and usually share common characteristics and issues. Behavioural changes and energy retrofitting are interesting paths forward but some solutions do not fit well in this type of housing due to socioeconomic reasons. This paper makes a thorough analysis of possible energy efficiency measures in social housing buildings, characterizing them by energy and economic savings and investment and proposing different methods of prioritization. A rational approach of behavioural and retrofitting solutions that best fit into this particular housing type is delivered, with the aim to increase the thermal comfort of the residents and mitigate the energy poverty issue. Results show that there is a wide range of domestic efficiency measures to be applied in this type of dwellings at none or low costs, bringing annual savings per average dwelling of about 510 €/year (55% of initial energy costs) including measures both at domestic level, and at building level with a final aggregated payback of the investments to be about 1.5 years. Full article

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13 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Strategic Proactivity a Driver of an Environmental Strategy? Effects of Innovation and Internationalization Leadership

by Ines Suarez-Perales, Concepción Garces-Ayerbe, Pilar Rivera-Torres and Cristina Suarez-Galvez

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101870 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4406

Abstract

This study analyses strategic proactivity as a driving factor in the implementation of an advanced environmental strategy in a firm. Strategic proactivity is defined as a firm’s tendency to initiate voluntary changes instead of reacting to events in the environment and according to [...] Read more.

This study analyses strategic proactivity as a driving factor in the implementation of an advanced environmental strategy in a firm. Strategic proactivity is defined as a firm’s tendency to initiate voluntary changes instead of reacting to events in the environment and according to previous literature, can be interpreted as a combination of internal factors that characterise a firm’s business strategy as that of a prospector firm. In this study, we measured this through innovation, with two variables related to the firm’s entire production cycle: R&D expenditure and patents. However, we also considered two more strategic proactivity indicators: innovation proactivity and internationalisation proactivity. These two proactivity variables take into account the innovative and international actions of the firms, going beyond the actions usually taken by firms in the same sector. Using panel data methodology, we obtained results that show that firms who invest in R&D and patent their innovations achieve more advanced positions in their environmental strategies. Empirical evidence also shows that firms with a greater innovation effort throughout the production cycle (product, process, organisation and marketing) than their competitors also attain more advanced positions (proactivity) in environmental matters. In other words, innovation proactivity is a driver of environmental strategy. In relation to internationalization, the results also showed that firms that operate in a larger geographical area than their competitors adapt to the most demanding environmental legislation, placing them in a position of environmental leadership in their respective sectors. The inclusion of internationalization as an indicator of strategic proactivity, the measurement of proactivity variables and the correction of firms’ specific unobserved aspects are some of this paper’s contributions. Full article

18 pages, 448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Inequality in China: A “Pyramid Model” and Nationwide Pilot Analysis of Prefectures with Sources of Industrial Pollution

by Qi He, Hong Fang, Han Ji and Siran Fang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101871 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5442

Abstract

In China, environmental pollution generated via industrialization as well as profound changes in the social structure and the gradual maturation of the social hierarchy have jointly contributed to the Chinese people’s increased environmental consciousness and appeals for environmental justice (EJ). Because of the [...] Read more.

In China, environmental pollution generated via industrialization as well as profound changes in the social structure and the gradual maturation of the social hierarchy have jointly contributed to the Chinese people’s increased environmental consciousness and appeals for environmental justice (EJ). Because of the absence of an EJ theory and a lack of empirical research focused on China, this paper proposes a “Pyramid Model” for EJ research in China that includes the following three factors: basic demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, U.S.-based EJ principles, and Chinese characteristics. A nationwide pilot analysis of environmental inequality at the prefecture level is conducted by empirically examining the association between the demographic variables and socioeconomic status with sources of industrial pollution in China. The prefecture-based results are shown to be robust, and they indicate that areas inhabited by ethnic minorities and western regions of China carry disproportionate environmental burdens. However, a different picture for migrants is presented, revealing that Chinese migrants are not currently exposed to greater levels of industrial pollution. Relevant interpretations of these findings are provided. The results also show that environmental inequality associated with income level, which is observed in the U.S., does not occur in China. Full article

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15 pages, 2030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mobility of Workers and Population between Old and New Capital Cities Using the Interregional Economic Model

by Changkeun Lee and Euijune Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101872 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2756

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of transportation and mobility costs on the mobility of workers and the overall population between old and new capital cities. First of all, mobility costs clearly have a negative effect on utility; higher [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of transportation and mobility costs on the mobility of workers and the overall population between old and new capital cities. First of all, mobility costs clearly have a negative effect on utility; higher commuting costs could lead to the spatial dispersion of workers. In addition, if the monthly commuting cost exceeds 1290 USD between Seoul (the old capital) and Sejong (the new capital), it would be efficient for workers in Seoul to move to Sejong. Finally, the interregional population equilibrium could be achieved when the share of transportation cost to commodity price reaches 60.1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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22 pages, 803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using DEMATEL and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets to Identify Critical Factors Influencing the Recycling Rate of End-Of-Life Vehicles in China

by Junwei Gan and Li Luo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101873 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 6881

Abstract

At present, the recycling rate of End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in China is far lower than the heavily motorized countries, resulting in severe environmental pollution, waste of resource and hidden traffic troubles, which has a negative impact on China’s economic and social sustainable development. [...] Read more.

At present, the recycling rate of End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in China is far lower than the heavily motorized countries, resulting in severe environmental pollution, waste of resource and hidden traffic troubles, which has a negative impact on China’s economic and social sustainable development. With the arrival of the peak season of generating ELVs in China, it is urgent and important to improve the recycling rate of ELVs. The recycling rate of ELVs is influenced by multiple factors together. The existing research about the identification of influence factors of ELV recycling rate fewer considers the interaction effect among different factors. To fill the gap, firstly the influence factors are analyzed from standpoints of economy, policy, recycling network and others. Then a hybrid model based on DEMATEL (decision making trial and evaluation laboratory) and intuitionistic fuzzy sets is employed to examine the cause–effect relationships among factors. In the study, the vagueness of decision makers’ judgment and linguistic inaccuracy is dealt with effectively by intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The research results reveal “fiscal subsidy”, “government’s restrictive policies to reuse ELVs parts”, “coordination of the industry agencies”, “participation of automobile manufacturer” and “supervision of the government” are most significant criteria influencing the recycling rate of ELVs in China. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to verify the robustness of results. Lastly, according to the critical influencing factors identified, some pertinent suggestions to the government, ELV recycling enterprise, owner and vehicle manufacturer are put forward. In addition, the future research directions are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Sustainability: Modeling and Applications)

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18 pages, 3666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of a Hybrid ESS Based on Optimal Energy Management Strategy for LHDs

by Jiajun Liu, Tianxu Jin, Li Liu, Yajue Chen and Kun Yuan

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101874 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5666

Abstract

Energy storage systems (ESS) play an important role in the performance of mining vehicles. A hybrid ESS combining both batteries (BTs) and supercapacitors (SCs) is one of the most promising solutions. As a case study, this paper discusses the optimal hybrid ESS sizing [...] Read more.

Energy storage systems (ESS) play an important role in the performance of mining vehicles. A hybrid ESS combining both batteries (BTs) and supercapacitors (SCs) is one of the most promising solutions. As a case study, this paper discusses the optimal hybrid ESS sizing and energy management strategy (EMS) of 14-ton underground load-haul-dump vehicles (LHDs). Three novel contributions are added to the relevant literature. First, a multi-objective optimization is formulated regarding energy consumption and the total cost of a hybrid ESS, which are the key factors of LHDs, and a battery capacity degradation model is used. During the process, dynamic programming (DP)-based EMS is employed to obtain the optimal energy consumption and hybrid ESS power profiles. Second, a 10-year life cycle cost model of a hybrid ESS for LHDs is established to calculate the total cost, including capital cost, operating cost, and replacement cost. According to the optimization results, three solutions chosen from the Pareto front are compared comprehensively, and the optimal one is selected. Finally, the optimal and battery-only options are compared quantitatively using the same objectives, and the hybrid ESS is found to be a more economical and efficient option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Alternative-Energy Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)

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18 pages, 9039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Long-Term Assessment of the Black Sea Wave Climate

by Florin Onea and Liliana Rusu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101875 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5628

Abstract

In the present work the Black Sea wave climate is assessed using a total of 38 years of data (1979–2016). As a first step, the long-term variations of the main wave parameters were evaluated using data provided by the European Center for Medium-Range [...] Read more.

In the present work the Black Sea wave climate is assessed using a total of 38 years of data (1979–2016). As a first step, the long-term variations of the main wave parameters were evaluated using data provided by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Based on these values, the nearshore and offshore conditions from the Black Sea were evaluated. Moreover, the Sea of Azov was also targeted in this study, since in some cases the conditions are comparable with those of the Black Sea. Going up to the present day, the regional wave climate was assessed through satellite measurements provided by the AVISO project, at the same time indicating the differences between these data and the ECMWF reanalysis dataset. In general, the conditions reported in the northwestern sector of the Black Sea seem to be more energetic, indicating more frequently the presence of rough conditions. Finally, it can be concluded that the results presented in the present study cover a broad range of applications in climatological studies and other types of research related to coastal protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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14 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Multi-Objective Sizing Method for Borehole Heat Exchangers during the Early Design Phase

by Seung-Hoon Park, Jung-Yeol Kim, Yong-Sung Jang and Eui-Jong Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101876 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3347

Abstract

Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems coupled with borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) are widely used as a renewable energy source. However, the high initial costs to install the BHEs still acts as an obstacle in the expansion of these renewable energy source systems. Specifically, [...] Read more.

Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems coupled with borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) are widely used as a renewable energy source. However, the high initial costs to install the BHEs still acts as an obstacle in the expansion of these renewable energy source systems. Specifically, in South Korea, a typical residential type corresponds to an apartment building with a high building-to-land ratio for land efficiency, and thus the space to install the BHEs is usually insufficient. Furthermore, the high initial cost issue of BHEs makes it difficult to ensure the feasibility of GSHP projects in this type of a situation. This study proposes a novel BHE sizing method to support the process of sizing energy sources in the design development phase of a construction project. Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis was combined with a tool to optimize BHE sizing by considering various economic aspects. Entering water temperatures (EWT) to heat pumps in conjunction with the LCC were used to define objective functions. Consequently, Pareto optimal solutions were obtained on the EWT–LCC plot. A group of Pareto optimal solutions forms a Pareto-curve, and each point on the curve indicates a possible sizing scenario or alternative. Finally, it is possible for decision makers to compare the solutions that include both technical and economic information. The Pareto optimal solutions are expected to support proper decision making in the early design phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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23 pages, 1681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Performance Indicators in the Swedish Building Procurement Process

by Ingrid Allard, Thomas Olofsson and Gireesh Nair

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101877 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5487

Abstract

In Sweden, all new buildings need to comply with the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning’s requirement on specific purchased energy (kWh/m²). Accordingly, this indicator is often used to set design criteria in the building procurement process. However, when energy [...] Read more.

In Sweden, all new buildings need to comply with the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning’s requirement on specific purchased energy (kWh/m²). Accordingly, this indicator is often used to set design criteria in the building procurement process. However, when energy use is measured in finished buildings, the measurements often deviate significantly from the design calculations. The measured specific purchased energy does not necessarily reflect the responsibility of the building contractor, as it is influenced by the building operation, user behavior and climate. Therefore, Swedish building practitioners may prefer other indicators for setting design criteria in the building procurement process. The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to understand the Swedish building practitioners’ perspectives and opinions on seven building energy performance indicators (envelope air leakage, U-values for different building parts, average U-value, specific heat loss, heat loss coefficient, specific net energy, and specific purchased energy); and (ii) to understand the consequences for the energy performance of multi-family buildings of using the studied indicators to set criteria in the procurement process. The study involved a Delphi approach and simulations of a multi-family case study building. The studied indicators were discussed in terms of how they may meet the needs of the building practitioners when used to set building energy performance criteria in the procurement process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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15 pages, 750 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unpacking the Pacific Urban Agenda: Resilience Challenges and Opportunities

by Gabriel Luke Kiddle, Darryn McEvoy, David Mitchell, Paul Jones and Sarah Mecartney

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101878 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8375

Abstract

Pacific Island Countries (PICs) are often cited as being the most vulnerable to the future impacts of a changing climate. Furthermore, being located in the ‘Pacific Rim of Fire’, PICs have long been exposed to the impacts of a range of natural and [...] Read more.

Pacific Island Countries (PICs) are often cited as being the most vulnerable to the future impacts of a changing climate. Furthermore, being located in the ‘Pacific Rim of Fire’, PICs have long been exposed to the impacts of a range of natural and climate-related extreme events—such as earthquakes and cyclones—and are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters. The physical vulnerability of Pacific towns and cities is further exaggerated by development deficits, geographical isolation, weak governance, and complex issues of land tenure. This paper, based on substantive project experience in the Pacific region by each of the authors, reviews the resilience challenges facing Melanesian cities in the context of rapid urbanization and global environmental change. It then sets this in the context of the global ‘New Urban Agenda’ which was launched at Habitat III in Quito at the end of 2016, setting out the critical implementation challenges and opportunities for enhancing urban resilience in the Pacific. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Resilient Urban Development)

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19 pages, 1044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Difficulties and Challenges in Applying the European Tourism Indicators System (ETIS) for Sustainable Tourist Destinations: The Case of Braşov County in the Romanian Carpathians

by Doru Marian Tudorache, Tamara Simon, Cristi Frenț and Mărioara Musteaţă-Pavel

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101879 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 7214

Abstract

Tourist destinations are increasingly coming across multiple social, economic, cultural, and environmental challenges corroborated with a great urgency for sustainable development. In this context, the European Commission has launched in 2013 a unitary system of indicators for sustainable management of tourism destinations, called [...] Read more.

Tourist destinations are increasingly coming across multiple social, economic, cultural, and environmental challenges corroborated with a great urgency for sustainable development. In this context, the European Commission has launched in 2013 a unitary system of indicators for sustainable management of tourism destinations, called The European Tourism Indicators System (ETIS). More specifically, ETIS was configured initially with a total of 27 core indicators and 40 additional (optional) indicators. The purpose of this paper is to present the difficulties and challenges encountered in the application of ETIS, having as a case study, the county of Braşov, located almost entirely in the Romanian Carpathians. In this regard, a testing technique has been designed through an innovative Group Decision Support System (GDSS) that is applied to our destination. The results show that the selection of ETIS indicators is a flexible process that must be adequate with the particularities of each destination taking into account both the needs of the stakeholders, the information that is useful to them, and the existence and periodicity of the data available. Also, in some cases, when the available indicators are insufficient, additional indicators have to be introduced, and they must be subsequently adapted to the needs and specifics of the destination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Tourism in Mountain Regions)

17 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decentralization and Polycentricity: Spatial Changes of Employment in Beijing Metropolitan Area, China

by Yongqiang Lv, Xinqi Zheng, Lin Zhou and Lulu Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101880 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7004

Abstract

Decentralization and polycentric spatial structure strategies are important ways to alleviate urban disease in China. However, whether the urban spatial structure is meeting expectations is still unknown. Taking the Beijing Metropolitan Area as a case, the author adopted a non-parametric method to identify [...] Read more.

Decentralization and polycentric spatial structure strategies are important ways to alleviate urban disease in China. However, whether the urban spatial structure is meeting expectations is still unknown. Taking the Beijing Metropolitan Area as a case, the author adopted a non-parametric method to identify the subcenters, then an employment density model was used to analyze the spatial changes of employment and the employment centers’ impacts on the urban spatial structure. The results show that the Beijing Metropolitan Area was undergoing processes of employment decentralization, the monocentric structure was obvious throughout this time, but the polycentric model prevailed. The spatial structure of the Beijing Metropolitan Area was characterized as depicting “all centers aggregation” and the spatial structure of the central district of Beijing can be described as “subcenter agglomeration” between 2004 and 2013. The spatial structure became increasingly polycentric in the Beijing Metropolitan Area, but became more scattered in the central district. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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17 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Making the Water–Soil–Waste Nexus Work: Framing the Boundaries of Resource Flows

by Tamara Avellán, Mario Roidt, Adam Emmer, Janis Von Koerber, Petra Schneider and Wolf Raber

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101881 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8639

Abstract

The Sustainable Development Goals have placed integrated resources management, such as integrated water resource management, at the heart of their targets. The upcoming “International Decade for Action—Water for Sustainable Development”, 2018–2028 has highlighted the importance of promoting efficient water usage at all levels, [...] Read more.

The Sustainable Development Goals have placed integrated resources management, such as integrated water resource management, at the heart of their targets. The upcoming “International Decade for Action—Water for Sustainable Development”, 2018–2028 has highlighted the importance of promoting efficient water usage at all levels, taking into account the water, food, energy, and environmental nexus. While integrated resource management approaches have been defined and applied for decades, nexus approaches are more recent. For these latter approaches to be implemented on the ground, their system boundaries need to be clarified. While the Water–Energy–Food Nexus focuses on sectors, the Water–Soil–Waste Nexus addresses linkages between environmental resources—namely water, soil and waste—to tackle sustainable management. In this paper, we analyzed integrated management systems and how their system boundaries are defined. From this we determined that in order for system boundaries to be applicable, they should be clear, wide and flexible. Based on this, we propose the boundary of the Water–Soil–Waste Nexus system. We use two case studies to exemplify the usefulness of these system boundaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Energy-Water Nexus: Towards New Thinking and Action)

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28 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development: Multidimensional Indicators as Decision-Making Tool

by Francesca Nocca

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101882 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 330 | Viewed by 62869

Abstract

The concept of sustainable development has been the main topic of many international conferences. Although many discussions are related to the role of cultural heritage in sustainable development, they develop only on theoretical level. The answer to the main question, that is if [...] Read more.

The concept of sustainable development has been the main topic of many international conferences. Although many discussions are related to the role of cultural heritage in sustainable development, they develop only on theoretical level. The answer to the main question, that is if the cultural landscape can play a role in sustainable development, could be positive only if we are able to produce empirical evidence about its contribution to improve economic, social, and environmental productivity of the city. It is necessary to produce empirical evidence to demonstrate that cultural heritage conservation/valorization is an investment and not a cost. To date, there are few researches about the indicators that are able to support the relationship between cultural heritage conservation/regeneration and sustainable development. This paper intends to go beyond this limit and approach this issue in operational terms. It is focused on the role that cultural heritage can play in the sustainable development framework. An assessment framework that is able to capture the multidimensional benefits of cultural landscape conservation/valorization is proposed here starting from the analysis of 40 case studies of culture-led regeneration projects. A matrix of multidimensional indicators (divided into nine categories) about the impacts produced by these 40 cultural heritage conservation/valorization projects and its critical analysis is here proposed, mainly focusing the attention on the double relationship between the tourism sector and climate change. Although the analyses often refer to sustainability, it is not concretely addressed because there is an imbalance among the dimensions: in most cases, only the economic component is highlighted, leaving out the social and environmental dimensions. Furthermore, the impacts related to cultural-led projects are mainly interpreted in terms of tourism and real estate impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Local Heritage and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Organizational Culture’s Moderating Role of Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Firm Performance: Focused on Corporate Contributions in Korea

by Myeongju Lee and Hyunok Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101883 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 9943

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of organizational culture in helping to translate corporate social responsibility (CSR) into firm performance. We employed arguments from the CSR strategy view to highlight the effectiveness of CSR and the contingency approach to [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of organizational culture in helping to translate corporate social responsibility (CSR) into firm performance. We employed arguments from the CSR strategy view to highlight the effectiveness of CSR and the contingency approach to explain the vertical fit between CSR and the organizational culture in a firm. Furthermore, we examined the moderating influence of organizational culture on the CSR–firm performance linkage. The results suggest that some organizational cultures moderate the relationship between CSR and financial outcomes, and that organizational culture may play an important role in enhancing a positive relationship between CSR and firm performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Developing Countries: Current Trends and Development)

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18 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Foraging: A Ubiquitous Human Practice Overlooked by Urban Planners, Policy, and Research

by Charlie M. Shackleton, Patrick T. Hurley, Annika C. Dahlberg, Marla R. Emery and Harini Nagendra

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101884 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 119 | Viewed by 14782

Abstract

Although hardly noticed or formally recognised, urban foraging by humans probably occurs in all urban settings around the world. We draw from research in India, South Africa, Sweden, and the United States to demonstrate the ubiquity and varied nature of urban foraging in [...] Read more.

Although hardly noticed or formally recognised, urban foraging by humans probably occurs in all urban settings around the world. We draw from research in India, South Africa, Sweden, and the United States to demonstrate the ubiquity and varied nature of urban foraging in different contexts. Across these different contexts, we distil seven themes that characterise and thereby advance thinking about research and the understanding of urban foraging. We show that it is widespread and occurs across a variety of urban spaces and places. The species used and the local practices vary between contexts, and are in constant flux as urban ecological and social settings change. This requires that urban foragers are knowledgeable about diverse species, harvest locations, and rights of access, and that their practices are adaptable to changing contexts. Despite its ubiquity, most cities have some forms of regulations that prohibit or discourage urban foraging. We highlight a few important exceptions that can provide prototypes and lessons for other cities regarding supportive policy frameworks and initiatives. The formulation of dynamic policy, design, and management strategies in support of urban foraging will benefit from understanding the common characteristics of foraging in cities worldwide, but also will require comprehension of the specific and dynamic contexts in which they would be implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in an Urbanizing World: The Role of People)

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15 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Institutional Regime, Off-Farm Employment, and the Interaction Effect: What are the Determinants of Households’ Forestland Transfer in China?

by Han Zhang, Jari Kuuluvainen, Youliang Ning, Wenmei Liao and Can Liu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101885 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

The development of the land rental market has been widely attributed to the associated institutional regime and the functioning of the off-farm labor market. However, little is known of the interaction effect of these two factors. To fill this gap, we employ a [...] Read more.

The development of the land rental market has been widely attributed to the associated institutional regime and the functioning of the off-farm labor market. However, little is known of the interaction effect of these two factors. To fill this gap, we employ a nationwide representative household dataset to investigate the effects of China’s collective forest tenure reform (CFTR) and off-farm employment on forestland transfer in China. Special interest is focused on their potential interaction effect. The Smith-Blundell instrumental variable tobit model is adopted to account for the endogeneity of off-farm employment. The estimation results show that both the tenure reform and off-farm employment significantly influence forestland transactions. However, compared to the positive effect of the reform on both renting in and renting out forestland, the effect of off-farm employment is mixed, that is, its effect is negative when forestland is rented in but positive on rent-out decisions. An important finding is that the CFTR imposes a negative enhancement effect on forestland rent-in through its interaction term with off-farm employment. In contrast, the enhancement effect on rent-out is not statistically significant, which may be due to the neutralization by the endowment effect of the CFTR. Full article

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14 pages, 3296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Environmental Inequity in South Korea: An Analysis of the Distribution of Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Facilities and Toxic Releases

by D. K. Yoon, Jung Eun Kang and Juhyeon Park

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101886 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6003

Abstract

Recently, location data regarding the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) in South Korea was released to the public. This study investigated the spatial patterns of TRIs and releases of toxic substances in all 230 local governments in South Korea to determine whether spatial clusters [...] Read more.

Recently, location data regarding the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) in South Korea was released to the public. This study investigated the spatial patterns of TRIs and releases of toxic substances in all 230 local governments in South Korea to determine whether spatial clusters relevant to the siting of noxious facilities occur. In addition, we employed spatial regression modeling to determine whether the number of TRI facilities and the volume of toxic releases in a given community were correlated with the community’s socioeconomic, racial, political, and land use characteristics. We found that the TRI facilities and their toxic releases were disproportionately distributed with clustered spatial patterning. Spatial regression modeling indicated that jurisdictions with smaller percentages of minorities, stronger political activity, less industrial land use, and more commercial land use had smaller numbers of toxic releases, as well as smaller numbers of TRI facilities. However, the economic status of the community did not affect the siting of hazardous facilities. These results indicate that the siting of TRI facilities in Korea is more affected by sociopolitical factors than by economic status. Racial issues are thus crucial for consideration in environmental justice as the population of Korea becomes more racially and ethnically diverse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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25 pages, 3499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Construction Supply Chains through Synchronized Production Planning and Control in Engineer-to-Order Enterprises

by Patrick Dallasega and Erwin Rauch

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101888 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 9245

Abstract

Sustainability in the supply chain is becoming more and more important for industrial enterprises in different sectors. This research article focuses on construction supply chains (CSCs) in the Engineer-to-Order (ETO) industry, where every product is almost unique based on specific customer needs and [...] Read more.

Sustainability in the supply chain is becoming more and more important for industrial enterprises in different sectors. This research article focuses on construction supply chains (CSCs) in the Engineer-to-Order (ETO) industry, where every product is almost unique based on specific customer needs and requirements. The development of methods and approaches for more sustainable supply chain management in construction is becoming even more important. Engineering, fabrication of parts and their installation on-site are not always well synchronized in ETO supply chains. The results of such supply chains are long lead times, inefficient material transport and high and uncontrolled levels of work-in-progress (WIP). This article describes a conceptual approach to synchronize demand on-site with supply in manufacturing using the CONstant Work In Progress (ConWIP) concept from Lean Management to achieve Just-in-Time (JIT) supply. As a result, sustainable supply chains in ETO enterprises, with optimizations from an economic, ecological and social point of view, can be designed. The approach has been validated in an industrial case study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Construction Engineering)

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15 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Connecting Competences and Pedagogical Approaches for Sustainable Development in Higher Education: A Literature Review and Framework Proposal

by Rodrigo Lozano, Michelle Y. Merrill, Kaisu Sammalisto, Kim Ceulemans and Francisco J. Lozano

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101889 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 529 | Viewed by 38831

Abstract

Research into and practice of Higher Education for Sustainable Development (HESD) have been increasing during the last two decades. These have focused on providing sustainability education to future generations of professionals. In this context, there has been considerable progress in the incorporation of [...] Read more.

Research into and practice of Higher Education for Sustainable Development (HESD) have been increasing during the last two decades. These have focused on providing sustainability education to future generations of professionals. In this context, there has been considerable progress in the incorporation of SD in universities’ curricula. Most of these efforts have focussed on the design and delivery of sustainability-oriented competences. Some peer-reviewed articles have proposed different pedagogical approaches to better deliver SD in these courses; however, there has been limited research on the connection between how courses are delivered (pedagogical approaches) and how they may affect sustainability competences. This paper analyses competences and pedagogical approaches, using hermeneutics to connect these in a framework based on twelve competences and twelve pedagogical approaches found in the literature. The framework connects the course aims to delivery in HESD by highlighting the connections between pedagogical approaches and competences in a matrix structure. The framework is aimed at helping educators in creating and updating their courses to provide a more complete, holistic, and systemic sustainability education to future leaders, decision makers, educators, and change agents. To better develop mind-sets and actions of future generations, we must provide students with a complete set of sustainability competences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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22 pages, 598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model for Sustainability Risk Evaluation of PPP Projects

by Libiao Bai, Yi Li, Qiang Du and Yadan Xu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101890 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6294

Abstract

Evaluating the sustainability risk level of public–private partnership (PPP) projects can reduce project risk incidents and achieve the sustainable development of the organization. However, the existing studies about PPP projects risk management mainly focus on exploring the impact of financial and revenue risks [...] Read more.

Evaluating the sustainability risk level of public–private partnership (PPP) projects can reduce project risk incidents and achieve the sustainable development of the organization. However, the existing studies about PPP projects risk management mainly focus on exploring the impact of financial and revenue risks but ignore the sustainability risks, causing the concept of “sustainability” to be missing while evaluating the risk level of PPP projects. To evaluate the sustainability risk level and achieve the most important objective of providing a reference for the public and private sectors when making decisions on PPP project management, this paper constructs a factor system of sustainability risk of PPP projects based on an extensive literature review and develops a mathematical model based on the methods of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model (FCEM) and failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) for evaluating the sustainability risk level of PPP projects. In addition, this paper conducts computational experiment based on a questionnaire survey to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of this proposed model. The results suggest that this model is reasonable for evaluating the sustainability risk level of PPP projects. To our knowledge, this paper is the first study to evaluate the sustainability risk of PPP projects, which would not only enrich the theories of project risk management, but also serve as a reference for the public and private sectors for the sustainable planning and development. Keywords: sustainability risk eva Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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22 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Leadership on Project-Based Organizational Innovation Performance: The Mediator of Knowledge Sharing and Moderator of Social Capital

by Junwei Zheng, Guangdong Wu and Hongtao Xie

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101893 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 13393

Abstract

With the increasing importance of leadership in project-based organizations, innovation is essential for the sustainable development of construction projects. Since few studies have explored the relationship between leadership and innovation in construction projects, this study fills this research gap and makes a significant [...] Read more.

With the increasing importance of leadership in project-based organizations, innovation is essential for the sustainable development of construction projects. Since few studies have explored the relationship between leadership and innovation in construction projects, this study fills this research gap and makes a significant theoretical contribution to the existing body of literature. Based on a knowledge-rated and resource-based view, this study aims to investigate various effects of different types of leadership on innovation performance in a construction project-based organization. Therefore, a theoretical model was constructed to explore the mediation mechanism and boundary condition of different types of leadership to improve innovation. The theoretical model was validated with empirical data covering project managers and engineers from the project-based organization in China via regression analysis and path analysis. The results show that transformational leadership and transactional leadership have some positively significant effects on knowledge sharing and innovation performance. Meanwhile, knowledge sharing partially mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and/or transactional leadership and innovation performance. Additionally, by considering different levels of social capital, transformational leadership is likely to have a strong positive impact on innovation performance through knowledge sharing. Our findings ensure a better understanding of the role of leadership, knowledge management, and social capital in the innovation process of construction projects. Therefore, project managers should promote a higher stimulation of a leadership behavior, encouraging knowledge management, and establishing the social capital, thus improving the innovation performance in the project-based organizations in construction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data: Implications for Sustainability, Policy Making and Competitiveness)

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17 pages, 4532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Deep Learning Techniques to Forecast Environmental Consumption Level

by Donghyun Lee, Suna Kang and Jungwoo Shin

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101894 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 9031

Abstract

Artificial intelligence is a promising futuristic concept in the field of science and technology, and is widely used in new industries. The deep-learning technology leads to performance enhancement and generalization of artificial intelligence technology. The global leader in the field of information technology [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence is a promising futuristic concept in the field of science and technology, and is widely used in new industries. The deep-learning technology leads to performance enhancement and generalization of artificial intelligence technology. The global leader in the field of information technology has declared its intention to utilize the deep-learning technology to solve environmental problems such as climate change, but few environmental applications have so far been developed. This study uses deep-learning technologies in the environmental field to predict the status of pro-environmental consumption. We predicted the pro-environmental consumption index based on Google search query data, using a recurrent neural network (RNN) model. To verify the accuracy of the index, we compared the prediction accuracy of the RNN model with that of the ordinary least square and artificial neural network models. The RNN model predicts the pro-environmental consumption index better than any other model. We expect the RNN model to perform still better in a big data environment because the deep-learning technologies would be increasingly sophisticated as the volume of data grows. Moreover, the framework of this study could be useful in environmental forecasting to prevent damage caused by climate change. Full article

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20 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Auction Mechanism of Micro-Grid Project Transfer

by Yong Long, Yu Wang and Chengrong Pan

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101895 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4339

Abstract

Micro-grid project transfer is the primary issue of micro-grid development. The efficiency and quality of the micro-grid project transfer directly affect the quality of micro-grid project construction and development, which is very important for the sustainable development of micro-grid. This paper constructs a [...] Read more.

Micro-grid project transfer is the primary issue of micro-grid development. The efficiency and quality of the micro-grid project transfer directly affect the quality of micro-grid project construction and development, which is very important for the sustainable development of micro-grid. This paper constructs a multi-attribute auction model of micro-grid project transfer, which reflects the characteristics of micro-grid system and the interests of stakeholders, calculates the optimal bidding strategy and analyzes the influence of relevant factors on auction equilibrium by multi-stage dynamic game with complete information, and makes a numerical simulation analysis. Results indicate that the optimal strategy of auction mechanism is positively related to power quality, energy storage quality, and carbon emissions. Different from the previous lowest price winning mechanism, the auction mechanism formed in this paper emphasizes that the energy suppliers which provide the comprehensive optimization of power quality, energy storage quality, carbon emissions, and price will win the auction, when both the project owners and energy suppliers maximize their benefits under this auction mechanism. The auction mechanism is effective because it is in line with the principle of individual rationality and incentive compatibility. In addition, the number of energy suppliers participating in the auction and the cost of the previous auction are positively related to the auction equilibrium, both of which are adjusting the equilibrium results of the auction. At the same time, the utilization rate of renewable energy and the comprehensive utilization of energy also have a positive impact on the auction equilibrium. In the end, this paper puts forward a series of policy suggestions about micro-grid project auction. The research in this paper is of great significance to improve the auction quality of micro-grid projects and promote the sustainable development of micro-grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid)

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14 pages, 4541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Green Water Farm to Improve Ecological Restoration

by Yuan-Hsiou Chang, Ting-Jie Zhuang, Tsai-Fu Chuang, Bing-Yu Wu, Hsiao-ling Lu and Pen-Yuan Chen

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101896 - 20 Oct 2017

Viewed by 4636

Abstract

Abstract: Artificial Floating Islands (AFIs) are human-made floating structures capable of supporting aquatic vegetation. Previous studies pointed out that most AFIs use aquatic plants to carry out improvement of water quality and ecological conservation. This study proposed a modified AFI system, named [...] Read more.

Abstract: Artificial Floating Islands (AFIs) are human-made floating structures capable of supporting aquatic vegetation. Previous studies pointed out that most AFIs use aquatic plants to carry out improvement of water quality and ecological conservation. This study proposed a modified AFI system, named Green Water Farm (GWF), to increase the practical application value of traditional AFIs, and added a special design to create an environment that allows for terrestrial plants (including vegetables and flowers) to grow and to carry out improvement of water quality and ecological conservation. The research site was located at the waterfront of Li-tze Lake in Pitou Township, Taiwan. A GWF was established to evaluate the improvement of water quality and ecological conservation. During one year, water quality and ecological conservation assessments were recorded to investigate the performance of GWF system. The research results showed that GWF could improve water quality and ecological conservation. In addition, the results of this study can provide useful information for more food sources for humans and animals, and increase biodiversity and ecological conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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31 pages, 1481 KiB

Open AccessReview

Environmental Indicators for the Evaluation of Wood Products in Consideration of Site-Dependent Aspects: A Review and Integrated Approach

by Nadine May, Edeltraud Guenther and Peer Haller

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101897 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8683

Abstract

On the way towards a more biobased economy, the sustainable use of global wood resources remains a challenge as several trade-offs arise, e.g., from an increased energetic use of wood, an increased use of innovative but probably less recyclable wood composites, or from [...] Read more.

On the way towards a more biobased economy, the sustainable use of global wood resources remains a challenge as several trade-offs arise, e.g., from an increased energetic use of wood, an increased use of innovative but probably less recyclable wood composites, or from the need to conserve other forest ecosystem services. The aim of this study is to identify existing environmental indicators and methods for an evaluation of the sustainability of wood products in consideration of all life cycle stages, site-dependent aspects and later use in corporate decision-making. We chose a systematic literature review to answer the research questions explicitly and comprehensively. Qualitative content analysis was used to code indicators and scientific methods according to the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework. The sample (N = 118) is characterized by a high number of life cycle assessment (LCA) case studies. In 51% of all studies, the study authors use a combination of different methods. A total of 78 indicators and 20 site-dependent aspects could be identified in the sample. The study findings represent a first step towards a holistic environmental assessment of wood products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsible Value Chains for Sustainability: Practices and Challenges from EcoBalance)

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13 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Chain-of-Custody Certification in the Czech and Slovak Republic

by Hubert Paluš, Ján Parobek, Roman Dudík and Mikuláš Šupín

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101898 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5007

Abstract

Forest certification is a voluntary verification tool that has been gaining importance within the global sustainability issues as an independent verification tool for sustainable forest management and wood processing industry and as an influencer in private and public purchasing policies and a component [...] Read more.

Forest certification is a voluntary verification tool that has been gaining importance within the global sustainability issues as an independent verification tool for sustainable forest management and wood processing industry and as an influencer in private and public purchasing policies and a component of emerging wood harvesting and trade legality schemes. This study focuses on the chain-of-custody (CoC) component of forest certification. A survey of CoC certified companies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia was carried out to explore the understanding of the concept and role of forest and CoC certification as an environmental, economic, and social tool. It aimed to determine expectations following from the implementation of CoC certification by companies and to identify difficulties in existing certified wood product supply chains and costs related to purchase and sales of certified forest products, respectively. Results indicate that respondents demonstrated a high level of understanding of the CoC concept and that they link forest certification mainly to the issues of legality, tracing the origin source of supply and promotion of sustainable utilisation of wood. The main expected benefits are linked to the improvement of an external company image followed by penetration of new markets and increase of sales volume. CoC is not considered a tool to improve internal company performance and efficiency. The key problems connected to certified supply chains relate to the sufficient quantity of certified forest products, low margins and overpriced certified material inputs. Respondents reported none or minimum price premiums for their certified products over non-certified alternatives. Several differences related to the understanding of the sustainable forest management concept and the level of price premium paid for certified inputs were identified between the PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certified companies as well as between the different forest products sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Timber Consumption)

16 pages, 808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability in SMEs: Top Management Teams Behavioral Integration as Source of Innovativeness

by Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi and Alexander Brem

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101899 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 8799

Abstract

Top management teams’ (TMTs’) behavioral integration has received extensive attention from strategic management scholars in recent years. To learn more about the consequences of this phenomenon at the team level, we explore the relationship between TMTs’ behavioral integration with their innovativeness and sustainability [...] Read more.

Top management teams’ (TMTs’) behavioral integration has received extensive attention from strategic management scholars in recent years. To learn more about the consequences of this phenomenon at the team level, we explore the relationship between TMTs’ behavioral integration with their innovativeness and sustainability orientation. To accomplish this, we surveyed 40 TMTs in Iranian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) at two points in time. We ran a hierarchical multiple regression in order to test the hypotheses of the study. Building a theoretical model based on the Upper-Echelons framework, we found that the extent to which a TMT is behaviorally integrated is positively and significantly related to TMT innovativeness. Furthermore, our result reveals that a highly behaviorally integrated TMT is more likely to engage in sustainability-oriented actions. Hence, behaviorally integrated TMTs offer its team members an increased chance of being innovative and generating new ideas as compared to less behaviorally integrated TMTs. Finally, our results indicate that the generation of novel ideas is higher in teams with younger members, and that highly educated TMTs generate more innovative ideas in the workplace. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in SMEs)

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22 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Sustainable Development of Power Grid Enterprises Based on the Model of Fuzzy Group Ideal Point Method and Combination Weighting Method with Improved Group Order Relation Method and Entropy Weight Method

by Shuyu Dai and Dongxiao Niu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1900; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101900 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6115

Abstract

As an important implementing body of the national energy strategy, grid enterprises bear the important responsibility of optimizing the allocation of energy resources and serving the economic and social development, and their levels of sustainable development have a direct impact on the national [...] Read more.

As an important implementing body of the national energy strategy, grid enterprises bear the important responsibility of optimizing the allocation of energy resources and serving the economic and social development, and their levels of sustainable development have a direct impact on the national economy and social life. In this paper, the model of fuzzy group ideal point method and combination weighting method with improved group order relation method and entropy weight method is proposed to evaluate the sustainable development of power grid enterprises. Firstly, on the basis of consulting a large amount of literature, the important criteria of the comprehensive evaluation of the sustainable development of power grid enterprises are preliminarily selected. The opinions of the industry experts are consulted and fed back for many rounds through the Delphi method and the evaluation criteria system for sustainable development of power grid enterprises is determined, then doing the consistent and non dimensional processing of the evaluation criteria. After that, based on the basic order relation method, the weights of each expert judgment matrix are synthesized to construct the compound matter elements. By using matter element analysis, the subjective weights of the criteria are obtained. And entropy weight method is used to determine the objective weights of the preprocessed criteria. Then, combining the subjective and objective information with the combination weighting method based on the subjective and objective weighted attribute value consistency, a more comprehensive, reasonable and accurate combination weight is calculated. Finally, based on the traditional TOPSIS method, the triangular fuzzy numbers are introduced to better realize the scientific processing of the data information which is difficult to quantify, and the queuing indication value of each object and the ranking result are obtained. A numerical example is taken to prove that the model of fuzzy group ideal point method and combination weighting method with improved group order relation method and entropy weight method is feasible and effective for evaluating the sustainable development of power grid enterprises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Methodologies for Sustainability Assessment: Theory and Practice)

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31 pages, 3100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Game Theoretic Analysis of Pricing and Cooperative Advertising in a Reverse Supply Chain for Unwanted Medications in Households

by Meina Hua, Huajun Tang and Ivan Ka Wai Lai

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1902; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101902 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4477

Abstract

Improper disposal of household unwanted medications (UMs) is an emergency problem around the world that adversely affects the sustainability of the environment and human’s health. However, the current disposal practices, mainly based on advertising and collecting status, are unsatisfactory in most countries and [...] Read more.

Improper disposal of household unwanted medications (UMs) is an emergency problem around the world that adversely affects the sustainability of the environment and human’s health. However, the current disposal practices, mainly based on advertising and collecting status, are unsatisfactory in most countries and regions. Thus, some scholars proposed an alternative disposal practice that is to provide incentives to customers. This study aims to compare a Single Model (advertising only) with a Joint Model (advertising with take-back pricing) in a two-echelon reverse supply chain (RSC) that is composed of one disposer and one collector. In each model, four games (non-cooperative, collector as the Stackelberg leader, disposer as the Stackelberg leader, and cooperative) were established in order to identify the optimal pricing and advertising strategies for both members. The results of the study indicate that there is a Pareto dominant range for Joint Model compared to Single Model, whereas Single Model has no Pareto improvement in any games. Furthermore, in non-cooperative games of Joint Model, it is better to implement the leader-follower structure rather than simultaneous movement structure. Additionally, it is verified that the cooperative game is feasible, which leads to the cooperation between the disposer and the collector, and the extra profit from the cooperation can be shared based on the Nash bargaining game. However, in Single Model, it is better for the disposer to act as a channel leader and the collector figures the follower. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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10 pages, 3682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Rebound Hammer Test for Rammed Earth Material

by Quoc-Bao Bui

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101904 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9074

Abstract

Rammed-earth (RE) is a construction material manufactured from the soil. The soil is compacted at its optimum water content, inside a formwork to build a monolithic wall. RE material is attracting renewed interest throughout the world thanks to its sustainable characteristics: low embodied [...] Read more.

Rammed-earth (RE) is a construction material manufactured from the soil. The soil is compacted at its optimum water content, inside a formwork to build a monolithic wall. RE material is attracting renewed interest throughout the world thanks to its sustainable characteristics: low embodied energy, substantial thermal inertia, and natural regulator of moisture; on the other hand, the existing historic RE buildings is still numerous. This is why several research studies have been carried out recently to study different aspects of this material. However, few investigations have been carried out to explore the possibility of applying the nondestructive techniques on RE walls. This paper presents an assessment of the well-known rebound hammer test on RE walls. The calibration curves of the rebound hammer test have been established for conventional concrete where the rebound number is more than 20. For RE material with lower compressive strengths, a new calibration curve must be established. In the present study, two soils were used and different homogenized specimens with different dry densities were manufactured and tested, to plot a general calibration curve. Then, this calibration curve was applied to RE specimens; different results at different positions in an earthen layer were observed, due to the inhomogeneity of the material. The final results showed an acceptable accuracy of the calibration curve in the prediction of the compressive strength of RE material. Full article

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15 pages, 1738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Trends in Nitrogen Input and Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Agricultural Sustainability

by Shen Yuan and Shaobing Peng

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101905 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6456

Abstract

Crop production is threatened by the increased nitrogen (N) input and declining N use efficiency (NUE). Information on total N input from planted seeds/tubers, atmospheric deposition, irrigation water, crop residues, animal manure, biological N fixation, and synthetic N fertilizer and NUE based on [...] Read more.

Crop production is threatened by the increased nitrogen (N) input and declining N use efficiency (NUE). Information on total N input from planted seeds/tubers, atmospheric deposition, irrigation water, crop residues, animal manure, biological N fixation, and synthetic N fertilizer and NUE based on these N inputs in China’s crop production is limited. We calculated the amount of various N inputs and NUE based on 117 primary crops from 1961 to 2012 in China. The total N input increased from 8.0 Mt in 1961 to 60.8 Mt in 2012. The substantial shift in the types of N input was observed from animal manure and biological N fixation toward synthetic N fertilizer. Animal manure plus biological N fixation and synthetic N fertilizer accounted for 70.9% and 6.8% of total N input in 1961, respectively, and these values were changed to 15.7% and 74.0% in 2012. Partial factor productivity of applied synthetic N and crop’s recovery efficiency of total N input declined substantially during the study period. These results suggest that it is essential to reduce synthetic N input and increase NUE with improved crop management practices and N-efficient crop varieties to achieve the sustainability of crop production in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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15 pages, 2574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination of Cooperative Knowledge Creation for Agricultural Technology Diffusion in China’s “Company Plus Farmers” Organizations

by Dengke Yu and Rong Zhou

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101906 - 22 Oct 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4071

Abstract

Cooperative knowledge creation is important for the promotion of agricultural technology diffusion in “company plus farmers” alliance organizations in China. A coordination mechanism is necessary to improve cooperative knowledge creation. A game model was developed to explain the mechanism. The model’s equilibrium was [...] Read more.

Cooperative knowledge creation is important for the promotion of agricultural technology diffusion in “company plus farmers” alliance organizations in China. A coordination mechanism is necessary to improve cooperative knowledge creation. A game model was developed to explain the mechanism. The model’s equilibrium was analyzed in noncoordination and coordination scenarios. Eight propositions and two corollaries were proposed and then verified by numeric analysis. We found that (1) the coordination of cooperative knowledge creation is valuable for increasing profit in agricultural technology diffusion; (2) companies and farmers are playing a game, and subsidy coefficients and degree of effort mainly influence their decisions; (3) key factors in the game are success probability and profit sharing proportion that influence the profits of a company and the farmers; (4) discount factors also influence profits, but do not influence the total profit in the coordination scenario; and (5) enhancing success probability, choosing a proper profit sharing proportion, and improving other parameters would be beneficial to the development of knowledge creation, as well as agricultural knowledge diffusion. This research provides a novel illustration of the coordination mechanism for cooperative knowledge creation for increasing the efficiency of agricultural technology diffusion in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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25 pages, 6845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gathered Village Location Optimization for Chinese Sustainable Urbanization Using an Integrated MODM Approach under Bi-Uncertain Environment

by Lu Gan, Li Wang and Lin Hu

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101907 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4574

Abstract

Urbanization has become a main challenge all over developing countries in the 21st Century. However, decision making should take into account the different national situations with their complex factors to achieve sustainable development. As standards of living have risen in urban areas, local/neighbor [...] Read more.

Urbanization has become a main challenge all over developing countries in the 21st Century. However, decision making should take into account the different national situations with their complex factors to achieve sustainable development. As standards of living have risen in urban areas, local/neighbor urbanization has become a coming trend in China. With this in mind, the paper focuses on the optimization of nearby gathered village locations in Population Migration (PM) with consideration of both qualitative and quantitative criteria. Therefore, an integrated multiple objective decision making approach (MODM) under a bi-uncertain environment is proposed to solve this problem, which is based on the comprehensive Economy-Society-Ecology-Resource-Religion (ESERR) urbanization concept. The first step is to establish a bi-uncertain multiple objective programming model orienting the problem. Secondly, the model process is composed of fuzzy random variable transformation and the expected value model based on a new fuzzy measure, which is given accordingly to obtain the equivalent model. Thirdly, in order to describe the model efficiently, the Multi-Objective Adaptive Global Local Neighbor Particle Swarm Optimization (MOAGLNPSO) with three-dimensional Pareto optimal judgment criteria is designed. Finally, a case study is tested to validate the effectiveness and to illustrate the advantages of the whole approach. This novel approach can help optimize sustainable urbanization strategies and ensure their realistic application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Sustainability: Modeling and Applications)

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12 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using TRIZ to Improve the Procurement Process of Spare Parts in the Taiwan Navy

by Chia-Nan Wang, Ming-Hsun Lin, Chung-Jen Huang, Ching-Chiu Huang and Ruei-Yuan Liao

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101908 - 22 Oct 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5618

Abstract

Abstract: The Naval Maintenance and Repair Command Acquisition Management Unit (NMRC-AMU) of the Taiwan Navy suffered from poor stock control of spare parts and inadequate modification of requested items and manufacturer/part codes during recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is [...] Read more.

Abstract: The Naval Maintenance and Repair Command Acquisition Management Unit (NMRC-AMU) of the Taiwan Navy suffered from poor stock control of spare parts and inadequate modification of requested items and manufacturer/part codes during recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate core categorization, coordination, and procurement (CCP) problems, to formulate feasible solutions and then to improve the CCP performances of spare parts in NMRC-AMU. The Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskih Zadatch (TRIZ) method was applied to solve this issue. A problem hierarchy analysis (PHA) was first used to identify the core problems. Then, the 40 principles were used to determine the ideal improvement solution and formulate a solution strategy that simultaneously simplified CCP processed and enhanced the correctness of procurement tasks, thereby elevating CCP efficiency, supporting the Taiwan Navy repair missions, and satisfying fleet maintenance and servicing demands. The results indicated that total 6925 requests for coordination and procurement were submitted. Of these requests, 4366 requests had been completed (with total 102 cases), and the CCP efficiency is 63.0%. After improvement by this study, a total of 4529 items were submitted and 3592 executed items were completed (with a total of 172 cases), and the CCP efficiency is 79.3%. The improvement percentage of the CCP efficiency and completed cases are 30.6% and 68.6%, respectively. The performances are good and the TRIZ could be applied for other military forces. Full article

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29 pages, 3506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Systemic Tool and Process for Sustainability Assessment

by Claude Villeneuve, David Tremblay, Olivier Riffon, Georges Y. Lanmafankpotin and Sylvie Bouchard

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1909; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101909 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 17792

Abstract

Sustainability assessment is a growing concern worldwide with United Nations’ Agenda 2030 being implemented. As sustainability refers to the consideration of environmental, social and economic issues in light of cultural, historic—retrospective and prospective—and institutional perspectives, appropriate tools are needed to ensure the complete [...] Read more.

Sustainability assessment is a growing concern worldwide with United Nations’ Agenda 2030 being implemented. As sustainability refers to the consideration of environmental, social and economic issues in light of cultural, historic—retrospective and prospective—and institutional perspectives, appropriate tools are needed to ensure the complete coverage of these aspects and allow the participation of multiple stakeholders. This article presents a scientifically robust and flexible tool, developed over the last 25 years and tested in different cultural and development contexts to build a framework for sustainability assessment of policies, strategies, programs and projects in light of Agenda 2030. A selected case study conducted on a major mining project in Québec (Canada) illustrates the Sustainable Development Analytical Grid performance for sustainability assessment. This tool and process is part of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals Acceleration Toolkit; it is one of the most adaptable, addresses all 17 SDGs and is fully accessible for free. Other advantages and limitations of the tool and process are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs))

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20 pages, 3881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NFC-Based Traceability in the Food Chain

by Danny Pigini and Massimo Conti

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101910 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 75 | Viewed by 14862

Abstract

In recent years, many events related to food and public health, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, commonly known as mad cow disease), dioxin, bird flu and swine flu, brought the issue of food security to the center of international attention. Many countries [...] Read more.

In recent years, many events related to food and public health, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, commonly known as mad cow disease), dioxin, bird flu and swine flu, brought the issue of food security to the center of international attention. Many countries established strict rules to ensure the food traceability “from farm to fork” to meet the demand of consumer safety and to ensure public health. Consequently, the concepts of controlled supply chain, brand of quality and traceability of food products have had a strong evolution. Companies in the food production sector must evolve and change their organizational and management chain to satisfy increasingly stringent government rules and to respond to the requirements of the market. From this point of view, NFC (Near Field Communication) has all the requirements to become the main technology for traceability in the various food sectors. This paper proposes a solution to gather information throughout the entire food supply chain and bring it directly to the consumer. The architecture consists of a complex identification system based on NFC tags, which cumulates data during all phases of the production process. The aim of this work is to keep track of the information generated during food processing, not only for traceability purposes, but also for enhancing and optimizing production. The data generated by the traceability system are collected in a cloud database through apps on Android smartphones. The information is accessible by the consumers through a public Android application. The pork supply chain has been used as an application example of the proposed methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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16 pages, 391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Millennial Generation and Environmental Sustainability: The Role of Social Media in the Consumer Purchasing Behavior for Wine

by Giovanni Sogari, Tommaso Pucci, Barbara Aquilani and Lorenzo Zanni

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101911 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 120 | Viewed by 26347

Abstract

In the coming years, social media technology will have a crucial role in environmental involvement and in encouraging sustainable behaviors in the wine industry. Sustainable development is becoming a crucial topic for many consumers. Also, in the wine industry much research has been [...] Read more.

In the coming years, social media technology will have a crucial role in environmental involvement and in encouraging sustainable behaviors in the wine industry. Sustainable development is becoming a crucial topic for many consumers. Also, in the wine industry much research has been carried out to decrease the environmental impact, with a particular focus on renewable energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, pesticides reduction, water and waste management, biodiversity, soil and landscape preservation. In recent years, social media technologies have gained increased attention for their potential to amplify environmental concerns and encourage sustainable behaviors among people. This study aims to study the role of social media in the consumer purchasing behavior for wine between the millennial and non-millennial generations. A total sample of 2597 Italian wine consumer responses were collected and a structured questionnaire was used to test our hypothesis. The main results show that the greater the import the consumer places on the product/process dimension of environmental sustainability, the higher the self-selection in market segments. This is true for both millennials and non-millennials. The results show the power of social media to increase sustainability awareness and consecutively influence the consumer’s buying behavior for wine (higher price segment). From a marketing perspective, companies should improve their capacity to share and communicate their environmental activities through social media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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17 pages, 28325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Fine Spatial Resolution Precipitation from TRMM Precipitation Datasets Using an Ensemble Learning Method and MODIS Optical Products in China

by Xiaodan Zhao, Wenlong Jing and Pengyan Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101912 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5206

Abstract

Precipitation data are important for the fields of hydrology and meteorology, and are fundamental for ecosystem monitoring and climate change research. Satellite-based precipitation products are already able to provide high temporal resolution precipitation information at a global level. However, the coarse spatial resolution [...] Read more.

Precipitation data are important for the fields of hydrology and meteorology, and are fundamental for ecosystem monitoring and climate change research. Satellite-based precipitation products are already able to provide high temporal resolution precipitation information at a global level. However, the coarse spatial resolution has restricted their use in regional level studies. In this study, monthly fine spatial resolution land precipitation data in China was obtained by downscaling the TRMM 3B43 V7 monthly precipitation products. The downscaling model was constructed based on the ensemble learning method called random forest (RF). In addition to the RF model, the classification and regression tree (CART) model was also used to downscale the precipitation data for the purpose of comparison. The results were validated with in situ measurements. Results showed that the RF model outperformed the CART model. The downscaled precipitation data were strongly correlated with the in situ measurements. The downscaling method was applied to mapping fine spatial resolution precipitation over all of China, and is valuable for developing high spatial resolution precipitation products for studies on hydrology, meteorology, and climate science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Advances in Research on Sustainable Ecosystems)

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17 pages, 1704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing the Linkage Network Dynamic Structures of Chinese Maritime Ports through Automatic Information System Data

by Hongchu Yu, Zhixiang Fang, Guojun Peng and Mingxiang Feng

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101913 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6269

Abstract

Marine economic cooperation has emerged as a major theme in this era of globalization; hence, maritime network connectivity and dynamics have attracted more and more attention. Port construction and maritime route improvements increase maritime trade and thus facilitate economic viability and resource sustainability. [...] Read more.

Marine economic cooperation has emerged as a major theme in this era of globalization; hence, maritime network connectivity and dynamics have attracted more and more attention. Port construction and maritime route improvements increase maritime trade and thus facilitate economic viability and resource sustainability. This paper reveals the regional dimension of inter-port linkage dynamic structure of Chinese maritime ports from a complex multilayer perspective that is meaningful for strategic forecasting and regional long-term economic development planning. In this research, Automatic Information System (AIS)-derived traffic flows were used to construct a maritime network and subnetworks based on the geographical locations of ports. The linkage intensity between subnetworks, the linkage tightness within subnetworks, the spatial isolation between high-intensity backbones and tight skeleton networks, and a linkage concentration index for each port were calculated. The ports, in turn, were analyzed based on these network attributes. This study analyzed the external competitiveness and internal cohesion of each subnetwork. The results revealed problems in port management and planning, such as unclear divisions in port operations. More critically, weak complementary relationships between the backbone and skeleton networks among the ports reduce connectivity and must be strengthened. This research contributes to the body of work supporting strategic decision-making for future development. Full article

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16 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Directions for Social Enterprise from an Efficiency Perspective

by Pyoungsoo Lee and Yong Won Seo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101914 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4549

Abstract

Social enterprise is recognized as an alternative for sustainable development, as it balances social aspects with economic prosperity. Evaluating social enterprises is very important for both the enterprises themselves and the government, since grants from the government or institutions highly depend on their [...] Read more.

Social enterprise is recognized as an alternative for sustainable development, as it balances social aspects with economic prosperity. Evaluating social enterprises is very important for both the enterprises themselves and the government, since grants from the government or institutions highly depend on their performance. While relatively significant attention is paid to the social value that these enterprises create, there is a lack of interest in assessing the operational performance directly linked to the sustainable operation of social enterprises. Therefore, this research analyzes the performance of social enterprises from the efficiency perspective, incorporating both operational (economic) and social performance measures. To this end, we apply data envelopment analysis to assess the performance of social enterprises when considering the dual-role factor—the grants. To facilitate clarity for readers, a dataset of Korean social enterprises is used. Through this analysis, we show that the grants can be used for performance evaluation in different ways for each enterprise. Furthermore, an industry-specific analysis provides more realistic and feasible benchmarking information to which inefficient social enterprises should refer. We expect that these findings will complement existing methods of social enterprise evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Young Companies–Contemporary Trends and Challenges)

18 pages, 875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demystifying the Barriers to Transport Infrastructure Project Development in Fast Developing Regions: The Case of China

by Tianyi Nie and Kunhui Ye

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1915; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101915 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5555

Abstract

Transport infrastructure (TI) has become one of the primary drivers for sustainable economic growth and social progress. However, a wider take-up is currently inhibited in fast developing regions (FDRs) by many barriers, which have not been explored explicitly in previous studies. In this [...] Read more.

Transport infrastructure (TI) has become one of the primary drivers for sustainable economic growth and social progress. However, a wider take-up is currently inhibited in fast developing regions (FDRs) by many barriers, which have not been explored explicitly in previous studies. In this study, a three-dimensional framework (i.e., macro environment, local environment, and the construction process) is proposed to structure the barriers in a reasonable way. Professionals’ opinions on the importance of the barriers are collected through questionnaire survey. The survey results were analyzed by the ranking analysis technique. It is found that the top five barriers are “difficulty in survey and design during the construction process”, “weak support from economy”, “insufficient funding”, “harsh regional climate”, and “cost overrun”. Further analysis, based on a factor analysis, indicates that these critical barriers could be grouped into three clusters: “administration on transport infrastructure”, “construction technology and cost management”, and “geographical and economic conditions”. The research findings demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed framework, and the implication is that a barriers-based checklist favors stakeholders to improve the efficiency and sustainability of TI development in FDRs. Although the study is situated in China, it sheds light on the subject in other developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Civil Engineering: from Sustainable Materials to Sustainable Cities)

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16 pages, 4172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide during Winter without Cultivation in Local Saline-Alkali Rice and Maize Fields in Northeast China

by Hao Zhang, Jie Tang, Shuang Liang, Zhaoyang Li, Ping Yang, Jingjing Wang and Sining Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1916; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101916 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5495

Abstract

Agricultural ecosystems are important contributors to atmospheric greenhouse gasses (GHGs); however, in situ winter emission data in saline-alkali fields are scarce. Gas samples were collected during different periods, from three rice (R1–R3) and three maize (M1–M3) fields with different soil pH levels and [...] Read more.

Agricultural ecosystems are important contributors to atmospheric greenhouse gasses (GHGs); however, in situ winter emission data in saline-alkali fields are scarce. Gas samples were collected during different periods, from three rice (R1–R3) and three maize (M1–M3) fields with different soil pH levels and salinity conditions. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the rice and maize fields decreased with decreasing temperature during the freezing period and increased with the rising temperature during the thawing period, with the majority of winter CO₂ emissions occurring during these two periods. Peaks in methane (CH₄) emissions were observed during the freezing period in the rice fields and during the snow-melting period in the rice and maize fields. CH₄ emissions in the rice fields and CH₄ uptake rates in the maize fields were significantly (P < 0.05) related to surface soil temperature. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions remained relatively low, except for during the peaks observed during the snow-melting period in both the rice and maize fields, leading to the high GHG contribution of the snow-melting period throughout the winter. Higher pH and salinity conditions consistently resulted in lower CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emissions, CH₄ uptake, and lower global warming potential (GWP). These results can contribute to the assessment of the GWP during winter in saline-alkali regions. Full article

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24 pages, 9860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land-Surface Characteristics and Climate in West Africa: Models’ Biases and Impacts of Historical Anthropogenically-Induced Deforestation

by Souleymane Sy, Nathalie De Noblet-Ducoudré, Benjamin Quesada, Ibrahima Sy, Amadou Moctar Dieye, Amadou Thierno Gaye and Benjamin Sultan

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101917 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7059

Abstract

Land Use Land-Cover Change (LULCC), such as deforestation, affects the climate system and land-atmosphere interactions. Using simulations carried out within the LUCID (Land Use and Climate, IDentification of robust Impacts) project framework, we first quantify the role of historical land-cover change induced by [...] Read more.

Land Use Land-Cover Change (LULCC), such as deforestation, affects the climate system and land-atmosphere interactions. Using simulations carried out within the LUCID (Land Use and Climate, IDentification of robust Impacts) project framework, we first quantify the role of historical land-cover change induced by human activities on surface climate in West Africa. Focusing on two contrasted African regions, we find that climate responses of land-use changes are small but they are still statistically significant. In Western Sahel, a statistically significant near-surface atmospheric cooling and a decrease in water recycling are simulated in summer in response to LULCC. Over the Guinean zone, models simulate a significant decrease in precipitation and water recycling in autumn in response to LULCC. This signal is comparable in magnitude with the effect induced by the increase in greenhouse gases. Simulated climate changes due to historical LULCC could however be underestimated because: (i) the prescribed LULCC can be underestimated in those regions; (ii) the climate models underestimate the coupling strength between West African surface climate and leaf area index (LAI) and (iii) the lack of interactive LAI in some models. Finally, our study reveals indirect atmospheric processes triggered by LULCC. Over the Western Sahel, models reveal that a significant decrease in solar reflection tend to cool down the surface and thus counteract the atmospheric feedback. Conversely, over the Guinea zone, models reveal that the indirect atmospheric processes and turbulent heat fluxes dominate the climatic responses over the direct effects of LULCC. Full article

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18 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

R&D Project Selection Incorporating Customer-Perceived Value and Technology Potential: The Case of the Automobile Industry

by Sungjoo Lee, Chanwoo Cho, Jaehong Choi and Byungun Yoon

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101918 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7918

Abstract

As user-centric innovation has recently emerged as a successful way of developing new products, services, and concepts, it is worth considering the perspectives of potential technology users during R&D project selection processes. Nevertheless, little effort has been made to reflect customer-perceived value in [...] Read more.

As user-centric innovation has recently emerged as a successful way of developing new products, services, and concepts, it is worth considering the perspectives of potential technology users during R&D project selection processes. Nevertheless, little effort has been made to reflect customer-perceived value in establishing selection criteria, with the focus mainly on technological potential instead. Therefore, this study aims to develop an R&D project selection model incorporating not only technological potential but also customer-perceived value. For this purpose, a new R&D project evaluation model and process is proposed, and its feasibility is tested by potential users in a real scenario. The automobile industry is suitable for our evaluation model because it is a B2C and system-based industry where customer needs are critical to market success and a number of R&D projects are proposed every year. Finally, a supporting tool is developed to help interact with various evaluators and visualize the evaluation results, as customer involvement is recommended for accurate project evaluation from the perspective of technology users. This study is one of the earliest attempts to reflect customer-perceived value in R&D project selection, and practically, the research outputs are expected to be useful to automobile manufacturers in creating value from R&D projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Project Management and Sustainable Development)

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19 pages, 5318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Evolution and Bio-Social Construction: The Kichwa Agroforestry Systems (Chakras) in the Ecuadorian Amazonia

by Daniel Coq-Huelva, Angie Higuchi, Rafaela Alfalla-Luque, Ricardo Burgos-Morán and Ruth Arias-Gutiérrez

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1920; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101920 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 10956

Abstract

Polycultured agrarian systems in Ecuadorian Amazonia (also called chakras or swollen gardens) are characterised by a market-oriented crop for the generation of monetary income, for example, cocoa, other agricultural products (e.g., banana and cassava), and livestock for family farm consumption. Moreover, a chakra [...] Read more.

Polycultured agrarian systems in Ecuadorian Amazonia (also called chakras or swollen gardens) are characterised by a market-oriented crop for the generation of monetary income, for example, cocoa, other agricultural products (e.g., banana and cassava), and livestock for family farm consumption. Moreover, a chakra is an outstanding example of agroforestry production, in which ecological, social and economic elements co-evolve from a set of close and strong connections. In this context, the conservation and transformation of their biological subsystems can be understood as the result of complex interactions between anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic factors. In turn, such interactions are essential to provide food and monetary income to the indigenous community. Relevant agency capabilities exist that could cause an agroforestry system to take a different path of co-evolution, that is, towards greater or lesser sustainability associated with different levels of complexity. In conclusion, chakras have key ecological features that can mitigate the impact of human population growth in Amazonia. Additionally, chakras have their own processes of social self-regulation which enhance the possibilities of adaptation of Kichwa communities to changing environmental conditions, being essential elements in local food sovereignty, equitable gender relations and the respect of ancestral wisdom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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17 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attitudes in Korea toward Introducing Smart Policing Technologies: Differences between the General Public and Police Officers

by HyungBin Moon, Hyunhong Choi, Jongsu Lee and Ki Soo Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101921 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7980

Abstract

This study analyzes different attitudes toward introduction of smart policing technologies in cybercrime policing among the Korean public and police. Policing is essential for a sustainable community. Technological advances in policing have both positive and negative aspects, making it essential to investigate perceptions [...] Read more.

This study analyzes different attitudes toward introduction of smart policing technologies in cybercrime policing among the Korean public and police. Policing is essential for a sustainable community. Technological advances in policing have both positive and negative aspects, making it essential to investigate perceptions of both public and police when introducing smart policing technologies. A discrete choice experiment was undertaken to survey preferences of the public and police toward introduction of such technologies and conduct simulation analysis to compare changes in the acceptance of various scenarios. The study divides cybercrime policing into prevention and investigation. The sample included 500 members of the public and 161 police officers. The results show that the public thinks an increase in yearly taxes and invasion of privacy are the most important factors. Conversely, the police think factors enhancing the efficiency of policing are most important. Moreover, when smart policing technologies are introduced, the public and police perceive more utility in the prevention and investigation of cybercrime, respectively. Few studies in this field separate the prevention and investigation of crimes, or compare perceptions of the public and police toward the introduction of smart policing technologies. This study’s quantitative analysis provides insights lacking in previous literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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15 pages, 2237 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Carbohydrates Components of Some Italian Local Landraces: Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

by Silvia Lisciani, Loretta Gambelli, Alessandra Durazzo, Stefania Marconi, Emanuela Camilli, Cecilia Rossetti, Paolo Gabrielli, Altero Aguzzi, Olindo Temperini and Luisa Marletta

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1922; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101922 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5969

Abstract

Garlic is one of the most widespread and ancient medicinal plants. Its health benefits are due to its chemical components, and among these is carbohydrate, whose characteristics have been so far little investigated. The aim of this study is to typify the various [...] Read more.

Garlic is one of the most widespread and ancient medicinal plants. Its health benefits are due to its chemical components, and among these is carbohydrate, whose characteristics have been so far little investigated. The aim of this study is to typify the various components of carbohydrate (starch, individual sugars, fructans, and total dietary fibre) in four commonly consumed “Italian local landraces”: Bianco Piacentino, Rosso di Castelliri, Rosso di Sulmona, Rosso di Proceno, which are grown in two different geographical areas—Viterbo and Alvito—under the same agronomic conditions. This study will also evaluate how genotype and the cultivation area can affect the profile of the carbohydrate components of these landrace strains. Regarding unavailable carbohydrates, all of the varieties showed appreciable contents of fructans, the most representative component, which ranged from 45.8 to 54.4 g/100 g d.w. In contrast, total dietary fibre values varied from 9.1 to 13.1 g/100 g d.w. in Rosso di Castelliri and Bianco Piacentino, respectively, which are both grown in Viterbo. As for starch, only some traces were found, while the amount of total sugars ranged between 2.12 and 3.27 g/100 g d.w., with higher levels of sucrose. Our findings could provide important information that may be adopted to enhance and promote the quality of some local Italian garlic landraces through highlighting the influence that the cultivar and the environmental conditions can have on carbohydrates components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Close Linkage between Nutrition and Environment through Biodiversity and Sustainability: Local Foods, Traditional Recipes and Sustainable Diets)

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29 pages, 2621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Desired, Perceived, and Achieved Sustainability: Trade-Offs in Strategic and Operational Packaging Development

by Bjorn De Koeijer, Jos De Lange and Renee Wever

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101923 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 9435

Abstract

The alignment of the strategic and the operational level of packaging development in relation to the integration of sustainability is not addressed extensively in current research. This paper aims to address this, by focusing on the decision-making interrelations of key actors (marketing and [...] Read more.

The alignment of the strategic and the operational level of packaging development in relation to the integration of sustainability is not addressed extensively in current research. This paper aims to address this, by focusing on the decision-making interrelations of key actors (marketing and packaging development) within multidisciplinary product-packaging development teams. The research is conducted by means of a qualitative approach, consisting of semi-structured interviews with individual packaging development team members, complemented with a newly developed visualization tool. The research builds upon eight cases within brand owners, packaging material suppliers and packaging development consultants. The main findings of the study include the decision-making trade-offs between sustainability considerations and other project indicators, such as costs, time-to-market and technical challenges. These trade-offs are linked to the strategic and operational roles of key actors, and to internal and external factors influencing sustainable development processes. This research’s contribution is to address the alignment of the strategic and the operational levels of sustainable packaging development, in relation to (1) decision making and interrelations within multidisciplinary development teams; and (2) the relevance of development-influencing factors. This provides opportunities for further development of sustainable packaging models and tools, in order to align the strategic and operational level of development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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21 pages, 9840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model to Assess the Quality of Magmatic Rocks for Reliable and Sustainable Constructions

by Mihaela Toderaş, Roland Iosif Moraru, Ciprian Danciu, Grigore Buia and Lucian-Ionel Cioca

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101925 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4362

Abstract

Geomechanical assessment of rocks requires knowledge of phenomena that occur under the influence of internal and external factors at a macroscopic or microscopic scale, when rocks are submitted to different actions. To elucidate the quantitative and qualitative geomechanical behavior of rocks, knowing their [...] Read more.

Geomechanical assessment of rocks requires knowledge of phenomena that occur under the influence of internal and external factors at a macroscopic or microscopic scale, when rocks are submitted to different actions. To elucidate the quantitative and qualitative geomechanical behavior of rocks, knowing their geological and physical–mechanical characteristics becomes an imperative. Mineralogical, petrographical and chemical analyses provided an opportunity to identify 15 types of igneous rocks (gabbro, diabases, granites, diorites, rhyolites, andesites, and basalts), divided into plutonic and volcanic rocks. In turn, these have been grouped into acidic, neutral (intermediate) and basic magmatites. A new ranking method is proposed, based on considering the rock characteristics as indicators of quantitative assessment, and the grading system, by given points, allowing the rocks framing in admissibility classes. The paper is structured into two parts, experimental and interpretation of experimental data, showing the methodology to assess the quality of igneous rocks analyzed, and the results of theoretical and experimental research carried out on the analyzed rock types. The proposed method constitutes an appropriate instrument for assessment and verification of the requirements regarding the quality of rocks used for sustainable construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Risk Assessment and Management)

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19 pages, 2167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Stakeholders’ Influence on Project Success with a New SNA Method: A Case Study of the Green Retrofit in China

by Xin Liang, Tao Yu and Li Guo

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101927 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 11015

Abstract

Stakeholders strongly influence project success, particularly for complex projects with heterogeneous stakeholders, and hence, understanding their influence is essential for project management and implementation. This paper proposes an original model based on social network analysis (SNA), which first introduces critical success factors (CSFs) [...] Read more.

Stakeholders strongly influence project success, particularly for complex projects with heterogeneous stakeholders, and hence, understanding their influence is essential for project management and implementation. This paper proposes an original model based on social network analysis (SNA), which first introduces critical success factors (CSFs) as intermediate variables between stakeholders and project success. The model can demonstrate the interrelation between stakeholders and CSFs, and the results can reveal how stakeholders influence project success. Green retrofit is a typical type of complex project. The stakeholder relationship in green retrofit projects is more complex than in new projects, since more stakeholders (e.g., tenants and facility managers) who have particular interrelations (e.g., lease contract and split incentives between owners and tenants) are involved. Therefore, a case study of green retrofit in China was conducted to illustrate how the proposed model works. The results indicated the priorities and similarities of stakeholders in green retrofit. Stakeholders are categorized into five clusters according to their relationship. Based on the results, the important role of stakeholders in green retrofit projects was discussed. The main contribution of this study is providing a novel method to reveal how stakeholders influence the success of complex projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 1183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Co-Word Analysis of Organizational Constraints for Maintaining Sustainability

by Daoyan Guo, Hong Chen, Ruyin Long, Hui Lu and Qianyi Long

Sustainability 2017, 9(10), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101928 - 24 Oct 2017

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 9756

Abstract

A good understanding of organizational constraints is vital to facilitate organizational development as the sustainable development of organizations can be constrained by the organization itself. In this study, bibliometric methods were adopted to investigate the research status and trends of organizational constraints. The [...] Read more.

A good understanding of organizational constraints is vital to facilitate organizational development as the sustainable development of organizations can be constrained by the organization itself. In this study, bibliometric methods were adopted to investigate the research status and trends of organizational constraints. The findings showed that there were 1138 articles and reviews, and 52 high-frequency keywords related to organizational constraints during the period 1980–2016. The research cores were “constraints”, “learning”, “institution”, and “behavior” in the co-occurrence network, and “constraints” played the most significant role. The 52 high-frequency keywords were classified into six clusters: “change and decision-making”, “supply chain and sustainability”, “human system and performance”, “culture and relations”, “entrepreneur and resource”, and “learning and innovation”. Furthermore, the indicators of organizational development (e.g., innovation, supply chain, decision-making, performance, sustainability, and employee behavior) were found to be significantly related to the organizational constraints. Based on these findings, future trends were proposed to maintain the sustainability of organizations. This study investigated the state of the art in terms of organizational constraints and provided valuable references for maintaining the sustainable development of organizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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