Targeting International Food Aid Programmes: The Case of Productive Safety Net Programme in Tigray, Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Attributes of Households
3.2. Socio-Demographic Attributes of Households in Different PSNP Memberships
3.3. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and the PSNP Membership Type
4. Discussion
4.1. PSNP Targeting Groups
4.2. Age and Family Size as Indicators for PSNP Membership
4.3. Age and Gender as the Indicators for PSNP Membership
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Questions | |
---|---|
How many kebelles are there in this woreda? | |
Do all the kebelles receive PSNP? | |
When did the PSNP started in this woreda? | |
Have there been some changes to the programme? | |
When have people been working on the PW projects this year? | |
When have people been working on the DS projects this year? | |
Which different types of projects does the PW participate in? | |
Which different types of projects does the DS participate in? | |
When did people receive the distributed food or cash this year? | |
How much did they receive per person this year? | |
Is there some kind of evaluating system to estimate the repercussions of the programme? | |
Other exceptions that are typical for this woreda? |
Appendix B
Column (Annex III) | Questions | Considerations that Help to Interpret the Answers |
---|---|---|
First Name | What is your first name? | |
Last Name | What is your last name? | In Ethiopia, children receive the first name of their father as a last name |
Age | How old are you? | Age is less documented in Ethiopia, therefore people estimate when asked |
Gender | Man or woman? | This answer was derived without asking |
Married | What is your marital status? | In the Orthodox Christian religion, divorce and possible remarriage are allowed |
Children | How many children do you have? | |
Family members | How many of your children live at home? How many family members does your family count? | Sometimes grandchildren live with their grandparents or divorced people live with their parents again |
Main income | Is farming your main source of income? | |
Property | Do you own some farmland? | |
Types of crops | What are your main crops? | |
Selling crops | Do you sell some of the grain? | |
Vegetables | Do you cultivate vegetables? | |
Garden/Irrigation | Do you have a garden or do you use an irrigation system for the vegetables? | Sometimes other crops are cultivated instead of vegetables (maize, sorghum, etc.) |
Selling vegetable | Do you sell some of the vegetables? | |
Types of vegetables | Which vegetables do you cultivate? | |
Cattle | Do you have cattle? | Only oxen, bulls and cows are counted |
Milking | If so, do you milk cows? Do you use this milk for your own consumption or do you sell it on the market? | |
Prices | Do you know the variability in market prices throughout the year? | Market prices are subject to a seasonal variability |
Good prices | Do you keep this in mind when you buy or sell something? | People may sell or buy whenever necessary or wait until the market prices are good (high to sell and low to buy) |
Secondary income | Do you have some kind of secondary income? If so, how much do you earn this way? | |
Member of PSNP | Are you or have you ever been a member of the PSNP? If so, what type of membership? How long have you been a member? | |
PW for free | Do you participate in the community projects providing you free labour? | |
Bad harvest | What would you do to provide food for your family in case of a bad harvesting season? | |
Moving | Would you like to move to the city? | |
Why | What would be your main reason be to stay or move? | |
Market | How many times in one month do you go to the market in the city (cities) nearby? | Sometimes people go to the city to work or for visiting relatives, but this is about market days. |
Appendix C
Independent Variables | Exp. Count < 5 | Chi-Square | df | Sig. | Cramer’s V | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 88.0% * | 219.664 | 126 | 0.000 | 0.491 | 0.000 |
AgeGroups | 16.7% | 83.061 | 10 | 0.000 | 0.302 | 0.000 |
Gender | 0.0% | 20.178 | 2 | 0.000 | 0.211 | 0.000 |
MarriedBinary | 0.0% | 49.125 | 2 | 0.000 | 0.329 | 0.000 |
MarriedCategoric | 33.3% * | 54.505 | 6 | 0.000 | 0.245 | 0.000 |
Children | 33.3% * | 33.229 | 22 | 0.059 ** | 0.191 | 0.590 ** |
ChildrenBinary | 0.0% | 4.213 | 2 | 0.122 ** | 0.096 | 0.122 ** |
Family | 36.1% * | 95.724 | 22 | 0.000 | 0.324 | 0.000 |
FamilyBinary | 0.0% | 19.368 | 2 | 0.000 | 0.206 | 0.000 |
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Category | Frequency | Percentage | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 15–24 | 9 | 2.0% | 48.1 |
25–34 | 91 | 20.0% | ||
35–44 | 108 | 23.7% | ||
45–54 | 90 | 19.8% | ||
55–64 | 70 | 15.4% | ||
>65 | 87 | 19.1% | ||
Gender | Male | 248 | 54.5% | |
Female | 207 | 45.5% | ||
Marital status | Married | 360 | 79.1% | |
Single | 95 | 20.9% | ||
Family size | 1–5 | 208 | 45.7% | 5.6 |
6–12 | 247 | 54.3% | ||
Other attributes | ||||
Public work for free | Yes | 341 | 74.9% | |
No | 114 | 25.1% | ||
Selling/buying | To benefit | 126 | 27.7% | |
If necessary | 329 | 72.3% | ||
Intention or desire to move | Yes | 305 | 67.0% | |
No | 150 | 33.0% | ||
Owning farmland | Yes | 422 | 92.7% | |
No | 33 | 7.3% |
Variable | N | Mean a | Std. Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Direct Support | 51 | 65.24a | 14.94 |
Public Work | 152 | 43.66b | 13.13 | |
No member | 252 | 47.33b | 15.31 | |
Children | Direct Support | 51 | 4.22a | 2.50 |
Public Work | 152 | 4.46a | 2.14 | |
No member | 252 | 4.82a | 2.30 | |
Family size | Direct Support | 51 | 3.59a | 2.41 |
Public Work | 152 | 5.82b | 1.98 | |
No member | 252 | 5.92b | 2.36 |
Socio-Demographic Characteristics | DS | PW | Frequency | Total | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of membership | 51 | 152 | 252 | 455 | 100.0% |
Man | 18 | 70 | 160 | 248 | 54.5% |
Woman | 33 | 82 | 92 | 207 | 45.5% |
Married | 23 | 115 | 222 | 360 | 79.1% |
Unmarried | 28 | 37 | 30 | 95 | 20.9% |
Small number of children | 29 | 77 | 109 | 215 | 47.3% |
Large number of children | 22 | 75 | 143 | 240 | 52.7% |
Small family | 38 | 66 | 104 | 208 | 45.7% |
Large family | 13 | 86 | 148 | 247 | 54.3% |
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Azadi, H.; De Rudder, F.; Vlassenroot, K.; Nega, F.; Nyssen, J. Targeting International Food Aid Programmes: The Case of Productive Safety Net Programme in Tigray, Ethiopia. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101716
Azadi H, De Rudder F, Vlassenroot K, Nega F, Nyssen J. Targeting International Food Aid Programmes: The Case of Productive Safety Net Programme in Tigray, Ethiopia. Sustainability. 2017; 9(10):1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101716
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzadi, Hossein, Fien De Rudder, Koen Vlassenroot, Fredu Nega, and Jan Nyssen. 2017. "Targeting International Food Aid Programmes: The Case of Productive Safety Net Programme in Tigray, Ethiopia" Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101716
APA StyleAzadi, H., De Rudder, F., Vlassenroot, K., Nega, F., & Nyssen, J. (2017). Targeting International Food Aid Programmes: The Case of Productive Safety Net Programme in Tigray, Ethiopia. Sustainability, 9(10), 1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101716