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Volume 18
Issue 23
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Energies, Volume 18, Issue 23 (December-1 2025) – 297 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Quantum batteries are quantum mechanical systems able to store and release energy in a controlled fashion. Among them, a special role is played by quantum structures defined as networks of two-level systems. In this context, it has recently been shown that the energy stored in free fermion quantum batteries is sensitive to the quantum phase diagram of the battery itself. This sensitivity is relevant for stabilizing the stored energy and designing optimal charging protocols. In this article, universal charging behaviors of free fermion quantum batteries across quantum phase transitions are explored. First, a Dirac cone-like model is analyzed to extract general features. Subsequently, these findings are verified by two relevant lattice models: namely, the Ising chain in a transverse field and the Haldane model. View this paper
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25 pages, 5911 KB  
Article
A Numerical Study of Vertically Graded Gyroid Structures for Enhanced Heat Transfer in Sodium Acetate Trihydrate
by Martin Beer and Radim Rybár
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6373; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236373 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 475
Abstract
Thermal energy storage using latent heat storage materials represents a promising solution for stabilizing low-temperature energy systems; however, its effectiveness is limited by the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCM), particularly salt hydrates such as sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT). The objective [...] Read more.
Thermal energy storage using latent heat storage materials represents a promising solution for stabilizing low-temperature energy systems; however, its effectiveness is limited by the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCM), particularly salt hydrates such as sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT). The objective of this work is to analyze to what extent vertical gradation of a metallic gyroid structure can enhance heat transfer and temperature homogeneity in the PCM during charging. Time-dependent numerical simulations of conjugate heat transfer were performed for three gyroid variants differing in the orientation of pore gradation, modeling heat transfer between the flowing water, the aluminum gyroid structure, and the solid phase of SAT until the PCM reached a temperature of 58 °C. The results showed that the orientation of the gradation significantly affects both the heating dynamics and the quality of the temperature field. The variant with enlarged pores in the region of contact with the fluid and gradually decreasing pores toward the PCM achieved the shortest time to complete heating, the lowest temperature amplitude, and the highest degree of temperature homogeneity. This variant also exhibited the highest energetic efficiency, expressed as the ratio of transferred heat to pressure drop. The study demonstrates that deliberately designed gyroid gradation can substantially improve the performance of PCM composites without increasing the amount of material and represents a promising pathway for the development of advanced thermal storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Applications)
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16 pages, 1863 KB  
Article
Evolved Gas Analysis of Waste Polypropylene, Cardboard, Wood Biomass and Their Blends: A TG–FTIR Approach
by Martinson Joy Dadson Bonsu, Md Sydur Rahman, Lachlan H. Yee, Ernest Du Toit, Graeme Palmer and Shane McIntosh
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6372; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236372 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 614
Abstract
In this study, the evolved gas analysis of polypropylene (PP), mixed wood biomass (WB), cardboard (CB), and their blends was investigated using a coupled thermo-gravimetric analysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–FTIR) approach. The data obtained were used to semi-quantify the yield of volatile products [...] Read more.
In this study, the evolved gas analysis of polypropylene (PP), mixed wood biomass (WB), cardboard (CB), and their blends was investigated using a coupled thermo-gravimetric analysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–FTIR) approach. The data obtained were used to semi-quantify the yield of volatile products from the individual feedstocks and their blends. Using N2/O2 (80/20) as the gasifying agent, the TG–FTIR setup was operated from ambient temperature to 850 °C at heating rates of 20 and 40 °C/min. The results indicated that the C–H stretching functional group exhibited higher yields in blends with greater PP mass percentages. In the CB/WB blends, C–H stretching recorded the lowest yield, ranging from 5 to 10 a.u. Conversely, blends containing an average PP mass of 16% showed C–H yields between 20 and 25 a.u. The levels of C–H were observed to increase proportionally with the PP mass fraction in the sample. Furthermore, the evolution of gases from carbonyl functional groups was the highest in the three-component blend with equal mass percentages, with C=O yields reaching 20–25 a.u. at 20 °C/min and 35–40 a.u. at 40 °C/min. The production of carbon monoxide (CO) was also highest in the three-component blend with equal mass percentages, yielding 9–10 a.u. Among the two-component blends, the PP/CB 50/50% blend exhibited the highest CO levels, ranging from 8 to 9 a.u. Overall, higher heating rates resulted in comparatively greater yields across all functional groups, particularly for C–H volatiles. These findings underscore the significance of blend composition and thermal ramping in optimising gasification performance. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of co-gasification dynamics and support the development of targeted feedstock strategies for efficient thermochemical conversion and improved control over volatile emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Waste to Energy: Towards Resource Recovery Optimization from Waste)
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23 pages, 30402 KB  
Article
Active Battery Balancing System for High Capacity Li-Ion Cells
by Wei Jiang and Feng Zhou
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6371; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236371 - 4 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 691
Abstract
Battery energy storage systems can mitigate power fluctuations and enhance system reliability; however, cell-to-cell inconsistencies and aging in large-capacity battery packs can lead to imbalance. To address the limitations of passive balancing, which suffers from high energy loss and low efficiency, this work [...] Read more.
Battery energy storage systems can mitigate power fluctuations and enhance system reliability; however, cell-to-cell inconsistencies and aging in large-capacity battery packs can lead to imbalance. To address the limitations of passive balancing, which suffers from high energy loss and low efficiency, this work proposes a high-current active balancing system based on a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) topology. The system enables energy transfer through a full-bridge converter and transformer, supporting series discharge and selective charging of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells. To optimize system performance, a small-signal model was established, and corresponding control strategies were designed: the primary-side inverter employs quasi-open-loop control, while the secondary-side charging modules use a voltage–current dual-loop control. The effectiveness of the model and control strategies was validated via QSPICE simulations. Furthermore, a hybrid active–passive balancing strategy based on a voltage-difference threshold was proposed, allowing for real-time dynamic adjustment of the operating mode according to individual cell voltages. Experimental results on a large-capacity LFP battery demonstrate that the system achieves fast balancing with high accuracy, maintaining cell voltage differences within 30 mV. This provides a practical and effective solution for maintaining cell consistency in electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
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33 pages, 7636 KB  
Article
Estimation of Daily Charging Profiles of Private Cars in Urban Areas Through Floating Car Data
by Maria P. Valentini, Valentina Conti, Matteo Corazza, Andrea Gemma, Federico Karagulian, Maria Lelli, Carlo Liberto and Gaetano Valenti
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6370; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236370 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 439
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive methodology to forecast the daily energy demand associated with recharging private electric vehicles in urban areas. The approach is based on plausible scenarios regarding the penetration of battery-powered vehicles and the availability of charging infrastructure. Accurate space and [...] Read more.
This paper presents a comprehensive methodology to forecast the daily energy demand associated with recharging private electric vehicles in urban areas. The approach is based on plausible scenarios regarding the penetration of battery-powered vehicles and the availability of charging infrastructure. Accurate space and time forecasting of charging activities and power requirements is a critical issue in supporting the transition from conventional to battery-powered vehicles for urban mobility. This technological shift represents a key milestone toward achieving the zero-emissions target set by the European Green Deal for 2050. The methodology leverages Floating Car Data (FCD) samples. The widespread use of On-Board Units (OBUs) in private vehicles for insurance purposes ensures the methodology’s applicability across diverse geographical contexts. In addition to FCD samples, the estimation of charging demand for private electric vehicles is informed by a large-scale, detailed survey conducted by ENEA in Italy in 2023. Funded by the Ministry of Environment and Energy Security as part of the National Research on the Electric System, the survey explored individual charging behaviors during daily urban trips and was designed to calibrate a discrete choice model. To date, the methodology has been applied to the Metropolitan Area of Rome, demonstrating robustness and reliability in its results on two different scenarios of analysis. Each demand/supply scenario has been evaluated in terms of the hourly distribution of peak charging power demand, at the level of individual urban zones or across broader areas. Results highlight the role of the different components of power demand (at home or at other destinations) in both scenarios. Charging at intermediate destinations exhibits a dual peak pattern—one in the early morning hours and another in the afternoon—whereas home-based charging shows a pronounced peak during evening return hours and a secondary peak in the early afternoon, corresponding to a decline in charging activity at other destinations. Power distributions, as expected, sensibly differ from one scenario to the other, conditional to different assumptions of private and public recharge availability and characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging)
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28 pages, 2922 KB  
Review
The Future of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines: Opportunities, Challenges, and Sustainability Perspectives
by Mladen Bošnjaković, Robert Santa, Jelena Topić Božič and Simon Muhič
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6369; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236369 - 4 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
This Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) for renewable energy generation, particularly in urban and offshore environments. Despite increasing interest, a comprehensive evaluation of their technical, economic, and environmental performance remains limited. This review, [...] Read more.
This Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) for renewable energy generation, particularly in urban and offshore environments. Despite increasing interest, a comprehensive evaluation of their technical, economic, and environmental performance remains limited. This review, based on a targeted literature search, critically evaluates and compares the performance, economic viability, environmental impact, technological advancements, and adoption barriers of VAWTs and HAWTs. VAWTs demonstrate lower aerodynamic efficiency (20–35%) and capacity factors (20–35%) compared to HAWTs (efficiency 40–50%, capacity factors 30–45%), yet offer advantages such as omnidirectional wind capture, simpler ground-level maintenance, lower noise emissions, reduced avian impact, and greater feasibility for space-constrained urban settings. Economic analyses indicate that VAWTs typically have higher levelized costs of energy (60–80 EUR/MWh) than HAWTs (40–60 EUR/MWh), although these are partially offset by reduced operational costs. Environmental assessments favor VAWTs in terms of land use, biodiversity impact, and water consumption. Technological progress, including AI-based aerodynamic optimization, hybrid rotor designs, advanced composite materials, and Maglev bearings, has enhanced the competitiveness of VAWTs. The main adoption challenges are lower power output, scalability constraints, and lack of support from policymakers. While HAWTs remain dominant in large-scale wind energy production due to superior aerodynamic performance and economies of scale, VAWTs offer significant benefits for decentralized, urban, and offshore applications where installation flexibility, noise, and environmental considerations are critical. Continued innovation and more policy support could increase VAWT market penetration and contribute to more diversified, sustainable energy portfolios. Full article
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15 pages, 4881 KB  
Article
Selecting Operating Conditions of Power MOSFETs in a Power Cycling Test Based on Thermal Time Constants
by Krzysztof Górecki and Paweł Górecki
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6368; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236368 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 336
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on the effect of temperature on damage processes occurring in power MOSFETs. The impact of changes in the activation energy of selected mechanisms initiating the damage process in power MOSFETs during continuous operation on their lifetime [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of research on the effect of temperature on damage processes occurring in power MOSFETs. The impact of changes in the activation energy of selected mechanisms initiating the damage process in power MOSFETs during continuous operation on their lifetime is analyzed. Computer analyses and experiments illustrating the effect of transistor switching frequency on time to failure are also conducted. The impact of the relationship between the transistor’s thermal time constants and its switching period on lifetime is assessed. The effect of the transistor’s switching frequency on its junction temperature swing and average value is also assessed. Recommendations for designers of systems using these transistors are formulated to improve their reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J: Thermal Management)
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19 pages, 2405 KB  
Article
Experimental Analysis and Temperature Rise Modeling of Multistage Centrifugal Pumps for Solar Ejector Refrigeration Systems
by Chengming Zhao, Jiabin Wang, Xiaowei Fan, Guoji Tian and Huifan Zheng
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6367; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236367 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
This study presents an integrated experimental–modeling investigation of the thermal behavior of a multistage centrifugal refrigerant pump in solar ejector refrigeration systems (SERS). A temperature-rise prediction model is formulated strictly from energy conservation with viscous dissipation and validated on a closed-loop test rig [...] Read more.
This study presents an integrated experimental–modeling investigation of the thermal behavior of a multistage centrifugal refrigerant pump in solar ejector refrigeration systems (SERS). A temperature-rise prediction model is formulated strictly from energy conservation with viscous dissipation and validated on a closed-loop test rig under variable flow rates, inlet pressures, and operating frequencies. Experiments show that the outlet temperature rise (ΔT) decays approximately exponentially with increasing flow rate, while higher operating frequency intensifies viscous-dissipation heating. The pressure difference (Δp) increases with both flow rate and frequency, whereas the overall efficiency (η) exhibits a parabolic trend, peaking at 32.6% at 37.5 Hz. The model achieves high predictive accuracy, with errors within ±0.4 °C at 25–37.5 Hz and about ±1.1 °C at 50 Hz. By constructing Δp–Q–f operating maps and coupling them with cavitation-risk analysis, safe and optimal operating zones (“best zone” and “caution zone”) are identified. These results provide quantitative guidance for pump thermal management, frequency scheduling, and system integration, enabling energy-efficient and reliable operation of solar-driven ejector refrigeration systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)
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20 pages, 2263 KB  
Article
A Non-Invasive Optical Sensor for Real-Time State of Charge and Capacity Fading Tracking in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
by Shang-Ching Chuang, Cheng-Hsien Kuo, Yao-Ming Wang, Ning-Yih Hsu, Han-Jou Lin, Jen-Yuan Kuo and Chau-Chang Chou
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6366; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236366 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Accurate and real-time state of charge (SOC) monitoring is critical for the safe, efficient, and stable long-term operation of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Traditional monitoring methods are susceptible to errors arising from side reactions, cumulative drift, and electrolyte imbalance. This study develops [...] Read more.
Accurate and real-time state of charge (SOC) monitoring is critical for the safe, efficient, and stable long-term operation of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Traditional monitoring methods are susceptible to errors arising from side reactions, cumulative drift, and electrolyte imbalance. This study develops a non-invasive optical sensor module for the negative electrolyte (anolyte), utilizing the favorable spectral properties of V(II)/V(III) ions at 850 nm for real-time SOC tracking. A fifth-order polynomial model was employed for calibration, successfully managing the non-linear optical response of highly concentrated electrolytes and achieving exceptional accuracy (adjusted R2 > 0.9999). The optical sensor reliably tracked capacity degradation over 50 galvanostatic cycles, yielding a degradation curve that showed a high correlation with the conventional coulomb counting method, thus confirming its feasibility for assessing battery’s state of health. Contrary to initial expectations, operating at higher current densities resulted in a lower capacity degradation rate (CDR). This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the time-dependent nature of parasitic side reactions. Higher current densities reduce the cycle duration, thereby minimizing the temporal exposure of active species to degradation mechanisms and mitigating cumulative ion imbalance. This mechanism was corroborated by physicochemical analysis via UV-Vis spectroscopy, which revealed a strong correlation between the severity of spectral deviation and the CDR ranking. This non-invasive optical technology offers a low-cost and effective solution for precise VRFB management and preventative maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Modeling and State Estimation Technologies for Next-Generation Battery Management)
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18 pages, 1537 KB  
Article
Adaptive Visual Servo Control for GIS Partial Discharge Detection Robots: A Model Predictive Control Approach
by Yongchao Luo, Zifan Zhang and Yingxi Xie
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6365; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236365 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 367
Abstract
Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) serves as the core equipment in substations. Its partial discharge detection requires ultrasonic sensors to be precisely aligned with millimeter-level measurement points. However, existing technologies face three major bottlenecks: the lack of surface texture on GIS makes visual feature extraction [...] Read more.
Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) serves as the core equipment in substations. Its partial discharge detection requires ultrasonic sensors to be precisely aligned with millimeter-level measurement points. However, existing technologies face three major bottlenecks: the lack of surface texture on GIS makes visual feature extraction difficult; strong electromagnetic interference in substations causes image noise and loss of feature point tracking; and fixed gain control easily leads to end-effector jitter, reducing positioning accuracy. To address these challenges, this paper first employs AprilTag visual markers to define GIS measurement point features, establishing an image-based visual servo model that integrates GIS surface curvature constraints. Second, it proposes an adaptive gain algorithm based on model predictive control, dynamically adjusting gain in real-time according to visual error, electromagnetic interference intensity, and contact force feedback, balancing convergence speed and motion stability. Finally, experiments conducted on a GIS inspection platform built using a Franka Panda robotic arm demonstrate that the proposed algorithm reduces positioning errors, increases positioning speed, and improves positioning accuracy compared to fixed-gain algorithms, providing technical support for the engineering application of GIS partial discharge detection robots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Electrical Power Systems)
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32 pages, 4055 KB  
Review
Review of DC Microgrid Design, Optimization, and Control for the Resilient and Efficient Renewable Energy Integration
by Ghulam Shabbir, Ali Hasan, Muhammad Yaqoob Javed, Kamal Shahid and Thomas Mussenbrock
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6364; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236364 - 4 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1319
Abstract
Due to the dominance of renewable energy sources and DC loads, modern power distribution systems are undergoing a transformative shift toward DC microgrids. Therefore, this article is structured to present information on the design, optimization, control, and management of DC microgrids, demonstrating that [...] Read more.
Due to the dominance of renewable energy sources and DC loads, modern power distribution systems are undergoing a transformative shift toward DC microgrids. Therefore, this article is structured to present information on the design, optimization, control, and management of DC microgrids, demonstrating that DC systems have superseded AC systems across power production, transmission, and distribution. The core cause of this superiority is the DC microgrid’s scalability, flexibility, and ease of control. This review is focused on the structural analysis, intelligent and management schemes, market employability, and reliability analysis of a DC microgrid. After this work, some methods are presented that ensure the engineered DC microgrid remains robust to various environmental and operational conditions throughout its service life. The article is enriched with methodological flowcharts and block diagrams, from which design insights can be gained to design a reliable, resilient, robust DC microgrid. The article ends with an indication of how the future energy landscape will look, with the realization of modern technologies through DC microgrids. Full article
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15 pages, 4665 KB  
Article
Chiller System Power Prediction by Physical-Informed Neural Network
by Kongyang Zhu, Junzhe Hu, Hui Sun, Ying Li, Tao Chen, Baoyuan Xing, Juzhuo Wu, Ruixuan Liu, Yongcai Wang, Haitao Sun and Lichao Zhang
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6363; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236363 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 535
Abstract
In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, chiller power model prediction is crucial for control and improving energy efficiency. However, in practical engineering scenarios, the chilled water supply temperature, chilled water flow rate, etc., are mostly set manually, and the system operates [...] Read more.
In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, chiller power model prediction is crucial for control and improving energy efficiency. However, in practical engineering scenarios, the chilled water supply temperature, chilled water flow rate, etc., are mostly set manually, and the system operates at a small number of fixed and sparse operating points. This leads to sparse data availability for model prediction, which seriously limits the prediction accuracy of data-driven models (such as fully connected neural networks). To overcome the above problems, this paper introduces a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN), and by embedding physical knowledge, performs predictive modeling of the power of the core equipment in the chiller system—the chiller, condenser water pump, and chilled water pump. Based on the real industrial data of a large building in southern China, the qualitative and quantitative verification shows that the model proposed in this paper has significant advantages in prediction accuracy compared with traditional methods. Full article
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15 pages, 3870 KB  
Article
Design and the Operation Analysis of a Hybrid Solar Wind System for Sustainable Urban Energy
by Sanda Budea, Gabriela Larisa Maravela, George-Fabian Florea, Andrei Mihai and Ionut Voicu
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6362; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236362 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 599
Abstract
Sustainable urban energy is based on innovative solar and wind solutions. The paper presents such a hybrid solar–wind system, which is easy to place on building terraces, highlighting the advantages of this technical solution: energy production as close as possible to consumers, the [...] Read more.
Sustainable urban energy is based on innovative solar and wind solutions. The paper presents such a hybrid solar–wind system, which is easy to place on building terraces, highlighting the advantages of this technical solution: energy production as close as possible to consumers, the elimination of system losses, and small installation spaces being required. The system operates well in the low-speed range for the horizontal axis crossflow wind turbine placed under a flexible solar panel, at speeds between 2 and 8 m/s, and exhibits good efficiency in cooling the photovoltaic panels. The prototype proposed by the paper is a small-scale model that can produce on average 400 Wh/day and about 150 kWh/year. The paper analyses numerically the aerodynamic behaviour of the prototype at several wind speeds, as well as experimental results regarding the power and power coefficient for the wind turbine, as well as the power and efficiency of the flexible solar panel in the hybrid system. The research is complemented with comparative technical analysis and economic analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Wind Energy: 2nd Edition)
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22 pages, 8461 KB  
Article
Transient Modeling of a Radiantly Integrated TPV–Microreactor System (RITMS) Design
by Naiki Kaffezakis and Dan Kotlyar
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6361; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236361 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 392
Abstract
Powered by high-efficiency thermophotovoltaics and developed through economics-by-design analysis, a promising, optimized design was selected for the radiantly integrated TPV–microreactor system. However, the novelty of the conversion system, the connection between the TPV and critical reactor core, requires a proper degree of reliability [...] Read more.
Powered by high-efficiency thermophotovoltaics and developed through economics-by-design analysis, a promising, optimized design was selected for the radiantly integrated TPV–microreactor system. However, the novelty of the conversion system, the connection between the TPV and critical reactor core, requires a proper degree of reliability analysis to develop confidence in this technology. This is made difficult by the lack of computational tools that capture the full suite of physics and feedback mechanisms present in the RITMS design. This paper outlines the methods utilized to capture power, temperature, and reactivity variation and feedback mechanisms through time, utilizing lumped conditions, point kinetics equations, and the determination of temperature reactivity coefficients. The computational package was applied to a series of accident-driven transient scenarios, demonstrating the RITMS design’s ability to return to a safe operating equilibrium without active interference. In the case of high positive reactivity insertion accidents, design solutions were demonstrated that would mitigate risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Innovations in Integrated Energy Systems: Industrial Integration and Siting Strategies)
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21 pages, 4116 KB  
Article
Lactic Fermentation Spectral Analysis of Target Substrates and Food and Feed Wastes for Energy Applications
by Mariusz Adamski, Marcin Herkowiak, Przemysław Marek, Katarzyna Dzida, Magdalena Kapłan and Kamila E. Klimek
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6360; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236360 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 321
Abstract
The article deals with the creation of a calibration model of lactic acid content in an aqueous solution. The research concept included the preparation of a control tool for the process of modifying the properties of the food fraction for methane fermentation bacteria. [...] Read more.
The article deals with the creation of a calibration model of lactic acid content in an aqueous solution. The research concept included the preparation of a control tool for the process of modifying the properties of the food fraction for methane fermentation bacteria. The thesis was formulated that it is possible to prepare a systemic solution for real-time observation and monitoring of lactic acid secretion during the digestion of a hydrated mixture of food fractions. The scientific aim of the work was to develop and verify a calibration model of lactic acid content in an aqueous mixture with limited transparency for visible light waves. The research methodology was based on near-infrared spectroscopy with multivariate analysis. Stochastic modeling with noise reduction based on orthogonal decomposition was used. A calibration model was created using Gaussian processes (GP) to predict the lactic acid concentration in an aqueous solution or mixture using an NIR-Vis spectrophotometer. The design of the calibration model was based on absorbance spectra and computational data from selected wavelength ranges from 450 nm to 1900 nm. The measurement data in the form of spectra were limited from the initial wider range (400–2250 nm) to reduce interference. The generated calibration model achieved a mean error level not exceeding 2.47 g∙dm−3 of the identified lactic acid fraction. The coefficient of determination R2 was 0.996. The effect of absorbing the emitter waves was achieved despite the limited transparency of the mixture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System and Renewable Energy)
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24 pages, 6756 KB  
Article
Integrated Assessment Framework for Rice Yield and Energy Yield in Bifacial Agrivoltaic Systems
by Seokhun Yoo and Kyungsoo Lee
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6359; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236359 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 450
Abstract
Agrivoltaic (APV) systems co-locate agricultural production and photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation on the same land to maximize land use efficiency. This study proposes an integrated assessment framework that jointly evaluates crop yield and electricity generation in APV systems. Unlike many previous APV studies [...] Read more.
Agrivoltaic (APV) systems co-locate agricultural production and photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation on the same land to maximize land use efficiency. This study proposes an integrated assessment framework that jointly evaluates crop yield and electricity generation in APV systems. Unlike many previous APV studies that estimated crop responses from empirical PAR–photosynthesis relationships, this framework explicitly couples a process-based rice growth model (DSSAT-CERES-Rice) with irradiance and PV performance simulations (Honeybee-Radiance and PVlib) in a single workflow. The five-stage framework comprises (i) meteorological data acquisition and processing; (ii) 3D modeling in Rhinoceros; (iii) calculation of module front and rear irradiance and crop height irradiance using Honeybee; (iv) crop yield calculation with DSSAT; and (v) electricity generation calculation with PVlib. Using bifacial PV modules under rice cultivation in Gochang, Jeollabuk-do (Republic of Korea), simulations were performed with ground coverage ratio (GCR) and PV array azimuth as key design variables. As GCR increased from 20% to 50%, crop yield reduction (CYR) rose from 12% to 33%, while land equivalent ratio (LER) increased from 128% to 158%. To keep CYR within the domestic guideline of 20% while maximizing land use, designs with GCR ≤ 30% were found to be appropriate. At GCR 30%, CYR of 17–18% and LER of 139–140% were achieved, securing a balance between agricultural productivity and electricity generation. Although PV array azimuth had a limited impact on crop yield and electricity generation, southeast or southwest orientations showed more uniform irradiance distributions over the field than due south. A simple economic assessment was also conducted for the study site to compare total annual net income from rice and PV across GCR scenarios. The proposed framework can be applied to other crops and sites and supports design-stage decisions that jointly consider crop yield, electricity generation, and economic viability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Integration into Agricultural and Food Engineering)
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2 pages, 244 KB  
Correction
Correction: Chen et al. Research on the Liquid Helium Insulation Characteristics of an Experimental System. Energies 2025, 18, 1349
by Ye Chen, Liang Guo, Qiming Jia, Xiujuan Xie, Weiping Zhu and Ping Wang
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6358; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236358 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 212
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
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28 pages, 8306 KB  
Article
Coordinated Voltage and Power Factor Optimization in EV- and DER-Integrated Distribution Systems Using an Adaptive Rolling Horizon Approach
by Wonjun Yun, Phi-Hai Trinh, Jhi-Young Joo and Il-Yop Chung
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6357; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236357 - 4 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 462
Abstract
The penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic (PV) generation and electric vehicles (EVs), in distribution systems has been increasing rapidly. At the same time, load demand is rising due to the proliferation of data centers and the growing use of [...] Read more.
The penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic (PV) generation and electric vehicles (EVs), in distribution systems has been increasing rapidly. At the same time, load demand is rising due to the proliferation of data centers and the growing use of artificial intelligence. These trends have introduced new operational challenges: reverse power flow from PV generation during the day and low-voltage conditions during periods of peak load or when PV output is unavailable. To address these issues, this paper proposes a two-stage adaptive rolling horizon (ARH)-based model predictive control (MPC) framework for coordinated voltage and power factor (PF) control in distribution systems. The proposed framework, designed from the perspective of a distributed energy resource management system (DERMS), integrates EV charging and discharging scheduling with PV- and EV-connected inverter control. In the first stage, the ARH method optimizes EV charging and discharging schedules to regulate voltage levels. In the second stage, optimal power flow analysis is employed to adjust the voltage of distribution lines and the power factor at the substation through reactive power compensation, using PV- and EV-connected inverters. The proposed algorithm aims to maintain stable operation of the distribution system while minimizing PV curtailment by computing optimal control commands based on predicted PV generation, load forecasts, and EV data provided by vehicle owners. Simulation results on the IEEE 37-bus test feeder demonstrate that, under predicted PV and load profiles, the system voltage can be maintained within the normal range of 0.95–1.05 per unit (p.u.), the power factor is improved, and the state-of-charge (SOC) requirements of EV owners are satisfied. These results confirm that the proposed framework enables stable and cooperative operation of the distribution system without the need for additional infrastructure expansion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control and Operation of Distributed Energy Resources in Modern Power Systems)
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12 pages, 3484 KB  
Article
The Effect of a Teflon Insulation Layer Installed Inside the Pump on the Insulation of a Centrifugal Pump for Transporting Liquid Hydrogen
by Jeong-Eui Yun, Joon-Young Shin, Cartur Harsito, Won-Sik Kim, Hong-Sik Moon and Sang-Seon Lee
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6356; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236356 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 333
Abstract
One of the most important goals in developing centrifugal pumps for liquid hydrogen transport is to minimize the temperature rise of the working fluid caused by internal and external heat sources during operation. In this paper, as part of our evaluation of the [...] Read more.
One of the most important goals in developing centrifugal pumps for liquid hydrogen transport is to minimize the temperature rise of the working fluid caused by internal and external heat sources during operation. In this paper, as part of our evaluation of the internal insulation characteristics of a centrifugal pump for liquid hydrogen transport, we removed the external vacuum insulation layer and installed a Teflon insulation layer inside the pump. We investigated the process of heat transfer from the outside to the working fluid due to internal heat flow loss during the pumping process and the resulting temperature rise of the working fluid through CHT (Conjugate Heat Transfer) analysis. The results show that, compared to a pump without a Teflon insulation layer, increasing the insulation layer thickness to 10 mm reduces external heat input from about 1300 W to 300 W. Furthermore, the Teflon insulation layer reduces the heat generated by internal heat flow losses during pump operation from approximately 37 W to 11 W. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)
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19 pages, 1036 KB  
Article
A Hydrogen Energy Storage Configuration Method for Enhancing the Resilience of Distribution Networks Within Integrated Energy Systems
by Song Zhang, Yongxiang Cai, Xinyu You, Mingjun He, Ke Fan and Yutao Xu
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6355; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236355 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 463
Abstract
To address the challenges of renewable energy curtailment under normal conditions and severe power outages under extreme scenarios, this paper proposes a hydrogen-integrated comprehensive energy system (H-IES) configuration method aimed at enhancing the resilience of distribution networks. The proposed method improves energy utilization [...] Read more.
To address the challenges of renewable energy curtailment under normal conditions and severe power outages under extreme scenarios, this paper proposes a hydrogen-integrated comprehensive energy system (H-IES) configuration method aimed at enhancing the resilience of distribution networks. The proposed method improves energy utilization efficiency while achieving a balance between economic performance and resilience. First, an operational model of the H-IES is established considering the operating characteristics of distribution networks under extreme conditions. On this basis, a Nash bargaining-based equilibrium model is developed, where economic performance and resilience act as game participants negotiating toward equilibrium. By applying the particle swarm optimization algorithm, the Nash equilibrium solution is obtained, realizing a Pareto-optimal trade-off between the two objectives. Finally, case studies demonstrate that the proposed configuration improves the resilience index by 3.13% and reduces total cost by 10.86% compared with mobile battery energy storage. Under the Nash bargaining framework, the equilibrium configuration increases renewable energy utilization and provides up to 21.6% higher resilience compared with an economy-only optimization scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Secure Operation of Multi-Scenario Integrated Energy System Coupled with Electricity and Hydrogen)
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23 pages, 6297 KB  
Review
Artificial Intelligence for Underground Gas Storage Engineering: A Review with Bibliometric and Knowledge-Graph Insights
by Jiasong Chen, Guijiu Wang, Xuefeng Bai, Chong Duan, Jun Lu, Luokun Xiao, Xinbo Ge, Guimin Zhang and Jinlong Li
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6354; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236354 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 697
Abstract
Underground gas storage (UGS), encompassing hydrogen, natural gas, and compressed air, is a cornerstone of large-scale energy transition strategies, offering seasonal balancing, security of supply, and integration with renewable energy systems. However, the complexity of geological conditions, multiphysics coupling, and operational uncertainties pose [...] Read more.
Underground gas storage (UGS), encompassing hydrogen, natural gas, and compressed air, is a cornerstone of large-scale energy transition strategies, offering seasonal balancing, security of supply, and integration with renewable energy systems. However, the complexity of geological conditions, multiphysics coupling, and operational uncertainties pose significant challenges for UGS design, monitoring, and optimization. Artificial intelligence (AI)—particularly machine learning and deep learning—has emerged as a powerful tool to overcome these challenges. This review systematically examines AI applications in underground storage types such as salt caverns, depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, abandoned mines, and lined rock caverns using bibliometric and knowledge-graph analysis of 176 publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. The study revealed a rapid surge in AI-related research on UGS since 2017, with underground hydrogen storage emerging as the most dynamic and rapidly expanding research frontier. The results reveal six dominant research frontiers: (i) AI-assisted geological characterization and property prediction; (ii) physics-informed proxy modeling and multi-physics simulation; (iii) gas–rock–fluid interaction, wettability, and interfacial behavior prediction; (iv) injection-production process optimization; (v) intelligent design and construction of underground storage, especially salt caverns; and (vi) intelligent monitoring, optimization, and risk management. Despite these advances, challenges persist in data scarcity, physical consistency, and generalization. Future efforts should focus on hybrid physics-informed AI, digital twin-enabled operation, and multi-gas comparative frameworks to achieve safe, efficient, and intelligent underground storage systems aligned with global carbon neutrality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
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23 pages, 4471 KB  
Article
A Differential Planning Strategy for Distribution Network Resilience Enhancement Considering Decision Dependence Uncertainty
by Xuming Chen, Le Liu and Xiaoning Kang
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6353; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236353 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
To reduce the impact of extreme natural disasters on urban distribution networks and improve the interpretability of planning decisions, this paper proposes a distributionally robust planning strategy for distribution networks that considers decision-dependent uncertainty. First, a decision-dependent uncertainty model is established to represent [...] Read more.
To reduce the impact of extreme natural disasters on urban distribution networks and improve the interpretability of planning decisions, this paper proposes a distributionally robust planning strategy for distribution networks that considers decision-dependent uncertainty. First, a decision-dependent uncertainty model is established to represent the relationship between power line failure probability and reinforcement decisions, with uncertainty described using norm-bounded fuzzy sets. Then, a three-level distributionally robust multi-grade reinforcement model is developed, which retains typical fault scenarios to reduce computational complexity and improve efficiency. Next, a global sensitivity analysis method based on the Sobol’ approach is introduced to analyze the marginal effects of resilience investments and quantify the impact of specific reinforcement measures on total planning cost and overall power system resilience. Finally, simulations based on the IEEE 33-bus test system verify the effectiveness of the proposed planning strategy. The results show that the proposed method can effectively enhance grid resilience while improving the interpretability of planning strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Machine Learning Applications in Stability Analysis and Optimal Operation of Power Systems)
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11 pages, 336 KB  
Editorial
Artificial Intelligence and Energy Security: Plateaus, Bifurcations, Sinusoids, and Paradoxes of Development in the Context of Sustainability
by Aleksy Kwilinski
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6352; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236352 - 3 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 374
Abstract
The chosen topic—artificial intelligence and energy security—is of profound relevance, representing one of the key trajectories in contemporary technological and socio-economic development [...] Full article
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16 pages, 12792 KB  
Article
Capacity Configuration of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Fuel Cell Vessel Based on Multi-Verse Optimizer–Variational Mode Decomposition Crossover Allocation Algorithm
by Xiuyuan Liu and Jingang Han
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6351; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236351 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 473
Abstract
The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) significantly improves the dynamic response and energy utilization efficiency of the propulsion system in fuel cell vessels while maintaining the stability of the power grid. To address the issue of inaccurate power allocation and unreasonable capacity configuration [...] Read more.
The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) significantly improves the dynamic response and energy utilization efficiency of the propulsion system in fuel cell vessels while maintaining the stability of the power grid. To address the issue of inaccurate power allocation and unreasonable capacity configuration caused by modal aliasing during power decomposition, this article innovatively proposes a power distribution method for hybrid energy storage systems. First, the Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO) is used to optimize Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) in order to address the issue of VMD being highly dependent on parameter selection. Then, power is decomposed twice to resolve the modal aliasing problem associated with single decomposition, achieving a more accurate power breakdown and providing a more stable power output. Finally, the decomposed powers are cross-allocated: low frequencies are assigned to lithium batteries that can provide long-term stable energy supply, while high frequencies are allocated to supercapacitors capable of delivering short-term efficient energy supply. The simulation results indicate that the MVO-CVMD method proposed in this paper effectively addresses the modal aliasing problem, enhances the accuracy of power decomposition, and reduces the cost of capacity configuration. Full article
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28 pages, 3783 KB  
Review
Exploring the Links Between Clean Energies and Community Actions in Remote Areas: A Literature Review
by Alessandra Longo, Matteo Basso, Giulia Lucertini and Linda Zardo
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6350; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236350 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 554
Abstract
In the fight against growing energy poverty in Europe, remote and rural areas are most affected but play a crucial role in promoting a fair and sustainable transition. Furthermore, energy communities have been recognized as cost-efficient options and opportunities to enhance the active [...] Read more.
In the fight against growing energy poverty in Europe, remote and rural areas are most affected but play a crucial role in promoting a fair and sustainable transition. Furthermore, energy communities have been recognized as cost-efficient options and opportunities to enhance the active participation of citizens in electricity markets. Despite the wide recognition of their potential in alleviating energy poverty, evidence is still limited. This paper investigates the ‘missing links’ in producing clean energy through community-based practices in remote areas. This study presents a literature review aimed at identifying case studies at the European level to build a knowledge base on the state of the art in the context of the Green Deal. Of the 4422 publications found, we identified and analyzed 266 publications with one or more European cases. Of these, only 67 publications used keywords relevant to our research objective, which we further explored and categorized according to the primary purpose of the study, i.e., assessment, barriers and gaps, implementation, management and planning, modeling, and public opinion. Our results show that publications serve mainly to test a methodology for potential use and not to recount an experience, lacking practical application and policy integration. Nevertheless, we noticed a tendency to activate citizen engagement forms or gather perceptions to increase social acceptability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B2: Clean Energy)
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19 pages, 9510 KB  
Article
Thermal Management Performance of Phase Change Material Coupled with Heat Pipe for Photovoltaic Modules: Experimental Exploration
by Liang Tang, Rumei Yang, Peixian Zuo, Ziyu Leng, Xuanxun Zhou, Jinwei Li and Xiaoling Cao
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6349; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236349 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 588
Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become an important source of global renewable energy. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon PV modules decreases as their surface temperature rises, while excessively high operating temperatures can also affect their service life. Therefore, reducing the [...] Read more.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become an important source of global renewable energy. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon PV modules decreases as their surface temperature rises, while excessively high operating temperatures can also affect their service life. Therefore, reducing the temperature of photovoltaic modules is one of the effective methods of enhancing their photoelectric conversion efficiency. Passive thermal management methods, such as the use of phase change materials (PCM) and heat pipes (HP), can be used to control the temperature of PV modules, but they manifest the problems of poor thermal conductivity and low heat transfer efficiency at low heat flux density, respectively. On the other hand, previous experimental studies have mostly focused on small-scale non-standard PV cell modules, without considering encapsulation and installation issues in practical applications. Meanwhile, passive cooling technology exhibits strong regional characteristics, with significant variations in temperature control and energy efficiency improvements under different climatic conditions. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel PV module temperature control unit that couples PCM and HP. Standard commercial PV cell modules are used as experimental subjects, and tests are conducted in four different regions of China to study the adaptability and effectiveness of the coupled PCM and HP control method. The experimental results show that the power generation pattern of PV modules is consistent with the variation in solar radiation intensity. When the operating temperature of the PV module is below 40 °C, the high thermal conductivity of the heat pipe plays a dominant role in dissipating heat. When the operating temperature of PV rises above 40 °C, the phase change material begins to play a role in heat storage and temperature control. Compared to using PCM alone for temperature control, the coupled method further enhances the cooling effect, preventing a sharp temperature increase after the PCM has completely melted, and increases the power generation of PV by 4–5%. The temperature control effect of the PV module is influenced by local ambient temperature and wind speed. The coupled temperature control method exerts a relatively low improvement effect under high-temperature and low-radiation environmental conditions, but it performs better when used under low-temperature and high-radiation environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
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22 pages, 2569 KB  
Review
Amorphous Transition Metal Sulfide Electrocatalysts for Green Hydrogen Generation from Solar-Driven Electrochemical Water Splitting
by Terence K. S. Wong
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6348; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236348 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 684
Abstract
The synthesis and electrocatalytic properties of amorphous first- and third-row transition metal sulfides (a-TMS) for green hydrogen generation have been comprehensively reviewed. These electrocatalysts can be prepared by several solution processes, including chemical bath deposition, electrodeposition, sol–gel, hydrothermal reaction and thermolysis. The deposition [...] Read more.
The synthesis and electrocatalytic properties of amorphous first- and third-row transition metal sulfides (a-TMS) for green hydrogen generation have been comprehensively reviewed. These electrocatalysts can be prepared by several solution processes, including chemical bath deposition, electrodeposition, sol–gel, hydrothermal reaction and thermolysis. The deposition method strongly influences the electrochemical properties of the synthesized a-TMS electrocatalyst. Based on overpotential at 10 mA/cm2, the electrocatalytic activity of mono-metallic a-TMS for hydrogen evolution is ranked as follows: a-NiSx > a-CuSx > a-CoSx > a-WSx > a-FeSx. The best performing a-NiSx prepared by chemical bath deposition has an overpotential at 10 mA/cm2 of 53 mV and Tafel slope of 68 mV/dec in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The integration of Ni into the a-TMS network structure is crucial to achieving high activity in multi-metallic a-TMS electrocatalyst, as demonstrated by the bifunctional (NiFe)Sx/NiFe(OH)y nanocomposite catalyst. The critical role of Ni in a-TMS catalyst design can be attributed to the lower free energy change for hydrogen adsorption on Ni. Finally, the emerging catalyst design strategy of amorphous–crystalline heterostructures with a three-dimensional morphology will be discussed together with the need to identify hydrogen adsorption sites on a-TMS electrocatalysts in future. Full article
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29 pages, 2062 KB  
Article
Optimal Integrated Energy Dispatch Method for Agricultural Parks Considering the Results of Short-Term Load Forecasting
by Ning Pang, Shiyao Hu, Chunyan Rong, Yan Zhang, Zeya Zhang, Guangyi Li, Mingyu Li and Chen Shao
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6347; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236347 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
As distributed power sources, agricultural electrical equipment, and user-side energy storage are scaled up in rural distribution networks, agricultural integrated energy systems play a key role in promoting distributed energy accommodation and economic operation. However, the uncertainty of electricity load and the diversity [...] Read more.
As distributed power sources, agricultural electrical equipment, and user-side energy storage are scaled up in rural distribution networks, agricultural integrated energy systems play a key role in promoting distributed energy accommodation and economic operation. However, the uncertainty of electricity load and the diversity of connected equipment pose challenges to system optimization and scheduling. To address this, this paper proposes an optimal integrated energy scheduling method for agricultural parks that takes short-term load forecasting results into account. Firstly, a prediction model based on improved Bayesian optimization and ensemble learning is established. Compared to individual base learners, this model can effectively enhance reliability and accuracy, thus achieving a robust description of the scheduling scheme. Then, Interruptible Load (IL) resources and a reward mechanism are introduced to shift peak loads and improve the economic operation of agricultural parks. Finally, simulation analysis is carried out based on an actual microgrid in an agricultural park in North China. Results indicate that the proposed method reduces electricity costs by 1.02%, validating its effectiveness and advancement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Storage and Load Forecasting Solutions in Modern Distribution Networks)
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22 pages, 1593 KB  
Article
Advancing Community Bioenergy in Central Greece: Biomass Integration and Market-Uptake Evaluation
by Michalis Alexandros Kougioumtzis, Vassilis Filippou, Kostas Dasopoulos and Panagiotis Grammelis
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6346; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236346 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
This paper investigates how the existing pellet plant of the Energy Community of Karditsa (ESEK) can be leveraged to strengthen RESCoop operations by integrating a variety of biomass feedstocks as (i) urban residual biomass, (ii) forest residues, and (iii) alternative sources such as [...] Read more.
This paper investigates how the existing pellet plant of the Energy Community of Karditsa (ESEK) can be leveraged to strengthen RESCoop operations by integrating a variety of biomass feedstocks as (i) urban residual biomass, (ii) forest residues, and (iii) alternative sources such as spent coffee grounds (SCGs). The RESCoop envisions an extended role as an Energy Service Company (ESCO) by installing and operating biomass boilers in local public buildings. The paper provides an overview of the technical and business support that was provided to the RESCoop for the development of such new business activities and aggregates the lessons learned from engaging the rural society towards sustainable bioenergy production. More specifically, the study covers the logistical aspects of the new RESCoop value chains, including availability, collection, transportation, and processing of the feedstocks along with their costs. A base case scenario investigates the feasibility of installing biomass boilers in municipal buildings through a detailed financial viability study examining capital and operational expenses, revenues, and key financial indicators. Further, the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the new RESCoop activities are evaluated in terms of CO2 equivalent savings compared to fossil fuel solutions and new job creation, respectively. This detailed analysis highlights the potential for sustainable bioenergy integration and provides valuable insights for similar initiatives aiming to diversify and enhance sustainable energy practices in local communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 32nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition (EUBCE 2024))
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13 pages, 1239 KB  
Article
Improving Voltage Efficiency of Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells via Temperature-Reducing Thin Films
by Jesús Manuel Gutierrez-Villarreal, Ian M. Sosa-Tinoco, Mario Francisco Suzuki Valenzuela, Horacio Antolin Pineda-León and Sayra Guadalupe Ruvalcaba-Manzo
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6345; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236345 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 427
Abstract
It is well established that solar cells convert solar energy into electrical energy, thereby contributing to environmental sustainability by reducing dependence on fossil fuels. In the present study, thin films composed of different materials were employed with the aim of mitigating efficiency losses [...] Read more.
It is well established that solar cells convert solar energy into electrical energy, thereby contributing to environmental sustainability by reducing dependence on fossil fuels. In the present study, thin films composed of different materials were employed with the aim of mitigating efficiency losses in polycrystalline solar cells, which operate at a specific output voltage of 0.5 V. To evaluate the performance of these films, solar irradiation tests were conducted in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico, during periods that accounted for both seasonal and diurnal variations in solar irradiance. The experiments were carried out during peak solar hours, a time frame that represents the conditions of highest thermal stress and irradiance intensity and is therefore relevant for analyzing heat-related efficiency losses. The thin films investigated included silver nanoparticles, copper sulfide, potassium permanganate, zinc sulfide, and lead sulfide. An improvement of 0.5% in open circuit voltage gain was achieved, corresponding to a temperature difference of 13.5 °C between the hottest and coolest cells. Notably, the cells that exhibited efficiency enhancement were those incorporating silver nanoparticles and potassium permanganate, with varying deposition times in the chemical bath. Among these, the latter demonstrated superior performance (KMnO4 performed best). So, the objective of this experimental work was to assess the effect of various thin film coatings on the performance of polycrystalline silicon solar cells under natural sunlight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Energy Materials)
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25 pages, 1726 KB  
Review
A Review of the Visualization Analysis of the Pore-Scale Formation and Decomposition of CO2 Hydrates for Carbon Capture and Storage
by Xuefen Yan, Jiaxin Liu, Atsuki Komiya, Rachid Bennacer and Lin Chen
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6344; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236344 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 692
Abstract
Utilizing microfluidic models, this review synthesizes experimental and simulation insights into the pore-scale behavior of hydrates during formation and decomposition in porous media. It outlines the fundamental characteristics of CO2 hydrates and their significance in porous media, with a focus on major [...] Read more.
Utilizing microfluidic models, this review synthesizes experimental and simulation insights into the pore-scale behavior of hydrates during formation and decomposition in porous media. It outlines the fundamental characteristics of CO2 hydrates and their significance in porous media, with a focus on major advancements in hydrate nucleation, growth, distribution, and decomposition kinetics. This study details various porous media systems, visualization experimental setups, and observation techniques employed in experimental research. Key factors, including temperature, pressure, salinity, and pore characteristics, are analyzed to determine their influence on hydrate formation (nucleation, growth kinetics, and phase equilibrium) and decomposition (dissociation kinetics and efficiency) behaviors. In terms of numerical simulation, we distinguishes multiscale numerical simulation methods for the molecular scale, the pore scale, and then the reactor scale, including molecular dynamics simulation, the phase field model, the pore network model, and the macroscopic kinetics model, and discusses the role of simulation in revealing the micro-mechanisms and predicting macroscopic behaviors. This article also summarizes the application of relevant numerical simulation methods (such as MD, CFD, and LBM) in revealing the micro-mechanism of hydrates. Therefore, this review offers critical insights into the micro-mechanisms of carbon dioxide hydrate behavior in porous media, thereby undergirding the theoretical basis for optimizing related engineering designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section L: Energy Sources)
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