113 Results Found

Biological mapping of the visual field from the eye retina to the primary visual cortex, also known as occipital area $V1$, is central to vision and eye movement phenomena and research. That mapping is critically dependent on the existence of cortical...

The study of the human visual system not only helps to understand the mechanism of the visual system but also helps to develop visual aid systems to help the visually impaired. As the systematic study of neural signal processing mechanisms in early b...

Primate species differ drastically from most other mammals in how they visually perceive their environments, which is particularly important for foraging, predator avoidance, and detection of social cues. Background/Objectives: Although it is well es...

The primary visual cortex (V1) is one of the most studied regions of the brain and is characterized by its specialized and laminated layer 4 in human and non-human primates. However, studies aiming to harmonize the definition of the cortical layers a...

Impairment of the geniculostriate pathway results in scotomas in the corresponding part of the visual field. Here, we present a case of patient IB with left eye microphthalmia and with lesions in most of the left geniculostriate pathway, including th...

Consistent evidence suggests that motor imagery involves the activation of several sensorimotor areas also involved during action execution, including the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). However, it is still u...

Salient object-detection models attempt to mimic the human visual system’s ability to select relevant objects in images. To this end, the development of deep neural networks on high-end computers has recently achieved high performance. However,...

Background/Objectives: Visual dysfunction emerges during the mild cognitive impairment stage of early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While previous studies have primarily focused on retinal pathology, the early pathological progression across centra...

Visual perception is profoundly modulated by spatial attention, which can selectively prioritize goal-related information. Previous studies found spatial attention facilitated the efficacy of neuronal communication between visual cortices with hierar...

Tau-targeted immunotherapy is a promising approach for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Beyond cognitive decline, AD features visual deficits consistent with the manifestation of Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillar...

Layer-specific cortical microcircuits have been explored through invasive animal studies, yet it is not possible to reliably characterize them functionally and noninvasively in the human brain. However, recent advances in ultra-high-field functional...

Background: Visual impairment frequently impairs balance and motor coordination, yet the underlying neural circuit mechanisms remain poorly understood and require further investigation. In this study, we established a mouse model of visual impairment...

Interocular suppression plays an important role in the visual deficits experienced by individuals with amblyopia. Most neurophysiological and functional MRI studies of suppression in amblyopia have used dichoptic stimuli that overlap within the visua...

Background: Arachnoid cysts are typically benign and asymptomatic, but large cysts can exert a mass effect on adjacent neural structures. Based on the available literature, no cases of cortical visual impairment (CVI) in an adolescent caused by poste...

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been shown to play a critical role in brain development, learning, memory and neural processing in general. Cdk5 is widely distributed in many neuron types in the central nervous system, while its cell-specific ro...

Visual evoked potentials (VEP) are changes in potentials that arise in the central nervous system. In the interpretation of the VEP test results, it is assumed that the elongation of the latency time is caused by the demyelination of the nerve fibers...

Improving the efficiency of current neural networks and modeling them on biological neural systems have become prominent research directions in recent years. The pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN) is widely used to mimic the computational characteri...

The capture of covert spatial attention by salient visual events influences subsequent gaze behavior. A task irrelevant stimulus (cue) can reduce (Attention capture) or prolong (Inhibition of return) saccade reaction time to a subsequent target stimu...

Background: Motor imagery includes visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery, which are two strategies that exist for mental rotation and are currently widely studied. However, different mental rotation tests can lead to different strategic performances...

Posterior cortical atrophy is a rare condition first described in 1988 involving progressive degeneration and atrophy of the occipital cortex, often recognized after an unexplained homonymous hemianopsia may be discovered. We report a case in associa...

Despite the advancement in neuroimaging tools, studies about using neuroimaging tools to study the impact of advertising on brain regions and processes are scant and remain unclear in academic literature. In this article, we have followed a literatur...

Background. Several brain regions are activated in response to mirror visual feedback (MVF). However, less is known about how these brain areas and their connectivity are modulated in stroke patients. This study aimed to explore the effects of MVF on...

Introduction: The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) in modulating cortical networks using transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) recording. Methods: Eighteen you...

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is an essential trace nutrient required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). It has previously been shown that pantothenic acid is significantly decreased in multiple brain regions in both Alzheimer’s disease (ADD) and...

The neural correlates of locomotion impairments observed in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are not fully understood. We investigated whether people with PD present distinct brain electrocortical activity during usual walking and the appro...

The electrical stimulation of the primary occipital cortex can evoke luminous perceptions known as phosphenes, forming the basis for cortical visual prostheses for blind individuals. In this study, cortical dynamics during phosphene perception were i...

To build a representation of what we see, the human brain recruits regions throughout the visual cortex in cascading sequence. Recently, an approach was proposed to evaluate the dynamics of visual perception in high spatiotemporal resolution at the s...

Krabbe disease (KD, or globoid cell leukodystrophy; OMIM #245200) is an inherited neurodegenerative condition belonging to the class of the lysosomal storage disorders. It is caused by genetic alterations in the gene encoding for the enzyme galactosy...

We consider a natural extension of the Petitot–Citti–Sarti model of the primary visual cortex. In the extended model, the curvature of contours is taken into account. The occluded contours are completed via sub-Riemannian geodesics in the...

System-specific brain responses—time-locked to rapid eye movements (REMs) in sleep—are characteristically widespread, with robust and clear activation in the primary visual cortex and other structures involved in multisensory integration. This patter...

The present review aims to examine the effects of high blood lactate levels in healthy adult humans, for instance, after a period of exhaustive exercise, on the functioning of the cerebral cortex. In some of the examined studies, high blood lactate l...

Recent advancements in ocular physiology suggest that the eyes may function similarly to radar antennae or ultrasound probes, with the occipital cortex acting as a detector, challenging the traditional view of binocular vision as the primary mechanis...

Current evidence supports the view that the visual pulvinar of primates consists of at least five nuclei, with two large nuclei, lateral pulvinar ventrolateral (PLvl) and central lateral nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIcl), contributing mainly to...

The cortical visual hierarchy communicates in different oscillatory ranges. While gamma waves influence the feedforward processing, alpha oscillations travel in the feedback direction. Little is known how this oscillatory cortical communication depen...

Image signal processing has considerable value in artificial intelligence. However, due to the diverse disturbance (e.g., color, noise), the image signal processing, especially the representation of the signal, remains a big challenge. In the human v...

Migraine is a primary headache with high prevalence among the general population, characterized by functional hypersensitivity to both exogenous and endogenous stimuli particularly affecting the nociceptive system. The hyperresponsivity of cortical n...

This study aimed to answer the questions ‘What are the neural networks and mechanisms involved in visual and kinesthetic motor imagery?’, and ‘Is part of cognitive processing included during visual and kinesthetic motor imagery?&rsq...

Background: Low intensity, high-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) applied over the motor cortex decreases the amplitude of motor evoked potentials. This double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study aimed to test t...

Mirror visual feedback (MVF) has been shown to increase the excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) during asynchronous bimanual movement. However, the functional networks underlying this process remain unclear. We recruited 16 healthy voluntee...

Cocaine use is associated with negative health outcomes: cocaine use disorders, speedballing, and overdose deaths. Currently, treatments for cocaine use disorders and overdose are non-existent when compared to opioid use disorders, and current standa...

Blue light exposure-induced retinal damage has been extensively studied. Although many in vitro studies have shown the benefits of blue light-blocking lenses (BBL) there have been few comprehensive in vivo studies to assess the effects of BBL. We inv...

Background/Objectives: This study explored the potential of Hinoki aromatherapy to induce biomarkers of dysmenorrhea relief through working memory. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were used to examine their effe...

When reading, dyslexic readers exhibit more and longer fixations than normal readers. However, there is no significant difference when dyslexic and control readers perform only visual tasks on a string of letters, showing the importance of cognitive...

The aim of the study was to test the feasibility of visual-neurofeedback-guided motor imagery (MI) of the dominant leg, based on source analysis with real-time sLORETA derived from 44 EEG channels. Ten able-bodied participants took part in two sessio...

Since the first half of the twentieth century, numerous studies have been conducted on how the visual cortex encodes basic image features. One of the hallmarks of basic feature extraction is the phenomenon of orientation selectivity, of which the und...

A geometric model for a biologically-inspired visual front-end is proposed, based on an isotropic, scale-invariant two-form field. The model incorporates a foveal property typical of biological visual systems, with an approximately linear decrease of...

Synaptic transmission is essential for nervous system function and the loss of synapses is a known major contributor to dementia. Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD) is characterized by synaptic loss in the mesial temporal lobe and cerebral neoc...

The complexity and functional evolution of mammalian visual systems have always been a focal point in neuroscience and biological science research. The primary neurons that output motion direction signals have been a focal point of research in visual...

Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD), defined in 2017, is a vestibular disorder characterized by chronic dizziness that is exacerbated by upright posture and exposure to complex visual stimuli. This review focused on recent neuroimaging st...

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is the most common etiological agent of congenital infections seen in newborns. Among the most commonly observed complications in children with congenital human cytomegalovirus infection are those affecting th...