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  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,925 Views
28 Pages

Hybrid Learning Moth Search Algorithm for Solving Multidimensional Knapsack Problems

  • Yanhong Feng,
  • Hongmei Wang,
  • Zhaoquan Cai,
  • Mingliang Li and
  • Xi Li

11 April 2023

The moth search algorithm (MS) is a relatively new metaheuristic optimization algorithm which mimics the phototaxis and Lévy flights of moths. Being an NP-hard problem, the 0–1 multidimensional knapsack problem (MKP) is a classical multi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Computation 2022)
  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
5,775 Views
25 Pages

24 December 2018

Moth search (MS) algorithm, originally proposed to solve continuous optimization problems, is a novel bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithm. At present, there seems to be little concern about using MS to solve discrete optimization problems. One of th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Computation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,029 Views
21 Pages

Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery for Band Selection Using Moth–Flame Metaheuristic Optimization

  • Raju Anand,
  • Sathishkumar Samiaappan,
  • Shanmugham Veni,
  • Ethan Worch and
  • Meilun Zhou

In this research, we study a new metaheuristic algorithm called Moth–Flame Optimization (MFO) for hyperspectral band selection. With the hundreds of highly correlated narrow spectral bands, the number of training samples required to train a sta...

(This article belongs to the Topic Hyperspectral Imaging: Methods and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
6,973 Views
18 Pages

Triple-Band Single-Layer Rectenna for Outdoor RF Energy Harvesting Applications

  • Achilles D. Boursianis,
  • Maria S. Papadopoulou,
  • Stavros Koulouridis,
  • Paolo Rocca,
  • Apostolos Georgiadis,
  • Manos M. Tentzeris and
  • Sotirios K. Goudos

16 May 2021

A triple-band single-layer rectenna for outdoor RF energy applications is introduced in this paper. The proposed rectenna operates in the frequency bands of LoRa, GSM-1800, and UMTS-2100 networks. To obtain a triple-band operation, a modified E-shape...

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
2,147 Views
25 Pages

Solving Optimal Power Flow Using New Efficient Hybrid Jellyfish Search and Moth Flame Optimization Algorithms

  • Chiva Mayouf,
  • Ahmed Salhi,
  • Fanta Haidara,
  • Fatima Zahra Aroua,
  • Ragab A. El-Sehiemy,
  • Djemai Naimi,
  • Chouaib Aya and
  • Cheikh Sidi Ethmane Kane

1 October 2024

This paper presents a new optimization technique based on the hybridization of two meta-heuristic methods, Jellyfish Search (JS) and Moth Flame Optimizer (MFO), to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The JS algorithm offers good exploration c...

  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,715 Views
19 Pages

Moth Search: Variants, Hybrids, and Applications

  • Juan Li,
  • Yuan-Hua Yang,
  • Qing An,
  • Hong Lei,
  • Qian Deng and
  • Gai-Ge Wang

7 November 2022

Moth search (MS) is a nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm based on the most representative characteristics of moths, Lévy flights and phototaxis. Phototaxis signifies a movement which organism towards or away from a source of...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biologically Inspired Computing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
5,011 Views
12 Pages

Robust Moth-Inspired Algorithm for Odor Source Localization Using Multimodal Information

  • Shunsuke Shigaki,
  • Mayu Yamada,
  • Daisuke Kurabayashi and
  • Koh Hosoda

28 January 2023

Odor-source localization, by which one finds the source of an odor by detecting the odor itself, is an important ability to possess in order to search for leaking gases, explosives, and disaster survivors. Although many animals possess this ability,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Olfaction and Taste)
  • Article
  • Open Access
65 Citations
8,090 Views
33 Pages

27 July 2020

In this paper, an improved moth-flame optimization algorithm (IMFO) is presented to solve engineering problems. Two novel effective strategies composed of Lévy flight and dimension-by-dimension evaluation are synchronously introduced into the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
5,747 Views
30 Pages

MTV-MFO: Multi-Trial Vector-Based Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm

  • Mohammad H. Nadimi-Shahraki,
  • Shokooh Taghian,
  • Seyedali Mirjalili,
  • Ahmed A. Ewees,
  • Laith Abualigah and
  • Mohamed Abd Elaziz

10 December 2021

The moth-flame optimization (MFO) algorithm is an effective nature-inspired algorithm based on the chemical effect of light on moths as an animal with bilateral symmetry. Although it is widely used to solve different optimization problems, its moveme...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Meta-Heuristics for Manufacturing Systems Optimization)
  • Article
  • Open Access
66 Citations
6,855 Views
30 Pages

An Improved Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm with Adaptation Mechanism to Solve Numerical and Mechanical Engineering Problems

  • Mohammad H. Nadimi-Shahraki,
  • Ali Fatahi,
  • Hoda Zamani,
  • Seyedali Mirjalili and
  • Laith Abualigah

6 December 2021

Moth-flame optimization (MFO) algorithm inspired by the transverse orientation of moths toward the light source is an effective approach to solve global optimization problems. However, the MFO algorithm suffers from issues such as premature convergen...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Information Sciences and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
558 Views
32 Pages

29 December 2025

To solve the multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) for parameter optimization of a multiple spacecraft attitude controller, an improved multi-objective moth–flame optimization algorithm based on r-domination (rIMOMFO) is proposed. In rIMOM...

(This article belongs to the Section A: Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,829 Views
37 Pages

Mutational Chemotaxis Motion Driven Moth-Flame Optimizer for Engineering Applications

  • Helong Yu,
  • Shimeng Qiao,
  • Ali Asghar Heidari,
  • Lei Shi and
  • Huiling Chen

28 November 2022

Moth-flame optimization is a typical meta-heuristic algorithm, but it has the shortcomings of low-optimization accuracy and a high risk of falling into local optima. Therefore, this paper proposes an enhanced moth-flame optimization algorithm named H...

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
2,792 Views
19 Pages

14 September 2022

Automatic parking path optimization is a key point for automatic parking. However, it is difficult to obtain the smooth, accurate and optimal parking path by using traditional automatic parking optimization algorithms. So, based on the automatic park...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Engineering and Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
884 Views
26 Pages

Improved Moth-Inspired Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Controller

  • Zhoujing Lv,
  • Dongxu Liu,
  • Yu Wu and
  • Huichao Zhu

16 December 2025

In recent years, the demand for mobile robots to perform odor source localization tasks in dangerous environments has been increasing, and this technology has gradually become a focus of research. However, existing bio-inspired algorithms still have...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Applications of Biomimetic Sensors Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
42 Citations
6,667 Views
25 Pages

23 February 2019

This paper proposes two bio-inspired heuristic algorithms, the Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (GA), for an Energy Management System (EMS) in smart homes and buildings. Their performance in terms of energy cost reduction...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Home and Energy Management Systems 2019)
  • Article
  • Open Access
101 Citations
8,029 Views
27 Pages

Survey of Lévy Flight-Based Metaheuristics for Optimization

  • Juan Li,
  • Qing An,
  • Hong Lei,
  • Qian Deng and
  • Gai-Ge Wang

5 August 2022

Lévy flight is a random walk mechanism which can make large jumps at local locations with a high probability. The probability density distribution of Lévy flight was characterized by sharp peaks, asymmetry, and trailing. Its movement pa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Computation 2022)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,450 Views
20 Pages

This article presents two new chemical plume tracing (CPT) algorithms for using on autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to locate hydrothermal vents. We aim to design effective CPT navigation algorithms that direct AUVs to trace emitted hydrothermal...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology Advances in Ocean Observation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,296 Views
20 Pages

14 November 2022

The optimal configuration of flexible workshop resources is critical to production efficiency, while disturbances pose significant challenges to the effectiveness of the configuration. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid-driven resource dynamic c...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,354 Views
6 Pages

Comparative Study of Optimization Techniques Based PID Tuning for Automatic Voltage Regulator System

  • Mohamed Cherif Rais,
  • Fatma Zohra Dekhandji,
  • Abdelmadjid Recioui,
  • Mohamed Sadek Rechid and
  • Lahcen Djedi

11 February 2022

A comparative study is performed to design an optimal PID controller for an automatic voltage regulator system using different optimization techniques. The presented approaches are referred to as particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, cuckoo se...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Computational Engineering and Intelligent Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
602 Views
38 Pages

Synthesis of a Moth and Flame Algorithm for Incorporation into the Architecture of Deceptive Systems with Baits and Traps

  • Oleg Savenko,
  • Bohdan Rusyn,
  • Sergii Lysenko,
  • Tomasz Ciszewski,
  • Bohdan Savenko,
  • Andrii Drozd,
  • Andrii Nicheporuk and
  • Anatoliy Sachenko

2 March 2026

This paper proposes a novel method for synthesizing a discrete optimization algorithm based on the moth–flame paradigm for application to the architecture of deceptive systems incorporating decoys and traps. Unlike existing approaches that prim...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
6,652 Views
19 Pages

5 April 2024

Robotic odor source localization (OSL) is a technology that enables mobile robots or autonomous vehicles to find an odor source in unknown environments. An effective navigation algorithm that guides the robot to approach the odor source is the key to...

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,090 Views
24 Pages

23 October 2024

In electrical power system engineering, the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem is a critical issue for fuel cost minimization. This ELD problem is often characterized by non-convexity and subject to multiple constraints. These constraints include v...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Optimization and Control Modeling in Power and Energy System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,422 Views
30 Pages

6 May 2022

Due to the inflexibility of cogeneration power plants and the uncertainty of wind power production, the excess power of the distribution network brings challenges to the power grid operation. This paper introduced an improved moth-flame optimization...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,982 Views
16 Pages

Design of a Parallel Quadruped Robot Based on a Novel Intelligent Control System

  • Mingying Li,
  • Zhilei Liu,
  • Manfu Wang,
  • Guibing Pang and
  • Hui Zhang

25 April 2022

In order to make a robot track a desired trajectory with high precision and steady gait, a novel intelligent controller was designed based on a new mechanical structure and optimized foot trajectory. Kinematics models in terms of the D-H method were...

(This article belongs to the Topic Motion Planning and Control for Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,981 Views
26 Pages

22 October 2024

Metaheuristic algorithms have gained popularity in the past decade due to their remarkable ability to address various optimization challenges. Among these, the JAYA algorithm has emerged as a recent contender that demonstrates strong performance acro...

(This article belongs to the Section Analysis of Algorithms and Complexity Theory)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,561 Views
17 Pages

An Evolutionary Algorithmic Approach for Improving the Success Rate of Selective Assembly through a Novel EAUB Method

  • Siva Kumar Mahalingam,
  • Lenin Nagarajan,
  • Chandran Velu,
  • Vignesh Kumar Dharmaraj,
  • Sachin Salunkhe and
  • Hussein Mohamed Abdelmoneam Hussein

1 September 2022

This work addresses an evolutionary algorithmic approach to reduce the surplus pieces in selective assembly to increase success rates. A novel equal area amidst unequal bin numbers (EAUB) method is proposed for classifying the parts of the ball beari...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Algorithms and Large-Scale Real-World Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,278 Views
16 Pages

Research on Green Reentrant Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling Problem Based on Improved Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm

  • Feng Xu,
  • Hongtao Tang,
  • Qining Xun,
  • Hongyi Lan,
  • Xia Liu,
  • Wenfang Xing,
  • Tianyi Zhu,
  • Lei Wang and
  • Shibao Pang

22 November 2022

To address the green reentrant hybrid flow shop-scheduling problem (GRHFSP), we performed lifecycle assessments for evaluating the comprehensive impact of resources and the environment. An optimization model was established to minimize the maximum co...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production Scheduling and Optimization Control on Advanced Manufacturing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,785 Views
30 Pages

An Explosion Based Algorithm to Solve the Optimization Problem in Quadcopter Control

  • Mohamad Norherman Shauqee,
  • Parvathy Rajendran and
  • Nurulasikin Mohd Suhadis

This paper presents an optimization algorithm named Random Explosion Algorithm (REA). The fundamental idea of this algorithm is based on a simple concept of the explosion of an object. This object is commonly known as a particle: when exploded, it wi...

(This article belongs to the Collection Unmanned Aerial Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,341 Views
22 Pages

25 July 2025

Addressing the imperative for energy transition amid depleting fossil fuels, distributed generation (DG) is increasingly integrated into distribution networks (DNs). This integration necessitates low-carbon dispatching solutions that reconcile econom...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical and Computational Methods for Mechanics and Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
7,055 Views
14 Pages

19 July 2020

The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is an invasive species in North America where it threatens Opuntia native populations. The insect is expanding its distribution along the United States Gulf Coast. In the search...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
621 Views
28 Pages

27 November 2025

Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) has been widely applied in many fields due to its advantages of fast convergence speed, simple parameter settings, and easy implementation. However, with the deepening of algorithm research, GWO has also exposed some problem...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,591 Views
22 Pages

A Modified Triple-Diode Model Parameters Identification for Perovskite Solar Cells via Nature-Inspired Search Optimization Algorithms

  • Alaa A. Zaky,
  • Ahmed Fathy,
  • Hegazy Rezk,
  • Konstantina Gkini,
  • Polycarpos Falaras and
  • Amlak Abaza

23 November 2021

Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been widely investigated as an efficient alternative for silicon solar cells. In this work, a proposed modified triple-diode model (MTDM) for PSCs modeling and simulation was used. The Bald Eagle Search (B...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy: Modeling, Control, Modern Optimization and Multi Criteria Decision Making)
  • Article
  • Open Access
70 Citations
4,820 Views
35 Pages

Hybridizing of Whale and Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithms to Solve Diverse Scales of Optimal Power Flow Problem

  • Mohammad H. Nadimi-Shahraki,
  • Ali Fatahi,
  • Hoda Zamani,
  • Seyedali Mirjalili and
  • Diego Oliva

The optimal power flow (OPF) is a practical problem in a power system with complex characteristics such as a large number of control parameters and also multi-modal and non-convex objective functions with inequality and nonlinear constraints. Thus, t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Electronics: Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,584 Views
18 Pages

UAV Complex-Scene Single-Target Tracking Based on Improved Re-Detection Staple Algorithm

  • Yiqing Huang,
  • He Huang,
  • Mingbo Niu,
  • Md Sipon Miah,
  • Huifeng Wang and
  • Tao Gao

16 May 2024

With the advancement of remote sensing technology, the demand for the accurate monitoring and tracking of various targets utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is increasing. However, challenges such as object deformation, motion blur, and object...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Processing and Application of UAV Remote Sensing Image Data)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
5,583 Views
21 Pages

8 December 2020

This study deals with the optimization of battery energy storage system (BESS) data in terms of significant characteristics of life and efficiency, and their positive impacts on power system efficiency in the presence of wind power plants in a microg...

  • Article
  • Open Access
59 Citations
6,196 Views
33 Pages

Impact of Optimum Allocation of Renewable Distributed Generations on Distribution Networks Based on Different Optimization Algorithms

  • Mohamed A. Tolba,
  • Hegazy Rezk,
  • Vladimir Tulsky,
  • Ahmed A. Zaki Diab,
  • Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz and
  • Artem Vanin

19 January 2018

Integration of Renewable Distributed Generations (RDGs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines (WTs) in distribution networks can be considered a brilliant and efficient solution to the growing demand for energy. This article introduces...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 17TH International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,475 Views
26 Pages

This paper presents the design and field evaluation of a low-cost automatic steering system for agricultural tractors. The system employs a PID controller whose gains are tuned using a metaheuristic optimization method. Core hardware includes an ESP3...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Tractors: Evolutionary Trends, Current and Future Challenges, and Opportunities)
  • Abstract
  • Open Access
1 Citations
777 Views
1 Page

This study introduces a novel method for assessing and deriving the electrical properties of simple diode model solar cells through the utilization of the Earthworm Optimization Algorithm (EOA). Earthworms learn how to avoid barriers and maximize the...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes—Green and Sustainable Process Engineering and Process Systems Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,009 Views
18 Pages

8 January 2024

Cloud computing has gained widespread recognition for facilitating myriad online services and applications. However, the current stages of commercial cloud computing employ a moderate design, wherein computational resources like storage and servers a...

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
2,851 Views
23 Pages

Growth Optimizer Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch Problem: Analysis and Evaluation

  • Ahmed Ewis Shaban,
  • Alaa A. K. Ismaeel,
  • Ahmed Farhan,
  • Mokhtar Said and
  • Ali M. El-Rifaie

18 November 2024

The Growth Optimizer algorithm (GO) is a novel metaheuristic that draws inspiration from people’s learning and introspection processes as they progress through society. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD), one of the primary problems in the power syst...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Renewable Energy Systems (2nd Edition))
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
2,969 Views
28 Pages

25 September 2020

This article proposes a novel damage detection method based on the sensitivity analysis and chaotic moth-flame-invasive weed optimization (CMF-IWO), which is utilized to simultaneously identify the damage of structural elements and bearings. First, t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sparsity-Based Sensing in Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,821 Views
30 Pages

4 September 2023

Integration testing is an essential activity in software testing, especially in object-oriented software development. Determining the sequence of classes to be integrated, i.e., the class integration test order (CITO) problem, is of great importance...

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
81 Citations
4,557 Views
19 Pages

Performance of Osprey Optimization Algorithm for Solving Economic Load Dispatch Problem

  • Alaa A. K. Ismaeel,
  • Essam H. Houssein,
  • Doaa Sami Khafaga,
  • Eman Abdullah Aldakheel,
  • Ahmed S. AbdElrazek and
  • Mokhtar Said

28 September 2023

The osprey optimization algorithm (OOA) is a new metaheuristic motivated by the strategy of hunting fish in seas. In this study, the OOA is applied to solve one of the main items in a power system called economic load dispatch (ELD). The ELD has two...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithms for Portfolio Optimization and Its Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
492 Views
43 Pages

29 December 2025

Due to the complexity of multi-objective engineering problems, solutions obtained by many algorithms often exhibit poor distribution, and the algorithms tend to fall into local optima. To effectively alleviate these issues, an improved multi-objectiv...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms)
  • Article
  • Open Access
69 Citations
20,859 Views
23 Pages

Deploying Acoustic Detection Algorithms on Low-Cost, Open-Source Acoustic Sensors for Environmental Monitoring

  • Peter Prince,
  • Andrew Hill,
  • Evelyn Piña Covarrubias,
  • Patrick Doncaster,
  • Jake L. Snaddon and
  • Alex Rogers

29 January 2019

Conservation researchers require low-cost access to acoustic monitoring technology. However, affordable tools are often constrained to short-term studies due to high energy consumption and limited storage. To enable long-term monitoring, energy and s...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Earth Observation: Special Focus on Natural Resources and the Environment)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,532 Views
28 Pages

19 May 2025

Brent oil holds a significant position in the global energy market, as oil prices in many regions are indexed to it. Therefore, forecasting the future price of Brent oil is of great importance. In recent years, artificial intelligence techniques have...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Computation, Metaheuristics, Nature-Inspired Algorithms, and Symmetry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,569 Views
24 Pages

25 November 2023

The penetration of intermittent wind turbines in power systems imposes challenges to frequency stability. In this light, a new control method is presented in this paper by proposing a modified fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID)...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metaheuristic Algorithms in Optimal Design of Engineering Problems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,695 Views
27 Pages

21 September 2020

Proportional integral (PI) control is still the most widely deployed controller in the industrial drives due to its simplicity and the fact that it is easy to understand and implement. Nevertheless, they are successes applied to systems with a comple...

(This article belongs to the Collection Bio-inspired Computation and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
544 Views
30 Pages

Odor source localization in turbulent environments remains a major challenge for autonomous robots, as odor plumes are highly intermittent, spatially fragmented, and often lack stable concentration gradients. Here, we propose a bio-inspired navigatio...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Robotics and Applications 2026)
  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
3,918 Views
20 Pages

An Enhanced Evolutionary Software Defect Prediction Method Using Island Moth Flame Optimization

  • Ruba Abu Khurma,
  • Hamad Alsawalqah,
  • Ibrahim Aljarah,
  • Mohamed Abd Elaziz and
  • Robertas Damaševičius

22 July 2021

Software defect prediction (SDP) is crucial in the early stages of defect-free software development before testing operations take place. Effective SDP can help test managers locate defects and defect-prone software modules. This facilitates the allo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematics in Software Reliability and Quality Assurance)

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